Adolescence 17th Edition John Santrock - Test Bank

Adolescence 17th Edition John Santrock – Test Bank

 

Instant Download – Complete Test Bank With Answers

 

 

Sample Questions Are Posted Below

 

Adolescence, 17e (Santrock)

Chapter 5   Gender

 

1) Gender development is influenced by

1. A) biological factors.
2. B) social factors.
3. C) cognitive factors.
4. D) All of these choices are correct.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Bloom’s:  Knowledge

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Describe the biological, social, and cognitive influences on gender.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

 

2) Which of the following is good advice for helping to improve the gendered lives of both boys and girls in adolescence?

1. A) Help adolescents to reduce gender stereotyping and discrimination.
2. B) Don’t engage in gender stereotyping and discrimination yourself.
3. C) Never model discrimination for adolescents.
4. D) All of these are good advice.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Knowledge

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Summarize developmental changes in gender.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

 

3) Which theorist agreed that, “Anatomy is destiny”?

1. A) Sigmund Freud
2. B) Robert Sternberg
3. C) Jean Piaget
4. D) Lev Vygotsky

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Bloom’s:  Knowledge

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Describe the biological, social, and cognitive influences on gender.

APA:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

 

 

 

4) Erik Erikson and Sigmund Freud agreed that

1. A) anatomy is destiny.
2. B) gender behaviors and gender are instinctual.
3. C) human behavior is directly related to reproductive processes.
4. D) All of these choices are correct.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Knowledge

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Describe the biological, social, and cognitive influences on gender.

APA:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

 

5) Evolutionary psychologists agree that

1. A) natural selection favored males who adopted long-term mating strategies.
2. B) males evolved dispositions that favor competition and risk-taking.
3. C) natural selection favored females who paired widely.
4. D) males evolved dispositions that favor male bonding and friendship.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Knowledge

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Describe the biological, social, and cognitive influences on gender.

APA:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

 

6) David Buss argues that men and women differ psychologically in

1. A) cognitive domains that require hypothetical reasoning.
2. B) domains in which they have faced different adaptive problems during evolutionary history.
3. C) domains that require assertiveness.
4. D) None of these choices are correct.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Knowledge

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Describe the biological, social, and cognitive influences on gender.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

 

 

 

7) Who proposed social role theory?

1. A) Alice Eagly
2. B) Carol Gilligan
3. C) Karen Horney
4. D) Judith Rodin

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Bloom’s:  Knowledge

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Describe the biological, social, and cognitive influences on gender.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

 

8) Social role theory contends that psychological gender differences are mainly due to

1. A) biological dispositions.
2. B) similar roles of males and females.
3. C) contrasting roles of males and females.
4. D) innate psychological dispositions.

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Knowledge

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Describe the biological, social, and cognitive influences on gender.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

 

9) Which of the following statements about the role of women around the world is NOT true?

1. A) Women perform more domestic work.
2. B) Women and men receive approximately the same pay.
3. C) Women spend fewer hours in paid employment.
4. D) Women have less power than men.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Analysis

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Describe the biological, social, and cognitive influences on gender.

APA:  3.3 Adopt values that build community at local, national, and global levels

 

 

 

10) Alice Eagly believes that the most important causes of gender differences in power, assertiveness, and nurture are social hierarchy and

1. A) power expectations.
2. B) sexual vulnerability.
3. C) division of labor.
4. D) monetary resources.

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Knowledge

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Describe the biological, social, and cognitive influences on gender.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

 

11) Rita and Don are the parents of 15-year-old twins, Frank and Francine. Research suggests that

1. A) Frank will have more independence than Francine.
2. B) Frank will be encouraged to do well in English and social sciences.
3. C) Francine will be encouraged to do well in math.
4. D) Both twins will be encouraged to excel in science.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Application

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Describe the biological, social, and cognitive influences on gender.

APA:  1.3 Describe applications of psychology

 

12) Research by Phyllis Bronstein indicates that

1. A) in many cultures, mothers socialize their daughters to be less responsible than their sons.
2. B) in many cultures, mothers place more restrictions on the autonomy of sons than that of daughters.
3. C) fathers show more attention to their daughters than to their sons.
4. D) many parents continue to encourage behaviors that are in keeping with traditional gender role norms.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Knowledge

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Describe the biological, social, and cognitive influences on gender.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

 

 

 

13) Betty’s mother smiles and praises her for her fashion choices when she wears dresses and tasteful makeup for a family gathering. According to social cognitive theory, this approval for Betty’s gender-appropriate behavior is likely to

1. A) make Betty want to wear more casual clothes to the next family event.
2. B) reinforce Betty’s choice to be feminine.
3. C) have no effect on what Betty chooses to wear in the future.
4. D) make Betty closer to her mother.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Application

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Describe the biological, social, and cognitive influences on gender.

APA:  1.3 Describe applications of psychology

 

14) Which of the following statements regarding siblings and gender role development is TRUE?

1. A) Older siblings become less like their younger siblings over a two-year period.
2. B) Siblings play very little role in gender socialization.
3. C) Younger siblings become less similar to older siblings in terms of gender role.
4. D) Younger siblings become less similar to older siblings in terms of leisure activities.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Bloom’s:  Analysis

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Describe the biological, social, and cognitive influences on gender.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

 

15) Debra’s peer group is made up of only girls; Rachel’s peer group is a mix of boys and girls. Debra is more likely than Rachel to be in

1. A) adolescence.
2. B) early adulthood.
3. C) early childhood.
4. D) middle childhood.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Application

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Describe the biological, social, and cognitive influences on gender.

APA:  1.3 Describe applications of psychology

 

 

 

16) In adolescence, ________ approval has a powerful influence on gender attitudes and behavior.

