American Government Institutions and Policies, Essentials Edition, 15th Edition by James Q. Wilson - Test Bank - Test Bank

American Government Institutions and Policies, Essentials Edition, 15th Edition by James Q. Wilson – Test Bank – Test Bank

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1. An example of a difference in treatment toward certain groups that qualifies as reasonable is
a. classifying people according to race.
b. taxing different classes at different rates.
c. classifying people according to ethnic group.
d. testing for AIDS according to class.
e. classifying people according to religion.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Race and Civil Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.1 – LO6.1
2. Which statement best summarizes the pertinent question of civil rights?
a. Laws cannot make distinctions among people.
b. Laws cannot discriminate.
c. Laws must treat everyone equally.
d. Laws can treat different people differently, but such differences must be reasonable.
e. Laws can discriminate as long as they do not make distinctions.
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Race and Civil Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.1 – LO6.1
3. The National Urban League has credited civil rights laws for
a. improving the number of blacks enrolled in college.
b. decreasing the white-black poverty gap.
c. increasing the number of black homeowners.
d. failing to decrease the black-white unemployment ratio.
e. all of these choices are correct.
ANSWER: e
REFERENCES: Race and Civil Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.1 – LO6.1Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero Page 1Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 6 – Civil Rights
Civil Rights
4. The _________ Amendment to the U.S. Constitution appeared to guarantee equal rights for blacks.
a. First
b. Fourteenth
c. Twenty-first
d. Twenty-fifth
e. Twenty-sixth
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Race and Civil Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.1 – LO6.1
5. In the Slaughter-House Cases (1873), the Supreme Court ruled
a. that the “privileges and immunities” clause of the Fourteenth Amendment did not protect citizens from
discriminatory actions by state governments.
b. that separate facilities were acceptable as long as they were equal.
c. that segregation is unconstitutional.
d. that the literacy test is acceptable.
e. that juries cannot be all of one race.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Race and Civil Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.1 – LO6.1
6. In the __________ decision, the Supreme Court ruled that “separatebutequal” facilities were constitutional.
a. Plessy v. Ferguson
b. Brown v. Board of Education
c. Loving v. Virginia
d. Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education
e. Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Race and Civil Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.1 – LO6.1Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero Page 2Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 6 – Civil Rights
Civil Rights
7. One reason the NAACP’s strategy of using the courts to further black civil rights worked was that it
a. avoided focusing on the clearest abuses.
b. presented broad economic demands to whites.
c. avoided direct confrontation with a conservative Supreme Court.
d. did not require a broad legislative alliance.
e. avoided the complications that often surround appellate processes.
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Race and Civil Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.1 – LO6.1
8. Lloyd Gaines had a tremendous impact on the interpretation of the Constitution when he attempted to
a. ride a bus.
b. enter law school.
c. run for political office.
d. ride a train.
e. vote.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Race and Civil Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.1 – LO6.1
9. In Brown v. Board of Education, the Supreme Court
a. declared unconstitutional laws creating schools that were separate but obviously unequal.
b. declared unconstitutional laws supporting schools that were separate but unequal in subtle ways.
c. ruled that racially separate schools were inherently unequal and therefore unconstitutional.
d. ruled that schools discriminating on the basis of race could be denied access to federal funds.
e. ruled that segregation was lawful if mandated by a state constitution.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Race and Civil Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.1 – LO6.1Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero Page 3Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 6 – Civil Rights
Civil Rights
10. In its decision in Brown v. Board of Education, the Supreme Court overruled __________ and the “separate but
equal” doctrine.
a. Plessy v. Ferguson
b. Brown v. Board of Education
c. Loving v. Virginia
d. Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education
e. Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Race and Civil Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.1 – LO6.1
11. In 1955, the Supreme Court ruled that desegregation should be
a. implemented with due concern for public safety.
b. monitored by local school officials.
c. implemented “with all deliberate speed.”
d. monitored by civil rights groups.
e. delayed until there were significant shifts in population.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Race and Civil Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.1 – LO6.1
12. In order to discourage segregation, federal laws began to
a. fire teachers in segregated schools.
b. impose harsh grading standards on white students.
c. remove accreditation from public schools in the southeastern United States.
d. regulate textbooks that were critical of the Brown decision.
e. withhold federal funds from segregated schools.
