American Ethnicity The Dynamics and Consequences of Discrimination 7Th Edition By Adalberto - Test Bank

American Ethnicity The Dynamics and Consequences of Discrimination 7Th Edition By Adalberto – Test Bank

 

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Sample Questions Are Posted Below

 

Chapter 05

African Americans

 

 

Essay Questions

1. Discuss the events of the 1960s and how they finally broke many formal patterns of discrimination against African Americans.

Answers will vary

 

2. Discuss the various ways that African Americans have protested discrimination against them, from slavery to the present.

Answers will vary

 

3. What does it mean to say that a “black underclass” exists in America?

Answers will vary

 

4. How have blacks been excluded from the political arena—especially the voting process?

Answers will vary

 

5. How does a “glass ceiling” operate for women and minorities?

Answers will vary

 

 

6. What were some of the social and economic factors that “pushed” southern blacks to northern states?

Answers will vary

 

 

True / False Questions

7. The percentage of African Americans living in poverty would increase if official statistics more accurately reflected costs of living in urban areas.
   TRUE

 

8. The official poverty rates for African Americans have been declining.
   TRUE

 

9. Since a low point in the mid-1970s, the poverty rates for African Americans have been increasing.
   TRUE

 

10. The educational attainment gap between whites and blacks has increased for high school graduation rates and decreased for college graduation rates.
    FALSE

 

11. The infant mortality rate of blacks is more than twice that of whites.
    TRUE

 

12. Because of increased access of African Americans to the health care system, black and white infant mortality rates are approximately the same.
    FALSE

 

 

13. African Americans are more than twice as likely to die from diabetes, kidney disease, and hypertension as whites.
    TRUE

 

14. Discrimination based upon African Americans’ skin color is less important than their culture and demeanor.
    FALSE

 

15. After the Civil War up to the end of the century, beliefs about the biological inferiority of African Americans declined in favor of more sociocultural explanations of inferiority.
    FALSE

 

16. After the Civil War, the South maintained a belief in the biological inferiority of African Americans, while the North dropped such notions.
    FALSE

 

17. Homer Plessy was the judge who mandated segregated facilities in the South at the end of the last century.
    FALSE

 

18. Beliefs about African Americans still emphasize their cultural inferiority.
    TRUE

 

19. The Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution was designed to overrule the “black codes” emerging in the South after the Civil War.
    TRUE

 

 

20. It is during the first half of the 20^th century that the legal basis of discrimination at state and local levels in the South was dismantled.
    FALSE

 

21. The public is hostile toward affirmative action.
    TRUE

 

22. Slavery emerged and persisted because of the South’s need for inexpensive labor.
    TRUE

 

23. Slavery was confined only to the agricultural sector of the southern economy.
    FALSE

 

24. The period between 1914 and 1920 marks the first large-scale migration of African Americans out of the South.
    TRUE

 

25. The migration of African Americans to the large industrial cities was not accompanied by violence.
    FALSE

 

26. Unlike whites, blacks made significant economic progress during the Great Depression.
    FALSE

 

27. Unlike World War I, World War II did not cause a large-scale black migration.
    FALSE

 

 

28. While discrimination can still be found in the initial hiring of white-collar employees, once they are hired, there is little evidence of discrimination.
    FALSE

 

29. The justice writing against the majority opinion of the U.S. Supreme Court in Plessy v. Ferguson had been in the Confederate army.
    TRUE

 

30. The Plessy v. Ferguson case created the legal mantle justifying segregated facilities.
    TRUE

 

31. There is strong evidence that black-owned businesses fail more often than white businesses, causing lenders to back off financing black-owned businesses.
    FALSE

 

32. Lincoln University was the first black university in America.
    TRUE

 

33. Oberlin College was the first mainstream and white university to open its doors to African Americans.
    TRUE

 

34. As late as 1969, illiteracy among African Americans in the South was four times that of whites.
    TRUE

 

 

35. It was not until 1975 that black enrollment in schools reached parity with white enrollments.
    TRUE

 

36. The Federal Housing Authority and its loan programs were one of the few forces operating against housing segregation between 1945 and 1960.
    FALSE

 

37. With the dramatic decline in formal discrimination, the resource shares of African Americans have also increased dramatically.
    FALSE

 

38. During radical Reconstruction after the Civil War, African Americans began to vote in large numbers.
    TRUE

 

39. The legal framework for slavery prevented blacks from acquiring or inheriting property.
    TRUE

 