1. A) parents’
2. B) peer
3. C) siblings’
4. D) All of these choices are correct.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Bloom’s:  Knowledge

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Describe the biological, social, and cognitive influences on gender.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

 

17) Evidence that teachers and school personnel have biases towards both boys and girls include all of the following EXCEPT

1. A) boys are more likely to be criticized than girls.
2. B) school personnel tend to stereotype boys’ behavior as problematic.
3. C) boys may have few male role models in teachers.
4. D) girls are more likely than boys to have learning problems.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Bloom’s:  Knowledge

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Describe the biological, social, and cognitive influences on gender.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

 

18) Richard is struggling in his language arts class. According to research on the ways boys and girls are treated in schools, Richard is more likely than a female classmate to

1. A) be given extra help by his teacher.
2. B) be referred to the school psychologist to be tested for a learning disability.
3. C) be ignored by school personnel.
4. D) be paired with a peer tutor.

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Application

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Describe the biological, social, and cognitive influences on gender.

APA:  1.3 Describe applications of psychology

 

 

 

19) Evidence that the classroom is biased against girls includes all of the following EXCEPT

1. A) teachers spend more time interacting with boys.
2. B) teachers spend more time watching girls.
3. C) teachers give more instruction to boys.
4. D) teachers give boys more time than girls to answer questions.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Knowledge

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Describe the biological, social, and cognitive influences on gender.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

 

20) Mary and Matthew are classmates in grade six. Which of the following is probably true, based on research on gender bias in schools?

1. A) Mary will be more assertive in class than Matthew.
2. B) Mary’s self-esteem will be higher than Matthew’s self-esteem.
3. C) Matthew will describe more career choices than Mary.
4. D) Matthew will work quietly on his own; Mary will spend more time interacting with the teacher.

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Bloom’s:  Application

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Describe the biological, social, and cognitive influences on gender.

APA:  1.3 Describe applications of psychology

 

21) Which of the following statements regarding single-sex education is TRUE?

1. A) Single-sex education is superior to co-ed education for both boys and girls.
2. B) Single-sex education is superior to co-ed education for girls.
3. C) Single-sex education is superior to co-ed education for boys.
4. D) Single-sex education is not superior to co-ed education for both boys and girls.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Analysis

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Describe the biological, social, and cognitive influences on gender.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

 

 

 

22) Television shows portray teenage girls as being primarily interested in

1. A) shopping.
2. B) appearance.
3. C) dating.
4. D) All of these choices are correct.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Bloom’s:  Knowledge

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Describe the biological, social, and cognitive influences on gender.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

 

23) Elaine says that her favorite TV show’s teenage star, Lauren, is an attractive teenager who is an apprentice to a forensic anthropologist. Lauren spends all of her free time analyzing bones and reconstructing skeletons to solve crimes. This TV star is

1. A) not the typical teenage girl star.
2. B) typical of a teen star in that she is attractive and smart.
3. C) typical of a teen star in that she is attractive and career-oriented.
4. D) None of these choices are correct.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Application

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Describe the biological, social, and cognitive influences on gender.

APA:  1.3 Describe applications of psychology

 

24) Which of the following statements regarding self-esteem in adolescent girls is TRUE?

1. A) Self-esteem in adolescent girls is lower than self-esteem in adolescent boys.
2. B) Self-esteem in girls drops at approximately the same rate as boys.
3. C) Self-esteem in high-school girls is higher than for college women.
4. D) All of these choices are correct.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Analysis

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Summarize developmental changes in gender.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

 

 

 

25) Music videos are

1. A) not stereotypical of gender.
2. B) slanted towards female audiences.
3. C) slanted towards male audiences.
4. D) not especially marketed to teen viewers.

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Bloom’s:  Knowledge

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Describe the biological, social, and cognitive influences on gender.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

 

26) Which of the following statements regarding television and gender is TRUE?

1. A) Men are portrayed as more powerful than women in many TV shows.
2. B) Female characters on music videos are shown as passive.
3. C) Women are overrepresented in prime-time commercials.
4. D) None of these choices are correct.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Analysis

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Describe the biological, social, and cognitive influences on gender.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

 

27) Research has shown that the more adolescent females and males watched entertainment TV, the more

1. A) positive their body images were.
2. B) passive they became.
3. C) aggressive they became.
4. D) negative their body images were.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Knowledge

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Describe the biological, social, and cognitive influences on gender.

APA:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research

 

 

 

28) In a recent study of U.S. college women, more time on Facebook was related to more ________ feelings about their own bodies.

1. A) positive
2. B) negative
3. C) idealistic
4. D) neutral

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Knowledge

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Describe the biological, social, and cognitive influences on gender.

APA:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research

 

29) Gender schema theory is a ________ theory.

1. A) cognitive
2. B) biological
3. C) sociological
4. D) psychological

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Bloom’s:  Knowledge

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Describe the biological, social, and cognitive influences on gender.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

 

30) The theory on gender development that asserts that gender-typing emerges as children and adolescents develop gender schemas regarding what is gender-appropriate or -inappropriate in their culture is called

1. A) gender learning theory.
2. B) schema dominance theory.
3. C) gender schema theory.
4. D) social learning theory.

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Knowledge

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Describe the biological, social, and cognitive influences on gender.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

 

 

 

31) A cognitive structure that organizes the world in terms of female and male is called a

1. A) gender schema.
2. B) gender worldview.
3. C) gender-role dichotomy.
4. D) None of these choices are correct.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Bloom’s:  Knowledge

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Describe the biological, social, and cognitive influences on gender.

