Biology A Guide To The Natural World 5th Edition By David Krogh -Test Bank

Biology A Guide To The Natural World 5th Edition By David Krogh -Test Bank

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ExamName___________________________________MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.1)The sodium-potassium pump is an example of:1)A)passive transport.B)receptor-mediated endocytosis.C)active transport.D)facilitated diffusion.Answer:CExplanation:A)B)C)D)2)Phagocytosis is a type of ________ in which a cell engulfs another cell.2)A)facilitated diffusionB)exocytosisC)active transportD)endocytosisE)passive transportAnswer:DExplanation:A)B)C)D)E)1
Refer to the figure below, and then answer the question that follows.3)The type of transport shown is an example of:3)A)active transport.B)simple diffusion.C)exocytosis.D)endocytosis.E)facilitated diffusion.Answer:DExplanation:A)B)C)D)E)4)If you transferred a phospholipid bilayer from water to oil, what effect would this have on themembrane?4)A)The membrane would form four layers instead of its normal two.B)The membrane would be unaffected by the oil.C)The membrane would invert its normal structure by positioning the heads on the inside of thebilayer and the fatty-acid tails outside.D)The phospholipid bilayer would split into two separate layers, which each would bemaintained in the oil.E)The membrane would become very rigid.Answer:CExplanation:A)B)C)D)E)2
5)If you could add a colored label to one phospholipid in the cell’s plasma membrane to observe thismolecule, what kind of movement of the molecule would you see?5)A)The molecule would be locked in place by its tightly packed neighbors in the plasmamembrane.B)The molecule would move back and forth between the membrane and the surroundingwatery solution.C)The molecule would be converted back and forth between a receptor protein and aphospholipid.D)The molecule would flip back and forth from one layer of the membrane to the other.E)The molecule would move rapidly back and forth across the surface of the membrane.Answer:EExplanation:A)B)C)D)E)6)One difference between passive and active transport through a cell membrane is that:6)A)passive transport requires ATP.B)active transport requires ATP.C)passive transport makes ATP.D)active transport makes ATP.Answer:BExplanation:A)B)C)D)7)Diffusing molecules move ________ until they are ________.7)A)down their concentration gradients; evenly distributedB)through channels of active transport proteins; evenly distributedC)up their concentration gradients; unevenly distributedD)up their concentration gradients; evenly distributedE)down their concentration gradients; unevenly distributedAnswer:AExplanation:A)B)C)D)E)3
8)Facilitated diffusion occurs with the help of:8)A)recognition proteins.B)communication proteins.C)ribosomes.D)peripheral proteins.E)transport proteins.Answer:EExplanation:A)B)C)D)E)9)A main function of the carbohydrates that form the glycocalyx is to:9)A)bind cell membranes to the cytoskeleton.B)regulate water movement into the cell.C)move large molecules in and out of the cell.D)maintain the proper fluidity of the plasma membrane.E)act as binding sites for signaling molecules.Answer:EExplanation:A)B)C)D)E)10)Oxygen moving through the plasma membrane down its concentration gradient is an example of:10)A)simple diffusion.B)active transport.C)osmosis.D)facilitated diffusion.Answer:AExplanation:A)B)C)D)11)What is the role of transport proteins within the plasma membrane?11)A)Transport proteins identify the cell.B)Transport proteins prevent the passage of amino acids through the membrane.C)Transport proteins maintain membrane fluidity.D)Transport proteins allow movement of ions and polar molecules through the plasmamembrane.E)Transport proteins interact with the cytoskeleton to stabilize various parts of the cell.Answer:DExplanation:A)B)C)D)E)4
12)Yeast cells take up glucose (a sugar) to use as their primary source of energy. Typically, glucoseconcentrations outside yeast cells are far lower than glucose concentrations inside the cells.Therefore, for yeast to take up glucose, the cells must use:12)A)facilitated diffusion to move glucose up its concentration gradient.B)active transport to move glucose down its concentration gradient.C)facilitated diffusion to move glucose down its concentration gradient.D)active transport to move glucose up its concentration gradient.E)osmosis to directly absorb glucose.Answer:DExplanation:A)B)C)D)E)13)The term that describes the diffusion of water is:13)A)simple diffusion.B)active transport.C)osmosis.D)facilitated diffusion.E)equilibrium.Answer:CExplanation:A)B)C)D)E)5
