A History and Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education 6Th Edition By Robert Mechikoff – Test Bank

 

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                  Chapter 5

Philosophy, Sport, and Physical Education in the Middle Ages: 900-1400

 

Select the best answer: Multiple Choice & True / False

 

1. Which of the following is true?
2. The period beginning with the tenth century and ending with the birth of the Italian

Renaissance in the fourteenth century is known as the

Medieval Period or Middle Ages.

1. During the Middle Ages, ascetic monks engaged in bodily mortification

in order to inhibit bodily lusts and desires and by doing so, prepared

their soul for heaven.

1. Generally speaking, the philosophical position of the body during the Middle Ages reflected

theological beliefs.

1. Most early Christians did not value their bodies and in fact, held the

body in contempt.

1. All of the above.

Answer E

                 

 

2. During the Middle Ages
3. Christians looked upon the Greek practice of engaging in athletics and

the desire to develop great physiques as a pagan practice.

1. the Christians believed the Greek practice of worshiping pagan gods

by displaying their athletic prowess was proof that the Greeks cared

more about secular matters than spiritual matters.

1. the majority of Christians believed that to participate in athletics or engage in physical training to glorify the body would contaminate the body which “housed” the soul and by doing this, the soul would become impure.
2. All of the above.
3. A and B only.

Answer D

 

3. Which of the following is true?
4. The negative attitude that Medieval Christians had toward the body was in no small part the

result of a reaction to the pagan practices of the Greeks who glorified the body.

1. Conversely, many Christian theologians would eventually come to embrace the ideas of Plato

and Aristotle who were “pagan Greeks”.

1. In addition to the Christian influence on European civilization, Judaism and the religion of

Islam also had a profound impact.

1. All of the above.
2. A and B only.

Answer D

 

 

 

 

 

4. When Rome collapsed in 476 A.D.,
5. chaos reigned and many people left Rome and sought protection from

powerful aristocrats who demanded that in exchange for protection,

people agreed to complete allegiance and subjugation.

1. a bleak period of history known as the Dark Ages began.
2. organized sport and physical education during the Dark Ages was, for

the most part, nonexistent.

1. All of the above.
2. B and C only.

Answer D

 

.       5.      When the Dark Ages ended and the Medieval Period began around 900

1. metaphysical questions were once again being discussed.
2. Christians turned to the Church for guidance.
3. Jews continued to seek spiritual leadership and guidance in their temples.
4. Moslems found comfort and answers to their questions in their Mosques.
5. All of the above.

Answer E

 

6. One of the few remaining cultural institutions left intact after the fall of Ravenna, Capitol of the Western Roman Empire, was
7. the Christian Church.
8. the British Empire – centered in England.
9. the Athenian Empire.
10. All of the above.
11. None of the above.

Answer A

 

7. The Inquisition
8. was a religious movement directed by the Catholic Church designed to

convert nonbelievers to Christianity.

1. was a medieval court based in part on the belief of St. Augustine that

a biblical passage (Luke 14:23) granted permission to use force

against heretics.

1. was directed against the Marranos and the Moriscos.
2. secular authorities were assigned the job of obtaining confessions, through torture if

necessary

1. All of the above.

Answer E

8. Medieval philosophy relied on the ideas of which of the following philosophers?
9. Bishop Miller of Berkeley
10. Aristophanes
11. Aristotle and Plato
12. Marcus Tillius Cicero
13. All of the above.

Answer C

 

9. In addition to the Catholic Church, which of the following groups had a significant, both limited, impact upon medieval philosophy.
10. Jewish and Islamic philosophers
11. the Stoics
12. the Epicureans
13. Scholastics and Agnostics
14. All of the above

Answer A

 

10. Which of the following is true?
11. Plato and Aristotle were interested in the metaphysical concepts that were used to form the foundation of Christianity.
12. Early Christian writers were compelled to embrace specific attitudes / beliefs put forth by the ancient Greeks in order to reconcile Greek philosophy with Christian theology.
13. Not all Christians were ready to accept the merging of Christianity with pagan Greek philosophy.
14. All of the above.
15. A and B only.