ANSWER: e
REFERENCES: Race and Civil Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.1 – LO6.1Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero Page 4Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 6 – Civil Rights
Civil Rights
13. As its rationale for the decision in Brown, the Supreme Court relied primarily on
a. the intent of the framers of the Fourteenth Amendment.
b. the intent of Congress in the Fourteenth Amendment.
c. social science evidence.
d. a narrow interpretation of the U.S. Constitution.
e. the redress of grievances clause in the First Amendment.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Race and Civil Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.1 – LO6.1
14. The difference between de facto and de jure segregation is that
a. the former results from private choices, the latter from public law.
b. the former results from public law, the latter from private choices.
c. the former existed in the past, the latter continues in the present.
d. the former continues in the present, the latter existed in the past.
e. the former deals with perceptions, the latter deals with verified facts.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Race and Civil Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.1 – LO6.1
15. Starting with its decision in Brown v. Board of Education, the Court has treated race as a suspect classification
such that any law making racial distinctions must
a. be reasonable.
b. be acceptable.
c. pass a test of strict scrutiny.
d. be supported by all of the states.
e. be color-bind.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Race and Civil Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.1 – LO6.1Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero Page 5Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 6 – Civil Rights
Civil Rights
16. The practice of mandating busing plans to remedy school segregation patterns was approved in the case of
a. Brown v. Board of Education.
b. Sipuel v. County Trustee.
c. Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education.
d. Green v. County School Board of New Kent County.
e. Plessy v. Ferguson.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Race and Civil Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.1 – LO6.1
17. In the Dred Scott Case (Scott v. Sanford), the Supreme Court ruled
a. that the separate-but-equal facilities were constitutional.
b. that busing to mandate integration was constitutional
c. that Congress had no authority to ban slavery in a territory and that a slave was considered a piece of
property.
d. that states could not ban interracial marriage.
e. None of these choices is true.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Race and Civil Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.1 – LO6.1
18. Rosa Parks had a tremendous impact on the civil rights movement when she refused to
a. surrender her seat on a bus.
b. be bussed to a white school.
c. run for political office.
d. ride a train.
e. vote.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Race and Civil Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.1 – LO6.1Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero Page 6Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 6 – Civil Rights
Civil Rights
19. The philosophy of civil disobedience suggests that there is value to
a. protesting against laws that are not enforced by civil authorities.
b. peacefully violating the law.
c. violating all laws with respect to civility.
d. protesting in a legal manner, with respect for civil authority.
e. using violence when laws are not conducive to civil society.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Race and Civil Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.1 – LO6.1
20. One factor helping to break the deadlock that developed in the civil rights movement during the early 1960s was the
a. media coverage of violence by white segregationists.
b. Supreme Court’s ruling in Brown v. Board of Education.
c. decentralization of power in the House and Senate.
d. civil unrest that shook several northern cities.
e. election of Republican presidents.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Race and Civil Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.1 – LO6.1
21. Martin Luther King’s “I have a dream” speech was given in front of
a. the White House.
b. the Washington Monument.
c. the Capitol.
d. the Lincoln Memorial.
e. the Library of Congress.
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Race and Civil Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.1 – LO6.1Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero Page 7Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 6 – Civil Rights
Civil Rights
22. One factor helping to break the deadlock that developed in the civil rights movement during the early 1960s was the
a. Democratic landslide of 1964.
b. Supreme Court’s ruling in Brown v. Board of Education.
c. centralization of power in the House and Senate.
d. civil unrest that shook several northern cities.
e. election of Republican presidents.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Race and Civil Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.1 – LO6.1
23. On June 10, 1964, the Senate voted to invoke cloture and end a filibuster of the Civil Rights Act. This was
a. a key moment leading to the passage of the legislation.
b. the first time in history that a filibuster aimed at blocking civil rights legislation had been broken.
c. a victory for the civil rights movement.
d. None of these choices is true
e. a key moment, the first time a filibuster blocking civil rights legislation had been broken, and a victory for the
civil rights movement.