40. The availability of FHA mortgages for blacks increased the movement of blacks into white neighborhoods.
    FALSE

 

41. Desegregation efforts in public schools have reduced the chances that black children will attend schools in which they are the numerical majority.
    FALSE

 

 

42. The idea of a “glass ceiling” means that women and minorities have limited access to career and occupational mobility.
    TRUE

 

43. By the dawn of the Civil War, only a very small part of the southern economy depended on slave labor.
    FALSE

 

44. Brown v. Board of Education (1951) was a signal that American society was growing intolerant of educational segregation for black school children.
    TRUE

 

45. An aspect of abolitionist ideology was to argue for the inhumane treatment of blacks.
    FALSE

 

46. Programs such as affirmative action have increased white resentment toward blacks.
    TRUE

 

47. Most of the negative portrayals of blacks in American history were rooted in the popular belief that blacks are biologically inferior to whites.
    TRUE

 

48. Blacks are an easy target for discrimination because of a superficial trait such as skin color.
    TRUE

 

49. Blacks live longer than whites on average.
    FALSE

 

 

50. Residential segregation for blacks is relatively low.
    FALSE

 

51. The gap between blacks and whites with high school diplomas has been closing over the last thirty years.
    TRUE

 

52. Poor blacks were worse off in the 1990s than they were in the 1950s.
    TRUE

 

53. Increases in income for blacks have enabled them to close the gap with white incomes.
    TRUE

 

54. Poverty in the African American population has been declining since the mid-1960s.
    FALSE

 

55. The legacy of slavery for African Americans has greatly reduced their access to valued resources in American society.
    TRUE

 

56. According to the study, lynching created a culture of violence that still influences homicide rates for African Americans.
    TRUE

 

 

Multiple Choice Questions

57. Which statement is least true of African Americans?
    A.Poverty rates today are lower than they were in 1959.
    B. Poverty rates have steadily gone down since the late 1980s.
    C. Poverty rates were lowest in 2000.
    D. Poverty rates declined dramatically in the 1990s.

 

58. Which is least true of African Americans’ income?
    A.Incomes have been going up, even controlling for inflation.
    B. Income as a percentage of white income has increased in recent years.
    C. Income as a percentage of white income is less than in 1960.
    D. Income as a percentage of white income is less than in 1970.

 

59. What least accounts for the drop in black income as a percentage of white income in the 1980s?
    A.increase in single-parent families
    B. cutbacks in government jobs
    C. increases in unskilled jobs
    D. increase in dual-income white families

 

60. Which is least true of African Americans?
    A.The number and percentage of middle-class blacks have increased dramatically.
    B. Poorer African Americans are worse off relative to whites than ever.
    C. Incomes of the poorest African Americans tend not to come from job-market participation.
    D. Government programs account for the increase in African Americans’ income.

 

61. The ratio of black unemployment to white unemployment is (closest to)
    A.4 to 1.
    B. 2.4 to 1.
    C. 3.5 to 1.
    D. none of the above.

 

 

62. Which is least true of African American incumbency in white-collar jobs?
    A.Blacks still lag behind whites.
    B. Increases are the result of the shift away from manual to low-paying clerical work.
    C. Only college-educated men have achieved parity with white men.
    D. Only college-educated women have achieved parity with white women.

 

63. Which is not true of African American educational attainment?
    A.Blacks have increased as a percentage of the college population in recent years.
    B. The percentage of blacks with a college degree has risen over the last thirty years.
    C. The gap between blacks and whites with four years of college has not closed.
    D. All of the above statements are false.

 

64. Which is not true of residential segregation of African Americans?
    A.Rates of segregation are high.
    B. Rates of segregation declined dramatically in the 1980s.
    C. Segregation in the least segregated metropolitan areas is very low.
    D. Segregation in the most segregated metropolitan areas is very high.

 

65. Which is most true of the life span of African Americans?
    A.It has increased for both men and women.
    B. It has increased for adolescents.
    C. Black female life span now equals that of white females.
    D. All of the above statements are true.

 

66. During the period immediately before the Civil War when abolitionists challenged slavery, the negative beliefs toward African Americans changed toward
    A.the “Sambo” stereotype.
    B. the “uncivilized, bestial heathen” stereotype.
    C. the “childlike dependency” stereotype.
    D. both a and c.

 

 

67. Progressive beliefs about African Americans crystallized only in the
    A.post-Civil War era.
    B. post-World War I era.
    C. post-World War II period.
    D. both a and c

 

68. Which was not part of the broad legal framework of slavery?
    A.Slaves were to be slaves for life.
    B. Children would inherit the father’s status.
    C. Whites and blacks could not marry.
    D. Blacks could not enter civil contracts.

