Community-Based Corrections International Edition 9Th Edition By Leanne Fiftal Alarid - Test Bank

Community-Based Corrections International Edition 9Th Edition By Leanne Fiftal Alarid – Test Bank

 

Instant Download – Complete Test Bank With Answers

 

 

Sample Questions Are Posted Below

 

TEST BANK

 

Multiple Choice Questions

 

1. Management that an officer maintains over offenders committed to his or her custody is:
2. punishment
3. conditions
4. supervision
5. constructive custody

 

ANS:  C                      REF:  p. 93                  LO:  1

 

2. The first step in the supervision process is:
3. Investigation
4. Classification
5. Intimidation
6. Initial interview

 

ANS:  B                      REF:  p. 94                  LO:  1

 

3. During classification, the highest priority is placed on identifying _____ that would likely jeopardize public safety if not addressed.
4. problems
5. needs
6. value
7. risks

 

ANS:  D                      REF:  p. 94                  LO:  1

 

4. A procedure that provides a measure of the offender’s degree of dangerousness to the public and also measures the offender’s propensity to engage in future criminal activity is:
5. a review of the conditions
6. risk assessment
7. needs analysis
8. principles of effective treatment

 

ANS:  B                      REF:  p. 94-95            LO:  2

 

5. __________ factors are variables that have already occurred in the past and will not change, such as the number of arrests and convictions.
6. Quantitative
7. Generalized
8. Dynamic
9. Static

 

ANS:  D                      REF:  p. 95                  LO:  2

 

6. __________ factors are variables that do change and are the most valuable in measuring both negative and positive offender change over time.
7. Dynamic
8. Static
9. Inverse
10. Quantitative

 

ANS:  A                      REF:  p. 95                  LO:  2

 

7. The __________ is a 54-item scale that assigns a numerical value to many of the same factors identified in the presentence report. It is completed by an officer who interviews the offender.
8. LSI-R
9. OIA
10. MMPI
11. COMPAS

 

ANS:  A                      REF:  p. 95                  LO:  2

 

8. The identification of the characteristics, conditions, or behavioral problems that limit a probationer’s motivation or ability to function is the process of specifying:
9. risk factors
10. treatment needs
11. community restitution
12. personality inventory

 

ANS:  B                      REF:  p. 95-98            LO:  2

 

9. Which of the following is an example of a static factor?
10. education
11. employment status
12. substance abuse
13. history of abuse

 

ANS:  D                      REF:  p. 95                  LO:  2

 

10. Mixing low-risk offenders with high-risk offenders in the same program has been found to __________ (on) recidivism.
11. decrease
12. increase
13. have no impact
14. be more effective than separating offenders based on risk level

 

ANS:  B                      REF:  p. 95      LO:  2

 

11. A ________ issue is an identified problem, offender characteristic, or pattern of conduct that requires intervention to overcome or change.
12. surveillance
13. needs
14. risk
15. supervision

 

ANS:  D                      REF:  p. 98                  LO:  2

 

12. __________ is the process of determining whether probationers and parolees are continuing to meet the conditions imposed by the court or the parole board.
13. supervision
14. surveillance
15. intensive probation
16. investigation

 

ANS:  B                      REF:  p. 100-101        LO:  2

 

13. The best predictor of future behavior is:
14. past behavior
15. substance abuse
16. a history of abuse
17. mental illness

 

ANS:  A                      REF:  p. 98      LO:  2

 

14. A(n) _________ is an individualized, written document that clarifies how each court-ordered condition is to be fulfilled by the offender and the supervising officer in the context of the risks and needs posed.
15. collateral contact
16. case plan
17. PSI
18. LSI-R

 

ANS:  B                      REF:  p. 98                  LO:  2

 

15. Verification of the probationer or parolee’s situation and whereabouts by means of the officer speaking with a third party who knows the offender personally such as a family member, friend or employer.
16. collateral contact
17. field contact
18. office contact
19. face-to-face contact

 

ANS:  A                      REF:  p. 100    LO:  2

 

16. For police to perform a warrantless search of the home of probationer or parolee, they must have:
17. probable cause
18. reasonable suspicion
19. a preponderance of the evidence
20. proof beyond a reasonable doubt that a crime has been committed

 

ANS:  B                      REF:  p. 100                LO:  2

 

