Theories of Personality 11th Edition by Duane P. Schultz - Test Bank

Theories of Personality 11th Edition by Duane P. Schultz – Test Bank

 

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Chapter 5—Karen Horney: Neurotic Needs and Trends

 

MULTIPLE CHOICE

 

1. Horney strongly disagreed with Freud about:

a.	free association.	c.	penis envy.
b.	the importance of the superego.	d.	the nature of the unconscious.

 

 

ANS: C

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Introduction

REF: 135–136

FEEDBACK: An early feminist, Horney argued that psychoanalysis focused more on men’s development than on women’s. To counter Freud’s contention that women are driven by penis envy, she proposed that men are envious of women for their ability to give birth.

 

2. Which of the following is true of Horney’s theory on personality?

a.	It relates only to an adult’s personality development.
b.	It focuses on aggression as the core of personality.
c.	It reflects a feminist viewpoint of psychoanalysis.
d.	It stresses biological determinants of personality.

 

 

ANS: C

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Introduction

REF: 135, 136

FEEDBACK: An early feminist, Horney argued that psychoanalysis focused more on men’s development than on women’s. To Horney, people are motivated not by sexual or aggressive forces but rather by the needs for security and love, which clearly reflected her life experiences.

 

 

3. Horney’s theory was influenced by her:

a.	close association with Jung.	c.	work with Anna Freud.
b.	personal experiences.	d.	experience with Allport.

 

 

ANS: B

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Introduction

REF: 136

FEEDBACK: Horney’s theory was strongly influenced by her personal experiences in childhood and adolescence, as well as by social and cultural forces that were different from those that had influenced Freud.

 

4. Karen Horney incorporated her own childhood experience of _____ into her theory.

a.	sexual abuse	c.	racial discrimination
b.	physical abuse	d.	neglect and want for love

 

 

ANS: D

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: The Life of Horney (1885–1952)

REF: 136–137

FEEDBACK: Horney’s personality theory is rooted in her childhood experiences. For most of her youth, she doubted that her parents wanted her and believed they loved Berndt, her older brother, more than they loved her.

 

5. What factor in Horney’s childhood is reflected in her personality theory?

a.	Her sufferance of sexual conflict
b.	Her loneliness as an only child
c.	Her fear of being unwanted by her parents
d.	Her exhibition of perfectionist tendencies

 

 

ANS: C

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: The Life of Horney (1885–1952)

REF: 136–137

FEEDBACK: For most of her youth, Horney doubted that her parents wanted her and believed they loved her older brother Berndt more than they loved her. At 16, she wrote in her diary, “Why is everything beautiful on earth given to me, only not the highest thing, not love!”

 

6. As a child, Horney was:

a.	excessively pampered.
b.	interested in sports.
c.	ambitious and rebellious.
d.	severely punished.

 

 

ANS: C

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: The Life of Horney (1885–1952)

REF: 137

FEEDBACK: Until the age of 8, Horney was a model child, clinging and compliant. Despite her efforts, however, she did not think she was getting sufficient love and security. Her self-sacrifice and good behavior were not working, so she changed tactics and deliberately became ambitious and rebellious, deciding that if she could not have love and security, she would take revenge for her feelings of unattractiveness and inadequacy.

 

 

 

7. Horney decided to undergo psychoanalysis after:

a.	failing to secure admission into a law school.
b.	realizing her inability to alleviate her depression and emotional problems otherwise.
c.	realizing that despite her happiness, she did not have fulfillment in life.
d.	facing verbal and physical racial discrimination.

 

 

ANS: B

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: The Life of Horney (1885–1952)

REF: 137–138

FEEDBACK: During and after her marriage, Horney had a number of love affairs. When she realized these attachments were not helping to alleviate her depression and other emotional problems, she decided to undergo psychoanalysis.

 

8. Which of the following is the reason for the breakdown of Horney’s relationship with Erich Fromm?

a.	Horney felt rejected when Fromm made disparaging comments about her appearance.
b.	Fromm gave Horney’s daughter, Marriane, the confidence to confront her mother for the first time.
c.	Horney did not feel any attachment to Fromm who was 15 years older than her.
d.	Horney suffered from loneliness in Fromm’s absence, who travelled extensively on business.

 

 

ANS: B

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: The Life of Horney (1885–1952)

REF: 138

FEEDBACK: Horney’s most intense love affair was with another analyst, Erich Fromm, who was 15 years younger. When it ended after 20 years, she was deeply hurt. One event that led to the breakdown of the relationship was that she persuaded Fromm to analyze her daughter Marriane, and he helped the woman to understand her hostility toward her mother, giving Marriane the confidence to confront Horney for the first time.

 

9. Horney agreed with Freud about the:

a.	importance of the early childhood years in shaping the adult personality.
b.	primacy of instincts.
c.	dominant role of the unconscious.
d.	greater impact of biological forces as compared to social factors on personality.

 

 

ANS: A

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: The Childhood Need for Safety and Security

REF: 139

FEEDBACK: Horney agreed with Freud on one major point—the importance of the early years of childhood in shaping the adult personality. However, she differed from him on the specifics of how personality is formed.

 

10. Which statement does not reflect Horney’s views about childhood?

a.	The fulfillment of safety needs of children can ensure their endurance to traumatic events.
b.	Biological forces are more important than social forces in shaping personality.
c.	There should be no discrimination based on gender.
d.	A child’s security depends entirely on how the parents treat the child.

 

 

ANS: B

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: The Childhood Need for Safety and Security

REF: 139

FEEDBACK: An early feminist, she argued that psychoanalysis focused more on men’s development than on women’s. Horney believed that social forces in childhood, not biological forces, influence personality development. Horney believed that childhood was dominated by the safety need, by which she meant the need for security and freedom from fear. A child’s security depends entirely on how the parents treat the child.