 

69. Which amendment to the Constitution abolished slavery?
    A.Fourteenth Amendment
    B. Thirteenth Amendment
    C. Twelfth Amendment
    D. Twenty-First Amendment

 

70. In terms of the numbers of black slaves executed, which statement is not true for the period between 1641 and 1965?
    A.Male slaves were most likely to be executed.
    B. More slaves were executed for revolts than for any other offense.
    C. More slaves were executed for murder than for any other offense.
    D. More slaves were executed for revolt than rape.

 

71. Which is not true of the legal framework of slavery?
    A.Slaves inherited their father’s status.
    B. Slavery was lifelong.
    C. Slaves could not marry whites.
    D. Slaves could not acquire or inherit property.

 

 

72. The Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution
    A.abolished slavery.
    B. abolished the “black codes.”
    C. abolished Jim Crow practices.
    D. extended suffrage to African Americans.

 

73. In Plessy v. Ferguson, the U.S. Supreme Court
    A.ruled that segregated facilities for blacks and whites were not in violation of the Constitution.
    B. outlawed Jim Crow practices.
    C. reaffirmed the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments.
    D. took the right to vote away from blacks.

 

74. The U.S. Supreme Court did not overrule its decision in Plessy v. Ferguson until
    A.the 1940s.
    B. the 1930s.
    C. the 1960s.
    D. the 1950s.

 

75. Which of the following periods represents the most dramatic assault on the legal basis of discrimination against African Americans?
    A.1920-1940
    B. 1900-1920
    C. 1950-1970
    D. 1980-1990

 

76. In which of the following U.S. Supreme Court decisions did the Court strike down school segregation?
    A.Plessy v. Ferguson
    B. Henderson v. United States
    C. Smith v. Alwright
    D. Brown v. Board of Education

 

 

77. Which of the following statements is not true about African Americans at the turn of the century?
    A.Ninety percent of all African Americans lived in the South.
    B. Seventy-five percent lived in rural areas in the South.
    C. Conditions for blacks began to improve.
    D. None of the above is true.

 

78. In which of the following years did Congress enact specific legislation designed to eliminate the tactics used to exclude blacks from voting?
    A.1965
    B. 1972
    C. 1960
    D. None. Congress has yet to enact legislation designed to eliminate the tactics used to exclude blacks from voting.

 

79. Compulsory “ignorance laws” were part of
    A.slavery.
    B. Jim Crow.
    C. radical Reconstruction.
    D. the civil rights movement.

 

80. According to survey data, which of the following is not true of white beliefs about blacks?
    A.Whites believe that blacks get too much consideration in hiring practices.
    B. Whites believe that blacks are prone to violent crime.
    C. Whites believe that blacks are worse off because they are not sufficiently motivated.
    D. Whites believe in group-preference programs as a way to overcome the problems of blacks.

 

81. Which was the first black university in America?
    A.Oberlin College
    B. Lincoln University
    C. Hampton College
    D. Alabama A&M

 

 

82. Housing discrimination has consequences for people’s
    A.access to jobs.
    B. access to schools.
    C. access to social services.
    D. all of the above

 

83. In which of the following periods did the present patterns of housing discrimination and segregation in urban areas begin to develop?
    A.1940-1950
    B. 1900-1920
    C. 1930-1940
    D. 1970-1990

 

84. __________ have (has) increased housing segregation of African Americans.
    A.The loan policies of the Federal Housing Authority (FHA)
    B. Public housing
    C. Urban renewal
    D. All of the above

 

85. Which of the following was the least likely form of African American protest during slavery?
    A.sabotage
    B. suicide
    C. running away
    D. revolt

 

86. Besides radical Reconstruction, which of the following was the most important governmental effort to help the poor and African Americans?
    A.the New Frontier
    B. the Great Society
    C. the New Deal
    D. the Fair Deal

 

 

87. Which of the following does not explain the present status of African Americans in U.S. society?
    A.their easy identifiability as targets of discrimination
    B. their incompetence to compete in society
    C. their lack of an entrepreneurial tradition as imported slaves
    D. their victimization by both institutionalized and informal discrimination

 

88. Segregated housing for African Americans
    A.increases their job opportunities.
    B. is a matter of their own choice.
    C. is no longer a problem in early 21^st-century American society.
    D. reduces their opportunity to attend good schools.