17. At the lowest level of supervision, there may be no requirement that the probationer personally visit or contact a probation officer. Rather, the probationer may be required to call in and leave a message on a voice-recorded line, or mail-in a verification of address and employment. This level of supervision is known as _________ supervision
18. minimum
19. medium
20. close
21. administrative

 

ANS:  D                      REF:  p. 101                LO:  2

 

18. The number of individuals one probation officer is responsible for is a(n):
19. therapeutic community
20. inpatient clinic
21. hospital
22. caseload

 

ANS:  D                      REF:  p. 101    LO:  4

 

19. U.S. probation officers supervise approximately __________ cases and conduct five or six presentence investigations per month.
20. Over 100
21. 20-30
22. 50-60
23. 75-95

 

ANS:  C                      REF:  p. 102                LO:  4

 

20. The American Probation and Parole Association recommends that a workload standard of about __________ hours per month is more reasonable than caseload size:
21. 280
22. 120
23. 75
24. 160

 

ANS:  B                      REF:  p. 102-103                    LO:  4

 

21. The __________ are considered the basis by which correctional treatment programs should operate,
22. Peter Principle
23. Parkinson’s Law Principles
24. Principles of Effective Correctional Intervention
25. Medical Principles

 

ANS:  C                      REF:  p. 103                LO:  4

 

22. Treatment services, according to the Principles of Effective Intervention, should occupy what percentage of each day for 3 to 9 months?
23. 40-70
24. 10-20
25. 80-90
26. Less than 10

 

ANS:  A                      REF:  p. 103                LO:  4

 

23. The Principles of Effective Correctional Intervention state that staff members should have:
24. very high educational and experience qualifications
25. college degree and three years of experience as minimum qualification
26. minimum education and experience requirements
27. a degree in psychology

 

ANS:  C                      REF:  p. 103                LO:  4

 

24. Because of its ability for establishing and maintaining self-esteem and personal dignity, efforts should be prioritized by all probation and parole officers in assisting the offender in:
25. finding a job
26. improving marital relationships
27. remembering to report to the officer as directed
28. submitting regular monthly reports

 

ANS:  A                      REF:  p. 105    LO:  4

 

25. Women on community supervision have typically entered the system because of a crime they committed alongside a male partner (boyfriend, husband, or brother) or they acted alone out of _______ need.
26. financial
27. educational
28. vocational
29. psychological

 

ANS:  A                      REF:  p. 108                LO:  5

 

26. The effectiveness of Neighborhood-Based Supervision rests in part on the officer being able to secure the assistance and cooperation of _________ agencies and individuals within his or her beat.
27. psychological
28. vocational
29. community
30. educational

 

ANS:  C                      REF:  p. 109    LO:  5

 

27. __________ involves the creation of a positive climate of sincerity and understanding by a community supervision officer. It is often used for getting offenders to recognize their problems.
28. Motivational interviewing
29. Cognitive-behavioral therapy
30. Effective intervention
31. Electric shock therapy

 

ANS: A                       REF: 105                                 LO: 4

 

28. The __________ was the original agreement providing for the supervision of probationers and parolees in states other than where they were convicted.
29. Interstate Compact
30. Sending State Agreement
31. Interstate Compact for Adult Offender Supervision
32. Receiving State Compact

 

ANS: A                       REF: 110-111                         LO: 6

 

29. The state where an offender is convicted is referred to as the __________ state.
30. sending
31. receiving
32. compact
33. collateral

 

ANS: A                       REF: 110-111                         LO: 6

 

30. The recidivism rates between neighborhood based and traditional community supervision are:
31. similar
32. significantly different
33. significantly higher than recidivism rates for offenders supervised outside the state of conviction
34. significantly lower than recidivism rates for offenders supervised outside the state of conviction

 

ANS:  A                      REF: 109                                 LO: 6

 

 

True/False Questions

 

1. The first step in probation supervision is classification.

 

ANS:  true                   REF:  p. 94                              LO:  1

 

2. Classification consists of the supervising officer using an objective assessment scale to compute the risks posed by the offender, identifying offender needs requiring intervention, and selecting the appropriate supervision and treatment strategies.

 

ANS:  true                   REF:  p. 94                              LO:  1

 

3. No matter whether the programs were treatment oriented or supervision oriented, mixing low-risk offenders with high-risk offenders in the same program has been shown to decrease recidivism.