APA:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

 

32) Victor has perceived that wearing a silk scarf on his head is not considered appropriate for males in his culture. Consequently, he pulls his long hair back and secures it with a rubber band. Victor’s behavior is best explained by

1. A) media influence theory.
2. B) gender-role transcendence theory.
3. C) gender schema theory.
4. D) social role theory.

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Application

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Describe the biological, social, and cognitive influences on gender.

APA:  1.3 Describe applications of psychology

 

33) Caitlin tells her friend that women make better nurses and teachers than men. Caitlin’s statement is

1. A) generally true.
2. B) a stereotype.
3. C) generally false.
4. D) an overstatement.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Application

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Discuss gender stereotypes, similarities, and differences.

APA:  1.3 Describe applications of psychology

 

 

 

34) Traits such as aggressive, independent, and power-oriented are labeled ________ traits.

1. A) expressive
2. B) concordant
3. C) instrumental
4. D) congruent

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Bloom’s:  Knowledge

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Discuss gender stereotypes, similarities, and differences.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

 

35) Traits associated with females are labeled ________ traits.

1. A) expressive
2. B) concordant
3. C) instrumental
4. D) congruent

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Knowledge

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Discuss gender stereotypes, similarities, and differences.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

 

36) Which of the following statements regarding roles and traits of the traditional male or female is NOT true?

1. A) Expressive traits are associated with men and help them to communicate effectively.
2. B) Instrumental traits suited men to go out and be breadwinners.
3. C) Instrumental traits equipped men to wield authority.
4. D) Traditional feminine characteristics are childlike and foster dependency.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Analysis

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Discuss gender stereotypes, similarities, and differences.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

 

 

 

37) Recent research continues to find that gender stereotyping

1. A) is decreasing slowly.
2. B) is pervasive.
3. C) has decreased considerably in the last 25 years.
4. D) None of these choices are correct.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Bloom’s:  Knowledge

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Discuss gender stereotypes, similarities, and differences.

APA:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research

 

38) Which of the following is NOT recommended for improving gendered lives for boys?

1. A) Encourage boys to handle their emotions more effectively.
2. B) Work with boys to improve their athletic ability.
3. C) Work with boys to improve their academic performance.
4. D) Encourage boys to be less physically aggressive.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Analysis

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Summarize developmental changes in gender.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

 

39) Which of the following statements regarding physical similarities and differences between men and women is NOT true?

1. A) Males grow to be 10 percent taller than females.
2. B) Male body fat is likely to go to the abdomen; body fat in women is concentrated around breasts and hips.
3. C) Males have greater physical strength than females.
4. D) Men have twice as much body fat as women.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Analysis

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Discuss gender stereotypes, similarities, and differences.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

 

 

 

40) Many physical differences between men and women are tied to

1. A) intelligence.
2. B) health.
3. C) financial status.
4. D) All of these choices are correct.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Knowledge

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Discuss gender stereotypes, similarities, and differences.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

 

41) Which differences exist between males and females regarding health?

1. A) Females have a longer life expectancy than males.
2. B) Females and males can expect to live about the same number of years.
3. C) Females are more likely to develop mental disorders than males.
4. D) Males are more resistant to infections than females.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Bloom’s:  Comprehension

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Discuss gender stereotypes, similarities, and differences.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

 

42) High levels of stress hormones have been linked to

1. A) high blood pressure.
2. B) osteoporosis.
3. C) rheumatoid arthritis.
4. D) Alzheimer’s disease.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Knowledge

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Discuss gender stereotypes, similarities, and differences.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

 

 

 

43) Similarities and differences in the brains of males and females could be due to

1. A) evolution.
2. B) heredity.
3. C) social experiences.
4. D) All of these choices are correct.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Knowledge

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Discuss gender stereotypes, similarities, and differences.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

 

44) What differences exist between males and females with regard to brain structure and activity?

1. A) The part of the hypothalamus involved in sexual behavior is larger in females than in males.
2. B) The area of the brain involved in visuospatial skills is larger in females than in males.
3. C) The corpus callosum is larger in females than in males.
4. D) The area of the brain involved in emotional expression is more active in males than in females.

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Bloom’s:  Comprehension

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Discuss gender stereotypes, similarities, and differences.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

 

45) A recent study of over seven million U.S. students in grades 2-11 showed that

1. A) boys outperformed girls on math tests.
2. B) girls scored significantly lower on math tests than boys.
3. C) there were no differences in math scores between boys and girls.
4. D) girls scored slightly better than boys in math in grades 2-6.

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Knowledge

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Discuss gender stereotypes, similarities, and differences.

APA:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research

 

 

 

46) Which of the following statements regarding visuospatial skills is NOT true?

1. A) These skills include being able to rotate objects mentally.
2. B) These skills include being able to determine what objects would look like after rotation.
3. C) These skills are important in courses such as algebra.
4. D) These skills are better in boys than in girls.

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Bloom’s:  Analysis

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Discuss gender stereotypes, similarities, and differences.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

 

47) What differences exist between males and females with regard to verbal skills?

1. A) Females outperform males in reading and writing.
2. B) Females outperform males on reading and writing only in elementary school; by high school the scores are the same in verbal skills.
3. C) There are no significant differences between females and males in reading; girls outperform boys in writing.
4. D) There are no significant differences between females and males in writing; girls outperform boys in reading.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Bloom’s:  Comprehension

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Discuss gender stereotypes, similarities, and differences.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

 

48) Chris just completed high school and plans to go to college to study social work. It is likely that Chris is a

1. A) female in the United States.
2. B) male in the United States.
3. C) female in Europe.
4. D) male in Europe.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Application

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Discuss gender stereotypes, similarities, and differences.

