Biological Anthropology Concepts and Connections 3rd Edition By Agustin Fuentes - Test Bank

Biological Anthropology Concepts and Connections 3rd Edition By Agustin Fuentes – Test Bank

 

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Biological Anthropology: Concepts and Connections, 3e (Fuentes)

Chapter 5   Primate Behavioral Ecology

 

1) The Primates suborder Strepsirrhini is also known as the:

1. A) galagos.
2. B) lemurs.
3. C) prosimians.
4. D) lorises.

 

2) The Primates suborder Haplorrhini is divided into the ________ infraorders.

1. A) lemur, loris, and galago
2. B) Ceboidea, Cercopithecoidea, and Hominoidea
3. C) anthropoid and prosimian
4. D) Tarsiiformes and Simiiformes

 

3) The term “anthropoid” refers to:

1. A) all monkeys.
2. B) all monkeys and apes.
3. C) all monkeys, apes, and humans.
4. D) all apes and humans.

 

4) Which of the following is NOT true about New World monkeys?

1. A) They are a large and diverse group.
2. B) They are found in forested environments from southern Mexico to southern Argentina.
3. C) The vast majority are fully arboreal.
4. D) The vast majority are relatively large compared to Old World monkeys.

 

5) The ________ are divided into two subfamilies: the colobinae and the cercopithecinae.

1. A) Cercopithecoidea
2. B) Hominoidea
3. C) Ceboidea
4. D) Callitrichids

 

6) The sacculated stomachs of the colobines have multiple folds that act as reservoirs for special bacteria that:

1. A) serve as immunizing agents against diseases.
2. B) help the colobines digest fruits.
3. C) help the colobines digest leafy matter.
4. D) All of the answers are correct.

7) Identify a characteristic of tarsiers.

1. A) They possess short tarsal bones and live in large groups.
2. B) They have small eyes.
3. C) They use a diverse array of vocal sounds to communicate.
4. D) They are diurnal primates.

 

 

8) The ________ of a behavior is the trigger event that initiated the behavior.

1. A) proximate stimulus
2. B) function
3. C) phylogeny
4. D) ontogeny

 

9) A ________ is an area used by a primate group or community.

1. A) locus
2. B) local niche
3. C) home range
4. D) stratum

 

10) The ________ of a behavior includes all the factors that have influenced an organism since its conception.

1. A) proximate stimulus
2. B) function
3. C) phylogeny
4. D) ontogeny

 

11) The ________ of a behavior is its evolutionary history.

1. A) proximate stimulus
2. B) function
3. C) phylogeny
4. D) ontogeny

 

12) Overall, the chimpanzee subgroup size appears to be closely correlated with all of the following EXCEPT:

1. A) the availability of resources.
2. B) the availability of fruit.
3. C) the number of estrus females.
4. D) the number of dominant males.

13) General socioecological pressures can be divided into which of the following main categories?

1. A) nutrition, predation, social behavior, intrasexual competition, and interspecific competition
2. B) foraging, locomotion, predation, social behavior, intraspecific competition, and interspecific competition
3. C) nutrition, locomotion, predation, intraspecific competition, and interspecific competition
4. D) nutrition, foraging, locomotion, predation, intraspecific competition, and intrasexual competition

 

14) Contests between members of the same species or even the same group are referred to as:

1. A) intraspecific competition.
2. B) interspecific competition.
3. C) contest competition.
4. D) scramble competition.

 

15) The ________ of a behavior refers to its impact on fitness or lifetime reproductive success.

1. A) ontogeny
2. B) phylogeny
3. C) function
4. D) proximate stimulus

 

16) Which of the following statements about Pan troglodytes dominance is NOT true?

1. A) Males are, on average, dominant over females.
2. B) Infants are, on average, dominant over older siblings.
3. C) Males compete with other males to establish hierarchical ranks.
4. D) Females compete with other females to establish hierarchical ranks.

 

17) In the context of the methods used to measure primate behavior, which of the following is true of data collected using quantitative methods?

1. A) They offer a glimpse of the “bigger picture” by filling in gaps in standardized data and adding context.
2. B) They are collected randomly using multiple sampling protocols.
3. C) They are recorded in a specific and standardized format.
4. D) They can neither be readily used to test hypotheses across different studies nor be analyzed statistically.

