Essentials Of Pathophysiology Concepts of Altered States 4th Edition By Porth
Essentials Of Pathophysiology Concepts of Altered States 4th Edition By Porth
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Chapter 4- Cell Proliferation and Tissue Regeneration and Repair
Complete Chapter Questions With Answers
Sample Questions Are Posted Below
| 1. | During a discussion of different cell types in the body, the instructor mentions that which types of cells renew themselves continuously throughout life? | |
| A) | Liver cells | |
| B) | Neurons | |
| C) | Cells lining the GI tract | |
| D) | Osteoblasts | |
| Ans: | C | |
| Feedback: | ||
| The process of differentiation is regulated by a combination of internal processes involving the expression of specific genes and external stimuli provided by neighboring cells, the ECM, and a variety of growth factors. The process occurs in orderly steps, with each progressive step being exchanged for a loss of ability to develop different cell characteristics. As a cell becomes more highly specialized, the stimuli that are able to induce mitosis become more limited. Neurons, which are highly specialized cells, lose their ability to proliferate once development of the nervous system is complete. In other, less specialized tissues, such as the skin and mucosal lining of the gastrointestinal tract, a high degree of cell renewal continues throughout life. Liver cells and osteoblasts (bone-forming cells) do not renew throughout life. | ||
| 2. | Which of the following cells will likely stay in a permanent resting state known as G0, unless there is a change in nutrients, growth factors, or hormones that trigger cell renewal? | |
| A) | Stratified squamous epithelium of the skin | |
| B) | Cells lining the esophagus and intestines | |
| C) | Neurons | |
| D) | Cancerous cells | |
| Ans: | C | |
| Feedback: | ||
| When environmental conditions are adverse, such as nutrient or growth factor unavailability, or cells become terminally differentiated (i.e., highly specialized), cells may exit the cell cycle, becoming mitotically quiescent and reside in a special resting state known as G0. Cells in G0 may reenter the cell cycle in response to extracellular nutrients, growth factors, hormones, and other signals such as blood loss or tissue injury that trigger cell renewal. Highly specialized and terminally differentiated cells, such as neurons, may permanently stay in G0. The skin, cells lining the GI tract, and cancer cells are continuously dividing and going through the cell cycle. | ||
| 3. | A mutation has occurred during mitosis of an individual’s bone marrow cell. This event may be the result of the failure of which of the following? | |
| A) | Progenitor cells | |
| B) | Fibroblasts | |
| C) | Stem cells | |
| D) | Cyclins | |
| Ans: | D | |
| Feedback: | ||
| The cyclins are a family of proteins that control the entry and progression of cells through the cell cycle, the failure or absence of which may result in mutations. Fibroblasts do not contribute to the cell cycle, and neither progenitor cells nor stem cells are likely to directly contribute to mutation. | ||
| 4. | A client has arrived in the emergency department with massive blood loss from a lacerated liver. Knowing the physiological principles behind the capacity for cells to regenerate, the client’s body will likely: | |
| A) | Pull fluid from the tissues to maintain a reasonable blood pressure | |
| B) | Stimulate rapid proliferation of RBCs by the blood-forming progenitor cells of the bone marrow | |
| C) | Activate the tissue cells to start producing stem cells | |
| D) | Begin a cell cycle so stem cells can undergo numerous mitotic divisions | |
| Ans: | B | |
| Feedback: | ||
| Continuously dividing tissues are those in which the cells continue to divide and replicate throughout life, replacing cells that are continually being destroyed. These tissues can readily regenerate after injury as long as a pool of stem cells is preserved. Bleeding, for example, stimulates the rapid proliferation of replacement cells by the blood-forming progenitor cells of the bone marrow. Another type of tissue cell, called a stem cell, remains incompletely differentiated throughout life. As mature cells die, the tissue is replenished by the differentiation of cells generated from stem cells. | ||
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