APA:  1.3 Describe applications of psychology

 

 

 

49) Which of the following statements regarding gender differences related to schooling and academic achievement is TRUE?

1. A) Females are more likely to drop out of school than males.
2. B) Males are more likely to earn a college degree than females.
3. C) The bottom 50 percent of high-school classes is made up mainly of males.
4. D) Most males perform at below-average level.

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Analysis

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Discuss gender stereotypes, similarities, and differences.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

 

50) Amanda and Dennis are high school classmates. Which of the following is likely to be TRUE?

1. A) Amanda is more likely than Dennis to be attentive in class.
2. B) Dennis is more likely than Amanda to be planning a career in math or engineering.
3. C) Amanda is more likely than Dennis to participate in class.
4. D) All of these choices are correct.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Application

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Discuss gender stereotypes, similarities, and differences.

APA:  1.3 Describe applications of psychology

 

51) Research regarding males and females in math and science careers has indicated

1. A) despite gender similarities in math ability, males still predominate upper-level math courses.
2. B) because of gender similarities in math ability, equal number of males and females are found in upper-level math courses.
3. C) gender differences in math ability account for the lower number of females in upper-level math classes.
4. D) females are starting to outnumber the number of males in upper-level math courses.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Discuss gender stereotypes, similarities, and differences.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

 

 

 

52) Ashley spread a rumor that Donna, the new girl in class, had head lice. As a result of this rumor, Donna has made no friends, and people move their desks to get away from her. Ashley has engaged in

1. A) emotional aggression.
2. B) relational aggression.
3. C) latent aggression.
4. D) mean behavior, but it is not any type of aggression.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Application

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Discuss gender stereotypes, similarities, and differences.

APA:  1.3 Describe applications of psychology

 

53) According to Deborah Tannen, the language of establishing connections and negotiating relationships is known as

1. A) rapport talk.
2. B) report talk.
3. C) social talk.
4. D) polite talk.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Bloom’s:  Knowledge

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Discuss gender stereotypes, similarities, and differences.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

 

54) According to Deborah Tannen, talk that gives information is called

1. A) rapport talk.
2. B) report talk.
3. C) factual talk.
4. D) social talk.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Bloom’s:  Knowledge

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Discuss gender stereotypes, similarities, and differences.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

 

 

 

55) Joe tells a story about how his car was rear-ended while he was stopped at a railroad crossing. This is an example of what Deborah Tannen calls

1. A) rapport talk.
2. B) factual reporting.
3. C) report talk.
4. D) None of these choices are correct.

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Application

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Discuss gender stereotypes, similarities, and differences.

APA:  1.3 Describe applications of psychology

 

56) What was Deborah Tannen’s main conclusion about differences between boys and girls?

1. A) Boys learn language ahead of girls.
2. B) Girls learn language ahead of boys.
3. C) Boys use more action words in their speech than girls.
4. D) Boys and girls grow up in different worlds of talk.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Comprehension

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Discuss gender stereotypes, similarities, and differences.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

 

57) Which of the following statements regarding gender differences in play is TRUE?

1. A) Girls are more likely than boys to play in small groups.
2. B) Boys are more likely than girls to play in groups that have a leader.
3. C) Boys’ games tend to have winners and losers.
4. D) All of these choices are correct.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Analysis

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Discuss gender stereotypes, similarities, and differences.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

 

 

 

58) A meta-analysis of gender differences in talkativeness, affiliative speech, and self-assertive speech confirms which criticism of Deborah Tannen’s research?

1. A) Tannen underestimated the size of the gender differences in communication.
2. B) Tannen overestimated the size of the gender differences in communication.
3. C) Tannen focused too much on contexts of communication and not enough on the content of communication.
4. D) None of these choices are correct.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Bloom’s:  Analysis

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Discuss gender stereotypes, similarities, and differences.

APA:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research

 

59) Which of the following findings came out of a meta-analysis of gender differences in talkativeness, affiliative speech, and self-assertive speech?

1. A) Gender differences in talkativeness occurred more in dyads than in large groups.
2. B) Gender differences in affiliative speech are largest during middle childhood.
3. C) Boys talk more with adults than girls do.
4. D) Gender differences in affiliative speech are largest during adolescence.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Bloom’s:  Knowledge

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Discuss gender stereotypes, similarities, and differences.

APA:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research

 

60) With regard to prosocial behavior,

1. A) males view themselves as more empathetic.
2. B) females view themselves as more empathetic.
3. C) males engage in more prosocial behavior during adolescence than do females.
4. D) the smallest gender differences occur for kind and considerate behavior.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Knowledge

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Discuss gender stereotypes, similarities, and differences.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

 

 

 

61) Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE regarding gender differences in prosocial behavior?

1. A) Females view themselves as more prosocial and empathetic than males.
2. B) Females engage in more prosocial and empathetic behaviors than males.
3. C) Females are better at recognizing nonverbal emotions in others.
4. D) Females are more likely to engage in heroic prosocial actions than males.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Knowledge

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Discuss gender stereotypes, similarities, and differences.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

 

62) Cara says that she has just begun to experience some intense emotions whereas her neighbor, Craig, says that he doesn’t experience any of these emotions. Which of the following is likely to be TRUE?

1. A) Both Cara and Craig are in middle childhood.
2. B) Cara is in early adolescence; Craig is in late adolescence.
3. C) Both Cara and Craig are in early adolescence.
4. D) Cara is in late childhood; Craig is in middle adolescence.

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Application

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Discuss gender stereotypes, similarities, and differences.

