Essentials Of Pathophysiology Concepts of Altered States 4th Edition By Porth
Essentials Of Pathophysiology Concepts of Altered States 4th Edition By Porth
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Chapter 2- Cellular Responses to Stress, Injury, and Aging
Complete Chapter Questions With Answers
Sample Questions Are Posted Below
| 1. | Which of the following clients would be an example of cellular atrophy? | |
| A) | A middle-aged female experiencing menopause due to loss of estrogen stimulation | |
| B) | A postnephrectomy client whose remaining kidney enlarges to compensate for the loss | |
| C) | A hypertensive, noncompliant client who has developed a progressive increase in left ventricular mass | |
| D) | A female client with the change in uterine size as a result of pregnancy | |
| Ans: | A | |
| Feedback: | ||
| In women, the loss of estrogen stimulation during menopause results in atrophic changes in the reproductive organs. Compensatory hypertrophy is the enlargement of a remaining organ or tissue after a portion has been surgically removed or rendered inactive. For instance, if one kidney is removed, the remaining kidney enlarges to compensate for the loss. In hypertension, for example, the increased workload required to pump blood against an elevated arterial pressure results in a progressive increase in left ventricular muscle mass and need for coronary blood flow. The pregnant uterus undergoes both hypertrophy and hyperplasia as a result of estrogen stimulation. | ||
| 2. | A client has experienced significant decreases in mobility and stamina during a 3-week hospital stay for the treatment of a femoral head fracture. Which of the following phenomena most likely accounts for the client’s decrease in muscle function? | |
| A) | Impaired muscle cell metabolism resulting from metaplasia | |
| B) | Dysplasia as a consequence of inflammation during bone remodeling | |
| C) | Disuse atrophy of muscle cells during a prolonged period of immobility | |
| D) | Ischemic atrophy resulting from vascular changes while on bedrest | |
| Ans: | C | |
| Feedback: | ||
| Disuse atrophy frequently occurs as a consequence of prolonged periods of muscle inactivity. Metaplasia and dysplasia are not common consequences of immobility and muscle disuse. Similarly, infrequent muscle use does not typically cause vascular changes that result in ischemic atrophy. | ||
| 3. | The client is found to have liver disease, resulting in the removal of a lobe of his liver. Adaptation to the reduced size of the liver leads to which phenomenon in the remaining liver cells? | |
| A) | Metaplasia | |
| B) | Organ atrophy | |
| C) | Compensatory hyperplasia | |
| D) | Physiologic hypertrophy | |
| Ans: | C | |
| Feedback: | ||
| Compensatory hyperplasia can be stimulated in response to loss of vital tissue that is capable of regeneration, such as liver cells. Metaplasia involves replacement of one existing cell type with another fully differentiated cell type. Organ atrophy is caused by irreversible loss of cells. Physiologic hypertrophy is increased size of existing cells resulting from increased workload. | ||
| 4. | A client presents for a scheduled Papanicolaou (Pap) smear. The clinician who will interpret the smear will examine cell samples for evidence of: | |
| A) | Changes in cell shape, size, and organization | |
| B) | The presence of unexpected cell types | |
| C) | Ischemic changes in cell samples | |
| D) | Abnormally high numbers of cells in a specified field | |
| Ans: | A | |
| Feedback: | ||
| A Pap smear is an example of a diagnostic procedure that tests for the presence of cell dysplasia, that is, deranged cell growth of a specific tissue that results in cells that vary in size, shape, and organization. Unexpected cell types are evidence of metaplasia, whereas ischemic changes are associated with cell hypertrophy. Increases in the number of cells are characterized as hyperplasia. | ||
| 5. | When performing an assessment on a school-aged child, the nurse notes that the mucous membranes along the gum margins have a noticeable blue-colored line. At this point, the nurse should ask the parents about possible: | |
| A) | Liver problems as an infant | |
| B) | Congenital heart problems | |
| C) | Exposure to lead | |
| D) | Second-hand smoke exposure | |
| Ans: | C | |
| Feedback: | ||
| The formation of a blue lead line along the margins of the gum is one of the diagnostic features of lead poisoning. Liver problems are usually displayed as jaundice (yellowing of the skin/sclera). Congenital heart problems may exhibit cyanosis, but this would not be just in the gum margins. Second-hand smoke exposure may cause accumulation in the lungs. | ||
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