Chapter 32: Alterations of Cardiovascular Function

Chapter 32: Alterations of Cardiovascular Function

 

Complete Chapter Questions With Answers

 

Sample Questions Are Posted Below

 

MULTIPLE CHOICE

 

1. What is the initiating event that leads to the development of atherosclerosis?

a.	Release of the inflammatory cytokines
b.	Macrophages adhere to vessel walls.
c.	Injury to the endothelial cells that line the artery walls
d.	Release of the platelet-deprived growth factor

 

 

ANS:  C

Atherosclerosis begins with an injury to the endothelial cells that line the arterial walls. Possible causes of endothelial injury include the common risk factors for atherosclerosis, such as smoking, hypertension, diabetes, increased levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), decreased levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and autoimmunity. The remaining options occur only after the endothelial cells are injured.

 

PTS:   1                    REF:   Page 1145

 

2. What is the effect of oxidized low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) in atherosclerosis?

a.	LDLs cause smooth muscle proliferation.
b.	LDLs cause regression of atherosclerotic plaques.
c.	LDLs increase levels of inflammatory cytokines.
d.	LDLs direct macrophages to the site in the endothelium.

 

 

ANS:  A

Oxidized LDLs are toxic to endothelial cells, cause smooth muscle proliferation, and activate further immune and inflammatory responses. This selection is the only option that accurately identifies the effects of LDLs.

 

PTS:   1                    REF:   Page 1145

 

3. Which inflammatory cytokines are released when endothelial cells are injured?

a.	Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)
b.	Interferon-beta (IFN-b), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)
c.	Tumor necrosis factor–alpha (TNF-a), interferon-gamma (IFN-g), and interleukin 1 (IL-1)
d.	Interferon-alpha (IFN-a), interleukin-12 (IL-12), and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF)

 

 

ANS:  C

Numerous inflammatory cytokines are released, including TNF-a, IFN-g, IL-1, toxic oxygen radicals, and heat shock proteins. This selection is the only option that accurately identifies which inflammatory cytokines are associated with endothelial cell injury.

 

PTS:   1                    REF:   Page 1145

 

4. When endothelia cells are injured, what alteration contributes to atherosclerosis?

a.	The release of toxic oxygen radicals that oxidize low-density lipoproteins (LDLs).
b.	Cells are unable to make the normal amount of vasodilating cytokines.
c.	Cells produce an increased amount of antithrombotic cytokines.
d.	Cells develop a hypersensitivity to homocysteine and lipids.

 

 

ANS:  B

Injured endothelial cells become inflamed and cannot make normal amounts of antithrombotic and vasodilating cytokines. This selection is the only option that accurately identifies the factor that contributes to atherosclerosis.

 

PTS:   1                    REF:   Page 1145

 

5. Which factor is responsible for the hypertrophy of the myocardium associated with hypertension?

a.	Increased norepinephrine	c.	Angiotensin II
b.	Adducin	d.	Insulin resistance

 

 

ANS:  C

Of the available options, only angiotensin II is responsible for the hypertrophy of the myocardium and much of the renal damage associated with hypertension.

 

PTS:   1                    REF:   Pages 1132-1138