APA:  1.3 Describe applications of psychology

 

63) When it comes to emotions, boys usually show

1. A) less self-regulation than girls.
2. B) more self-regulation than girls.
3. C) about the same self-regulation as girls.
4. D) no self-regulation until late adolescence.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Knowledge

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Discuss gender stereotypes, similarities, and differences.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

 

 

 

64) Which of the following theorists believes that extensive gender differences are caused by adaptive problems across human evolutionary history?

1. A) Janet Shibley Hyde
2. B) Carol Gilligan
3. C) David Buss
4. D) Alice Eagly

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Bloom’s:  Knowledge

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Discuss gender stereotypes, similarities, and differences.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

 

65) The theorist who emphasizes the social conditions that have resulted in power inequity and substantial gender differences is

1. A) Alice Eagly.
2. B) Janet Shibley Hyde.
3. C) Judith Rodin.
4. D) Mary Parker.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Bloom’s:  Knowledge

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Discuss gender stereotypes, similarities, and differences.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

 

66) Zoe tells her parents that she learned in her women’s studies class that many of the gender differences that she sees are due to inequities in power, money, and other resources between men and women. She says she is going to be taking part in a “walk for equity” to protest lower wages being paid to women in her community. Zoe’s position is very much like that of which theorist?

1. A) Anna Freud
2. B) Carol Gilligan
3. C) Alice Eagly
4. D) Janet Shibley Hyde

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Application

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Discuss gender stereotypes, similarities, and differences.

APA:  1.3 Describe applications of psychology

 

 

 

67) The theorist who asserts that gender differences have been greatly exaggerated, based on the results of 44 meta-analyses of gender differences and similarities is

1. A) Carol Gilligan.
2. B) Janet Shibley Hyde.
3. C) Alice Eagly.
4. D) Judith Viorst.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Bloom’s:  Knowledge

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Discuss gender stereotypes, similarities, and differences.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

 

68) Which of the following statements regarding gender in context is NOT true?

1. A) Gender behavior often varies across contexts.
2. B) Females are more likely than males to help if they feel competent to help.
3. C) Males are more likely than females to show anger to strangers.
4. D) In many cultures, roles are very gender-specific.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Analysis

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Discuss gender stereotypes, similarities, and differences.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

 

69) Nezy is a young married woman who lives in Saudi Arabia. Which of the following is probably true for Nezy?

1. A) Nezy will work at raising her children and hold a part-time job in the public sector.
2. B) Nezy will share the household tasks with her husband.
3. C) Nezy will work full-time at a home-based business while caring for her family.
4. D) Any deviation from Nezy’s traditional gender role will be met with disapproval.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Bloom’s:  Analysis

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Discuss gender stereotypes, similarities, and differences.

APA:  3.3 Adopt values that build community at local, national, and global levels

 

 

 

70) The presence of a high degree of masculine and feminine characteristics in the same person is known as

1. A) androgyny.
2. B) ambiguity.
3. C) hermaphroditism.
4. D) transsexualism.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Bloom’s:  Knowledge

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Characterize the variations in gender-role classification.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

 

71) Which of the following is NOT one of the classifications made via the Bem Sex-Role Inventory?

1. A) masculine
2. B) feminine
3. C) transgendered
4. D) undifferentiated

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Knowledge

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Characterize the variations in gender-role classification.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

 

72) A person who is high on instrumental traits and low on expressive traits would be classified as ________ on the Bem Sex-Role Inventory.

1. A) feminine
2. B) masculine
3. C) undifferentiated
4. D) androgynous

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Knowledge

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Characterize the variations in gender-role classification.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

 

 

 

73) Evelyn scores low on both feminine and masculine traits on the Bem Sex-Role Inventory. Evelyn would be classified as

1. A) feminine.
2. B) masculine.
3. C) undifferentiated.
4. D) androgynous.

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Application

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Characterize the variations in gender-role classification.

APA:  1.3 Describe applications of psychology

 

74) Darren scores a high number of feminine and a high number of masculine traits on the Bem Sex-Role Inventory. Darren would be classified as

1. A) feminine.
2. B) masculine.
3. C) undifferentiated.
4. D) androgynous.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Application

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Characterize the variations in gender-role classification.

APA:  1.3 Describe applications of psychology

 

75) Which of the following statements regarding androgyny is NOT true?

1. A) Androgyny has been linked to higher levels of stress.
2. B) Androgynous individuals are more flexible than either masculine or feminine individuals.
3. C) Androgynous individuals report better health practices than people in other categories.
4. D) None of these choices are correct.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Bloom’s:  Analysis

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Characterize the variations in gender-role classification.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

 

 

 

76) Increasing numbers of children and adolescents in the U.S. are being raised to behave in

1. A) traditional gender-role ways.
2. B) androgynous ways.
3. C) masculine ways.
4. D) undifferentiated ways.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Knowledge

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Characterize the variations in gender-role classification.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

 

77) Carmela, age 16, and her brother Juan, age 17, are originally from Puerto Rico. Which of the following statements is likely to be true, based on the studies of Latino and Latina adolescents?

1. A) Juan will get his driver’s license before Carmela.
2. B) Carmela will have more interaction with males than Juan will have with females.
3. C) Juan and Carmela will participate in after-school activities.
4. D) Neither Juan nor Carmela will have a curfew.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Application

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Characterize the variations in gender-role classification.

APA:  3.3 Adopt values that build community at local, national, and global levels

 

78) Which of the following statements regarding access to education around the world is NOT true?

1. A) Girls’ education still lags behind boys’ education.
2. B) Girls in Japan and the Philippines complete their education at lower rates than girls in Western nations.
3. C) Girls receive, on average, 4.4 years less education than boys.
4. D) Control over girls’ social relationships is easing in some nations.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Analysis

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Characterize the variations in gender-role classification.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

 

 

 

79) Dr. Burke, a superintendent of a large school system, wants to implement androgynous education in his district. Based on research, Dr. Burke will get the most success from the program if it is offered to students in grade

1. A) two.
2. B) five.
3. C) seven.
4. D) nine.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Application

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Characterize the variations in gender-role classification.