Answer D

 

11. Which of the following is true?
12. Tertullian, circa A.D. 2, was an early Christian who demanded bodily mortification and opposed the use of the pagan philosophy of the ancient Greeks put forth by Plato et al as part of Christian theology.
13. Platonism, much to the dismay of Tertullian, was commonly regarded by Christian thinkers as having been an intellectual preparation for Christianity.
14. Christian theologians attempted to use philosophy to prove theological Christian dogma but this approach – to merge philosophy and theology, did not work.
15. Theologians accept the existence of God on faith alone – and not necessarily using philosophical deductions that are based on reasoned and rational inquiry.
16. All of the above.

Answer E

 

12. Which of the following is true?
13. Some Orthodox Christians consistently rejected the

contention that the human body was evil but were in the minority.

1. Elements of the early Christian church, along with various and influential “streams” of

Roman Catholicism during the early Middle Ages, looked

upon the human body as having great value and did not believe that people are born with

“original sin” that corrupts the body and soul.

1. The Christian view of the body, good or bad, was not based upon the beliefs about the

corporeal nature of Christ.

1. All of the above.
2. B and C only.

Answer A

 

 

13. With regard to the position of the body as presented in the Bible
14. Biblical concepts of the body, soul, and flesh describe man as a whole

being, as opposed to having a dualistic existence.

1. there was, and still is, confusing and contradictory views of scripture

relative to how it relates to the position and role of the body.

1. various interpretations of scripture can have a significant impact on the perceived worth or

value of the body.

1. the scope and development of sport and physical education has been

influenced by the position of the body as described in the Bible.

1. All of the above.

Answer E

 

14. The Scholastics of the Middle Ages
15. opposed physical education.
16. regarded the body as an instrument of sin.
17. saw great value in physical activity.
18. believed in a close relationship between mind and body.
19. C and D only.

Answer E

 

15. The Scholastic, St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274)
16. A. wrote Summa Theologiae, which among other areas of discussion,

stated that to achieve happiness, man requires perfection in both the

soul and the body.

1. denounced the body in his classic work, Summa Theologiae.
2. believed that intelligence depends in part on the physical fitness level of

the individual.

1. None of the above.
2. A and C only.

Answer E

 

16. St. Thomas Aquinas
17. believed, as did Aristotle, that the soul needs a body to acquire

knowledge.

1. developed with his fellow Scholastics, a philosophical and religious

justification for cherishing the body and valuing physical fitness and

recreation because of the benefits of physical, mental, social, and

moral well-being.

1. Believed, as did Aristotle, in the unity (mind and body) of man.
2. All of the above.
3. A and C only.

Answer D

 

 

 

 

17. What Philosophers/Theologians believed that the body was not evil and was important to the mind and spirit – to human existence?
18. Moses Maimonides
19. St. Bonaventure
20. St. Thomas Aquinas
21. All of the above.
22. None of the above.

Answer D

 

18. Which of the following is true?
19. Changes in attitude toward sport and other secular activities within

the Christian church began to change during the eleventh and twelfth

centuries.

1. During the eleventh and twelfth centuries, many nobles entered the

priesthood and brought with them, their love for secular habits such

as hunting, falconry, and quite possibly combat sports.

1. Young nobles who became priests influenced the attitude of the church

towards the body and sports.

1. Over time, the church slowly accepted the playful activities that were

secular in nature.

1. All of the above.

Answer E

 

19. Bishop Odon of Bayeux
20. was a noble who entered the priesthood and was able to blend his

spiritual virtues with the secular athletic skills of a knight.

1. is depicted on the Bayeux Tapestry as a knight leading soldiers to

victory over the Saxon Army.

1. supervised the work of the Bayeux Tapestry which illustrates

numerous sporting activities that took place during the Middle Ages.

1. All of the above.
2. A and C only.

Answer D

20. Which of the following is true?
21. Ball games that were popular during Roman times continued to

remain popular during the Middle Ages.