 

ANS:  false                  REF:  p. 96                              LO:  2

 

4. Treatment needs include criminal history, seriousness of the offense, damage to victim, drug or alcohol abuse, mental illness, anger management issues, or deficiencies in education or vocational skills.

 

ANS:  false                  REF:  p. 95-98                        LO:  2

 

5. A case plan is an individualized written document that clarifies how each court-ordered condition is to be fulfilled by the offender and the supervising officer in the context of the risks and needs posed.

 

ANS:  true                   REF:  p.98                   LO:  2

 

6. A supervision issue is an identified problem, offender characteristic, or pattern of conduct that requires intervention to overcome or change.

 

ANS:  true                   REF:  p.98       LO:  2

 

7. Surveillance is an important element of supervision that provides a means of ascertaining whether probationers and parolees are continuing to meet the conditions imposed by the court or the parole board.

 

ANS:  true                   REF:  p. 100-101LO:  2

 

8. Methods of surveillance include unannounced and announced home visits, curfew, electronic monitoring, and collection of urine samples for drug testing.

 

ANS:  true                   REF:  p. 100-101                    LO:  3

 

9. One of the principles of effective supervision is developing various levels of supervision to differentiate offenders who need closer supervision from those who require less.

 

ANS:  true                   REF:  p. 101                LO:  3

 

10. At the lowest level of supervision, there may be no requirement that the probationer personally visit or contact a probation officer.

 

ANS:  true                   REF:  p. 101                            LO:  4

 

11. Central to the concept of evidence-based practices is the concept that it does not matter how large the caseload is as long as it is properly classified.

 

ANS:  false                  REF:  p. 102                LO:  4

 

12. It is better to assign and evaluate the work of probation officers through the use of a workload standard instead of a caseload standard.

 

ANS:  true                   REF:  p.102                 LO:  4

 

13. The principles of effective correctional interventionis currently considered the basis by which correctional treatment programs should operate and is a theoretical perspective of evidence-based correctional practices.

 

ANS:  true                   REF:  p. 103                            LO:  3

 

14. The Principles of Effective Correctional Intervention state that negative punishments should exceed positive reinforcements by a ratio of 4:1.

 

ANS:  false                  REF:  p. 103                LO:  3

 

15. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is an effective method of helping a person change, and it is a blend of two different types of therapies.

 

ANS:  true                   REF:  p. 104                            LO:  3

 

16. Female probationers pose different treatment and surveillance needs than male probationer.

 

ANS:  true                   REF:  p. 108                            LO:  4

 

17. The elements of Neighborhood-Based Supervision include assignment of offenders according to type of offense perpetrated, required church participation, required full time employment for all offenders, and total abstention form alcohol for all probationers.

 

ANS:  false                  REF:  p. 109                LO:  5

 

18. According to the Interstate Compact, the sending state retains the ultimate authority to modify the conditions of probation, revoke probation, or terminate probation.

 

ANS:  true                   REF: 110-111                                     LO: 6

 

19. Problems with interstate compacts included liability, monitoring compliance, and slow processing speed.

 

ANS:  true                   REF: 110-111                                     LO: 6

 

 

Completion Questions

 

1. Probation departments provide both an investigatory and a ________ function in the criminal justice system.

 

ANS:  supervisory                                                                   REF:  p. 93                  LO:  1

 

2. __________ provides a measure of the probationer or parolee’s degree of propensity to violence, dangerousness to the public, and also measures the offender’s propensity to engage in future criminal activity.

 

ANS:  Risk assessment                                                           REF:  p. 94-95LO:  1

 

3. Most probation offices require a certain number of field and collateral contacts, but few of them specify the _______ of the contact.

 

ANS:  quality                                                                          REF:  p. 100                LO:  4

 

4. ____________ probation is for offenders who have committed minor crimes, who have satisfied their financial obligations, or have been in compliance for two years, and can be transferred down to this level.

 

ANS:  administrative                                                              REF:  p. 101                LO:  4

 

5. The standard recommended by the American Probation and Parole Association for the assignment and evaluation of duties performed by a probation officer is the __________ standard rather than the caseload standard.

 

ANS:  workload                                                                      REF: p. 102-103         LO: 4

 

6. Think of community supervision as a two-way relationship between the officer and the offender that is affected by the offender’s _________ to change, coupled with the way the officer responds to and encourages that change

 

ANS:  motivation                                                                    REF:  p.105                 LO:  3

 

7. Because of its impact on an offender’s self-concept and the high correlation between it and the number of probationers and parolees who return to prison, every probation and parole officer should work with the offender to find ___________.

