A History and Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education 7Th Edition By Robert Mechikoff - Test Bank

A History and Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education 7Th Edition By Robert Mechikoff – Test Bank

 

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A History & Philosophy of Sport, 7e (Mechikoff)

Chapter 5   Philosophy, Sport, and Physical Education During the Middle Ages: 900-1400

 

1) Which of the following is true?

1. A) The period beginning with the tenth century and ending with the birth of the Italian Renaissance in the fourteenth century is known as the Medieval Period or the Middle Ages.
2. B) During the Middle Ages, ascetic monks engaged in bodily mortification in order to inhibit bodily lusts and desires and by doing so, prepared their souls for heaven.
3. C) The philosophical position on the body during the Middle Ages reflected theological beliefs.
4. D) Most early Christians did not value their bodies and in fact, held the body in contempt.
5. E) All of the answers are correct.

 

Answer:  E

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2) During the Middle Ages,

1. A) Christians looked upon the Greek practice of engaging in athletics and the desire to develop great physiques as a pagan practice.
2. B) Christians believed the Greek practice of worshiping pagan gods by displaying their athletic prowess proved that the Greeks cared more about secular matters than spiritual matters.
3. C) most Christians believed that to participate in athletics or engage in physical training to glorify the body would contaminate the body that “housed” the soul and by doing this, the soul would become impure.
4. D) All of the answers are correct.
5. E) the majority of Christians believed that to participate in athletics or to engage in physical training to glorify the body would contaminate the body which “housed” the soul and by doing this, the soul would become impure, and they looked upon the Greek practice of engaging in athletics and the desire to develop great physiques as a pagan practice.

 

Answer:  D

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3) Which of the following is true?

1. A) The negative attitude that Medieval Christians had toward the body was in no small part the result of a reaction to the pagan practices of the Greeks who glorified the body.
2. B) Conversely, many Christian theologians would eventually come to embrace the ideas of Plato and Aristotle, who were “pagan” Greeks.
3. C) In addition to the Christian influence on European civilization, Judaism and the religion of Islam also had a profound impact.
4. D) All of the answers are correct.
5. E) The negative attitude that Medieval Christians had toward the body was in no small part the result of a reaction to the pagan practices of the Greeks who glorified the body. Conversely, many Christian theologians would eventually come to embrace the ideas of Plato and Aristotle, who were “pagan” Greeks.

 

Answer:  D

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4) When Rome collapsed in A.D. 476,

1. A) chaos reigned, and many people left Rome and sought protection from powerful aristocrats who demanded that in exchange for protection, people agreed to complete allegiance and subjugation.
2. B) a bleak period of history known as the Dark Ages began.
3. C) organized sport and physical education during the Dark Ages was, for the most part, nonexistent.
4. D) All of the answers are correct.
5. E) a bleak period of history known as the Dark Ages began, and organized sport and physical education was, for the most part, nonexistent.

 

Answer:  D

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5) When the Dark Ages ended, and the Medieval Period began around 900,

1. A) metaphysical questions were once again being discussed.
2. B) Christians turned to the church for guidance.
3. C) Jews continued to seek spiritual leadership and guidance in their temples.
4. D) Muslims found comfort and answers to their questions in their mosques.
5. E) All of the answers are correct.

 

Answer:  E

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6) One of the few remaining cultural institutions left intact after the fall of Ravenna, Capitol of the Western Roman Empire, was

1. A) the Christian Church.
2. B) the British Empire.
3. C) the Athenian Empire.
4. D) the Roman trade.

 

Answer:  A

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7) The Inquisition

1. A) was a religious movement directed by the Catholic Church, designed to convert nonbelievers to Christianity.
2. B) was a medieval court based in part on the belief of St. Augustine that a biblical passage (Luke 14:23) granted permission to use force against heretics.
3. C) was directed against the Marranos and the Moriscos.
4. D) enabled secular authorities to obtain confessions through torture, if necessary.
5. E) All of the answers are correct.

 

Answer:  E

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8) Medieval philosophy relied on the ideas of which of the following philosophers?

1. A) Bishop Miller of Berkeley
2. B) Aristophanes
3. C) Aristotle and Plato
4. D) Marcus Tillius Cicero

 

Answer:  C

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9) In addition to the Catholic Church, which of the following groups had a significant impact on medieval philosophy?

1. A) Jewish and Islamic philosophers
2. B) The Stoics
3. C) The Epicureans
4. D) Scholastics and Agnostics
5. E) All of the answers are correct.