 

18) The spectrum for a trait is referred to as its:

1. A) performance.
2. B) potential.
3. C) behavioral range.
4. D) characteristic.

19) The actual phenotype of a trait is referred to as its:

1. A) performance.
2. B) potential.
3. C) behavioral range.
4. D) characteristic.

 

20) Food preferences and knowing where to go for food are learned behavior patterns and important parts of:

1. A) proximate stimulus.
2. B) function.
3. C) phylogeny.
4. D) ontogeny.

 

21) The act of seeking and processing food is known as:

1. A) transcripting.
2. B) fissioning.
3. C) crossing over.
4. D) foraging.

 

 

22) The measure of access to desired resources by different individuals relative to one another is called:

1. A) dominance.
2. B) a dominance hierarchy.
3. C) a linear hierarchy.
4. D) an affiliative hierarchy.

 

23) The set of relationships that results in different relative abilities to acquire desired goods is called:

1. A) dominance.
2. B) a dominance hierarchy.
3. C) a linear hierarchy.
4. D) an affiliative hierarchy.

 

24) Sociosexual behavior in Pan paniscus serves all of the following functions EXCEPT:

1. A) resolving conflicts.
2. B) reinforcing birthing assistance.
3. C) reinforcing alliances.
4. D) reinforcing coalitions.

25) All of the following are true about qualitative data EXCEPT:

1. A) they are not collected in specific, standardized formats.
2. B) they may enlighten the observer about the behavior of a particular organism.
3. C) they can readily be used to test hypotheses across different studies.
4. D) they are important because they can frequently fill in data gaps by adding context.

 

26) ________ occurs when a resource is not effectively defensible by one or a few individuals.

1. A) Intraspecific competition
2. B) Interspecific competition
3. C) Contest competition
4. D) Scramble competition

 

27) The lemurs exist solely:

1. A) in South America.
2. B) in Africa.
3. C) on the island of Madagascar.
4. D) in Asia.

 

28) If individuals are frequently in close spatial association, we can say that they probably have:

1. A) an agonistic relationship.
2. B) an affiliative relationship.
3. C) an alpha relationship.
4. D) similar dominance status.

 

 

29) The selfish herd concept means that:

1. A) the odds of an individual in a group being detected by a predator increase as the number of other individuals in the group increases.
2. B) the odds of an individual in a group being eaten by a predator are reduced by the number of other individuals in the group.
3. C) the odds of an individual in a group locating food increase as the number of other individuals in the group increases.
4. D) the odds of an individual in a group eating enough food decrease as the number of other individuals in the group increases.

 

30) A genotype’s contribution to net lifetime reproductive success relative to other genotypes in the same population is called:

1. A) fitness.
2. B) performance.
3. C) productivity.
4. D) frequency.

31) Spandrels are:

1. A) structural change.
2. B) by-products of structural change.
3. C) behavioral change.
4. D) by-products of behavioral change.

 

32) A set of behavior patterns that has become prominent in a population as a result of natural selection is known as a(n) ________.

1. A) strategy
2. B) stratum
3. C) codon
4. D) anticodon

 

33) Dispersal is:

1. A) when primates leave their natal groups.
2. B) when primates spread out when they forage to avoid feeding competition.
3. C) when primates spread out during travel to increase their food and predator search fields.
4. D) when primates move away from their groups for mating to avoid intrasexual competition.

 

34) ________ are among the most widespread of any primate genus.

1. A) Lemurs
2. B) Macaque monkeys
3. C) Hanuman langurs
4. D) Chimpanzees

 

35) The term “hominin” refers to:

1. A) all monkeys.
2. B) all monkeys and apes.
3. C) all apes and humans.
4. D) all humans.

 

36) Which of the following is NOT true about lorises?

1. A) They are nocturnal.
2. B) They are fully arboreal.
3. C) They eat a lot of big fruits.
4. D) They clamber.

 

37) All members of the genus Pan are heavily ________, and their lives are substantially affected by seasonality and fruit abundance.