 

ANS:  employment                                                                 REF:  p.108     LO:  4

 

8. __________ factors include things that do not change, such as age, race, and criminal history.

 

ANS:  Static                                                                            REF:  p.95                   LO:  2

 

9. Preliminary evaluations of the first NBS sites compared probationers supervised in the NBS program, which had smaller caseloads, with probationers supervised using __________ probation.

 

ANS:  traditional                                                                     REF:  p.109                 LO:  5

 

10. ___________ factors are variables that do change and are the most valuable in measuring both negative and positive offender change over time. These factors can include family and friends, emotional health, housing, and financial situation.

 

ANS: Dynamic                                                                        REF: 95                       LO: 2

 

11. The __________ is a 54-item scale that assigns a numerical value to many of the same factors identified in the presentence investigation report.

 

ANS: LSI-R                                                                            REF: 95                       LO: 2

 

12. The __________ was created to allow probationers and parolees to be supervised in states other than where they were convicted.

 

ANS: Interstate Compact                                                        REF: 110-111             LO: 6

 

13. The __________ state is the state that undertakes supervision from the sending state.

 

ANS: receiving                                                                        REF: 110-111             LO: 6

 

14. Women on community supervision have typically entered the system because __________ crimes.

 

ANS:  drug                                                      REF:  p.108                 LO:  4

 

15. Festervan (2003) operates a female community facility and recommends that during the time women offenders are addressing prior abuse and problems with drugs and alcohol, that they be allowed to do so in an environment that they perceive is safe from __________ and doesn’t involve posing for men that they may have only perceived or related to in a sexual way.

 

ANS:  sexual harassment                                                        REF:  p.108                 LO:  4

 

 

Essay Questions

 

1. Describe NBS and then argue for the use of neighborhood-based probation supervision over traditional methods. In what situations might NBS be most useful?

 

ANS:  In neighborhood-based supervision (NBS), the probation officers conduct the supervision and implement the case plan by being more visible and having a strong community presence. The elements of NBS include assignment of offenders according to zip code or type of offense (or both), developing community partnerships with police, treatment providers, and faith-based initiatives. Cases are assigned to officers according to geographic beat areas in a community, which is ideal for using geographic information systems (GIS) technology. NBS sites started in Boston; Phoenix; Tucson; Dallas/Ft. Worth; Waco, Texas; and Spokane, Washington. Preliminary evaluations of these sites compared probationers supervised in the NBS program, which had smaller caseloads, with probationers supervised using traditional probation. An evaluation of one site indicated that probationers supervised in the NBS program perceived more support and help from their probation officer in finding employment and in making connections to treatment providers than did probationers supervised on traditional caseloads. NBS officers had more autonomy and a closer connection with police and the community than traditional probation officers, but relationships with treatment service providers were similar for both groups. NBS probationers were more likely to be violated for technical violations than traditional probationers, yet both groups committed a similar number of new crimes while on supervision. Overall recidivism rates between the two groups were not significantly different (Lutze, Smith, and Lovrich, 2004). Evaluations of the other sites need to be completed to obtain a more complete picture of NBS.

 

REF:  p. 107-110                    LO:  5

 

2. How does assessing client needs in education, employment, treatment, and so on help develop the program plan? How much should a client be expected to do while on supervision?

 

ANS:  The officer must also identify those characteristics, conditions, or behavioral problems that limit the offender’s motivation or may lead to a return to criminal behavior. Such treatment needs include drug or alcohol abuse, mental illness, anger management issues, or deficiencies in education or vocational skills. Treatment activities are defined as actions taken by the supervising officer intended to bring about a change in the offender’s conduct or condition for the purpose of rehabilitation and reintegration into the law-abiding community. Together, both risk and needs assessments can (and should) define the types of correctional services that are made available to offenders. The principles of effective intervention state that offenders should participate in treatment every day occupying 40 to 70 percent of the day for 3 to 9 months. Obviously, this depends upon the needs assessment and the importance of the treatment program must be weighed against the need for fulltime employment. The importance of carefully gathering and evaluating the offender’s history cannot be overstated, for past behavior is, at the moment, the best predictor we have of future behavior.

