Chapter 39: Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children

Chapter 39: Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children

 

Complete Chapter Questions With Answers

 

Sample Questions Are Posted Below

 

MULTIPLE CHOICE

 

1. The functional kidney is associated with which embryonic organ?

a.	Metanephros	c.	Pronephros
b.	Mesonephros	d.	Endonephros

 

 

ANS:  A

The functional kidney is associated with the metanephros. The kidney develops from three sets of structures: the pronephros (nonfunctional by the end of the embryonic period), mesonephros (nonfunctional), and metanephros (the functional kidney). Endonephros is not relevant to this process.

 

PTS:   1                    REF:   Pages 1376-1377 | Figure 39-1

 

2. When does urine formation and excretion begin?

a.	At birth	c.	By 6 months’ gestation
b.	By 3 months’ gestation	d.	By 8 months’ gestation

 

 

ANS:  B

Urine formation and excretion begin by the third month of gestation.

 

PTS:   1                    REF:   Page 1377

 

3. Compared with an adult, an infant has a greater content of extracellular fluid, as well as a greater rate of fluid exchange. What effect does this have on the fluid balance of a child compared with that of an adult?

a.	Edema development is less of a problem.
b.	Overhydration is not difficult to manage.
c.	Daily fluid requirements are greater.
d.	The control of dehydration is more difficult.

 

 

ANS:  D

An infant not only has a greater content of extracellular fluid, but infants also have a greater rate of fluid exchange. The adult takes in and excretes approximately 2000 ml of water daily, representing 5% of the total body fluid and 14% of the extracellular fluid. In contrast, the infant’s daily exchange of 600 to 700 ml of water represents 290% of the total body fluid or nearly 50% of the extracellular volume, making control of dehydration and overhydration more difficult. This fact makes the other options incorrect.

 

PTS:   1                    REF:   Page 1378

 

4. What term is used to identify the condition that exists when the urethral meatus is located on the undersurface of the penis?

a.	Hypospadias	c.	Hyperspadias
b.	Epispadias	d.	Chordee

 

 

ANS:  A

Hypospadias is a congenital condition in which the urethral meatus is located on the ventral side or undersurface of the penis. This is the only term used for this condition.

 

PTS:   1                    REF:   Page 1378

 

5. What initiates inflammation in acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis?

a.	Lysosomal enzymes
b.	Endotoxins from Streptococcus
c.	Immune complexes
d.	Immunoglobulin E (IgE)–mediated response

 

 

ANS:  C

The immune complexes initiate inflammation and glomerular injury in acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. Antigen-antibody complexes are deposited in the glomerulus, or the antigen may be trapped within the glomerulus and immune complexes formed in situ. The other options are not involved in initiating inflammation in this situation.

 

PTS:   1                    REF:   Page 1381