 

Answer:  A

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10) Which of the following is true?

1. A) Plato and Aristotle were interested in the metaphysical concepts that were used to form the foundation of Christianity.
2. B) The early Christian writers were compelled to embrace specific attitudes or beliefs put forth by the ancient Greeks in order to reconcile Greek philosophy with Christian theology.
3. C) Not all Christians were ready to accept the merging of Christianity with pagan Greek philosophy.
4. D) All of the answers are correct.
5. E) Plato and Aristotle were interested in the metaphysical concepts that were used to form the foundation of Christianity, and the early Christian writers were compelled to embrace specific attitudes or beliefs put forth by the ancient Greeks in order to reconcile Greek philosophy with Christian theology.

 

Answer:  D

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11) Which of the following is true?

1. A) Tertullian, circa A.D. 2, was an early Christian who demanded bodily mortification and opposed the use of the pagan philosophy of the ancient Greeks put forth by Plato et al. as part of Christian theology.
2. B) Platonism, much to the dismay of Tertullian, was commonly regarded by Christian thinkers as having been an intellectual preparation for Christianity.
3. C) Christian theologians attempted to use philosophy to prove theological Christian dogma, but this approach to merge philosophy and theology did not work.
4. D) Theologians accept the existence of God on faith alone and not necessarily using philosophical deductions that are based on reasoned and rational inquiry.
5. E) All of the answers are correct.

 

Answer:  E

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12) Which of the following is true?

1. A) Some Orthodox Christians consistently rejected the contention that the human body was evil, but they were in the minority.
2. B) Elements of the early Christian Church, along with various and influential “streams” of Roman Catholicism during the early Middle Ages, looked upon the human body as having great value and did not believe that people are born with the “original sin” that corrupts the body and soul.
3. C) The Christian view of the body, good or bad, was not based on beliefs about the corporeal nature of Christ.
4. D) The early Christian Church believed that because God was omnipresent, He was in all things, including the body.
5. E) Elements of the early Christian Church, along with various influential “streams” of Roman Catholicism during the early Middle Ages, looked upon the human body as having great value and did not believe that people are born with the “original sin” that corrupts the body and soul. The Christian view of the body, good or bad, was not based on beliefs about the corporeal nature of Christ.

 

Answer:  A

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13) Both ascetic dualism and the words of Socrates in the Phaedo ________.

1. A) promote the idea that human body is evil and corrupt
2. B) uphold the notion that the soul is a source of sin and wanton lust
3. C) describe man as a whole being
4. D) portray human beings as “bodily images” of a perfect God

 

Answer:  A

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14) With regard to the position of the body as presented in the Bible,

1. A) biblical concepts of the body, soul, and flesh describe man as a whole being, as opposed to having a dualistic existence.
2. B) there were, and still are, confusing and contradictory views of scripture relative to how it relates to the position and role of the body.
3. C) various interpretations of scripture can have a significant impact on the perceived worth or value of the body.
4. D) the scope and development of sport and physical education has been influenced by the position of the body as described in the Bible.
5. E) All of the answers are correct.

 

Answer:  E

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15) The Scholastics of the Middle Ages

1. A) opposed physical education.
2. B) regarded the body as an instrument of sin.
3. C) saw great value in physical activity.
4. D) believed in a close relationship between mind and body.
5. E) saw great value in physical activity and believed in a close relationship between mind and body.

 

Answer:  E

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16) The Scholastic, St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274)

1. A) wrote Summa Theologiae, which among other areas of discussion, stated that to achieve happiness, man requires perfection in both the soul and the body.
2. B) denounced the body in his classic work Summa Theologiae.
3. C) believed that intelligence depends in part on the physical fitness of an individual.
4. D) believed that men who have bodies of better disposition are likely to have souls with diminished powers of understanding.
5. E) believed that intelligence depends in part on the physical fitness level of an individual. He wrote Summa Theologiae, which among other areas of discussion, stated that to achieve happiness, man requires perfection in both the soul and the body.

 

Answer:  E

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17) St. Thomas Aquinas

1. A) believed, as did Aristotle, that the soul needs a body to acquire knowledge.
2. B) developed with his fellow Scholastics, a philosophical and religious justification for cherishing the body and valuing physical fitness and recreation because of the benefits of physical, mental, social, and moral well-being.
3. C) believed, as did Aristotle, in the unity (mind and body) of man.
4. D) All of the answers are correct.
5. E) believed, as did Aristotle, in the unity (mind and body) of man, and that the soul needs a body to acquire knowledge.

 

Answer:  D

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18) Which philosopher or theologian believed that the body was not evil and was important to the mind, spirit, and human existence?

1. A) Moses Maimonides
2. B) Socrates
3. C) Pope Gregory IX
4. D) Plato

 

Answer:  A

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19) Which of the following is true?

1. A) Changes in attitude toward sport and other secular activities within the Christian Church began to change during the eleventh and twelfth centuries.
2. B) During the eleventh and twelfth centuries, many nobles entered the priesthood and brought with them their love for secular habits such as hunting, falconry, and quite possibly combat sports.
3. C) Young nobles who became priests influenced the attitude of the church towards the body and sports.
4. D) Over time, the church slowly accepted playful activities that were secular in nature.
5. E) All of the answers are correct.

 

Answer:  E

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20) Bishop Odon of Bayeux

1. A) was able to blend his spiritual virtues with the secular athletic skills of a knight.
2. B) was a noble knight who served in the army of his half-brother, William the Conqueror.
3. C) supervised the work of the Bayeux Tapestry, which illustrates numerous sporting activities that took place during the Middle Ages.
4. D) All of the answers are correct.
5. E) was able to blend his spiritual virtues with the secular athletic skills of a knight. He also supervised the work of the Bayeux Tapestry, which illustrates numerous sporting activities that took place during the Middle Ages.

 

Answer:  D

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21) Which of the following is true?

1. A) Ball games that were popular during Roman times continued to remain popular during the Middle Ages.
2. B) The game of soule was popular among the peasantry and resembled the modern game of soccer.
3. C) English football and horse racing were popular in London during the twelfth century.
4. D) Outraged by the number of incidents of damage to property and persons by widespread drunkenness and lewd conduct, the church prohibited games that involved gambling, specific festivals, and immoral behavior.
5. E) All of the answers are correct.

 

Answer:  E

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22) With regard to the brutality of tournaments, the Catholic Church

1. A) issued papal bulls that forbade the savage and abominable tournaments.
2. B) threatened those who participated in the melee with eternal damnation.
3. C) tolerated, for utilitarian reasons, knightly sports and the melee during the era of the Crusades.
4. D) All of the answers are correct.

 

Answer:  D

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23) Which of the following games of the Middle Ages is similar to modern-day bowling?

1. A) Maitre-paumiers
2. B) Le jeu de paume
3. C) Soule
4. D) Kegels

 

Answer:  D

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24) Which of the following is true of the melee, a notable event in medieval tournaments?

1. A) The purpose of the melee was to kill opponents.
2. B) The church encouraged peasants and nobles alike to participate in the carnage and brutality of the melee.
3. C) It included two mounted horsemen charging at each other, wielding long, wooden lances.
4. D) It involved groups of opposing knights engaging in hand-to-hand combat with dull swords.

 

Answer:  D

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25) During the early medieval tournaments,

1. A) the victorious knight won it all—property, armor, horses, and people.
2. B) chivalry was absent—there was no “fair fight.”
3. C) it was common for several knights to gang up on one knight and ransom him back to his family for all he was worth.
4. D) free-for-alls on horseback were common.
5. E) All of the answers are correct.

 

Answer:  E

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26) In the context of aristocratic sports, which of the following is true of le jeu de paume and royal tennis played during 1292?

1. A) These games eventually blended and developed into the popular game of Backgammon.
2. B) The chief magistrate of Paris decreed that these games could be played on all days except Sundays.
3. C) The clergy approved and gave a ringing endorsement to these games.
4. D) These games were a form of handball played against high walls in the inner courtyards of castles and manor houses.

 

Answer:  D

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27) With regard to the brutality of the tournaments, the Catholic Church

1. A) issued papal bulls that forbade the savage and abominable tournaments.
2. B) threatened those who participated in the melee with eternal damnation.
3. C) tolerated, for utilitarian reasons, knightly sports and the melee during the era of the Crusades.
4. D) All of the answers are correct.
5. E) issued papal bulls that forbade the savage and abominable tournaments and threatened those who participated in the melee with eternal damnation.

 

Answer:  D

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28) According to Galen’s De Medicina, which of the following humors made up the human physiology?

1. A) Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
2. B) Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
3. C) Tendons, ligaments, muscle tissue, and fat tissue
4. D) Blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile

 

Answer:  D

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29) Wars and battles between knights and feudal armies were common during the Middle Ages. Knights had to develop athletic ability if they were to survive.