 

11. According to Horney, children can develop feelings of security in spite of traumatic events when:

a.	they are provided with a structured routine.
b.	parents show warmth and affection.
c.	parents treat them like adults.
d.	they are provided with unrestricted freedom.

 

 

ANS: B

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: The Childhood Need for Safety and Security

REF: 139

FEEDBACK: The major way parents weaken or prevent security is by displaying a lack of warmth and affection. Horney believed that childhood was dominated by the safety need, by which she meant the need for security and freedom from fear. She believed children could withstand much that is usually considered traumatic, such as abrupt weaning, occasional beatings, or even premature sexual experiences, as long as they feel wanted and loved and, therefore, secure.

 

12. In Horney’s view, the more afraid a child is of his or her parents, _____.

a.	the more the child represses hostility	c.	the lesser the child’s guilt
b.	the lesser the child represses hostility	d.	the greater the child’s guilt

 

 

ANS: A

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: The Childhood Need for Safety and Security

REF: 140

FEEDBACK: Children can easily be made to feel fearful of their parents through punishment, physical abuse, or more subtle forms of intimidation. The more frightened children become, the more they will repress their hostility.

 

13. In Horney’s view, the more _____ a child feels, the more the child represses his or her hostility toward the parents.

a.	protected
b.	secure
c.	ambitious
d.	guilt

 

 

ANS: D

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: The Childhood Need for Safety and Security

REF: 140

FEEDBACK: According to Horney, guilt is a reason why children repress hostility. The more guilt the child feels, the more deeply repressed will be the hostility. They may be made to feel unworthy, wicked, or sinful for expressing or even harboring resentments toward their parents.

 

 

14. Helplessness, fear, and hostility create what Horney called _____.

a.	basic negativism	c.	cognitive complexity
b.	basic anxiety	d.	conditions of worth

 

 

ANS: B

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Basic Anxiety: The Foundation of Neurosis

REF: 140

FEEDBACK: Horney defined basic anxiety as an “insidiously increasing, all-pervading feeling of being lonely and helpless in a hostile world” (Horney, 1937, p. 89). It is the foundation on which all later neuroses develop, and it is inseparably tied to feelings of hostility, helplessness, and fear (see Hjertass, 2009).

 

15. To Horney, basic anxiety is:

a.	the foundation of neurosis.	c.	a latent trait.
b.	the fear of the unknown.	d.	a cardinal trait.

 

 

ANS: A

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Basic Anxiety: The Foundation of Neurosis

REF: 140

FEEDBACK: According to Horney, basic anxiety is the foundation on which all later neuroses develop, and it is inseparably tied to feelings of hostility, helplessness, and fear. Regardless of how we express basic anxiety, the feeling is similar for all of us.

 

16. In Horney’s view, in which of the following ways do children strive to protect against basic anxiety?

a.	By seeking affection or love	c.	By withdrawing from people
b.	By attaining power	d.	All of these are correct.

 

 

ANS: D

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Basic Anxiety: The Foundation of Neurosis

REF: 140–141

FEEDBACK: In childhood, we try to protect ourselves against basic anxiety in four quite different ways: securing affection and love, being submissive, attaining power, or withdrawing.

 

17. Horney believed that _____ people must repress their personal desires and cannot defend against abuse.

a.	powerful	c.	indifferent
b.	submissive	d.	affectionate

 

 

ANS: B

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Basic Anxiety: The Foundation of Neurosis

REF: 141

FEEDBACK: Being submissive as a means of self-protection involves complying with the wishes of either one particular person or of everyone in our social environment. Submissive people must repress their personal desires and cannot defend against abuse for fear that such defensiveness will antagonize the abuser.

 

18. Horney compensated for her feelings of helplessness as a child by:

a.	giving in to her parents’ demands.
b.	using rage and retribution toward everyone.
c.	striving for academic success.
d.	avoiding members of the opposite sex.

 

 

ANS: C

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Basic Anxiety: The Foundation of Neurosis

REF: 141

FEEDBACK: Horney compensated for her feelings of helplessness as a child by striving for academic success. By attaining power over others, a person can compensate for helplessness and achieve security through success or through a sense of superiority.

 

 

19. According to Horney, one of the self-protective devices used to cope with basic anxiety involves:

a.	creating feelings of loss and regret.	c.	withdrawing from people psychologically.
b.	manifesting physical symptoms of pain.	d.	acting out sexually.

 

 

ANS: C

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Basic Anxiety: The Foundation of Neurosis

REF: 141

FEEDBACK: In childhood, we try to protect ourselves against basic anxiety in four quite different ways: securing affection and love, being submissive, attaining power, or withdrawing. The fourth way of protecting oneself against basic anxiety involves withdrawing from other people, not physically but psychologically. Such a person attempts to become independent of others, not relying on anyone else for the satisfaction of internal or external needs.

 

 

 

20. In Horney’s view, a child who isolates himself and refuses to play with others may be experiencing:

a.	the castration anxiety.	c.	withdrawal.
b.	self-actualization.	d.	the Oedipus complex.

 

 

ANS: C

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Basic Anxiety: The Foundation of Neurosis

REF: 141

FEEDBACK: A child who isolates himself and refuses to play with others may be experiencing withdrawal. The withdrawn person achieves independence with regard to internal or psychological needs by becoming aloof from others, no longer seeking them out to satisfy emotional needs.

 

21. The four self-protective mechanisms that were proposed by Horney:

a.	indicate a person’s drive for perfection.
b.	defend against basic anxiety.
c.	provide happiness and pleasure.
d.	guarantee food, shelter, warmth, and love.

 

 

ANS: B

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Basic Anxiety: The Foundation of Neurosis

REF: 141

FEEDBACK: The four self-protective mechanisms Horney proposed have a single goal: to defend against basic anxiety. They motivate the person to seek security and reassurance rather than happiness or pleasure.

