Essentials Of Pathophysiology Concepts of Altered States 4th Edition By Porth
Essentials Of Pathophysiology Concepts of Altered States 4th Edition By Porth
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Chapter 21- Control of Respiratory Function
Complete Chapter Questions With Answers
Sample Questions Are Posted Below
| 1. | Which of the following clients are more than likely experiencing impairment of the mucociliary blank with cilia dysfunction? Select all that apply. | |
| A) | A smoker who smokes 2 packs of cigarettes/day and currently hospitalized with pneumonia | |
| B) | A middle-aged diabetic client with bilateral neuropathy | |
| C) | A military guard person stationed in Germany | |
| D) | A mountain skier who spends all day outside teaching ski lessons | |
| E) | A nursing home client diagnosed with H1N1 influenza with fever of 102°F | |
| Ans: | A, D, E | |
| Feedback: | ||
| The mucociliary blanket protects the respiratory system by entrapping foreign particles in mucus; then cilia move the mucus with trapped particles upward toward the oropharynx to be coughed out or swallowed. The function of the cilia in clearing the lower airways and alveoli is optimal at normal oxygen levels and is impaired in situations of low and high oxygen levels. It is also impaired by drying conditions, such as breathing heated but unhumidified indoor air during the winter months. Cigarette smoking slows down or paralyzes the motility of the cilia. This slowing allows the residue from tobacco smoke, dust, and other particles to accumulate in the lungs, decreasing the efficiency of this pulmonary defense system. During fever, the water vapor in the lungs increases, causing more water to be lost through the respiratory tract. In addition, fever usually is accompanied by an increase in respiratory rate so that more air passes through the airways, withdrawing moisture from its mucosal surface. As a result, respiratory secretions thicken, preventing free movement of the cilia and impairing the protective function of the mucociliary defense system. | ||
| 2. | Above the glottis that opens and closes for speech, the epiglottis performs which physiologic functions during swallowing? | |
| A) | Open the epiglottis | |
| B) | Cover the larynx | |
| C) | Collapse the vocal cords | |
| D) | Constrict the airways | |
| Ans: | B | |
| Feedback: | ||
| During swallowing, the free edges of the epiglottis move downward to cover the larynx, thereby preventing liquids and foods from entering. When substances other than air manage to enter the airway, the vocal folds serve as a sphincter, causing the larynx muscles to constrict and close and/or collapse the airway as a protective measure. | ||
| 3. | A child with asthma is walking outside and develops a bronchospasm. The school nurse knows this bronchospasm has what effects on bronchioles with airflow? Select all that apply. | |
| A) | Narrowing of bronchioles | |
| B) | Impairs airflow | |
| C) | Exerts tension on the bronchiole walls | |
| D) | Causes atelectasis in posterior lung segments | |
| E) | Inhibits the filtering of dust particles | |
| Ans: | A, B | |
| Feedback: | ||
| Bronchospasm, or contraction of these muscles, causes narrowing of the bronchioles and impairs airflow. Bronchospasm does not exert tension on the walls of the bronchi, cause atelectasis, or inhibit filtering of dust particles. | ||
| 4. | A client with a history of emphysema from long-term cigarette smoking has loss of many alveoli. When comparing the type I alveolar cell physiologic function with the primary role of type II alveoli, the nurse would be aware that the type II alveoli are responsible for: | |
| A) | Facilitation of bronchial circulation | |
| B) | Production of surfactant | |
| C) | Gas exchange | |
| D) | Production of macrophages | |
| Ans: | B | |
| Feedback: | ||
| Although macrophages are present in all alveoli, only type II alveoli produce surfactant. They do not participate directly in gas exchange or facilitate bronchial circulation. | ||
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