ANSWER: e
REFERENCES: Race and Civil Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.1 – LO6.1
24. The textbook discusses how the growing political strength of southern blacks is evident because
a. more than 10,500 blacks hold elective office in the south.
b. four southern governors are black.
c. six southern senators and twelve southern House members are black.
d. two blacks from the same southern state have been elected to the Senate and House.
e. three state have black supreme court justices.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Race and Civil Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.1 – LO6.1Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero Page 8Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 6 – Civil Rights
Civil Rights
25. In their struggle for equal treatment, women, unlike blacks, had to deal with a legal tradition that
a. claimed to be protecting them.
b. regarded them as chattel.
c. had always treated them as equal in theory.
d. had consistently ignored them.
e. had accorded them special rights and responsibilities.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Women and Equal Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.2 – LO6.2
26. The origin of the movement to give more rights to women was probably the
a. Rights Manifesto.
b. Seneca Falls Convention.
c. Nineteenth Amendment.
d. “Rosie the Riveter” worker.
e. Equal Rights Amendment.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Women and Equal Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.2 – LO6.2
27. The origins of the movement to give women the right to vote date back to
a. the 1890s.
b. the 1860s.
c. the 1840s.
d. the 1790s.
e. the 1770s.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Women and Equal Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.2 – LO6.2Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero Page 9Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 6 – Civil Rights
Civil Rights
28. Women were first given the right to vote in states that were
a. more highly populated and economically advanced.
b. part of the original thirteen colonies.
c. in the South.
d. in the Midwest.
e. in the West.
ANSWER: e
REFERENCES: Women and Equal Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.2 – LO6.2
29. The __________ Amendment made clear that no state may deny the right to vote on the basis of sex.
a. Fifteenth
b. Nineteenth
c. Twentieth
d. Twenty-first
e. Twenty-second
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Women and Equal Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.2 – LO6.2
30. Since the 1970s, the Supreme Court has tended to apply this judicial standard to cases of gender discrimination.
a. Reasonable standard
b. Intermediate scrutiny
c. Strict scrutiny
d. None of these choices is true.
e. The court has used all three standards.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Women and Equal Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.2 – LO6.2Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero Page 10Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 6 – Civil Rights
Civil Rights
31. The following is an example of a law that would only have to pass the reasonable standard where the government
argues for the distinction on a rational basis.
a. Laws requiring somebody to be 21 to legally purchase alcohol
b. Men being punished for statutory rape even if women are not punished
c. Laws protecting the voting rights of blacks
d. State laws setting different ages at which men and women legally become adults
e. Women being barred from jobs by height and weight requirements
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Women and Equal Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.2 – LO6.2
32. A great change in the status of women took place when
a. many of them were successful on Wall Street in the 1930s.
b. they began to serve as presidents of several prestigious law schools.
c. they began to outperform men in civil service tests.
d. millions were hired in defense plants during World War II.
e. they formed a congressional caucus in the 1920s.
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Women and Equal Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.2 – LO6.2
33. In 1963, the publication of __________by Betty Friedan strengthened the feminist movement.
a. The Other Half
b. The Silent Spring
c. The Feminine Mystique
d. The Great Dilemma
e. The Crisis
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Women and Equal Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.2 – LO6.2Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero Page 11Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 6 – Civil Rights
Civil Rights
34. Congress responded to the feminist movement by passing laws that
a. prohibited discrimination on the basis of gender in employment and among students in any school receiving
federal funds.
b. gave women equal access to the entering of all private organizations.
c. outlawed all-male schools.
d. provided free day care and maternal care to all working mothers.
e. prohibited gender discrimination except when there was a compelling justification.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Women and Equal Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.2 – LO6.2
35. In Reed v. Reed, the Supreme Court ruled that
a. sex discrimination violates the equal protection clause of the Constitution.
b. general discrimination can be justified only if it serves “important governmental objectives” and is
“substantially related to those objectives.”
c. Congress can draft men without drafting women.
d. states may not finance an all-male military school.
e. gender discrimination is permissible in the private sector.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Women and Equal Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.2 – LO6.2
36. In the Virginia Military Institute case, the Supreme Court required __________ for single-sex schools.
a. a notable basis
b. a compelling reason
c. a compelling justification
d. a rational basis
e. an exceedingly persuasive justification
ANSWER: e
REFERENCES: Women and Equal Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.2 – LO6.2Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero Page 12Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 6 – Civil Rights
Civil Rights
37. Drawing on rulings by the Equal Employment Opportunities Commission, the Supreme Court has tried to define
sexual harassment by ruling that
a. it is illegal for someone to request sexual favors as a condition of employment or promotion and it is illegal for
an employee to experience a work environment that has been made hostile or intimidating by a pattern of
offensive sexual teasing, jokes, or obscenity.