1. A) folivorous
2. B) frugivorous
3. C) insectivorous
4. D) omnivorous

38) The behavioral favoring of one’s close genetic relatives is known as:

1. A) kin selection.
2. B) natural selection.
3. C) independent assortment.
4. D) assortative mating.

 

39) In the text, competition between monkeys and birds over the same fruit source is referred to as:

1. A) intraspecific competition.
2. B) interspecific competition.
3. C) contest competition.
4. D) scramble competition.

 

40) Fission-fusion is a social pattern in which:

1. A) dominant males stay in one subgroup and subordinate males in another subgroup.
2. B) dominant females stay in one subgroup and subordinate females in another subgroup.
3. C) subadult males are in a subgroup separate from dominant males, females, and offspring.
4. D) individuals spend their time in various subgroups.

 

41) Which of the following is NOT true about galagos?

1. A) They are small.
2. B) They are diurnal.
3. C) They are found in Africa.
4. D) They are leapers.

 

42) Acting in a way that has a net loss of energy to the actor and a net benefit in energy to the receiver is known as:

1. A) foraging.
2. B) crossing over.
3. C) altruism.
4. D) uniformitarianism.

 

 

43) The ________ of a behavior is its selective consequences.

1. A) proximate stimulus
2. B) function
3. C) phylogeny
4. D) ontogeny

44) ________ occurs when the resource being fought over can be monopolized by one or more individuals.

1. A) Intraspecific competition
2. B) Interspecific competition
3. C) Contest competition
4. D) Scramble competition

 

45) The cercopithecines possess which of the following traits?

1. A) cheek pouches
2. B) prehensile tails
3. C) sacculated stomachs
4. D) tooth combs

 

46) There are many ways that competition can be an important selective force on primates. Name, define, and give an example of four types of competition that nonhuman primates experience.

 

47) In terms of behavioral ecology, primatologists seldom actually measure a primate’s overall lifetime reproductive output. Discuss why this is so, and explain what primatologists measure instead and why.

 

48) Certain predictions about how animals should behave emerge from basic notions of behavioral ecology. Define, discuss, and give an example of kin selection, altruism, and reciprocal altruism. Also, explain how the three are related as well as how they relate to maximizing individual fitness.

 

49) Most primate species exhibit dominance hierarchies. Describe and give an example of what dominance and a dominance hierarchy mean. Be sure to use key words in your descriptions such as inherited/learned, linear hierarchies, alpha animal, coalitions, and alliances.

 

50) Using the comparative approach, compare and contrast three aspects of the social organization and behavior of macaques, chimpanzees, and humans.

 

Biological Anthropology: Concepts and Connections, 3e (Fuentes)
Chapter 5 Primate Behavioral Ecology

1) The Primates suborder Strepsirrhini is also known as the:
A) galagos.
B) lemurs.
C) prosimians.
D) lorises.

Answer: C
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

2) The Primates suborder Haplorrhini is divided into the ________ infraorders.
A) lemur, loris, and galago
B) Ceboidea, Cercopithecoidea, and Hominoidea
C) anthropoid and prosimian
D) Tarsiiformes and Simiiformes

Answer: D
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

3) The term “anthropoid” refers to:
A) all monkeys.
B) all monkeys and apes.
C) all monkeys, apes, and humans.
D) all apes and humans.

Answer: C
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

4) Which of the following is NOT true about New World monkeys?
A) They are a large and diverse group.
B) They are found in forested environments from southern Mexico to southern Argentina.
C) The vast majority are fully arboreal.
D) The vast majority are relatively large compared to Old World monkeys.

Answer: D
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

5) The ________ are divided into two subfamilies: the colobinae and the cercopithecinae.
A) Cercopithecoidea
B) Hominoidea
C) Ceboidea
D) Callitrichids

Answer: A
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
6) The sacculated stomachs of the colobines have multiple folds that act as reservoirs for special bacteria that:
A) serve as immunizing agents against diseases.
B) help the colobines digest fruits.
C) help the colobines digest leafy matter.
D) All of the answers are correct.

Answer: C
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

7) Identify a characteristic of tarsiers.
A) They possess short tarsal bones and live in large groups.
B) They have small eyes.
C) They use a diverse array of vocal sounds to communicate.
D) They are diurnal primates.