APA:  1.3 Describe applications of psychology

 

80) Which of the following statements regarding androgyny education is NOT true?

1. A) It is easier to teach androgyny to boys than to girls.
2. B) It is easier to teach androgyny to girls than to boys.
3. C) Androgyny education includes the use of books, discussion materials, and gender curriculum.
4. D) Androgyny education works best when it is introduced before middle-school grades.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Knowledge

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Characterize the variations in gender-role classification.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

 

81) Opponents of androgynous education programs argue that they ignore the diversity of gender roles in our society and that

1. A) programs are too value-laden.
2. B) programs ignore values.
3. C) traditional gender roles produce happier people.
4. D) teachers need costly and lengthy training in order to be able to teach these programs.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Bloom’s:  Knowledge

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Characterize the variations in gender-role classification.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

 

 

 

82) William Pollack, author of Real Boys, argues that the “boy code” tells boys that they should

1. A) express anger but not positive emotions like love.
2. B) express positive emotions but suppress anger and anxiety.
3. C) express all of their emotions in moderation.
4. D) show little, if any emotion, as they are growing up.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Knowledge

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Characterize the variations in gender-role classification.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

 

83) According to William Pollack, author of Real Boys, boys learn the “boy code” from their

1. A) peers.
2. B) parents.
3. C) teachers.
4. D) All of these choices are correct.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Knowledge

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Characterize the variations in gender-role classification.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

 

84) According to William Pollack, author of Real Boys, which of the following contexts lends itself to boys learning the “boy code”?

1. A) camps
2. B) schoolrooms
3. C) sandboxes
4. D) All of these choices are correct.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Knowledge

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Characterize the variations in gender-role classification.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

 

 

 

85) In the traditional male adolescent culture, male adolescents trying to adopt a strong masculine role are likely to believe they will be thought of as more masculine if they

1. A) get a job and pay some of their own expenses.
2. B) drink alcohol or take drugs.
3. C) have a steady girlfriend.
4. D) participate in a “manly” sport, such as football or hockey.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Knowledge

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Characterize the variations in gender-role classification.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

 

86) Proponents of ________ argue that gender-role classification leads to too much stereotyping.

1. A) gender-competency theory
2. B) gender-role transcendence
3. C) androgyny theory
4. D) undifferentiated theory

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Knowledge

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Characterize the variations in gender-role classification.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

 

87) ________ is a broad term that refers to individuals who adopt a gender identity that differs from the one assigned to them at birth.

1. A) Homosexuality
2. B) Bisexual
3. C) Transgender
4. D) None of these choices are correct.

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Bloom’s:  Knowledge

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Discuss gender stereotypes, similarities, and differences.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

 

 

 

88) Cisgender is a term that describes individuals whose ________ and ________ corresponds with the gender identity assigned at birth.

1. A) gender identity; expression
2. B) sexuality; body language
3. C) mental state; stereotypes
4. D) All of these choices are correct.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Bloom’s:  Knowledge

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Discuss gender stereotypes, similarities, and differences.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

 

89) Gender-role attitudes and gender intensification tend to

1. A) decrease in early adolescence.
2. B) increase in early adolescence.
3. C) spike in middle childhood.
4. D) stay the same until late adolescence.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Knowledge

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Summarize developmental changes in gender.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

 

90) Carol Gilligan believes

1. A) girls are sensitive to different emotions in relationships.
2. B) girls experience life differently than boys.
3. C) adolescence is a critical juncture in girls’ development.
4. D) All of these choices are correct.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Knowledge

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Summarize developmental changes in gender.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

 

 

 

91) According to Carol Gilligan, girls become aware that the male-dominated culture does not value their interest in

1. A) caring.
2. B) altruism.
3. C) empathy.
4. D) intimacy.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Bloom’s:  Knowledge

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Summarize developmental changes in gender.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

 

92) Natalie struggles with wanting to be independent but still responsive to others. As a result, she is less confident and is tentative about speaking up and sharing her opinions. According to research, this self-doubt can translate into

1. A) aggression.
2. B) depression.
3. C) sexual acting-out behaviors.
4. D) delinquency.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Application

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Summarize developmental changes in gender.

APA:  1.3 Describe applications of psychology

 

93) Susan Harter and her colleagues found all of the following in their research EXCEPT

1. A) androgynous girls reported a strong voice in all contexts.
2. B) feminine girls had lower levels of voice in public contexts.
3. C) feminine girls had lower levels of voice in interpersonal contexts.
4. D) girls who lack “voice,” but emphasize appearance had a great risk to their development.

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Bloom’s:  Knowledge

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Summarize developmental changes in gender.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

 

 

 

94) Critics of Carol Gilligan’s theory argue that

1. A) she exaggerates the differences in intimacy between males and females.
2. B) she exaggerates the differences in connectedness between males and females.
3. C) her research did not include a comparison group of boys.
4. D) All of these choices are correct.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Knowledge

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Summarize developmental changes in gender.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

 

95) Which of the following is NOT recommended for improving gendered lives for girls?

1. A) Encourage girls to be proud of their caring skills.
2. B) Encourage girls to develop their self-competencies.
3. C) Expose girls to a greater range of career options.
4. D) Encourage girls to be more aggressive.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Analysis

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Summarize developmental changes in gender.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

 

96) Explain what Freud and Erikson meant by “anatomy is destiny.”