b. an employer is not liable if he or she does not know that a subordinate has requested sex in exchange for
hiring or promotion.
c. a work environment is not deemed hostile or intimidating by a steady pattern of offensive sexual teasing, jokes,
or obscenity.
d. employers are “strictly liable” for a hostile or intimidating work environment even if they did not know about
the situation and did nothing about it.
e. sexual harassment claims cannot be made in the absence of at least three witnesses.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Women and Equal Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.2 – LO6.2
38. In 1998, the Supreme Court ruled that a school system was not liable for the conduct of a teacher who seduced a
female student because
a. the student lied to school officials in another proceeding.
b. the student never reported the actions.
c. the teacher left the school just hours after a complaint was filed.
d. school codes regarding teacher-student relations were vague.
e. school codes required several witnesses for harassment complaints.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Women and Equal Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.2 – LO6.2
39. Laws that address public order and the safety and morals of citizens have traditionally been considered the focus of
a. Congress.
b. state judiciaries.
c. state bar associations.
d. police powers.
e. state secretaries of state.
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Women and Equal Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.2 – LO6.2Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero Page 13Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 6 – Civil Rights
Civil Rights
40. Which of the following statements concerning the “right to privacy” is correct?
a. It is said to emanate from provisions in the Fourteenth Amendment.
b. It is not mentioned in the Constitution.
c. It is explicitly mentioned in the First and Fifth Amendments.
d. It is explicitly mentioned in the First, Second, and Fifth Amendments.
e. It is explicitly mentioned in the Preamble of the Constitution.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Women and Equal Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.2 – LO6.2
41. The Supreme Court has argued that the right to privacy can be found in __________ of the provisions in the Bill of
Rights.
a. all
b. legislative interpretations
c. penumbras
d. the Founders’ explanations
e. Thomas Jefferson’s view
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Women and Equal Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.2 – LO6.2
42. In this seminal decision, the Supreme Court held that a “right to privacy” is “broad enough to encompass a woman’s
decision whether or not to terminate a pregnancy.”
a. Griswold v. Connecticut
b. Webster v. Reproductive Health Services
c. Planned Parenthood v. Casey
d. Roe v. Wade
e. Gonzales v. Carhart
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Women and Equal Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.2 – LO6.2Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero Page 14Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 6 – Civil Rights
Civil Rights
43. Based on the Supreme Court’s decision in Roe, a woman has an unfettered right to an abortion
a. in the first trimester.
b. in the first and second trimesters.
c. in the second trimester.
d. in the second and third trimesters.
e. in the third trimester.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Women and Equal Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.2 – LO6.2
44. Under the Supreme Court’s decision in Roe, states may ban abortions
a. in the first trimester.
b. in the first and second trimesters.
c. in the second trimester.
d. in the second and third trimesters.
e. in the third trimester.
ANSWER: e
REFERENCES: Women and Equal Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.2 – LO6.2
45. The Supreme Court first found a “right to privacy” in the __________ case.
a. Griswold
b. Roe
c. Webster
d. Casey
e. Gonzales
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Women and Equal Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.2 – LO6.2Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero Page 15Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 6 – Civil Rights
Civil Rights
46. The Hyde Amendment barred the use of federal funds for abortions
a. for those persons under twenty-one years of age.
b. except when the life of the mother was in danger.
c. except in cases of rape.
d. without parental consent.
e. in the second trimester.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Women and Equal Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.2 – LO6.2
47. The Supreme Court’s decision in Casey was notable because
a. it was the first unanimous decision of the Court in an abortion case.
b. the Court struck down a parental consent requirement.
c. the Court struck down a twenty-four-hour waiting period for abortions.
d. Republican appointees struck down numerous restrictions on abortion in the states.
e. Republican appointees joined in an opinion that refused to overturn Roe.
ANSWER: e
REFERENCES: Women and Equal Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.2 – LO6.2
48. Since its decision in Roe, the Supreme Court struck down a state law requiring
a. mandatory 24-hour waiting periods.
b. parental consent for teenagers.
c. provision of pamphlets with information about alternatives to abortion.
d. mandatory consent of husbands.
e. None of these choices is true.
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Women and Equal Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.2 – LO6.2Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero Page 16Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 6 – Civil Rights
Civil Rights
49. Supporters of equality of opportunity tend to
a. hold views that favor affirmative action policies.
b. vote independent in elections.
c. live in the New England states.
d. have orthodox beliefs on many issues.
e. have progressive beliefs on many issues.