Answer: C
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

8) The ________ of a behavior is the trigger event that initiated the behavior.
A) proximate stimulus
B) function
C) phylogeny
D) ontogeny

Answer: A
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

9) A ________ is an area used by a primate group or community.
A) locus
B) local niche
C) home range
D) stratum

Answer: C
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

10) The ________ of a behavior includes all the factors that have influenced an organism since its conception.
A) proximate stimulus
B) function
C) phylogeny
D) ontogeny

Answer: D
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
11) The ________ of a behavior is its evolutionary history.
A) proximate stimulus
B) function
C) phylogeny
D) ontogeny

Answer: C
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

12) Overall, the chimpanzee subgroup size appears to be closely correlated with all of the following EXCEPT:
A) the availability of resources.
B) the availability of fruit.
C) the number of estrus females.
D) the number of dominant males.

Answer: D
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

13) General socioecological pressures can be divided into which of the following main categories?
A) nutrition, predation, social behavior, intrasexual competition, and interspecific competition
B) foraging, locomotion, predation, social behavior, intraspecific competition, and interspecific competition
C) nutrition, locomotion, predation, intraspecific competition, and interspecific competition
D) nutrition, foraging, locomotion, predation, intraspecific competition, and intrasexual competition

Answer: C
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

14) Contests between members of the same species or even the same group are referred to as:
A) intraspecific competition.
B) interspecific competition.
C) contest competition.
D) scramble competition.

Answer: A
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

15) The ________ of a behavior refers to its impact on fitness or lifetime reproductive success.
A) ontogeny
B) phylogeny
C) function
D) proximate stimulus

Answer: C
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

16) Which of the following statements about Pan troglodytes dominance is NOT true?
A) Males are, on average, dominant over females.
B) Infants are, on average, dominant over older siblings.
C) Males compete with other males to establish hierarchical ranks.
D) Females compete with other females to establish hierarchical ranks.

Answer: B
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

17) In the context of the methods used to measure primate behavior, which of the following is true of data collected using quantitative methods?
A) They offer a glimpse of the “bigger picture” by filling in gaps in standardized data and adding context.
B) They are collected randomly using multiple sampling protocols.
C) They are recorded in a specific and standardized format.
D) They can neither be readily used to test hypotheses across different studies nor be analyzed statistically.

Answer: C
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

18) The spectrum for a trait is referred to as its:
A) performance.
B) potential.
C) behavioral range.
D) characteristic.

Answer: B
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

19) The actual phenotype of a trait is referred to as its:
A) performance.
B) potential.
C) behavioral range.
D) characteristic.

Answer: A
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
20) Food preferences and knowing where to go for food are learned behavior patterns and important parts of:
A) proximate stimulus.
B) function.
C) phylogeny.
D) ontogeny.

Answer: D
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

21) The act of seeking and processing food is known as:
A) transcripting.
B) fissioning.
C) crossing over.
D) foraging.

Answer: D
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

22) The measure of access to desired resources by different individuals relative to one another is called:
A) dominance.
B) a dominance hierarchy.
C) a linear hierarchy.
D) an affiliative hierarchy.

Answer: B
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

23) The set of relationships that results in different relative abilities to acquire desired goods is called:
A) dominance.
B) a dominance hierarchy.
C) a linear hierarchy.
D) an affiliative hierarchy.

Answer: A
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

24) Sociosexual behavior in Pan paniscus serves all of the following functions EXCEPT:
A) resolving conflicts.
B) reinforcing birthing assistance.
C) reinforcing alliances.
D) reinforcing coalitions.

Answer: B
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
25) All of the following are true about qualitative data EXCEPT:
A) they are not collected in specific, standardized formats.
B) they may enlighten the observer about the behavior of a particular organism.
C) they can readily be used to test hypotheses across different studies.
D) they are important because they can frequently fill in data gaps by adding context.

Answer: C
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

26) ________ occurs when a resource is not effectively defensible by one or a few individuals.
A) Intraspecific competition
B) Interspecific competition
C) Contest competition
D) Scramble competition

Answer: D
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

27) The lemurs exist solely:
A) in South America.
B) in Africa.
C) on the island of Madagascar.
D) in Asia.

Answer: C
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

28) If individuals are frequently in close spatial association, we can say that they probably have:
A) an agonistic relationship.
B) an affiliative relationship.
C) an alpha relationship.
D) similar dominance status.

Answer: B
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

29) The selfish herd concept means that:
A) the odds of an individual in a group being detected by a predator increase as the number of other individuals in the group increases.
B) the odds of an individual in a group being eaten by a predator are reduced by the number of other individuals in the group.
C) the odds of an individual in a group locating food increase as the number of other individuals in the group increases.
D) the odds of an individual in a group eating enough food decrease as the number of other individuals in the group increases.