 

89. The civil rights legislation of the 1960s was ineffective against discrimination because
    A.the burden of litigation was placed on the victim of discrimination.
    B. prejudice was no longer an important dimension in American society.
    C. the burden was placed on the discriminators.
    D. both a and c

 

90. Despite desegregation efforts in public schools, black children still attend schools in which
    A.they are the numerical minority.
    B. they constitute a bare majority.
    C. they are the overwhelming numerical majority.
    D. they are proportionate to their numbers in the general population.

 

91. The first non-black college to admit black students in significant numbers was
    A.Harvard.
    B. Oberlin.
    C. Northwestern.
    D. Lincoln.

 

 

92. A 1991 study conducted by the Urban Institute shows that
    A.blacks are just as likely as whites to get job offers.
    B. affirmative action has worked to improve job conditions for blacks.
    C. blacks still suffer from discrimination in the job market.
    D. both a and b

 

93. Southern blacks began moving to northern states because of
    A.a need for adventure.
    B. agricultural mechanization in the South.
    C. reduced discrimination and prejudice in northern states.
    D. new agricultural opportunities in the North.

 

94. The importation of blacks for slavery was facilitated by
    A.the cultural beliefs about their bestial nature.
    B. the unwillingness of whites to do plantation labor.
    C. the development of faster seagoing vessels.
    D. the need for a low-wage industrial labor pool.

 

95. In 1896, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that segregated public facilities for blacks did not violate
    A.the Ninth and Tenth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution.
    B. the Bill of Rights.
    C. the Ninth and Fourteenth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution.
    D. the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution.

 

96. Busing of children to achieve racial balance in public schools and affirmative action policies
    A.increased white resentment of blacks.
    B. eliminated negative black stereotypes.
    C. eliminated inequality between whites and blacks.
    D. reduced housing segregation.

 

 

97. Scoring 100 on a residential segregation index means that
    A.there is no residential segregation.
    B. there is average residential segregation.
    C. there is complete residential segregation.
    D. there is a marginal level of segregation.

 

98. A high unemployment rate for blacks reflects
    A.a concentration of black workers in jobs with limited job security.
    B. a lack of achievement and incentives for hard work.
    C. a dependence of blacks on social welfare programs.
    D. both b and c

 

99. The percentage of blacks in white-collar jobs in 1990 was
    A.greater than the percentage of whites in white-collar jobs.
    B. equal to the percentage of whites in white-collar jobs.
    C. about 10 percent less than the percentage of whites in white-collar jobs.
    D. about 30 percent less than the percentage of whites in white-collar jobs.

 

100. Since the mid-1960s, poverty in the African American population has
     A.decreased significantly.
     B. steadily increased.
     C. almost disappeared.
     D. leveled off.

 

 

Fill in the Blank Questions

101. The process of splitting minority votes across several districts, and thereby diluting its voting power, is termed _________.
     gerrymandering

 

 

102. In _________, the U.S. Supreme Court declared separate schools inherently unequal.
     Brown V. Board of Education

 

103. __________ is used to denote the fact that private lenders are less likely to give loans in poor, minority-dominated neighborhoods.
     redlining

 

104. The government agency that subsidized the home mortgages of whites in post-World War II is the _________.
     FHA or Federal Housing Authority

 

105. __________ led the 1831 slave revolt that resulted in the deaths of sixty white people.
     Nat Turner

 

106. The practices and laws used by whites in the wake of radical Reconstruction to discriminate against blacks were termed _________.
     Jim Crow

 

107. __________ was the first black person who refused to go to “the back of the bus” and is often regarded as the mother of the civil rights movement in the United States.
     Rosa Parks

 

108. A popular strategy for excluding blacks from the voting booths was the use of a __________ tax.
     poll

 

 

109. The limited access of women and minorities to managerial and executive positions is the result of a _________.
     glass ceiling

 

110. __________ is a popular ideology of the late 19^th century that stressed the survival of the fittest.
     Social Darwinism

 

111. According to __________ ideology, economic and individual activity should be unregulated by government.
     laissez-faire

 

112. Southern states used __________ to restrict the rights of emancipated slaves.
     black codes

 

113. In 1866, the abolition of slavery was ratified in the __________ Amendment.
     Thirteenth

 

114. Informal racial discrimination in the North against blacks was often the result of __________ practices.
     Jim Crow

 

115. Whites’ portrayal of blacks as childlike, helpless, shuffling, and fumbling is referred to as the __________ stereotype.
     black Sambo