Essentials Of Pathophysiology Concepts of Altered States 4th Edition By Porth
Essentials Of Pathophysiology Concepts of Altered States 4th Edition By Porth
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Chapter 5- Genetic Control of Cell Function and Inheritance
Complete Chapter Questions With Answers
Sample Questions Are Posted Below
| 1. | When explaining genetic coding to a group of students, the instructor discusses gene activation and deactivation. It was stressed that inactivation of a gene requires which of the following processes? | |
| A) | Methylation of histone amino acid | |
| B) | Acetylation of histone amino acid | |
| C) | Release of endonucleases | |
| D) | Protein-synthesizing apparatus of mitochondrial DNA | |
| Ans: | A | |
| Feedback: | ||
| Although solving the structural problem of how to fit a huge amount of DNA into the nucleus, the chromatin fiber, when complexed with histones and packaged into various levels of compaction, makes the DNA inaccessible during the processes of replication and gene expression. Several chemical interactions are now known to affect this process. One of these involves the acetylation of a histone amino acid group that is linked to opening of the chromatin fiber and gene activation. Another important chemical modification involves the methylation of histone amino acids, which is correlated with gene inactivation. Several repair mechanisms exist, and each depends on specific enzymes called endonucleases that recognize distortions of the DNA helix, cleave the abnormal chain, and remove the distorted region. Replication of mtDNA depends on enzymes encoded by nuclear DNA. Thus, the protein-synthesizing apparatus and molecular components for oxidative metabolism are jointly derived from nuclear and mitochondrial genes. | ||
| 2. | When an infant is born with gene mutations in his cells, the nurse explains to the parents that accidental errors may be a result of: Select all that apply. | |
| A) | Loss of one or more base pairs | |
| B) | Substitution of one base pair for another | |
| C) | Induction of chromatin to change its structure | |
| D) | Rearrangement of the base pairs | |
| Ans: | A, B, D | |
| Feedback: | ||
| Genetic mutations occur in germ cells (inherited errors) or somatic cells. Germ cell mutations can be spontaneous or an error of base pair deletion, substitution of one pair for a different pair, or rearrangement of the sequence of base pairs. Somatic cell mutations affect a cell line that differentiates into tissue types. Although solving the structural problem of how to fit a huge amount of DNA into the nucleus, the chromatin fiber, when complexed with histones and packaged into various levels of compaction, makes the DNA inaccessible during the processes of replication and gene expression. To accommodate these processes, chromatin must be induced to change its structure, a process called chromatin remodeling. | ||
| 3. | Which of the following statements is true of genetic mutations? | |
| A) | Errors in DNA duplication are normally irreparable. | |
| B) | Mutations that occur in somatic cells are inheritable. | |
| C) | Mutations may result from environmental agents. | |
| D) | Errors in DNA replication are most often fatal. | |
| Ans: | C | |
| Feedback: | ||
| In addition to random errors, extrinsic factors such as environmental agents, chemicals, and radiation can induce errors in DNA duplication. DNA repair mechanisms resolve the majority of mutations. As a result, most mutations are corrected and do not result in pathology or death. Only those DNA changes that occur in germ cells can be inherited. | ||
| 4. | While explaining the individual differences in physical traits in the family group, the health care provider states this is usually a result of: | |
| A) | An enzyme interfering with DNA sequence | |
| B) | An environmental chemical exposure | |
| C) | Small DNA sequence variation | |
| D) | Ischemia within the cell wall | |
| Ans: | C | |
| Feedback: | ||
| It is the small DNA sequence variation (1 in every 1000 base pairs) that is thought to account for the individual differences in physical traits, behaviors, and disease susceptibility. Enzyme interference, chemical exposure, and ischemia are not believed to be responsible for these differences. | ||
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