 

22. According to Horney, neurotic needs are:

a.	irrational defenses against anxiety.
b.	spontaneous and seemingly purposeless behaviors.
c.	the innate needs to understand and overcome difficulties.
d.	consciously planned aspects of behavior.

 

 

ANS: A

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Neurotic Needs

REF: 141

FEEDBACK: Horney listed 10 needs that she termed neurotic needs because they are irrational solutions to one’s problems. She believed that any of the self-protective mechanisms could become so permanent a part of the personality that it assumes the characteristics of a drive or need in determining the individual’s behavior.

 

 

23. All of the following are neurotic needs according to Horney except:

a.	safety.	c.	admiration.
b.	power.	d.	exploitation.

 

 

ANS: A

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Neurotic Needs

REF: 141–142

FEEDBACK: The 10 neurotic needs as listed by Horney are affection and approval, a dominant partner, power, exploitation, prestige, admiration, achievement or ambition, self-sufficiency, perfection, and narrow limits of life. Horney termed these needs neurotic needs because they are irrational solutions to one’s problems.

 

24. The neurotic needs, as proposed by Horney, should become a cause for concern if a person:

a.	manifests any of them, even in a transient sense.
b.	is found to pursue one of them compulsively.
c.	experiences more than three of them.
d.	exhibits all of the neurotic needs.

 

 

ANS: B

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Neurotic Needs

REF: 142

FEEDBACK: Horney noted that we all manifest these needs to some degree. None of the needs is abnormal or neurotic in an everyday, transient sense. What makes them neurotic is the person’s intensive and compulsive pursuit of their satisfaction as the “only” way to resolve basic anxiety.

 

 

25. In Horney’s view, _____ includes the neurotic needs for self-sufficiency, perfection, and narrow limits to life.

a.	gaining affection	c.	attaining power
b.	withdrawing	d.	being submissive

 

 

ANS: B

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Neurotic Needs

REF: 142

FEEDBACK: Among the four ways to protect ourselves against basic anxiety, encompassed by the neurotic needs, withdrawing includes the needs for self-sufficiency, perfection, and narrow limits to life.

 

26. According to Horney, individuals of the aggressive personality type try to protect themselves against anxiety by expressing the neurotic need for _____.

a.	perfection	c.	admiration
b.	self-sufficiency	d.	affection

 

 

ANS: C

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Neurotic Needs

REF: 142

FEEDBACK: The neurotic needs encompass the four ways of protecting ourselves against anxiety: gaining affection, being submissive, attaining power, and withdrawing. Attaining power relates to the needs for power, exploitation, prestige, admiration, and achievement or ambition. Horney noted that we all manifest neurotic needs to some extent.

 

27. Which of the following is true of neurotic trends as described by Horney?

a.	They are elaborations of the self-protective mechanisms.
b.	They are displayed indiscriminately in any and all situations.
c.	They are compulsive attitudes and behaviors.
d.	All of these are correct.

 

 

ANS: D

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Neurotic Needs

REF: 142–143

FEEDBACK: Neurotic trends evolve from and elaborate on the self-protective mechanisms and involve compulsive attitudes and behavior. They are also displayed indiscriminately, in any and all situations.

 

28. According to Horney, the neurotic trend of moving toward other people is associated with the:

a.	compliant personality.	c.	detached personality.
b.	aggressive personality.	d.	intuitive personality.

 

 

ANS: A

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Neurotic Needs

REF: 143

FEEDBACK: The compliant personality displays attitudes and behaviors that reflect a desire to move toward other people. Such a person has an intense and continuous need for affection and approval, an urge to be loved, wanted, and protected. Compliant personalities display these needs toward everyone, although they usually have a need for one dominant person, such as a friend or spouse, who will take charge of their lives and offer protection and guidance.

 

 

29. As noted by Horney, individuals who manipulate others to achieve their own ends represent the neurotic trend of moving _____ people.

a.	toward	c.	with
b.	against	d.	away from

 

 

ANS: A

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Neurotic Needs

REF: 143

FEEDBACK: The compliant personality displays attitudes and behaviors that reflect a desire to move toward other people. Compliant personalities manipulate other people, particularly their partners, to achieve their goals.

 

30. According to Horney, people with a compliant personality:

a.	are insensitive to the needs of others.	c.	regard themselves as superior to others.
b.	are incapable of manipulating others.	d.	feel helpless and weak about themselves.

 

 

ANS: D

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Neurotic Needs

REF: 143

FEEDBACK: The attitude of compliant people toward themselves is consistently one of helplessness and weakness. They are willing to assume blame and defer to others, never being assertive, critical, or demanding.

 

31. To Horney, a person who is excessively dependent on others belongs to the _____ personality type.

a.	aggressive	c.	detached
b.	compliant	d.	withdrawing

 

 

ANS: B

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Neurotic Needs

REF: 143

FEEDBACK: Because the security of compliant personalities depends on the attitudes and behavior of other people toward them, they become excessively dependent, needing constant approval and reassurance. Any sign of rejection, whether actual or imagined, is terrifying to them, leading to increased efforts to regain the affection of the person they believe has rejected them.

 

32. Horney believed that people with a(n) _____ personality type may become highly successful in their careers, although the work itself will not provide them any intrinsic satisfaction.

a.	detached	c.	compliant
b.	withdrawing	d.	aggressive

 

 

ANS: D

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Neurotic Needs

REF: 144

FEEDBACK: People with an aggressive personality type drive themselves hard to become the best. As a result, they may actually become highly successful in their careers, although the work itself will not provide intrinsic satisfaction.