Refer to the figure below, and then answer the question that follows.14)For this type of transport to take place, which of the following must be true about the interior andexterior environments?14)A)A transport protein is involved, so it doesn’t matter what the concentrations of glucose are oneither side of the membrane.B)The amount of glucose outside the cell must be less than the interior concentration.C)The glucose concentration must be higher outside the cell than inside the cell.D)The glucose concentrations on both sides of the cell must be the same.Answer:CExplanation:A)B)C)D)15)Active transport:15)A)moves only large molecules into the cell.B)increases the concentration of solute inside the cell.C)causes the production of ATP within the cell.D)moves substances against their concentration gradient.Answer:DExplanation:A)B)C)D)6
16)The huge array of capabilities of the plasma membrane are performed by its:16)A)carbohydrates.B)cholesterol.C)phospholipids.D)proteins.Answer:DExplanation:A)B)C)D)17)Which type of proteins are involved in nutrient transport across the plasma membrane and why?17)A)peripheral proteins, because they are smaller and can travel across the membrane, therebycarrying nutrients across the membraneB)receptor proteins, because their carbohydrate chains bind to nutrients and carry them acrossthe membraneC)integral proteins, because they are smaller and can travel across the membrane, therebycarrying nutrients across the membraneD)peripheral proteins, because they span the membrane and are able to carry nutrients acrossthe membraneE)integral proteins, because they span the membrane and are able to carry nutrients across themembraneAnswer:EExplanation:A)B)C)D)E)18)How does glucose enter a cell if levels of blood glucose are high?18)A)Insulin molecules bind to glucose receptors, causing cellular responses to take up glucose.B)Glucose pokes a hole in the cell’s membrane, creating a channel through which it can move.C)The glucose molecules diffuse through the membrane.D)An electrical signal is passed through the blood, opening glucose channels within themembranes of cells.Answer:AExplanation:A)B)C)D)19)Which of the following is an accurate description of the plasma membrane?19)A)It separates the nuclear contents from the environment.B)It is a solid material.C)It is permeable to all substances.D)It is a phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins.Answer:DExplanation:A)B)C)D)7
20)It seems that bacteria and molds should grow well in jam. It’s extremely high in sugar, a substancemany cells can use for energy, and contains enough other nutrients to support cell growth. Yet jamcan be left unrefrigerated for a very long time without contamination by microorganisms. How canthis be?20)A)The high sugar concentration causes bacterial and mold cells to swell and rupture.B)Bacteria and molds cannot grow on fruit products.C)The high sugar concentration damages cell membranes.D)Bacteria and molds cannot get into the jam because its high concentration of sugar makes it sosticky.E)The high sugar concentration causes bacterial and mold cells to shrink and die.Answer:EExplanation:A)B)C)D)E)21)The phospholipids of membranes are:21)A)hydrophilic molecules.B)oils.C)both hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecules.D)hydrophobic molecules.Answer:CExplanation:A)B)C)D)22)The central vacuoles of some plant cells you are studying fill with water and press the cell contentsagainst their cell walls because of osmosis. What can you predict about the concentration of solutesin the solution that bathes the turgid plant cells?22)A)The concentration of solutes outside the cell must be about the same as that of seawater.B)There must be no solutes either outside or inside the cell.C)The concentration of solutes outside the cell must be significantly higher than theconcentration within the cell.D)The concentration of solutes outside the cell can’t be predicted, because it’s the concentrationinside the cell that’s important.E)The concentration of solutes outside the cell must be significantly lower than theconcentration within the cell.Answer:EExplanation:A)B)C)D)E)8
23)Peripheral proteins:23)A)are defective in cystic fibrosis.B)usually attach to integral proteins.C)usually span the entire membrane.D)act as channels through which materials can pass.E)have no known functions in membranes.Answer:BExplanation:A)B)C)D)E)24)The ________ of a phospholipid molecule will seek water, whereas the ________ of the moleculeswill avoid water.24)A)hydrophobic portion; hydrophilic portionB)tail; headC)head; tailD)fatty acid; phosphate groupAnswer:CExplanation:A)B)C)D)25)A component of the plasma membrane that helps to maintain its fluidity is:25)A)nucleic acid.B)protein.C)the phospholipid bilayer.D)carbohydrate.E)cholesterol.Answer:EExplanation:A)B)C)D)E)26)Water moves from a:26)A)solution with more salt to a solution with less salt.B)low free-water solution toward a high free-water solution.C)hypotonic environment to a hypertonic environment.D)hypertonic environment to a hypotonic environment.Answer:CExplanation:A)B)C)D)9
