Ethical Dilemmas and Decisions in Criminal Justice 7th International Edition by Joycelyn M. Pollock - Test Bank

Ethical Dilemmas and Decisions in Criminal Justice 7th International Edition by Joycelyn M. Pollock – Test Bank

 

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Sample Questions Are Posted Below

 

Chapter 5 – The Police Role in Society

 

 

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Crime control is an approach that is consistent with the following except:
2. Criminals are the enemy.
3. Police officers are soldiers in a war.
4. Police officers serve all the people.
5. Efficiency is a top priority.

 

ANS:  C          REF:  p.102-103         OBJ:  LO 1

 

2. The crime control and due process models were developed by:
3. Carl Klockars
4. Herbert Packer
5. Lawrence Sherman
6. John Crank

 

ANS:  B          REF:  p.103                 OBJ:  LO 1

 

3. According to Packer, which of the following is one of the principles under which the crime control model operates?
4. efficiency is rejected if it involves shortcuts
5. protection of process is as important as protection of innocents
6. a conveyor belt is the model for the system
7. the coercive power of the state is always subject to abuse

 

ANS: C           REF: p. 103     OBJ: LO 1

 

4. According to Packer, which of the following is one of the principles under which the due process model operates?
5. efficiency is a top priority
6. there is a presumption of guilt
7. protection of process is as important as protection of innocents
8. emphasis is on speed and finality

 

ANS: C           REF: p. 103                 OBJ: LO 1

 

5. The public servant model of policing includes all the following except:
6. Criminals are not a distinct group.
7. Police have a limited ability to control crime.
8. Protection of the process of justice is as important as crime control.
9. Police are not public servants of those who commit crime.

 

ANS:  D          REF:  pp.103-104       OBJ:  LO 1

6. The first era of police professionalism began in the:
7. 1920s
8. 1930s
9. 1960s
10. 1980s

 

ANS:  A          REF:  p.105                 OBJ:  LO 2

 

7. In relation to community policing and ethics, all of the following is true except:
8. Community policing ethical issues arise from the closer relationships formed with community members.
9. There is evidence that there is more corruption in community policing models than with traditional law enforcement.
10. Community policing reduces cynicism and burnout which may reduce corruption.
11. Community policing may increase the potential for gratuities.

 

ANS:  B          REF:  p.106                 OBJ:  LO 2

 

8. A model of law enforcement that creates partnerships with the community and addresses underlying problems rather than simply enforcing the law is referred to as:
9. crime control policing
10. reactive policing
11. traditional policing
12. community policing

 

ANS: D           REF: p. 106                 OBJ: LO 2

 

9. Harris’ “preventive policing” model includes:
10. the concepts of community policing, problem-oriented policing, and accountability mechanisms
11. the concepts of community policy and the practices of crime control policing
12. the concepts of problem-oriented policing, and counter-terrorism efforts
13. the concepts of accountability mechanisms and counter-terrorism efforts

 

ANS: A           REF: p. 107                 OBJ: LO 2

 

10. Authority is defined as:
11. the right to inherent in a role to use any means to overcome resistance
12. the use of signs and symbols to induce compliance
13. the use of words and arguments to induce compliance
14. the unquestionable entitlement to be obeyed that comes from fulfilling a specific role

 

ANS: D           REF: p. 108                 OBJ: LO 2

 

 

 

11. Power is defined as:
12. the right inherent in a role to use any means to overcome resistance
13. the use of signs and symbols to induce compliance
14. the use of words and arguments to induce compliance
15. the unquestionable entitlement to be obeyed that comes from fulfilling a specific role

 

ANS: A           REF: p. 108                 OBJ: LO 2

 

12. Persuasion is defined as:
13. the right to inherent in a role to use any means to overcome resistance
14. the use of signs, symbols, words, and arguments to induce compliance
15. the use of force and coercion to get one’s way
16. the unquestionable entitlement to be obeyed that comes from fulfilling a specific role

 

ANS: B           REF: p. 108                 OBJ: LO 2

 

13. Force is defined as:
14. the right to inherent in a role to use any means to overcome resistance
15. the use of signs, symbols, words, and arguments to induce compliance
16. the use of physical coercion to overcome the will of the individual
17. the unquestionable entitlement to be obeyed that comes from fulfilling a specific role

 

ANS: C           REF: p. 109                 OBJ: LO 2

 

14. According to Klockars, what are the four elements of police power?
15. power, persuasion, threat, and force
16. power, persuasion, force, and authority
17. authority, threat, force, and persuasion
18. force, coercion, persuasion, authority