 

Answer:  TRUE

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30) Ascetic dualism is the belief that the human body is evil and corrupt and should be denied any kind of pleasure in order to keep the soul pure.

 

Answer:  TRUE

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31) Orthodox Christians, along with ascetic monks, despised the body and subjected the body to self-inflicted pain. They viewed the body as an instrument of sin.

 

Answer:  TRUE

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32) According to St. Thomas Aquinas, perfection in both body and soul is necessary.

 

Answer:  TRUE

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33) Greek philosophers and their beliefs had little or no impact on the Scholastics.

 

Answer:  TRUE

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34) The Scholastics provided religious justification for admonishing the value of the body and for opposing activities that promoted physical fitness.

 

Answer:  FALSE

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35) Seasonal agricultural holidays during the Middle Ages were void of games and entertainment.

 

Answer:  FALSE

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36) Christian beliefs reinforced and perpetuated the existing social order, the feudal system, during the Middle Ages.

 

Answer:  TRUE

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37) The medieval tournament of jousting was reserved exclusively for the aristocracy. Peasants were completely excluded from attending as spectators.

 

Answer:  FALSE

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38) The work of Galen, De Medicina, was the chief source of medical knowledge during the Middle Ages.

 

Answer:  TRUE

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39) Galen studied human physiology and believed that it was composed of eight essential humors that resided exclusively in the brain and heart.

 

Answer:  FALSE

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40) According to Galen, when humors were blended in certain ways within the body, health could be achieved.

 

Answer:  TRUE

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41) The removal of “bad blood” by purging or bleeding a patient was a common medical treatment during the Middle Ages.

 

Answer:  TRUE

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42) During the Middle Ages, mundane medical treatments such as herbal teas and poultices were prevalent, and it was believed that the plague could be cured by drinking urine or the boiled extract of cow’s dung.

 

Answer:  TRUE

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43) The ascetic monastic lifestyle of Christian monks was based on the belief that enlightenment would be achieved through bodily mortification, vows of silence, prayer, and the renouncing of all material possessions.

 

Answer:  TRUE

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44) The consensus among medieval historians is that, with the exception of ritual dancing and manual labor, Christians were generally encouraged to avoid the pleasures and temptations of the body.

 

Answer:  TRUE

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45) Christians eventually came to regard the body as an instrument of sin; the body was mortal and had little consequence to a man seeking eternal salvation.

 

Answer:  TRUE

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46) Early Christian monks were not at all interested in the body and did not pay any attention to the body.

 

Answer:  FALSE

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47) Monks chose to deny themselves the pleasures of the body because, in doing so, they were able to “prove”—based on the Christian beliefs of the era—that they were worthy of eternal salvation.

 

Answer:  TRUE

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48) In general, during the Medieval Period, support for physical education were rare except for the work of a few scholastics, some Jewish philosophers, and what was needed to prepare knights for battle.

 

Answer:  TRUE

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49) The early Christian monks believed that perfection in both the soul and the body was necessary to achieve happiness.

 

Answer:  FALSE

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50) Why did the Romans stage extravagant spectacles and sport competitions during the Medieval Period?

 

Answer:  The Romans had a purpose for their brand of sport when they staged the extravagant spectacles and competitions that engendered violent and brutal domination that took place in the arenas. They sent a brutal reminder of their strength, domination, and total dominion over everybody and everything through the visual and visceral combat and slaughter that unfolded in the arena. During the Middle Ages, the aristocracy and their fellow knights conceptually reconstituted the brutality and domination personified by the Romans and used combat sports such as the bloody and brutal jousts and tournaments to send a message to their subjects that “we rule over you and our dominion and can use our might to punish and crush you if you show cause.”

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51) Describe the ball game soule that was popular during the Middle Ages.

 

Answer:  Soule was popular among the peasantry, and it often contributed to property losses and personal injury. The game resembled the modern game of soccer and was played with an indeterminate number of men on each side. Possession of a stuffed leather ball was the goal, and two teams played the game between two goals. During the heat of competition, the achievement of this goal sometimes left the “playing field” (and often someone’s private property) in ruins. Most accounts of the game describe it as a violent affair, and one scholar noted that the players engaged in “a veritable combat for the possession of the ball for which they fought like dogs battling for a bone.” King James noted that the game was “meeter for the maiming than making able the (players) thereof.” Soule was quite violent, and this contributed to the church’s reluctance about its association with the game. Local customs governed the rules of play, and there were many versions of the game throughout Europe.

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