Pathophysiology The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children, 7th Edition by Kathryn L.
Pathophysiology The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children, 7th Edition by Kathryn L.
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Chapter 31: Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
Complete Chapter Questions With Answers
Sample Questions Are Posted Below
MULTIPLE CHOICE
| a. | The pericardium is a double-walled membranous sac that encloses the heart. |
| b. | It is made up of connective tissue and a surface layer of squamous cells. |
| c. | The pericardium protects the heart against infection and inflammation from the lungs and pleural space. |
| d. | It contains pain and mechanoreceptors that can elicit reflex changes in blood pressure and heart rate. |
ANS: B
The pericardium is made up of a surface layer of mesothelium over a thin layer of connective tissue. The remaining options accurately describe the pericardium.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 1085
| a. | The right and left atria; they are low-pressure chambers that serve as storage units and conduits for blood. |
| b. | The right and left atria; they are not directly involved in the preload, contractility, or afterload of the heart. |
| c. | The left ventricle; the mean pressure of blood coming into this ventricle is from the lung, which has a low pressure. |
| d. | The right ventricle; it pumps blood into the pulmonary capillaries, which have a lower pressure compared with the systemic circulation. |
ANS: A
The two atria have the thinnest walls because they are low-pressure chambers that serve as storage units and conduits for blood that is emptied into the ventricles. This selection is the only option that correctly identifies which heart chambers have the thinnest walls and why that helps cardiac function.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 1086
| a. | Right atrium | c. | Left ventricle |
| b. | Left atrium | d. | Right ventricle |
ANS: C
Pressure is greatest in the systemic circulation, driven by the left ventricle.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 1086
| a. | Chordae tendineae relax, which allows the valves to close. |
| b. | Increased pressure in the ventricles pushes the valves to close. |
| c. | Trabeculae carneae contract, which pulls the valves closed. |
| d. | Reduced pressure in the atria creates a negative pressure that pulls the valves closed. |
ANS: B
During ventricular relaxation, the two atrioventricular valves open and blood flows from the higher pressure atria to the relaxed ventricles. With increasing ventricular pressure, these valves close and prevent backflow into the atria as the ventricles contract. This selection is the only option that correctly identifies the process that ensures closing of the mitral and tricuspid valves.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 1088
| a. | The papillary muscles close the semilunar valve. |
| b. | These muscles prevent backward expulsion of the atrioventricular valve. |
| c. | They close the atrioventricular valve. |
| d. | The papillary muscles open the semilunar valve. |
ANS: B
The papillary muscles are extensions of the myocardium that pull the cusps together and downward at the onset of ventricular contraction, thus preventing their backward expulsion into the atria. This selection is the only option that correctly describes the function of the papillary muscles.
PTS: 1 REF: Pages 1087-1088
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