 

33. According to Horney, people who rely on their own resources, have a great need for privacy and deny feelings for others represent the _____ personality type.

a.	psychotic	c.	aggressive
b.	detached	d.	compliant

 

 

ANS: B

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Neurotic Needs

REF: 144

FEEDBACK: Detached personalities have an almost desperate desire for privacy. They suppress or deny all feelings toward other people, particularly feelings of love and hate. If they are to function as detached personalities, they must rely on their own resources, which must be well developed.

 

34. In Horney’ view, a person with a(n) _____ personality type would need to feel superior to others by automatic recognition of his or her uniqueness without struggle or involvement with others.

a.	aggressive	c.	dominant
b.	compliant	d.	detached

 

 

ANS: D

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Neurotic Needs

REF: 144

FEEDBACK: Individuals with a detached personality type need to feel superior, but not in the same way aggressive personalities do. Because detached people cannot actively compete with other people for superiority—that would mean becoming involved with others—they believe their greatness should be recognized automatically, without struggle or effort on their part.

 

35. Horney’s compliant personality is similar to Adler’s:

a.	avoiding type.	c.	getting type.
b.	defying type.	d.	ruling type.

 

 

ANS: C

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Neurotic Needs

REF: 144

FEEDBACK: Similarities exist between the three personality types proposed by Horney and the styles of life in Adler’s personality theory. Horney’s compliant personality is similar to Adler’s getting type, the aggressive personality is like the dominant or ruling type, and the detached personality is similar to the avoiding type.

 

36. In Horney’s system, conflict in personality:

a.	derives from incompatibility among the three neurotic trends.
b.	decreases in intensity when one neurotic trend prevails over the others.
c.	decides the outcome of determinism versus free will for an individual.
d.	occurs between the anima and the animus archetype.

 

 

ANS: A

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Neurotic Needs

REF: 144

FEEDBACK: In Horney’s system, conflict is defined as the basic incompatibility of the three neurotic trends; this conflict is the core of neurosis. All of us, whether neurotic or normal, suffer some conflict among these basically irreconcilable modes.

 

37. According to Horney, a normal person differs from a neurotic in that a normal person:

a.	experiences no conflict among the neurotic trends.
b.	expresses all neurotic trends as circumstances warrant.
c.	experiences only one of the neurotic trends.
d.	shows complete absence of neurotic trends.

 

 

ANS: B

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Neurotic Needs

REF: 144–145

FEEDBACK: Horney found that in the neurotic person, one of these three trends is dominant, whereas the other two are present to a lesser degree. In the person who is not neurotic, all three trends can be expressed as circumstances warrant.

 

 

38. Horney believed that a self-image is constructed by a(n) _____ person built on a realistic appraisal of their own abilities, potentials, and weaknesses.

a.	normal	c.	detached
b.	neurotic	d.	introverted

 

 

ANS: A

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: The Idealized Self-Image

REF: 145

FEEDBACK: In normal people, the self-image is built on a realistic appraisal of our abilities, potentials, weaknesses, goals, and relations with other people. This image provides a sense of unity and integration to the personality and a framework within which to approach others and ourselves.

 

39. The idealized self-image of the neurotic person leads to a problem Horney called the:

a.	Jonah complex.	c.	realistic self-image.
b.	midlife crisis.	d.	tyranny of the shoulds.

 

 

ANS: D

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: The Idealized Self-Image

REF: 145

FEEDBACK: In attempting to realize their unattainable idealized self-image, neurotics engage in what Horney called the tyranny of the shoulds. Because they find their real self-image so undesirable, they believe they must live up to their illusory, idealized self-image, in which they see themselves in a highly positive light, for example, being virtuous, honest, generous, considerate, and courageous.

 

40. In Horney’s view, the self-image of a neurotic:

a.	does not develop until he or she reaches middle age.
b.	is based on an unrealistic self-appraisal.
c.	does not differ from that of the normal person.
d.	is formed due to the predominance of the shadow archetype.

 

 

ANS: B

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: The Idealized Self-Image

REF: 145

FEEDBACK: For normal people, the self-image is an idealized picture of oneself built on a flexible, realistic assessment of one’s abilities. For neurotics, the self-image is based on an inflexible, unrealistic self-appraisal.

 

41. Identify a true statement about Horney’s belief regarding the construction of an idealized self-image.

a.	It leads to a state of self-regret.	c.	It is based on perfection.
b.	It is doomed to failure.	d.	All of these are correct.

 

 

ANS: D

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: The Idealized Self-Image

REF: 145

FEEDBACK: In attempting to realize an unattainable ideal, neurotics engage in what Horney called the tyranny of the shoulds. Their attempt is doomed to failure because their self-image is not based on a realistic appraisal of their strengths and weaknesses. Instead, it is based on an illusion, an unattainable ideal of absolute perfection. They can never achieve their unrealistic self-image and end up in a state of self-hatred with no ability to forgive themselves or others.

 

42. Horney’s idea that men envy women because of a woman’s capacity for motherhood:

a.	showed that men desire to be women.
b.	was later accepted by Freud.
c.	was based on the pleasure of experiencing childbirth.
d.	was not displayed by most of her male patients.

 

 

ANS: C

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Feminine Psychology

REF: 146

FEEDBACK: Horney countered the idea of penis envy by arguing that men envied women because of their capacity for motherhood. Her position on this issue was based on the pleasure she said she had experienced in childbirth.

 

43. Horney believed that men often express and compensate for womb envy:

a.	by undergoing sex-change surgeries.
b.	with feelings of depression and inferiority.
c.	by seeking achievement in their work.
d.	through the mechanism of reaction formation.

 

 

ANS: C

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Feminine Psychology

REF: 147

FEEDBACK: Men have such a small part to play in the act of creating new life that they must sublimate their womb envy and overcompensate for it by seeking achievement in their work. Womb envy and the resentment that accompanies it are manifested unconsciously in behaviors designed to disparage and belittle women and to reinforce their inferior status.

 

 

44. According to Horney, a woman’s sense of inferiority is:

a.	realistic and true for all women.
b.	a consequence of penis envy.
c.	biologically based.
d.	socially and culturally based.

 

 

ANS: D

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Feminine Psychology

REF: 147

FEEDBACK: Horney did not deny that many women believed themselves to be inferior to men. After generations of social, economic, and cultural discrimination, it is understandable that many women saw themselves in that light.

 

45. Identify a true statement about the flight from womanhood as proposed by Horney.

a.	It leads to the denial of femininity.
b.	It inhibits sexual desire.
c.	It results in distrusting and resenting men.
d.	All of these are correct.

 

 

ANS: D

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Feminine Psychology

REF: 147

FEEDBACK: As a result of the feelings of inferiority, women may choose to deny their femininity and to wish, unconsciously, that they were men. These women distrust and resent men and reject their sexual advances.

 

46. In Horney’s view, the Oedipus complex in boys:

a.	develops when parents act to undermine a child’s security.
b.	does not exist.
c.	is biologically based.
d.	results from the envy of the female capacity for motherhood.

 

 

ANS: A

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Feminine Psychology

REF: 148

FEEDBACK: According to Horney, Oedipal feelings develop only when parents act to undermine their child’s security. By removing sex from the Oedipus complex, she reinterpreted the situation as a conflict between dependence on one’s parents and hostility toward them.

 

47. In context of defining roles, Horney believes that modern women experience psychological conflict between:

a.	adolescence and middle age.
b.	love and work.
c.	love for their children and love for their parents.
d.	the ego and the superego.

 

 

ANS: B

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Feminine Psychology

REF: 148

FEEDBACK: Modern women are torn between love and work and are consequently dissatisfied in both. It remains as troublesome for some women in the 21st century to combine marriage, motherhood, and career as it was for Karen Horney in the 1930s.

 

48. Horney believed that neuroses and conflicts can be avoided when children are raised:

a.	with love, acceptance, and trust.
b.	with independence and discipline.
c.	to compromise with others.
d.	to become power oriented.

 

 

ANS: A

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Questions about Human Nature

REF: 149

FEEDBACK: Horney believed that neuroses and conflicts can be avoided if children are raised with love, acceptance, and trust. Parent–child relationships will either satisfy or frustrate the child’s need for safety.

 

49. According to Horney, the urge toward self-realization derives from:

a.	an innate potential to fulfill life’s ultimate goal.
b.	the impact of social forces in adolescence.
c.	our need to become self-sufficient.
d.	a continuous conflict among the neurotic trends.

 

 

ANS: A

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Questions about Human Nature

REF: 149

FEEDBACK: Horney’s image of human nature is considerably more optimistic than Freud’s. Each of us has the innate potential for self-realization, and this is our ultimate and necessary goal in life. Our intrinsic abilities and potential will blossom as inevitably and naturally as an acorn grows into an oak tree.

 

50. In Horney’s view, although childhood influences are important, _____.

a.	middle age is the phase of transformation from extraversion to introversion
b.	later experiences also shape personality due to the flexibility of human nature
c.	adolescent experiences are more important than the earliest childhood experiences
d.	the idealized self-image of a person will be the greatest influence throughout his or her life

 

 

ANS: B

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Questions about Human Nature

REF: 149

FEEDBACK: Horney believed that we have the capacity to consciously shape and change our personality. Because human nature is flexible, it is not formed into immutable shapes in childhood. Each of us possesses the capacity to grow.

 

 

51. Horney used _____ to assess the functioning of the human personality.

a.	hypnosis	c.	projective tests and self-report inventories
b.	neurological evaluation	d.	free association and dream analysis

 

 

ANS: D

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Assessment in Horney’s Theory

REF: 150

FEEDBACK: The methods Horney used to assess the functioning of the human personality were essentially those favored by Freud—free association and dream analysis—but with some modification. The most basic difference in technique between Horney and Freud was in the relationship between analyst and patient.

 

52. Unlike Freud, Horney:

a.	believed in a cooperative therapist–client working relationship.
b.	was too passive and distant with her patients.
c.	delved into presumed infantile sexual fantasies.
d.	placed more emphasis on the ego than on the id.

 

 

ANS: A

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Assessment in Horney’s Theory

REF: 150

FEEDBACK: The most basic difference in technique between Horney and Freud was in the relationship between analyst and patient. Horney believed that Freud played too passive a role and was too distant and intellectual. She suggested that analysis should be an “exquisitely cooperative enterprise” between patient and therapist.

 

53. In the context of the free association method used by Horney to assess the functioning of her patients’ personality, which of the following statements is true?

a.	She followed Freud’s lead in trying to probe their unconscious mind.
b.	She delved into their presumed infantile sexual fantasies.
c.	She focused on her patients’ visible emotional reactions toward her.
d.	She believed that patients would always be truthful about their feelings about the events they remembered.

 

 

ANS: C

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Assessment in Horney’s Theory

REF: 150

FEEDBACK: Horney focused on her patients’ visible emotional reactions toward her, believing that these could explain her patients’ attitudes toward other people. She did not delve into presumed infantile sexual fantasies but inquired about the early years of patients’ life only after evaluating their present attitudes, defenses, and conflicts.

 

54. Horney believed that dreams were:

a.	reliable sources of true memories.	c.	prospective in nature.
b.	nothing more than reflections of the past.	d.	actual attempts to resolve problems.

 

 

ANS: D

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Assessment in Horney’s Theory

REF: 150

FEEDBACK: Horney believed that dream analysis could reveal a person’s true self, and that dreams represented attempts to solve problems, in either a constructive or a neurotic way. Dreams can show us a set of attitudes that may differ from those of our self-image.

 

55. Horney’s actual research approach relied mainly on:

a.	experimental observations to measure response to stimuli.
b.	correlational research involving self-report inventories.
c.	behavioral assessment through case studies.
d.	hypnosis and neurological assessments.

 

 

ANS: C

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Research on Horney’s Theory

REF: 151

FEEDBACK: Horney used the case study method. Horney focused on her patients’ visible emotional reactions toward her, believing that these could explain her patients’ attitudes toward other people.

 

56. Horney was opposed to:

a.	taking verbatim notes of her sessions.
b.	formulating hypotheses.
c.	testing her hypotheses in therapeutic situations.
d.	making clinical observations of her patients.

 

 

ANS: A

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Research on Horney’s Theory

REF: 151

FEEDBACK: Horney was opposed to taking verbatim notes of her patients’ recollections. However, she tried to be rigorous and scientific in her clinical observations, formulating hypotheses, testing them in therapeutic situations, and maintaining that her data were tested the same way scientists in other fields test theirs.

 

57. Which of the following has been found to be true according to research on the neurotic trends as proposed by Horney?

a.	College students preparing for careers in helping professions such as nursing and social work scored higher in compliance.
b.	Children who scored highest on the detached scale were found to be low in school achievement and have psychiatric problems.
c.	Shy girls with the neurotic trend of moving away from people became aloof adults with marital and job instability.
d.	Aggressive and ill-tempered children with the neurotic trend of moving against people were found to have inaccurate and negative self-images.

 

 

ANS: A

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Research on Horney’s Theory

REF: 151

FEEDBACK: A 35-item self-report inventory, the CAD, was devised to measure Horney’s three neurotic trends, the Compliant, Aggressive, and Detached personality types. Research using the CAD inventory found that college students preparing for careers in helping professions such as nursing and social work scored higher in compliance than did students considering careers in business or science. Those high in aggressiveness were found to be low in school achievement and to have psychiatric problems.

 

58. In the context of neurotic competitiveness as proposed by Horney, hyper-competitive men:

a.	scored high in self-esteem.	c.	were likely to be found across all cultures.
b.	were obsessed in competing only with themselves.	d.	believed women to be unworthy of respect or consideration.

 

 

ANS: D

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Research on Horney’s Theory

REF: 152

FEEDBACK: Hyper-competitive men were found to be hyper-masculine or macho, who believe that women are sex objects who deserved neither respect nor consideration. People who scored high on competitiveness were also high in narcissism, neuroticism, authoritarianism, dogmatism, and mistrust, and low in self-esteem and psychological health.

 

59. Between the two types of competitiveness identified by researchers, competing to excel (CE):

a.	is linked to feelings of loneliness.	c.	is linked to having a low self-esteem.
b.	deals with a need to dominate others.	d.	deals with surpassing one’s personal goals.

 

 

ANS: D

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Research on Horney’s Theory

REF: 152

FEEDBACK: CE competing was linked to high self-esteem and low depression among high school students. Researchers identified two types of competitiveness: competing to win (CW) in order to dominate others, and competing to excel (CE) to surpass one’s personal goals.

 

60. Horney’ concept of the real self and self-realization were used by _____.

a.	Frederick Taylor	c.	Sigmund Freud
b.	Abraham Maslow	d.	Carl Jung

 

 

ANS: B

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Reflections on Horney’s Theory

REF: 153

FEEDBACK: Horney’s work had a significant impact on the personality theories developed by Erik Erikson and Abraham Maslow. Maslow used her concept of the real self and self-realization, and her notion of basic anxiety is similar to Erikson’s concept of basic mistrust.

 

61. A valid criticism of Horney’s personality theory by Freudians is that her theory:

a.	emphasizes excessively on sexuality.
b.	does not address trauma in childhood.
c.	denies the importance of biological instincts.
d.	is greatly influenced by rural European culture.

 

 

ANS: C

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Reflections on Horney’s Theory

REF: 154

FEEDBACK: To the Freudians, Horney’s denial of the importance of biological instincts and her reduced emphasis on sexuality and the unconscious were obvious weaknesses. Horney’s personality theory has also been criticized on the grounds that it is not as completely or consistently developed as Freud’s.

 

62. Today, there is a renewed interest in Horney’s ideas:

a.	primarily due to her opposition to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator personality inventory.
b.	primarily due to the women’s movement that began in the 1960s.
c.	since Horney believed only biological contributions affect personality.
d.	since Horney made much use of research data from sociology and anthropology.

 

 

ANS: B

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Reflections on Horney’s Theory

REF: 154

FEEDBACK: Primarily due to the women’s movement that began in the 1960s, Horney’s books again attracted attention. Her writings on feminine psychology and sexuality may constitute the most influential of her contributions, of value to scholars on the role of women in society well more than 50 years after Horney’s death.

 

 

TRUE/FALSE

 

1. Horney suffered from an inferiority complex from events that occurred when she was a young girl.

 

ANS: T

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: The Life of Horney (1885–1952)

REF: 136–137

FEEDBACK: Horney envied her older brother, Berndt, because he was a boy, and girls were considered inferior. She also felt belittled and rejected when her father often made disparaging comments about her intelligence and appearance.

 

 

2. Although Karen Horney was married, she was constantly looking for other relationships.

 

ANS: T

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: The Life of Horney (1885–1952)

REF: 137

FEEDBACK: During and after her marriage, Horney had a number of love affairs. A biographer wrote: “When she did not have a lover, or a relationship was breaking down, she felt lost, lonely, desperate, and sometimes suicidal.”

 

3. According to Horney, basic anxiety is the “all-pervading feeling of being lonely and helpless in a hostile world.”

 

ANS: T

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Basic Anxiety: The Foundation of Neurosis

REF: 140

FEEDBACK: Horney defined basic anxiety as an “insidiously increasing, all-pervading feeling of being lonely and helpless in a hostile world.” It is the foundation on which all later neuroses develop, and it is inseparably tied to feelings of hostility, helplessness, and fear.

 

4. In Horney’s view, neurotic needs were actual rational solutions to one’s problems.

 

ANS: F

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Neurotic Needs

REF: 141

FEEDBACK: Horney listed 10 such needs, which she termed neurotic needs because they are irrational solutions to one’s problems. Horney believed that any of the self-protective mechanisms could become so permanent a part of the personality that it assumes the characteristics of a drive or need in determining the individual’s behavior.

 

5. According to Horney, neurotic needs become less severe and are likely be overcome in late childhood even with no intervention on the part of the parents.

 

ANS: F

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Neurotic Needs, Questions about Human Nature

REF: 141, 149

FEEDBACK: Neurotic needs are 10 irrational defenses against anxiety that become a permanent part of personality and that affect behavior. Parent–child relationships will either satisfy or frustrate the child’s need for safety. If that need is frustrated, the outcome is neurotic behavior.

 

6. A person, according to Horney, will manifest all 10 neurotic needs to some degree.

 

ANS: T

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Neurotic Needs

REF: 142

FEEDBACK: Horney noted that we all manifest 10 neurotic needs to some degree. None of the needs is abnormal or neurotic in an everyday, transient sense.

 

 

7. According to Horney, there are three categories of behaviors and attitudes toward oneself and others that express a person’s needs.

 

ANS: T

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Neurotic Needs

REF: 142

FEEDBACK: From her work with patients, Horney concluded that the needs could be presented in three groups, each indicating a person’s attitudes toward the self and others. She called these three categories of directional movement the neurotic trends.

 

8. According to Horney, a person exhibiting a neurotic trend of moving against other people is most likely to have a neurotic need for perfection.

 

ANS: F

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Neurotic Needs

REF: 142

FEEDBACK: According to Horney, a person exhibiting a neurotic trend of moving against other people is most likely to have a neurotic need for power, exploitation, prestige, admiration, and achievement.

 

9. Horney proposed the concept of the idealized self-image that helps us to improve and control their personality.

 

ANS: F

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: The Idealized Self-Image

REF: 145

FEEDBACK: Neurotics, who experience conflict between incompatible modes of behavior, have personalities characterized by disunity and disharmony. They construct an idealized self-image for the same purpose as normal people do: to unify the personality. But their attempt is doomed to failure because their self-image is not based on a realistic appraisal of their strengths and weaknesses.

 

10. According to Horney, neurotics tend to look for a problem in other people but blame themselves for it.

 

ANS: F

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: The Idealized Self-Image

REF: 146

FEEDBACK: One way in which neurotics attempt to defend themselves against the inner conflicts caused by the discrepancy between idealized and real self-images is by externalization, projecting the conflicts onto the outside world. This process may temporarily alleviate the anxiety caused by the conflict but will do nothing to reduce the gap between the idealized self-image and reality.

 

 

11. Karen Horney was influenced by Freud, but she argued that men envied women because of their capacity for motherhood.

 

ANS: T

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Feminine Psychology

REF: 146

FEEDBACK: Horney countered Freud’s ideas that women were forever envious and resentful of men for possessing a penis by arguing that men envied women because of their capacity for motherhood. She uncovered in her male patients what she called womb envy.

 

12. Karen Horney was against the use of self-analysis, free association, and dream analysis.

 

ANS: F

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Assessment in Horney’s Theory

REF: 149–150

FEEDBACK: Horney was so confident of our capacity for self-growth that she emphasized self-analysis in her therapeutic work as well as in her own life. The methods Horney used to assess the functioning of the human personality were essentially those favored by Freud—free association and dream analysis—but with some modification.

 

13. Horney agreed with Freud’s belief that therapy should be passive and intellectual.

 

ANS: F

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Assessment in Horney’s Theory

REF: 150

FEEDBACK: Horney believed that Freud played too passive a role and was too distant and intellectual. She suggested that analysis should be an “exquisitely cooperative enterprise” between patient and therapist.

 

14. Horney selected the case study method that is similar to the method used by Freud, Jung, and Adler while working with their patients.

 

ANS: T

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Research on Horney’s Theory

REF: 151

FEEDBACK: Horney used the case study method. Therefore, her approach, data, and interpretations are subject to the same criticisms made earlier of the work of Freud, Jung, and Adler.

 

15. Horney considered neurotic competitiveness as an indiscriminate need to win at all costs.

 

ANS: T

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Research on Horney’s Theory

REF: 152

FEEDBACK: Horney defined it as an indiscriminate need to win at all costs. The attitude of the person manifesting this need can be “compared to that of a jockey in a race, for whom only one thing matters—whether he is ahead of the others.”

 

ESSAY

 

1. Describe the change in Horney’s attitude and behavior toward her parents after the age of eight. Mention how this affected her adult personality.

 

ANS: As a way of retaining her mother’s affection, she acted the part of the adoring, obedient daughter. Until the age of eight, she was a model child, clinging and compliant. Despite her efforts, however, she did not think she was getting sufficient love and security. Her self-sacrifice and good behavior were not working, so she changed tactics and deliberately became ambitious and rebellious, deciding that if she could not have love and security, she would take revenge for her feelings of unattractiveness and inadequacy.

For most of her youth, she doubted that her parents wanted her and believed they loved her older brother Berndt more than they loved her. Although she desperately wanted her father’s love and attention, he intimidated her with his fierce eyes and stern, demanding manner. She felt belittled and rejected when he often made disparaging comments about her intelligence and appearance.

As an adult, she realized how much hostility she had developed as a child. Her personality theory describes how a lack of love in childhood fosters anxiety and hostility. A biographer concluded, “In all her psychoanalytic writings Karen Horney was struggling to make sense of herself and to obtain relief from her own difficulties.

 

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: The Life of Horney (1885–1952)

REF: 136–137

 

2. Define basic anxiety. Describe the different ways in which we try to protect ourselves against basic anxiety in our childhood.

 

ANS: Horney defined basic anxiety as an “insidiously increasing, all-pervading feeling of being lonely and helpless in a hostile world.” It is the foundation on which all later neuroses develop, and it is inseparably tied to feelings of hostility, helplessness, and fear. In childhood, we try to protect ourselves against basic anxiety in four quite different ways: securing affection and love, being submissive, attaining power, or withdrawing.

 

Securing Affection: By securing affection and love from other people, the person is saying, in effect, “If you love me, you will not hurt me.” There are several ways by which we may gain affection, such as trying to do whatever the other person wants, trying to bribe others, or threatening others into providing the desired affection.

 

Being Submissive: Being submissive as a means of self-protection involves complying with the wishes of either one particular person or of everyone in our social environment. Submissive people avoid doing anything that might antagonize others. They must repress their personal desires and cannot defend against abuse for fear that such defensiveness will antagonize the abuser. Most people who act submissive believe they are unselfish and self-sacrificing.

 

Attaining Power: By attaining power over others, a person can compensate for helplessness and achieve security through success or through a sense of superiority. Such people seem to believe that if they have power, no one will harm them.

 

Withdrawing: The fourth way of protecting oneself against basic anxiety involves withdrawing from other people, not physically but psychologically. Such a person attempts to become independent of others, not relying on anyone else for the satisfaction of internal or external needs. The withdrawn person achieves independence with regard to internal or psychological needs by becoming aloof from others, no longer seeking them out to satisfy emotional needs. The process involves a blunting, or minimizing, of emotional needs.

 

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Basic Anxiety: The Foundation of Neurosis

REF: 140–141

 

3. List the 10 neurotic needs identified by Horney, and classify them on the four ways in which an individual protects himself or herself against basic anxiety.

 

ANS: Horney listed 10 needs that she termed neurotic needs because they are irrational solutions to one’s problems. The 10 neurotic needs are as follows:

1. Affection and approval
2. A dominant partner
3. Power
4. Exploitation
5. Prestige
6. Admiration
7. Achievement or ambition
8. Self-sufficiency
9. Perfection
10. Narrow limits to life

 

The neurotic needs encompass the four ways of protecting ourselves against anxiety.

• Gaining affection is expressed in the neurotic need for affection and approval.
• Being submissive includes the neurotic need for a dominant partner.
• Attaining power relates to the needs for power, exploitation, prestige, admiration, and achievement or ambition.
• Withdrawing includes the needs for self-sufficiency, perfection, and narrow limits to life.

 

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Neurotic Needs

REF: 141–142

 

4. What are neurotic trends? Mention how Horney’s earlier list of needs is reformulated under neurotic trends. Describe in detail the compliant personality.

 

ANS: In her later writings, Horney reformulated the list of needs. From her work with patients, she concluded that the needs could be presented in three groups, each indicating a person’s attitudes toward the self and others. She called these three categories of directional movement the neurotic trends. The neurotic trends are as follows:

• Movement toward other people—the compliant personality

• Movement against other people—the aggressive personality
• Movement away from other people—the detached personality

 

The neurotic needs for affection and approval and for having a dominant partner are categorized under the compliant personality. The needs for power, exploitation, prestige, admiration, and achievement are categorized under the aggressive personality. The needs for self-sufficiency, perfection, and narrow limits to life are categorized under the detached personality.

 

The Compliant Personality: The compliant personality displays attitudes and behaviors that reflect a desire to move toward other people. Such a person has an intense and continuous need for affection and approval, an urge to be loved, wanted, and protected. Compliant personalities display these needs toward everyone, although they usually have a need for one dominant person, such as a friend or spouse, who will take charge of their lives and offer protection and guidance.

Compliant personalities manipulate other people, particularly their partners, to achieve their goals. They often behave in ways others find attractive or endearing. Compliant people are concerned with living up to others’ ideals and expectations, and they act in ways others perceive as unselfish and generous.

In dealing with other people, compliant personalities are conciliatory. They subordinate their personal desires to those of other people. They are willing to assume blame and defer to others, never being assertive, critical, or demanding. Their attitude toward themselves is consistently one of helplessness and weakness.

Consequently, they regard other people as superior, and even in situations in which they are competent, they see themselves as inferior. Because the security of compliant personalities depends on the attitudes and behavior of other people toward them, they become excessively dependent, needing constant approval and reassurance.

The source of these behaviors is the person’s repressed hostility. Horney found that compliant persons have repressed profound feelings of defiance and vindictiveness. They have a desire to control, exploit, and manipulate others, the opposite of what their behaviors and attitudes express.

 

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: Neurotic Needs

REF: 142–143

 

5. In the context of the idealized self-image, describe the tyranny of the shoulds.

 

ANS: Horney argued that all of us, normal or neurotic, construct a picture of our selves that may or may not be based on reality. Neurotics, who experience conflict between incompatible modes of behavior, have personalities characterized by disunity and disharmony. They construct an idealized self-image for the same purpose as normal people do: to unify the personality. But their attempt is doomed to failure because their self-image is based on an illusion, an unattainable ideal of absolute perfection.

In attempting to realize this unattainable ideal, neurotics engage in what Horney called the tyranny of the shoulds. They tell themselves they should be the best or most perfect student, spouse, parent, lover, employee, friend, or child. Because they find their real self-image so undesirable, they believe they must live up to their illusory, idealized self-image, in which they see themselves in a highly positive light, for example, being virtuous, honest, generous, considerate, and courageous.

In doing so, they deny their real selves and try to become what they think they should be, or what they need to be to match their idealized self-image. However, their efforts are doomed to failure. They can never achieve their unrealistic self-image and end up in a state of self-hatred with no ability to forgive themselves or others.

 

PTS: 1

A-HEAD: The Idealized Self-Image

REF: 145