Essentials Of Pathophysiology Concepts of Altered States 4th Edition By Porth
Essentials Of Pathophysiology Concepts of Altered States 4th Edition By Porth
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Chapter 45- Structure and Function of the Integumentum
Complete Chapter Questions With Answers
Sample Questions Are Posted Below
| 1. | Which of the following would be considered functions of the skin? Select all that apply. | |
| A) | Protection against physical injury | |
| B) | Protection from an invasion of microbes | |
| C) | Regulation of acid–base balance | |
| D) | Regulation of metabolism | |
| E) | Synthesis of vitamin D | |
| Ans: | A, B, E | |
| Feedback: | ||
| Besides providing a covering for the entire body surface, the skin performs many other functions, including protection against physical injury, sunlight, and microorganisms; prevention of loss of fluids from the internal environment; regulation of body temperature; continual reception of sensations from the environment, such as touch, temperature, and pain; and synthesis of vitamin D through the action of sunlight on the skin. Acid–base regulation occurs primarily in the lungs and kidneys. Metabolic rate is regulated by many hormones, not the skin. | ||
| 2. | Which of the following clients would experience an accelerated rate of cell division in the stratum germinativum layer? | |
| A) | A stroke client who is incontinent of stool and bladder | |
| B) | A motorcycle accident client with large abrasions on the lower limbs | |
| C) | A young athlete who experienced a torn cartilage in the knee | |
| D) | A pregnant client who has developed dark purple stretch marks on the abdomen | |
| Ans: | B | |
| Feedback: | ||
| The deepest layer, the stratum germinativum, consists of a single layer of basal cells that are attached to the basal lamina in the basement membrane zone. The basal cells are the only epidermal cells that are mitotically active. It normally takes 3 to 4 weeks for the epidermis to replicate itself. The rate of cell division in the stratum germinativum is greatly accelerated when the outer layers of the epidermis are stripped away as occurs in abrasions and burns. The outer epidermis, which is avascular, is composed of four to five layers of stratified squamous epithelial cells, predominantly keratinocytes, which are formed in the deepest layer of the epidermis and migrate to the skin surface to replace cells that are lost during normal skin shedding. These are most affected by incontinence. Stretch marks are similar to stratum granulosum cells that have a dark staining granule of keratohyalin. | ||
| 3. | A skin care consultant informs the client that he needs to bath and use a soft cloth to remove dead cells on the skin surface. The rationale for this action is based on the fact that | |
| A) | All layers of epidermis undergo rapid mitosis. | |
| B) | Cells of the stratum spinosum will turn into prickle cells if not removed by bathing. | |
| C) | A basal cell is mitotically active and pushes older dead cells to the skin’s surface. | |
| D) | Keratinocytes will turn to fibrous protein tissue if not removed by bathing. | |
| Ans: | C | |
| Feedback: | ||
| The basal cells are the only epidermal cells that are mitotically active. All cells of the epidermis arise from this layer. As new cells form in the basal layer, the older cells change shape and are pushed upward toward the skin surface. The second layer, the stratum spinosum, is two to four layers thick. The cells of this layer are commonly referred to as prickle cells because they develop a spiny appearance as their cell borders interact. The keratinocytes are the predominant cell type of the epidermis. They produce a fibrous protein called keratin, which is essential to the protective function of skin and may be involved in the immune system and wound healing. | ||
| 4. | When talking to a group of teenagers about ways to protect against skin damage from ultraviolet radiation, the nurse should discuss which of the following tissues/cells? | |
| A) | Melanocytes | |
| B) | Langerhans | |
| C) | Subcutaneous fat | |
| D) | Protein granule | |
| Ans: | A | |
| Feedback: | ||
| In addition to the keratinocytes, the epidermis has melanin pigment–producing melanocytes that protect against ultraviolet radiation and Langerhans cells that link the epidermis to the immune system. Subcutaneous tissue contains fat and binds the dermis to underlying body tissues. The third keratinocyte layer, the stratum granulosum, is composed of flat cells containing protein granules called keratohyalin granules. | ||
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