27)Red blood cells placed in pure water will swell and burst. What process is causing this to happen?27)A)Water is being pulled into the cell by the cell’s solutes.B)Water is diffusing across the plasma membrane from a region of high (outside the cell) to low(inside the cell) “free” water concentration.C)Ions are diffusing across the plasma membrane and destabilizing the phospholipids.D)Water is diffusing across the plasma membrane from a region of low (outside the cell) to high(inside the cell) “free” water concentration.E)Solutes are being drawn into the cell across the plasma membrane.Answer:BExplanation:A)B)C)D)E)28)All of the following processes bring materials into a cellexcept:28)A)phagocytosis.B)endocytosis.C)receptor-mediated endocytosis.D)exocytosis.Answer:DExplanation:A)B)C)D)29)Cystic fibrosis is the result of:29)A)cysts in the lungs.B)an abnormal chloride channel protein.C)an abnormal sodium channel protein.D)no sodium channel protein.E)no sodium-potassium pump.Answer:BExplanation:A)B)C)D)E)30)The plasma membrane is composed of phospholipids, which are free to move laterally, and ispeppered with both stationary and mobile proteins. This view of the plasma membrane is knownas the:30)A)peppered membrane model.B)semipermeable membrane model.C)fluid-mosaic model.D)phospholipid bilayer model.Answer:CExplanation:A)B)C)D)10
31)A purpose of the plasma membrane is to:31)A)keep harmful substances within the cell.B)form the outer boundary of a cell.C)produce proteins.D)form ribosomes.E)allow no contact with other cells.Answer:BExplanation:A)B)C)D)E)32)Which statement about diffusion is correct?32)A)Diffusion causes movement of materials toward equilibrium.B)Diffusion of water cannot occur.C)Diffusion can occur only through a membrane.D)Diffusion requires a protein channel.Answer:AExplanation:A)B)C)D)33)Which statement below is true?33)A)All internal membranes of a cell are just giant invaginations from the plasma membrane.B)Vesicle membranes degrade as they fuse with the plasma membrane during exocytosis.C)All internal cell membranes are similar in structure to the plasma membrane.D)The only internal membrane of a cell that is similar to the plasma membrane is the nuclearmembrane.Answer:CExplanation:A)B)C)D)34)Diffusion is a process by which a substance:34)A)goes down its concentration gradient.B)goes from lesser to greater concentration.C)is at equilibrium.D)goes up its concentration gradient.Answer:AExplanation:A)B)C)D)11
35)Calcium ions (Ca2+) are present in the endoplasmic reticulum at concentrations 1,000 times higherthan in the cytosol (the gel-like part of the cell outside organelles). One protein on the endoplasmicreticulum membrane is devoted to allowing Ca2+to move from the endoplasmic reticulum to thecytosol, and another protein moves Ca2+from the cytosol to the endoplasmic reticulum. Theseprocesses are not trivial–Ca2+released into the cytosol allows, for example, for muscle contractionand communication between nerve cells. In this pair of Ca2+transport proteins, you would predictthat the protein moving Ca2+from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol ________, and theprotein that moves Ca2+from cytosol to the endoplasmic reticulum ________.35)A)requires ATP; works without ATPB)is large; is smallC)is small; is largeD)works without ATP; requires ATPE)transports calcium slowly; transports calcium rapidlyAnswer:DExplanation:A)B)C)D)E)36)You have isolated a cell that is unable to produce cholesterol for its cell membranes. Which of thefollowing defects is this cell most likely to have?36)A)The cell will not be able to regulate the transportation of substances into and out of the cell.B)The cell will burst as a result of osmosis.C)The cell will not be able to communicate with other cells.D)The cell will be unable to transport nutrients.E)The cell membrane will not have the correct fluidity.Answer:EExplanation:A)B)C)D)E)37)You have lost a lot of blood in an accident. In the emergency room the first thing the doctors willneed to do is replace lost fluids. The fluids they give you should be:37)A)either hypertonic or isotonic to your cells.B)either hypertonic or hypotonic to your cells.C)hypertonic to your cells.D)isotonic to your cells.E)hypotonic to your cells.Answer:DExplanation:A)B)C)D)E)12
38)The 1985 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Michael Brown and JosephGoldstein for their work on cholesterol metabolism. Brown and Goldstein investigated the cause ofremarkably high levels of circulating cholesterol found in certain families. Just as remarkable wasthe high incidence of heart disease in these families. What Brown and Goldstein found was notwhat might be expected–these individuals did not make too much cholesterol. Instead, most ofthese people had defects in receptor-mediated endocytosis (RME). What could possibly link highcholesterol levels in the blood and defective RME in these patients?38)A)Cholesterol was not transported into cells by facilitated diffusion and therefore accumulatedin the blood.B)Cholesterol was being secreted from cells by RME at too high a rate and thereforeaccumulated in the blood.C)Cholesterol was not transported into cells by RME and therefore accumulated in the blood.D)Cholesterol was not transported into cells by active transport proteins and thereforeaccumulated in the blood.E)Cholesterol was being secreted by facilitated diffusion at too high a rate and thereforeaccumulated in the blood.Answer:CExplanation:A)B)C)D)E)39)Membrane proteins perform all of the following functionsexcept:39)A)communication.B)transport.C)maintainance of membrane fluidity.D)cell recognition.E)structural support.Answer:CExplanation:A)B)C)D)E)40)Which of the following would be least likely to diffuse through a phospholipid bilayer?40)A)the small, nonpolar molecule of butaneB)waterC)carbon dioxideD)sodium ionsE)oxygenAnswer:DExplanation:A)B)C)D)E)13
41)Facilitated diffusion is similar to simple diffusion because:41)A)each requires the use of energy.B)each requires a protein channel for movement to occur.C)each utilizes vesicles to move material around the cell.D)in both, materials move down their concentration gradient.Answer:DExplanation:A)B)C)D)42)Small, nonpolar molecules easily pass through the phospholipid bilayer because the molecules:42)A)dissolve in water and follow the water as it flows into the cell.B)are brought in by attaching to structural proteins in the membrane.C)are brought in by attaching to cholesterol in the membrane.D)can dissolve in the hydrophobic portion of the bilayer.Answer:DExplanation:A)B)C)D)43)Which of the following is true of the plasma membrane?43)A)Its capabilities are primarily determined by carbohydrates in the membrane.B)It only allows hydrophilic materials to pass through.C)It is a rigid, nonchanging structure.D)It controls the passage of substances into and out of the cell.Answer:DExplanation:A)B)C)D)44)The primary component of the plasma membrane is:44)A)cholesterol.B)protein.C)phospholipid.D)carbohydrate.Answer:CExplanation:A)B)C)D)14
45)Plants stay standing upright because of turgor pressure caused by:45)A)bones that run through the plant, holding it upright.B)solutes rushing into the cells, keeping the cells tight.C)cell walls of the plants supporting and keeping the plants standing upright.D)water rushing into the cells, keeping the cells tight.Answer:DExplanation:A)B)C)D)46)The fatty-acid tails of a phospholipid are:46)A)carbohydrates.B)proteins.C)polar.D)hydrophilic.E)hydrophobic.Answer:EExplanation:A)B)C)D)E)47)Insulin and many other hormones are protein molecules. Based on your knowledge of transportprocesses, you can say that cells that secrete these types of hormones do so through:47)A)facilitated diffusion.B)receptor-mediated endocytosis.C)pinocytosis.D)passive diffusion.E)exocytosis.Answer:EExplanation:A)B)C)D)E)48)The outer living limit of the cell is called the:48)A)plasma membrane.B)cell wall.C)edge.D)plastid.Answer:AExplanation:A)B)C)D)15
49)The plasma membrane is a semipermeable membrane. This means that it is:49)A)permeable to small molecules except water.B)only permeable to cholesterol.C)permeable to small and uncharged molecules but not to larger or charged substances.D)permeable to large charged molecules but not to small uncharged molecules.Answer:CExplanation:A)B)C)D)50)Short chains of sugars attached to proteins or phospholipids in the cell membrane make up the:50)A)communication proteins.B)phospholipid bilayer.C)glycocalyx.D)cholesterol.Answer:CExplanation:A)B)C)D)SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.51)________ is the process that a cell can use to bring very large molecules into the cell.51)Answer:EndocytosisExplanation:52)A ________ plasma membrane allows water but not solutes to pass through it.52)Answer:semipermeableExplanation:53)Osmosis refers to the diffusion of ________ across a membrane.53)Answer:waterExplanation:54)The ________ functions in cell lubrication, adhesion, and signaling.54)Answer:glycocalyxExplanation:TRUE/FALSE. Write ‘T’ if the statement is true and ‘F’ if the statement is false.55)The phospholipid bilayer forms spontaneously in water.55)Answer:TrueFalseExplanation:56)Hydrophobic molecules easily pass through the fatty-acid region of the plasma membrane.56)Answer:TrueFalseExplanation:16
57)The phospholipid bilayer forms because fatty-acid tails do not dissolve in water.57)Answer:TrueFalseExplanation:58)Having defective proteins in the cell membrane can cause disease.58)Answer:TrueFalseExplanation:59)Osmosis is an example of passive transport.59)Answer:TrueFalseExplanation:60)To move a molecule into a cell against the concentration gradient requires energy.60)Answer:TrueFalseExplanation:61)Cholesterol is a hormone receptor in the plasma membrane.61)Answer:TrueFalseExplanation:62)Phagocytosis is an example of passive transport.62)Answer:TrueFalseExplanation:63)Signals sent between cells reach a cell at receptor proteins.63)Answer:TrueFalseExplanation:64)The functioning of the immune system depends on recognition proteins.64)Answer:TrueFalseExplanation:65)Carbohydrate chains serve as the binding sites for many signaling molecules.65)Answer:TrueFalseExplanation:66)Facilitated diffusion occurs down a concentration gradient.66)Answer:TrueFalseExplanation:67)The chief component of the plasma membrane is the phospholipid bilayer.67)Answer:TrueFalseExplanation:68)In cystic fibrosis, cells cannot pump out enough chloride ions.68)Answer:TrueFalseExplanation:17
69)The hydrophilic heads of phospholipids in the plasma membrane face a water-based environment.69)Answer:TrueFalseExplanation:70)Transport proteins are integral plasma membrane proteins.70)Answer:TrueFalseExplanation:71)Exocytosis is an example of active transport of a substance into the cell.71)Answer:TrueFalseExplanation:72)A cell wall stops a plant cell from taking in so much water that it will burst.72)Answer:TrueFalseExplanation:73)A substance moving down the concentration gradient is an example of active transport.73)Answer:TrueFalseExplanation:74)Active transport moves a substance against the concentration gradient.74)Answer:TrueFalseExplanation:75)Facilitated diffusion occurs through membrane-bound transport proteins.75)Answer:TrueFalseExplanation:76)Water moves freely through a semipermeable membrane.76)Answer:TrueFalseExplanation:77)The hydrophilic region of the phospholipid bilayer faces to the interior of the plasma membrane.77)Answer:TrueFalseExplanation:78)Diffusion occurs because of random molecular movement.78)Answer:TrueFalseExplanation:79)Integral proteins always extend completely through the plasma membrane.79)Answer:TrueFalseExplanation:80)Cholesterol helps to maintain the correct fluidity of the plasma membrane.80)Answer:TrueFalseExplanation:18
81)Some integral proteins can span the entire phospholipid bilayer.81)Answer:TrueFalseExplanation:82)The glycocalyx is found just inside the plasma membrane of the cell.82)Answer:TrueFalseExplanation:83)The most up-to-date explanation of the structure of the plasma membrane is called thefluid-mosaic model.83)Answer:TrueFalseExplanation:MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1.Match column 1 with the items in column 2.84)Requires the expenditure of energy tomove molecules or ions across a cellmembraneAnswer:A85)Uses a transport vesicle to bring largematerials into the cellAnswer:B86)Movement of materials across a cellmembrane that does not requireenergyAnswer:E87)Uses a transport vesicle to releasematerials to the exterior of a cellAnswer:C88)The movement of molecules downtheir concentration gradient withoutthe use of a transport proteinAnswer:F89)Uses transport proteins to assist themovement of materials down aconcentration gradientAnswer:DA)active transportB)endocytosisC)exocytosisD)facilitated diffusionE)passive transportF)simple diffusion84)85)86)87)88)89)ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.90)An accident victim lost a lot of blood and was rushed to the emergency room. In the emergency room, the firstthing the doctors did was replace lost fluids by giving an IV of pure water. But this caused the patient to die.Propose a reason why the patient died.Answer:Pure water is hypotonic to the cells in the blood. This would cause blood cells to swell and burst, whichcould lead to the death of the patient.19
91)What are two major differences between active transport and passive transport? Please give a specific exampleof each that occurs within a eukaryotic cell.Answer:Active transport moves molecules against their concentration gradient and thus requires energy, whereaspassive transport requires movement with the concentration gradient and does not require energy.Oxygen moves through passive transport, whereas glucose can be moved through active transport.92)A woman suffering from severe dehydration goes into the hospital. The doctor tells the woman that her bloodhas far too much solute in it and not enough water. Explain how this condition could affect the cells of her bodyand why.Answer:This could make the cells of her body lose their water by osmosis. The water in the cells will rush out,trying to equilibrate the higher-than-normal solute level outside the cells.93)The plasma membrane proteins of a cell can be linked to colored marker molecules. In an experiment, youlabeled the membrane proteins of one cell with a red marker and the membrane proteins of a second cell with ablue marker. Using your understanding of the fluid-mosaic model, what might you see happen if youconnected the plasma membranes of the two cells so that they form one continuous membrane?Answer:The plasma membrane is fluid, so the proteins are free to move across the membrane. Eventually, the redproteins of one cell would move to the membrane of the second cell, and the blue proteins of the secondcell would move to the membrane of the first cell. Eventually you would have an even mix of red andblue proteins throughout the membrane.20