 

ANS:  B          REF:  pp.108-109       OBJ:  LO 3

 

15. Cohen and Feldberg include all of the following as ethical standards derived from the social contract except:
16. safety and security
17. integrity
18. fair access
19. teamwork

 

ANS:  B          REF:  p.109                 OBJ:  LO 3

 

 

 

 

 

 

16. Cohen and Feldberg proposed five ethical standards that can be derived from the social contract between society and the individuals. Which of the following is not one of these standards?
17. teamwork
18. objectivity
19. equality
20. fair access

 

ANS: C           REF: p. 109                 OBJ: LO 3

 

17. Cohen and Feldberg propose five ethical standards that can be derived from the social contract. Which of the following is not one of these five principles?
18. fair access
19. punishment
20. teamwork
21. decentralization

 

ANS: D           REF: p. 109                 OBJ: LO 3

 

18. ___________________ is different from the other three means of control in that it is physical, whereas the other three are exercised through mental domination and control.
19. Force
20. Authority
21. Discretion
22. Persuasion

 

ANS: A           REF: p. 109                 OBJ: LO 3

 

19. Wilson described types of police as including all except:
20. legalistic
21. service
22. watchman
23. caretaker

 

ANS:  B          REF:  p.111                 OBJ:  LO 3

 

20. Muir’s typology of police styles includes:
21. The caretaker
22. The old-style fighter
23. The enforcer
24. The watchman

 

ANS: C           REF: p. 112                 OBJ: LO 3

 

21. In Muir’s typology of police styles, the professional:
22. used coercion exclusively
23. avoided situations where they might be challenged
24. balanced coercion with compassion
25. had citizens solve problems and made deals to keep the peace

 

ANS: C           REF: p. 112                 OBJ: LO 3

 

22. In Brown’s typology of police styles, the old-style crime fighters:
23. are concerned only with action that might be considered crime control
24. avoided situations where they might be challenged
25. balanced coercion with compassion
26. had citizens solve problems and made deals to keep the peace

 

ANS: A           REF: p. 112                 OBJ: LO 3

 

23. In Muir’s typology of police styles, the reciprocator:
24. used coercion exclusively
25. avoided situations where they might be challenged
26. balanced coercion with compassion
27. had citizens solve problems and made deal to keep the peace

 

ANS: D           REF: p. 112                 OBJ: LO 3

 

24. In Brown’s typology of police styles, which type of officer emphasizes public order and peace officer tasks?
25. the professional-style officer
26. the service-style officer
27. the clean-beat officer
28. the old-style crime fighter

 

ANS: B           REF: p. 112                 OBJ: LO 3

 

25. The four major themes of formal ethical codes for law enforcement include all except:
26. fairness
27. personal conduct
28. service
29. integrity

 

ANS:  D          REF:  pp.113-114       OBJ:  LO 4

 

26. The informal values of police have been said to include which of the following?
27. cynicism
28. loyalty
29. force
30. all these are informal values of police

 

ANS:  D          REF:  p.115                 OBJ:  LO 4

 

27. Another name for the code of silence or the practice of police officers to remain silent when fellow officers commit unethical actions is:
28. the blue wall
29. the blue curtain of secrecy
30. the green wall of silence
31. the blue code

 

ANS: B           REF: p. 119                 OBJ: LO 4

 

28. Souryal argued that there are different kinds of loyalty to superiors or to fellow officers, including all of the following except:
29. integrated loyalty
30. personal loyalty
31. institutional loyalty
32. fragmented loyalty

 

ANS: D           REF: p. 123                 OBJ: LO 4

 

29. Which of the following statements about police subculture is false?
30. increasing diversity of police recruits has eliminated the social homogeneity of the workforce
31. civil litigation has increased the risk of covering for another officer
32. decreasing crime rates have prevented new hires
33. police unions have contributed to the weakening of the police subculture

 

ANS: C           REF: p. 124                 OBJ: LO 5

 

30. The law enforcement approach first implemented when William Bratton was police chief in New York City in the 1990s is called:
31. community policing
32. “safe for tourists” zone
33. zero-tolerance policy
34. blue wall of integrity

 

ANS: C           REF: p. 127                 OBJ: LO 5

 

 

 

TRUE/FALSE

 

1. The crime control paradigm of policing is most consistent with ethical formalism.

 

ANS:  F           REF:  p. l11                 OBJ:  LO 1

 

2. Cohen and Feldberg believe that the justification for police power comes from natural law.

 

ANS:  F           REF:  p.109                 OBJ:  LO 1

 

3. The public service paradigm of policing is consistent with utilitarianism.

 

ANS:  F           REF:  p.111                 OBJ:  LO 1

 

4. One problem critics have with The Law Enforcement Code of Ethics is that it is considered aspirational.

 

ANS:  T           REF:  p.114                OBJ:  LO 2

 

5. The four themes found in formal codes are fairness, service, law, and integrity.

 

ANS:  F           REF:  pp.113-114       OBJ:  LO 3

 

6. According to Scheingold, the values of police subculture are like dominant American values, only they are more extreme.

 

ANS:  T           REF:  p.116                 OBJ:  LO 4

 

7. Reuss-Ianni found that the informal subculture of police enforced the notion that managers were not to be trusted.

 

ANS:  T           REF:  p.116                 OBJ:  LO 5

 

8. Informal police subculture may be breaking down because of police unions.

 

ANS:  T           REF:  p.124                 OBJ:  LO 5

 

9. Muir’s police types included the professional, the reciprocating officer, the enforcer, and the clean beat officer.

 

ANS:  F           REF:  p.112                 OBJ:  LO 4

 

10. Brown and Muir both included the “peacemaker” officer in their typologies.

 

ANS:  F           REF:  p.112                 OBJ:  LO 4

 

 

FILL-IN-THE-BLANK

 

1. An unquestionable entitlement to be obeyed that comes from fulfilling a specific role is called ___________________.

ANS:  authority           REF:  p.108                 OBJ:  LO 1

2. The term ____________________________ means to have the power to make a decision between two or more choices.

ANS:  discretion         REF:  p. 110                OBJ:  LO 1

3. A program where officers and community members form partnership to prevent crime is called a ____________________ program.  

ANS:  community policing     REF:  p.106     OBJ:  LO 1

4. Having a negative perception of human nature is called ___________________.

ANS:  cynicism           REF:  p.115                 OBJ:  LO 1

5. The responsibilities that are attached to a specific role are called ______________.

ANS:  duties   REF:   p.110                            OBJ:  LO 2

6. The term used to describe the power to use physical coercion to overcome the will of another individual is ______________.

ANS:  force     REF:  p.109                             OBJ:  LO 2

7. The use of signs, symbols, words, and arguments to induce compliance is called __________________.

ANS:  persuasion       REF:  pp.108-109       OBJ:  LO 2

8. ________________ is the right, inherent in a role, to use any means to overcome resistance.

ANS:  power               REF:  p.108                 OBJ:  LO 3

9. Those who are paid from the public purse and are expected to serve the public good are called ___________________.

ANS:  public servants             REF:  p.103     OBJ:  LO 3

10. The law enforcement approach whereby small violations and ordinances are enforced to the maximum with the expectation that this will reduce more serious crime is called the ________________________ policy.

REF:  zero-tolerance               REF:  p.127     OBJ:  LO 4

 

ESSAY

1. Explain the public servant role and the crime fighter role and why the two may be inconsistent.

ANS:  answer not provided    REF:  pp.102-104                   OBJ:  LO 1

2. Compare and contrast the due process model and crime control model.

ANS:  answer not provided    REF: p. 103                             OBJ: LO 2

3. Discuss what potential ethical issues arise with community policing. Why might community policing act as an “insulator” against unethical behavior?

ANS:  answer not provided    REF:  p.106                             OBJ:  LO   4

4. List and discuss Klockars’ four elements of police control.

ANS:  answer not provided    REF:  pp.108-109                   OBJ:  LO 2

5. Explain how the social contract is the source of police power and explain the elements or characteristics of policing that logically flow from such power.

ANS:  answer not provided    REF:  p.109                             OBJ:  LO 3

6. Describe the elements of the formal code of ethics and contrast them with the values of the police subculture.

ANS:  answer not provided    REF:  p.113-116                     OBJ:  LO 4

7. List and discuss Brown’s typology of policy styles. Discuss it compared to Muir’s typology.

ANS:  answer not provided    REF: p. 112                             OBJ: LO 4

8. Describe Sherman’s police “values.”

ANS:  answer not provided    REF:  p.115                             OBJ:  LO 3

9. Explain why some people think the police subculture is breaking down.

ANS:  answer not provided    REF:  pp.124-125                   OBJ:  LO 4

10. Describe Wilson and Brown’s typologies of police and explain how each might perceive the role of discretion.

ANS:  answer not provided    REF:  p.113                             OBJ:  LO 4