1. The game of Soule was popular among the peasantry and resembled

the modern game of soccer.

1. English football and horse racing was popular in London during the

twelfth century.

1. Outraged by the number of incidents of damage to property and persons by widespread

drunkenness and lewd conduct, the church

prohibited games that involved gambling, specific festivals, and

immoral behavior.

1. All of the above.

Answer E

 

21. During the early Medieval tournament
22. the victorious knight won it all! Property, Armor, horses, and people.
23. chivalry was absent – there was no “fair fight”.
24. it was common for several knights to gang up on one knight and

ransom him back to his family for all he was worth.

1. free-for-alls on horseback were common.
2. All of the above.

Answer E

 

22. With regard to the brutality of the tournaments, the Catholic Church
23. issued Papal Bulls that forbid the savage and abominable

tournaments.

1. threatened those who participated in the Melee with eternal

damnation.

1. tolerated, for utilitarian reasons, the knightly sports and the Melee

during the era of the Crusades.

1. All of the above.
2. A and B only.

Answer D

 

true/false

 

 23.Wars and battles between knights and feudal armies were common during the Middle Ages. Knights had to develop athletic ability if they were going to survive.

1. True
2. False

Answer A

 

24.Orthodox Christians along with the Ascetic monks despised the body and subjected the body to self-inflicted pain. They viewed the body as an instrument of sin.

1. True
2. False

Answer A

 

25. According to St. Thomas Aquinas, perfection in both body and soul is necessary.
26. True
27. False

Answer A

 

26. Greek philosophers and their beliefs had little or no impact upon the scholastics.
27. True
28. False

Answer A

 

 

 

27. The Scholastics provided religious justification for admonishing the value of the body and opposing activities that promoted physical fitness.
28. True
29. False

Answer B

 

28. The seasonal agricultural holidays during the Middle Ages were void of games and entertainment.
29. True
30. False

Answer B

 

29. Christian beliefs reinforced and perpetuated the existing social order, the Feudal System, during the Middle Ages.
30. True
31. False

Answer A

 

30. The Medieval Tournament of Jousting was reserved exclusively for the aristocracy. Peasants were completely excluded from attending as spectators.
31. True
32. False

Answer B

 

31. The work of Galen, “De Medicina” was the chief source of Medical knowledge during the Middle Ages.
32. True
33. False

Answer A

 

32. Galen studied human physiology and believed that it was

composed of eight essential humors which resided exclusively in

the brain and heart.

1. True
2. False

Answer B

 

33. According to Galen, when humors were blended in certain ways

within the body, health could be achieved.

1. True
2. False

Answer A

 

34. The removal of “bad blood” by purging or bleeding the patient was a common medical treatment

during the Middle Ages.

1. True
2. False

Answer A

 

35. Along with mundane medical treatments such as drinking herbal

teas, medicine as practiced in the Middle Ages believed that

drinking urine or boiling the extract of cow’s dung could cure the

plague.

1. True
2. False

Answer A

 

36. The ascetic monastic lifestyle of Christian monks was based on the belief that enlightenment would be achieved through bodily mortification, vows of silence, prayer, and the renouncing of all material possessions.
37. True
38. False

Answer A

 

37. The consensus among medieval historians is that, with the exception of ritual dancing and manual labor, Christians were generally encouraged to avoid the pleasures and temptations of the body.
38. True
39. False

Answer A

 

38. Christians eventually came to regard the body as an instrument of sin; the body was mortal and had little consequence to a man seeking eternal salvation.
39. True
40. False

Answer A

 

39. Early Christian monks were not at all interested in the body, did not pay any attention to the body.
40. True
41. False

Answer B

 

40. Monks chose to deny themselves the pleasures of the body because in so doing so, they were able to “prove” – from the Christian beliefs of the era, that they were worthy of eternal salvation.
41. True
42. false

Answer: A

 

41. In general, during the medieval period, support for physical education were rare except for the work of a few scholastics, some Jewish philosophers, and what was needed to prepare knights for battle.
42. True
43. False

Answer: A