 

Answer:  Both Freud and Erikson argued that an individual’s genitals influence his or her gender behavior and, therefore, anatomy is destiny. One of Freud’s basic assumptions was that human behavior is directly related to the reproductive process. He believed that gender and sexual behavior were essentially unlearned and instinctual. Erikson extended Freud’s argument, claiming that psychological differences between males and females stem from their anatomical differences. Erikson stated that, because of genital structure, males are more intrusive and aggressive, and females more inclusive and passive. In response to critics, Erikson later modified his view, saying that females in today’s world are transcending their biological heritage and correcting society’s overemphasis on male intrusiveness.

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Comprehension

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Describe the biological, social, and cognitive influences on gender.

APA:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 4.1 Demonstrate effective writing for different purposes

 

 

 

97) Describe evolutionary views of the differences between males and females.

 

Answer:  Evolutionary psychologists argue that, primarily because of their differing roles in reproduction, males and females faced different pressures in primeval environments when the human species was evolving. Having multiple sexual partners improved the likelihood that males will pass on their genes; natural selection favored males who adopted short-term mating strategies. Males evolved dispositions that favor violence, competition, and risk-taking because they were in competition with other males for access to females.

In contrast, females’ contributions to the gene pool were improved by securing resources for their children. This was promoted by obtaining long-term mates who could support a family. As a consequence, natural selection favored females who devoted effort to parenting and to choosing mates who could provide their offspring with resources and protection. Females developed preferences for successful, ambitious men who could provide these resources.

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Bloom’s:  Application

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Describe the biological, social, and cognitive influences on gender.

APA:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 4.1 Demonstrate effective writing for different purposes

 

98) What is the main belief behind social role theory of gender?

 

Answer:  Social role theory states that the gender differences mainly result from the contrasting roles of males and females. In most cultures around the world, females have less status and power than do males, and they control fewer resources. Compared with men, women perform more domestic work, spend fewer hours in paid employment, and receive lower pay. The social hierarchy and division of labor are important causes of gender differences in power, assertiveness, and nurture.

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Analysis

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Describe the biological, social, and cognitive influences on gender.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 4.1 Demonstrate effective writing for different purposes

 

 

 

99) What is the main idea behind the social cognitive theory of gender?

 

Answer:  The social cognitive theory of gender emphasizes that children’s and adolescents’ gender development is influenced by their observation and imitation of others’ gender behavior, as well as by the rewards and punishments that they experience for gender-appropriate and gender inappropriate behavior. Through observation adolescents are exposed to a range of models displaying masculine and feminine behavior.

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Analysis

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Describe the biological, social, and cognitive influences on gender.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 4.1 Demonstrate effective writing for different purposes

 

100) Summarize the main points from your textbook about bias against males and females in schools.

 

Answer:  Evidence that the classroom is biased against boys includes the fact that teachers value neat, orderly, rules-based classes, characteristics more likely to be exhibited by girls than boys. Boys are more likely than girls to be diagnosed with learning problems. Boys are more likely than girls to be criticized. School personnel are more likely to ignore the needs of boys who are showing signs of academic problems than girls with the same issues. School personnel tend to label boys’ behavior as problematic.

Evidence that the classroom is biased against girls includes the fact that, in a typical classroom, teachers are more likely to interact with boys than girls. Girls are more compliant and submissive, often working quietly on their own; this can lead to a decrease in assertiveness. Boys get more instruction than girls and more help from teachers when they have questions. Girls are less likely than boys to believe that they will be successful in college. By middle school, girls have lower self-esteem than boys, and they list fewer career options than boys.

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Bloom’s:  Comprehension

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Describe the biological, social, and cognitive influences on gender.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 4.1 Demonstrate effective writing for different purposes

 

 

 

101) Describe the possible influences of the mass media on adolescents’ gender development and state why.

 

Answer:  Television shows directed at adolescents are extremely stereotyped in their portrayal of the sexes, especially teenage girls. Teenage girls are shown as being more interested in dating and shopping than in career or school plans. Music videos, which are slanted toward male viewers, portray females as passive. Even in prime-time commercials, there is an inequity between men and women, with men being cast as the main characters. Younger adolescents are particularly susceptible to the highly gender-stereotyped messages of the media. The media also has an impact on body image, particularly for girls. Various aspects of exposure to the Internet and social media are increasing the body dissatisfaction of adolescents and emerging adults.

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Comprehension

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Describe the biological, social, and cognitive influences on gender.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 4.1 Demonstrate effective writing for different purposes

 

102) What is the main idea behind gender schema theory?

 

Answer:  A schema is a cognitive structure, a network of associations that guides an individual’s perceptions. Gender schema theory states that gender typing emerges as children and adolescents gradually develop gender schemas of what is gender-appropriate and gender inappropriate in their culture. A gender schema organizes the world in terms of male or female. Children and adolescents are internally motivated to perceive the world and to act in accordance with their developing schemas.

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Analysis

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Describe the biological, social, and cognitive influences on gender.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 4.1 Demonstrate effective writing for different purposes

 

 

 

103) Define and give an example of instrumental and expressive traits, and discuss how these traits have either benefited or stereotyped males and females.

 

Answer:  Traits associated with males are known as instrumental traits. They include characteristics such as being independent, aggressive, and power oriented. The instrumental traits associated with males suited them for the traditional masculine role of going out into the world as the breadwinner.

Traits that are associated with females are known as expressive traits. They include characteristics such as being warm and sensitive. The expressive traits paralleled the traditional feminine role of being the sensitive, nurturing caregiver in the home.

These roles and traits are not just different, however; they also are unequal in terms of social status and power. The traditional masculine characteristics suit one to deal competently with the wider world and to wield authority. As such, these traits benefit males. On the other hand, the feminine characteristics are childlike, suitable to someone who is dependent and subordinate to others. These traits stereotype females as passive and powerless and do not benefit females.