 

REF:  p. 109                            LO:  1

 

3. Discuss the use of various risk prediction scales. How might risk assessment best be used in community supervision?

 

ANS:  Risk assessment provides a measure of the probationer or parolee’s degree of dangerousness to the public and also measures the offender’s propensity to engage in future criminal activity. Probation and parole jurisdictions have developed some form of risk prediction scale to assist them in developing supervision plans and in caseload classification. These instruments differ in some respects, but all of them place offenders in groups with a known statistical probability of committing new crimes or violating the conditions of supervision. The first generation assessments relied on interviewing the offender and using case-by-case anecdotal information to make the decision about risk. The second generation assessments include Client Management Classification (CMC), the Correctional Offender Management Profiles for Alternative Sentences (COMPAS), the Wisconsin Client Management Classification, and the Salient Factor Score. These assessments primarily use static questions about previous behavior, which has already happened and cannot be altered. More recent third generation assessments are the Offender Inventory Assessment (OIA) and the Level of Service Inventory-Revised (LSI-R). These assessments include both static and dynamic factors, which aid in measuring both negative and positive offender change over time. Research findings have led to one risk principle, which is to reserve the most intensive treatment programs for the highest risk offenders, in part, because this target population will benefit exponentially more from the intervention than the low-risk offenders (Hanley, 2002).

 

REF:  p. 94-95                        LO:  2

 

4. Discuss the concept of caseload and workload computation. Why might workload be a better method of allocating probation or parole officer resources?

 

ANS:  Central to the concept of evidence-based practices is a manageable caseload. A probation or parole officer’s caseload is defined as the number of individuals or cases one officer can supervise effectively. In practice, caseloads vary widely because not every offender requires the same amount of supervision. The more intensive the supervision, the lower the caseload number. The American Probation and Parole Association has long recommended a “workload standard” of about 120 hours per month. The workload standard is more accurate, particularly if an officer has offenders of varying supervision levels. Workload is calculated by first assuming the number of hours required to supervise each client based on their level of supervision (maximum, medium, or minimum). A maximum supervision case may require, for example, four hours of the officer’s time per month. A medium supervision case may require two hours per month, whereas a minimum supervision case may only require one hour or less per month of the officer’s time. Given these calculations, one officer could effectively supervise 30 maximum supervision cases, 60 medium cases, and as many as 120 minimum cases. Development of a workload standard would allow for comparison between jurisdictions and improve the next step of case planning.

 

REF:  p. 102-103                    LO:  4

 

5. Explain the history and function of the original Interstate Compact and the more recent Interstate Compact for Adult Offender Supervision.

 

ANS:  Prior to 1937, probationers or parolees could not be supervised outside the state where he or she was convicted.  This prevented many offenders from being supervised in the places that would offer the best chance for success on probation or parole.  To address this issue, a group of states entered into a statutory agreement to supervise probationers and parolees for each other.  Known as the Interstate Compact, it was originally signed by 25 states in 1937, and by 1951, it had been ratified by all states, as well as Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands.  In 1955, the Interstate Compact on Juveniles was established as well.

 

The compacts identify the sending state (the state of conviction) and the receiving state (the state that undertakes the supervision).  The receiving state informs the sending state on a quarterly basis of the probationer’s progress, but the sending state retains ultimate authority to modify the conditions of probation, revoke probation, or terminate probation.  It is also generally held that the sending state alone has authority to determine upon which basis a violator may be returned.  The reasons for return cannot be challenged by the receiving state.

 

The three main problems with interstate compacts were liability, monitoring compliance, and slow processing speed.  Since probation supervision styles varied from state to state, each state had different thresholds and policies for when a probationer was considered to be in violation.    Because of these ongoing problems, the National Institute of Corrections (NIC) determined that the best resolution was to provide a new way to administer interstate compacts.  The result of the NIC study was the creation of the Interstate Compact for Adult Offender Supervision in 2000. This revised compact developed an interstate commission that is composed of one commissioner representative from each participating state.  The commission is a national organization empowered to create and enforce the same rules for all states, collect national statistics, coordinate training and education, and notify victims of public safety.  With this new structure and oversight commission, correctional administrators are hopeful that the problems with interstate compacts will be a thing of the past.  As of 2004, all states except for Virginia and Mississippi were members.

 

REF: 110-111                                     LO: 6