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Affirmative Action
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.3 – LO6.3
50. A supporter of equality of opportunity as a way of redressing past civil rights inequities would be most likely to
advocate
a. color-blind administration of the laws.
b. preferential treatment for blacks.
c. comparable-worth pay scales.
d. busing for racial integration of schools.
e. affirmative action.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Affirmative Action
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.3 – LO6.3
51. Which of the following are statutory requirements for naturalization?
a. Five years’ residency (three, if married to a citizen)
b. Good moral character
c. Attachment to constitutional principles
d. Disposition to the good order of the United States
e. Five years’ residency, good moral character, attachment to constitutional principles, and a disposition to the
good order of the United States are all true.
ANSWER: e
REFERENCES: Affirmative Action
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.3 – LO6.3Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero Page 17Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 6 – Civil Rights
Civil Rights
52. Today, about __________ of aliens who seek citizenship are successful in meeting the statutory requirements to
become naturalized citizens.
a. 1 percent
b. 5 percent
c. 12 percent
d. 50 percent
e. 97 percent
ANSWER: e
REFERENCES: Affirmative Action
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.3 – LO6.3
53. The 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act granted amnesty and citizenship to illegal aliens who
a. received college diplomas.
b. remained employed for more than one year.
c. voted in all state and local elections.
d. resided continuously in this country since January 1, 1982.
e. worked in a job vital to the nation.
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Affirmative Action
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.3 – LO6.3
54. The Supreme Court ruled in the Bakke case that
a. explicit numerical quotas are illegal.
b. busing is a legitimate tool to achieve racial balance.
c. race should be taken into account when quotas are used.
d. affirmative action programs are unlawful.
e. affirmative action plans cannot include firings.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Affirmative Action
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.3 – LO6.3Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero Page 18Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 6 – Civil Rights
Civil Rights
55. Unlike the Civil Rights Act, the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) considers
a. the impact on local communities.
b. qualifications and standards.
c. quotas.
d. reverse discrimination.
e. undue hardships.
ANSWER: e
REFERENCES: Affirmative Action
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.3 – LO6.3
56. In a 2003 case involving admissions practices at the University of Michigan, the Supreme Court reaffirmed its
decision in Bakke by rejecting the use of
a. a numerical goal.
b. an exact numerical advantage.
c. a plus factor.
d. a racial measure.
e. an ethnic policy mark.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Affirmative Action
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.3 – LO6.3
57. The Supreme Court’s ruling in Bowers v. Hardwick suggested that the right to privacy does not protect
a. issues related to the family.
b. marriage.
c. procreation.
d. homosexual relations.
e. None of these choices is true.
ANSWER: e
REFERENCES: Gay Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.4 – LO6.4Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero Page 19Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 6 – Civil Rights
Civil Rights
58. In this seminal Supreme Court decision, the Court overturned its decision in Bowers by ruling that state laws may not
ban sexual relations between same-sex partners.
a. Lawrence v. Texas
b. Loving v. Virginia
c. Bakke v. California
d. Johnson v. Texas
e. Boy Scouts of America v. Dale
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Gay Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.4 – LO6.4
59. Under the Defense of Marriage Act, signed by President Clinton,
a. no state could legalize gay marriage.
b. no state could modify the definition of marriage in any significant way.
c. states that allowed gay marriages would lose federal funds.
d. no state would be forced to recognize a same-sex marriage performed in another state.
e. gays and lesbians could marry in federal courts.
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Gay Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.4 – LO6.4
60. In United States v. Windsor the Supreme Court held that
a. gay couples in states with legal same sex marriage must receive the same federal benefits that heterosexual
married couples receive
b. gay marriage is a fundamental right under the Constitution.
c. the state may not ban sexual relations between same-sex partners.
d. private organizations may not ban gays from its membership.
e. None of these choices is true.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Gay Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.4 – LO6.4
61. Until 1967, 16 states outlawed marriages between whites and nonwhites.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: Race and Civil Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.1 – LO6.1Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero Page 20Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 6 – Civil Rights
Civil Rights
62. Laws cannot treat people differently.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: Race and Civil Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.1 – LO6.1
63. In the late 1800s, the Supreme Court struck down a law that required that juries consist only of white males.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: Race and Civil Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.1 – LO6.1
64. In 1883, the Supreme Court ruled that racial discrimination in public accommodations (such as hotels) was
unconstitutional.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: Race and Civil Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.1 – LO6.1
65. In Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court ruled that the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment
guaranteed political equality but not social equality.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: Race and Civil Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.1 – LO6.1
66. The NAACP was formed by a group consisting of both whites and blacks.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: Race and Civil Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.1 – LO6.1Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero Page 21Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 6 – Civil Rights
Civil Rights
67. The decision of the Supreme Court in Brown was unanimous.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: Race and Civil Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.1 – LO6.1
68. In the immediate aftermath of Brown v. Board of Education, southern resistance to school integration quickly
collapsed.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: Race and Civil Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.1 – LO6.1
69. The federal government withholding federal aid to segregated schools in the 1970s led many schools to integrate.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: Race and Civil Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.1 – LO6.1
70. Findings from social science studies on the impact of segregation on black children influenced the Supreme Court’s
ruling in Brown.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: Race and Civil Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.1 – LO6.1
71. De jure segregation refers to segregation that is the result of residential patterns as opposed to deliberate
government policy.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: Race and Civil Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.1 – LO6.1Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero Page 22Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 6 – Civil Rights
Civil Rights
72. A 1992 Supreme Court decision reaffirmed the necessity of busing to achieve full school integration regardless of
housing patterns.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: Race and Civil Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.1 – LO6.1
73. The outcome of the 1964 election helped the civil rights forces.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: Race and Civil Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.1 – LO6.1
74. The courts have so far declined to submit laws that treat men and women differently to the strict scrutiny test.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: Women and Equal Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.2 – LO6.2
75. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of Virginia Military Institute when its tradition of admitting only male cadets was
challenged.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: Women and Equal Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.2 – LO6.2
76. It is illegal for an employee to experience a work environment that has been made hostile or intimidating by a steady
pattern of offensive sexual teasing, jokes, or obscenity.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: Women and Equal Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.2 – LO6.2Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero Page 23Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 6 – Civil Rights
Civil Rights
77. Privacy is mentioned only once in the Constitution.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: Women and Equal Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.2 – LO6.2
78. In 1989, the Webster case upheld some state restrictions on abortion.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: Women and Equal Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.2 – LO6.2
79. In Lawrence v. Texas, gay couples married in states where same-sex marriage is legal must receive the same
federal health, tax, and other benefits that heterosexual married couples receive.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: Gay Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.4 – LO6.4
80. In 2012, Tammy Baldwin became the first openly gay politician elected to the U.S. Senate.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: Gay Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.4 – LO6.4Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero Page 24Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 6 – Civil Rights
Civil Rights
81. In its 2013 State of Black America report, the National Urban League credited civil rights legislation for helping the
black community make progress in education and standard of living, but the same report also listed a number of
challenges still facing the community. Discuss these areas of progress and the continuing challenges.
ANSWER: ∙ The white-black high school completion rate gap has closed by 57 points; whereas
only 25 percent of blacks graduated from high school in 1963, by 2013 the fraction had
risen to 85 percent, and there had been a three-fold increase in the number of blacks
enrolled in college.
∙ The white-black poverty rate gap fell by 23 points; whereas 48 percent of blacks lived
in poverty in 1963, by 2013 the fraction had fallen to 28 percent.
∙ There was a 14 percent increase in the number of black homeowners.
∙ In 2013, as in 1963, the black-white unemployment ratio was still 2-to-1, regardless of
education, gender, region, or income level.
∙ In 2013, as in 1963, more than a third of all black children (38 percent) still lived
in poverty.
∙ In 2013, as in 1963, blacks employed in the public sector earned less than whites in
the same jobs, and a still-wider black-white wage disparity persisted in the
private sector.
REFERENCES: Race and Civil Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.1 – LO6.1
82. Describe the facts and discuss the effect of the ruling of the case Plessy v. Ferguson.
ANSWER: Louisiana required blacks and whites to ride in separate rail cars. Plessy, who was
partly white refused to obey the law and was arrested and appealed his conviction. The
Court ruled that separate facilities for races were permissible so long as they
were equal. The Court’s ruling allowed southern governments to put in place legally
segregated schools until the Brown decision.
REFERENCES: Race and Civil Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.1 – LO6.1
83. Explain the importance of northern political support for civil rights, and how that support influenced civil rights in the
United States beyond the issues of the mid 1960s
ANSWER:
Northern public opinion supported the civil rights movement when the dispute
was between two minorities: Southern whites and Southern blacks
The north did not expect the changes to apply outside the South.
However, court doctrines could not be restricted geographically, and so the civil
rights laws also applied to the north.
This provoked opposition in areas such as school desegregation and the Equal
Rights Amendment.
Without broad support, civil rights changes have a hard time taking hold.
REFERENCES: Looking Back – and Ahead
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.5 – LO6.5Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero Page 25Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 6 – Civil Rights
Civil Rights
84. Summarize the Court’s decision in Swann and discuss how this ruling has guided subsequent integration cases.
ANSWER: ∙ There must be a showing of intent to discriminate.
∙ The existence of segregated schools in areas with a history of segregation creates a
presumption of intent.
∙ Remedies will not be limited to freedom of choice plans or “walk in” schools.
∙ Quotas may be employed in the assignment of teachers, pupils, redistricting, and
court-ordered busing.
∙ Not every school must reflect the special composition of the schools system as a
whole.
REFERENCES: Race and Civil Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.1 – LO6.1
85. Identify the four developments that made it possible to break the deadlock between the agenda-setting and coalition-
building aspect of the civil rights movement.
ANSWER: ∙ Public opinion began to change.
∙ The media portrayal of protests and violence had an impact.
∙ John F. Kennedy was assassinated.
∙ The Election of 1964 brought Lyndon Johnson to the presidency with large
Democratic majorities.
REFERENCES: Race and Civil Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.1 – LO6.1
86. Indicate the factors that are considered in gender discrimination cases specifically, as a result of a 1971 case
regarding the administration of estates.
ANSWER: ∙ Gender discriminations must be reasonable, not arbitrary.
∙ Discriminations must rest on some real ground of difference between men and
women.
∙ They must be reasonably related to some legitimate legislative goal.
∙ When all is said and done, similar persons must be treated similarly.
REFERENCES: Women and Equal Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.2 – LO6.2
87. Identify, define, and explain the three standards that the Supreme Court uses in discrimination cases.
ANSWER: ∙ Reasonable standard: Policy must use reasonable means to achieve a legitimate
legislative goal.
∙ Intermediate Scrutiny: Policy must serve an important governmental interest and be
substantially related to that interest.
∙ Strict Scrutiny: Policy must be narrowly tailored and use the least restrictive means
to achieve a compelling governmental interest.
REFERENCES: Women and Equal Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.2 – LO6.2Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero Page 26Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 6 – Civil Rights
Civil Rights
88. Explain how the Supreme Court ruled that persons have “right of privacy” in Griswold and how this ruling affected
the Court’s decision in Roe v. Wade.
ANSWER: In Griswold, the Court ruled that even though the right of privacy isn’t specifically
listed in the Constitution it exists as a “penumbra” right in certain provisions of the
document. The “right to privacy” is broad enough to encompass a woman’s decision
whether or not to terminate a pregnancy that is unfettered in the first trimester.
REFERENCES: Women and Equal Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.2 – LO6.2
89. Summarize the two forms of sexual harassment defined in rulings by the Equal Employment Opportunities
Commission.
ANSWER: ∙ It is illegal for someone to request sexual favors as a condition of employment
or promotion.
∙ It is illegal for an employee to experience a work environment that has been made
hostile or intimidating by a steady pattern of offensive sexual teasing, jokes, or
obscenity.
REFERENCES: Women and Equal Rights
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.2 – LO6.2
90. The Supreme Court’s deep division over affirmative action is evident in its opinions. Give five general standards that
seem to be emerging from its decisions?
ANSWER: ∙ Quota systems by state or local governments will be given strict scrutiny.
∙ Quotas cannot be used by state or local governments without a showing that such are
necessary to correct actual past or present discrimination.
∙ The showing of statistical disparities is not enough; specific discriminatory practices
must be identified.
∙ Quotas or preference systems created by federal law will be given deference.
∙ Voluntary preference systems are easier to justify.
∙ Systems that involve hiring or promotion are preferable to those that require persons
to be laid off.
REFERENCES: Affirmative Action
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: AGIP.WILS.17.6.3 – LO6.3Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero Page 27Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 6 – Civil Rights
Civil Rights