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Bloom’s:  Comprehension

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Discuss gender stereotypes, similarities, and differences.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 4.1 Demonstrate effective writing for different purposes

 

104) What are three physical differences that exist between males and females? Be sure to address brain differences.

 

Answer:  Women have about twice the body fat of men. On average, males grow to be about 10 percent taller than women. Females have a longer life expectancy than males, and females are less likely than males to develop physical or mental disorders. Females are more resistant to infection, and their blood vessels are more elastic than those of males.

 

Researchers have found some differences in brain structure between males and females. The part of the hypothalamus that is involved in sexual behavior tends to be larger in men than in women. Portions of the corpus callosum are larger in females than in males. The portion of the parietal lobe that functions in visuospatial skills tends to be larger in males. Females tend to show more metabolic activity in the areas of the brain involved in emotional expression.

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Bloom’s:  Comprehension

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Discuss gender stereotypes, similarities, and differences.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 4.1 Demonstrate effective writing for different purposes

 

 

 

105) What does research conclude are the cognitive differences exist between males and females?

 

Answer:  Research on the differences in math ability between males and females has been mixed. It does appear, however, that males are better at visuospatial skills than females. These skills include being able to rotate objects mentally and determine what they would look like when rotated. There is strong evidence that girls outperform boys in reading and writing.

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Comprehension

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Discuss gender stereotypes, similarities, and differences.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 4.1 Demonstrate effective writing for different purposes

 

106) Define and list at least three benefits of androgyny.

 

Answer:  Androgyny is the presence of a high degree of masculine and feminine characteristics in the same person.

 

According to Sandra Bem, androgynous individuals are more flexible and more mentally healthy than either masculine or feminine individuals. Androgyny has been linked to well-being and lower levels of stress. A study with emerging adults revealed that androgynous individuals reported better health practices than masculine, feminine, or undifferentiated individuals.

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Knowledge

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Characterize the variations in gender-role classification.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 4.1 Demonstrate effective writing for different purposes

 

 

 

107) Explain how context and culture affect gender roles.

 

Answer:  It is important to consider both personality traits and the contexts in which those traits may be expressed. In close relationships, a feminine or androgynous gender role may be desirable because of the expressive nature of the relationship. In a work or academic situation, a masculine or androgynous role may be preferable, due to the demands for action or assertiveness. Each culture has its own prescribed behaviors for males and females, and it is important to consider those expectations when evaluating gender-role behavior. Increasing numbers of children and adolescents in the United States and other modernized countries are being raised to behave in androgynous ways. Traditional gender roles continue to dominate the cultures of many other countries around the world, however. In these cultures, men are expected to be the breadwinners and providers and the women to be the caregivers for the family. These expectations have an impact on social experiences, educational opportunities, and employment options for both men and women.

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Knowledge

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Characterize the variations in gender-role classification.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 4.1 Demonstrate effective writing for different purposes

 

108) What is the “boy code” and how does it affect the emotional development of boys?

 

Answer:  William Pollack, the author of Real Boys, argues that the “boy code” teaches boys to not show their feelings and to act tough. Boys are taught by peers, parents, coaches, and teachers to show little, if any, emotion as they are growing up. Pollack believes that boys would be better served if they were socialized to express their anxieties and concerns rather than keeping them bottled up. Boys also need to be taught to better regulate their aggression.

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Knowledge

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Characterize the variations in gender-role classification.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 4.1 Demonstrate effective writing for different purposes

 

 

 

109) Discuss the major changes that are happening in early adolescence with respect to gender intensification.

 

Answer:  Psychological and behavioral differences between boys and girls become greater during early adolescence because of increased socialization pressures to conform to traditional male and female gender roles. Puberty may signal to socializing agents, such as parents, peers, and teachers that an adolescent is approaching adulthood and should begin to act in stereotypical male or female ways. Although there is some research to support this claim, it should be noted that family context influences how strongly gender intensification occurs.

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Knowledge

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Summarize developmental changes in gender.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 4.1 Demonstrate effective writing for different purposes

 

110) Explain why Carol Gilligan believes that early adolescence is a critical juncture for females.

 

Answer:  Gilligan says that in early adolescence (ages 11-12), girls become aware that the male-dominated culture does not value their intense interest in intimacy, even though society values women’s caring and altruism. The dilemma is that girls are presented with a choice that makes them appear either selfish or selfless. As young adolescent girls struggle with this dilemma, they begin to silence their different voices, becoming less confident and more tentative in offering their opinions. Some researchers note that the self-doubt and ambivalence that girls experience in early adolescence can persist into adulthood and translate into depression and eating disorders.

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Comprehension

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Summarize developmental changes in gender.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 4.1 Demonstrate effective writing for different purposes

 

 

 

111) List at least three ways that adults can guide boys’ gender development and at least three ways that adults can guide girls’ gender development.

 

Answer:

1. Boys can be encouraged to be more sensitive in relationships and to engage in more prosocial behavior. Fathers can be role models. 2. Encourage boys to be less physically aggressive.
2. Encourage boys to handle their emotions more effectively. This involves emotional self-regulation and control as well as appropriate emotional expression. 4. Work with boys to improve their school performance.

 

1. Encourage girls to be proud of their relationship and caring skills. 2. Encourage girls to develop their self-competencies. 3. Encourage girls to be more self-assertive. 4. Encourage girls’ achievement.

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Bloom’s:  Knowledge

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Learning Goal:  Summarize developmental changes in gender.

APA:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 4.1 Demonstrate effective writing for different purposes