Answer: B
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

30) A genotype’s contribution to net lifetime reproductive success relative to other genotypes in the same population is called:
A) fitness.
B) performance.
C) productivity.
D) frequency.

Answer: A
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

31) Spandrels are:
A) structural change.
B) by-products of structural change.
C) behavioral change.
D) by-products of behavioral change.

Answer: B
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

32) A set of behavior patterns that has become prominent in a population as a result of natural selection is known as a(n) ________.
A) strategy
B) stratum
C) codon
D) anticodon

Answer: A
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

33) Dispersal is:
A) when primates leave their natal groups.
B) when primates spread out when they forage to avoid feeding competition.
C) when primates spread out during travel to increase their food and predator search fields.
D) when primates move away from their groups for mating to avoid intrasexual competition.

Answer: A
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

34) ________ are among the most widespread of any primate genus.
A) Lemurs
B) Macaque monkeys
C) Hanuman langurs
D) Chimpanzees

Answer: B
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

35) The term “hominin” refers to:
A) all monkeys.
B) all monkeys and apes.
C) all apes and humans.
D) all humans.

Answer: D
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

36) Which of the following is NOT true about lorises?
A) They are nocturnal.
B) They are fully arboreal.
C) They eat a lot of big fruits.
D) They clamber.

Answer: C
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

37) All members of the genus Pan are heavily ________, and their lives are substantially affected by seasonality and fruit abundance.
A) folivorous
B) frugivorous
C) insectivorous
D) omnivorous

Answer: B
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

38) The behavioral favoring of one’s close genetic relatives is known as:
A) kin selection.
B) natural selection.
C) independent assortment.
D) assortative mating.

Answer: A
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

39) In the text, competition between monkeys and birds over the same fruit source is referred to as:
A) intraspecific competition.
B) interspecific competition.
C) contest competition.
D) scramble competition.

Answer: B
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

40) Fission-fusion is a social pattern in which:
A) dominant males stay in one subgroup and subordinate males in another subgroup.
B) dominant females stay in one subgroup and subordinate females in another subgroup.
C) subadult males are in a subgroup separate from dominant males, females, and offspring.
D) individuals spend their time in various subgroups.

Answer: D
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

41) Which of the following is NOT true about galagos?
A) They are small.
B) They are diurnal.
C) They are found in Africa.
D) They are leapers.

Answer: B
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

42) Acting in a way that has a net loss of energy to the actor and a net benefit in energy to the receiver is known as:
A) foraging.
B) crossing over.
C) altruism.
D) uniformitarianism.

Answer: C
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
43) The ________ of a behavior is its selective consequences.
A) proximate stimulus
B) function
C) phylogeny
D) ontogeny

Answer: B
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

44) ________ occurs when the resource being fought over can be monopolized by one or more individuals.
A) Intraspecific competition
B) Interspecific competition
C) Contest competition
D) Scramble competition

Answer: C
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

45) The cercopithecines possess which of the following traits?
A) cheek pouches
B) prehensile tails
C) sacculated stomachs
D) tooth combs

Answer: A
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

46) There are many ways that competition can be an important selective force on primates. Name, define, and give an example of four types of competition that nonhuman primates experience.

Answer: Answer may vary.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

47) In terms of behavioral ecology, primatologists seldom actually measure a primate’s overall lifetime reproductive output. Discuss why this is so, and explain what primatologists measure instead and why.

Answer: Answer may vary.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

48) Certain predictions about how animals should behave emerge from basic notions of behavioral ecology. Define, discuss, and give an example of kin selection, altruism, and reciprocal altruism. Also, explain how the three are related as well as how they relate to maximizing individual fitness.

Answer: Answer may vary.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
49) Most primate species exhibit dominance hierarchies. Describe and give an example of what dominance and a dominance hierarchy mean. Be sure to use key words in your descriptions such as inherited/learned, linear hierarchies, alpha animal, coalitions, and alliances.

Answer: Answer may vary.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

50) Using the comparative approach, compare and contrast three aspects of the social organization and behavior of macaques, chimpanzees, and humans.

Answer: Answer may vary.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation