Chapter 21: Cancer Development

Chapter 21: Cancer Development

Complete Chapter Questions With Answers

Sample Questions Are Posted Below

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. The student nurse learning about cellular regulation understands that which process occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle?
   1. Actual division (mitosis)
   2. Doubling of DNA
   3. Growing extra membrane
   4. No reproductive activity

ANS:   B

During the S phase, the cell must double its DNA content through DNA synthesis. Actual division, or mitosis, occurs during the M phase. Growing extra membrane occurs in the G₁ phase. During the G₀ phase, the cell is working but is not involved in any reproductive activity.

DIF:     Remembering/Knowledge                 REF:    360                   KEY: Cellular regulation| physiology                                                      MSC:   Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning NOT:             Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation

2. A student nurse asks the nursing instructor what “apoptosis” means. What response by the instructor is best?
   1. Growth by cells enlarging
   2. Having the normal number of chromosomes
   3. Inhibition of cell growth
   4. Programmed cell death

ANS:   D

Apoptosis is programmed cell death. With this characteristic, organs and tissues function with cells that are at their peak of performance. Growth by cells enlarging is hyperplasia. Having the normal number of chromosomes is euploidy. Inhibition of cell growth is contact inhibition.

DIF:     Understanding/Comprehension         REF:    360                   KEY: Cellular regulation| physiology                                                      MSC:   Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning NOT:             Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation

3. The nursing instructor explains the difference between normal cells and benign tumor cells. What information does the instructor provide about these cells?
   1. Benign tumors grow through invasion of other tissue.
   2. Benign tumors have lost their cellular regulation from contact inhibition.
   3. Growing in the wrong place or time is typical of benign tumors.
   4. The loss of characteristics of the parent cells is called anaplasia.

ANS:   C

Benign tumors are basically normal cells growing in the wrong place or at the wrong time. Benign cells grow through hyperplasia, not invasion. Benign tumor cells retain contact inhibition. Anaplasia is a characteristic of cancer cells.

DIF:            Understanding/Comprehension         REF:    361                   KEY: Cellular regulation| physiology| benign tumors                                     MSC: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning                               NOT:                                                 Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation

4. A group of nursing students has entered a futuristic science contest in which they have “developed” a cure for cancer. Which treatment would most likely be the winning entry?
   1. Artificial fibronectin infusion to maintain tight adhesion of cells
   2. Chromosome repair kit to halt rapid division of cancer cells
   3. Synthetic enzyme transfusion to allow rapid cellular migration
   4. Telomerase therapy to maintain chromosomal immortality

ANS:           A

Cancer cells do not have sufficient fibronectin and so do not maintain tight adhesion with other cells. This is part of the mechanism of metastasis. Chromosome alterations in cancer cells (aneuploidy) consist of having too many, too few, or altered chromosome pairs. This does not necessarily lead to rapid cellular division. Rapid cellular migration is part of metastasis. Immortality is a characteristic of cancer cells due to too much telomerase.

DIF:            Remembering/Knowledge                 REF:    362                   KEY: Cellular regulation| cancer| pathophysiology                                                     MSC: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning                               NOT:                                                 Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation

5. Which statement about carcinogenesis is accurate?
   1. An initiated cell will always become clinical cancer.
   2. Cancer becomes a health problem once it is 1 cm in size.
   3. Normal hormones and proteins do not promote cancer growth.
   4. Tumor cells need to develop their own blood supply.

ANS:           D

Tumors need to develop their own blood supply through a process called angiogenesis. An initiated cell needs a promoter to continue its malignant path. Normal hormones and proteins in the body can act as promoters. A 1-cm tumor is a detectable size, but other events have to occur for it to become a health problem.

DIF:     Remembering/Knowledge      REF:    362       KEY: Cellular regulation| pathophysiology| cancer               MSC: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning                       NOT: Client Needs Category: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation