Community Based Strategic Policing in Canada , 3rd Edition by Brian Whitelaw - Test Bank

Community Based Strategic Policing in Canada , 3rd Edition by Brian Whitelaw – Test Bank

 

Instant Download – Complete Test Bank With Answers

 

 

Sample Questions Are Posted Below

 

Chapter 5 Problem-Oriented Policing

 

TRUE/FALSE

 

1. Television portrays the activity of police as primarily conducting investigations and arresting criminals; however, in reality this work consumes only an estimated 10 to 25 percent of an officer’s time.

 

ANS:  T                    PTS:   1                    REF:   113

 

2. The “problem analysis triangle” consists of three key elements that include: an offender, a victim, and the police response. By studying this triangle it becomes possible to formulate an effective community policing response.

 

ANS:  F                    PTS:   1                    REF:   116

 

3. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police have developed a problem-solving model called CAPRA, which stands for Clients, Acquire/analyze information, Partnerships, Response and Assessment.

 

ANS:  T                    PTS:   1                    REF:   118

 

4. The PARE problem solving process utilizes the “5 W’s (who, what, where, when, and why) during the analysis portion and includes how the information was gathered and, the degree of impact that the crime had upon the victim.

 

ANS:  F                    PTS:   1                    REF:   124

 

5. Police managers must provide principle-centred leadership to ensure that an “entrepreneurial” atmosphere exists to encourage officers to experiment, create and develop their creative capacities to deal with community problems without fear of being punished for unintentional mistakes and failures.

 

ANS:  T                    PTS:   1                    REF:   128

 

MULTIPLE CHOICE

 

1. Problem-solving:

a.	is one element of community policing.
b.	is the new model of community policing.
c.	is no longer used in policing.
d.	does not require the community to be involved.

 

 

ANS:  A                    PTS:   1

 

2. A problem can be:

a.	a single incident.
b.	a number of recurring incidents.
c.	a substantive community concerne.
d.	All of the above.

 

 

ANS:  D                    PTS:   1

 

3. Problem-oriented policing (POP):

a.	is an approach to policing used primarily in the United States.
b.	is a strategy that puts community policing into practice.
c.	is most often used for identifying high-risk offenders.
d.	has largely been abandoned in Ontario.

 

 

ANS:  B                    PTS:   1

 

4. Herman Goldstein:

a.	was the first police chief in Ontario to implement problem-oriented policing.
b.	wrote a book that was critical of problem-oriented policing.
c.	was the principle architect of problem-oriented policing.
d.	was the chief proponent of traditional police practice.

 

 

ANS:  C                    PTS:   1

 

5. The acronym SARA stands for:

a.	scanning, analysis, response, assessment.
b.	safety, alertness, responsiveness, awareness.
c.	security, awareness, resistance, abatement.
d.	sensing, arming, responding, alarming.

 

 

ANS:  A                    PTS:   1

 

6. The collaborative model of problem solving:

a.	involves patrol officers and the community working together.
b.	emphasizes shared responsibility between the police and the community.
c.	uses experts to assist in the identification and response to problems.
d.	a and b.

 

 

ANS:  B                    PTS:   1

 

7. Which of the following is/are possible response option(s) in the SARA model of problem-oriented policing?

a.	concentrating attention of high-risk individuals.
b.	connecting with other government and private agencies.
c.	mobilizing the community.
d.	All of the above.

 

 

ANS:  D                    PTS:   1

 

8. Problem analysis filters:

a.	are a statistical method used by criminologists.
b.	are used by police services that have not adopted community policing.
c.	are used in the analysis phase of problem-oriented policing to prioritize problems
d.	None of the above.

 

 

ANS:  C                    PTS:   1

 

9. In the evaluation stage of PARE, asking questions such as “Were the strategies easy to implement?” and “What should others be aware of if attempting to implement a similar plan?” is called:

a.	impact evaluation.
b.	process evaluation.
c.	assessment evaluation.
d.	inquiry evaluation.

 

 

ANS:  B                    PTS:   1

 

10. Effective problem solving by a police service may be hindered by:

a.	failing to conduct a thorough analysis of the problem.
b.	failing to dedicate resources to the problem.
c.	failing to follow up in the assessment stage.
d.	All of the above.

 

 

ANS:  D                    PTS:   1

 

11. Television portrays the activity of police as primarily conducting investigations and arresting criminals.  However, in reality this work consumes:

a.	40 to 50 percent of an officers’ time
b.	10 to 25 percent of an officers’ time
c.	roughly 30 percent of an officers’ time
d.	less than 10 percent of an officers’ time

 

 

ANS:  B                    PTS:   1

 

12. The collaborative model of problem solving emphasizes:

a.	an expert going to the location where the problem is occurring, identifying and analyzing the problem, and developing a solution
b.	the involvement of the community with the police in identifying the issues and in creating the solutions
c.	shared responsibility between an expert and those in the neighbourhood,    area, or setting where the problem is being experienced
d.	utilizing the principles associated with POP, CAPRA and SARA

 

 

ANS:  C                    PTS:   1

 

13. It has been stated that crime and other problems in a community are the “visible symptoms” while the underlying conditions or causes of the problem lie beneath the surface.  This concept is associated with the term:

a.	the root causes of crime, delinquency and social disorder
b.	the “thin veneer” factor
c.	social complexities and contemporary crimes
d.	the 80/20 rule

 

 

ANS:  D                    PTS:   1

 

SHORT ANSWER

 

1. What is meant by problem solving and what role does it play in community policing?

 

ANS:

Problem-solving attempts to address the underlying causes of crime and social disorder and, when properly implemented, represents the very essence of community policing. A key component of the problem-solving approach is the collaboration between police and the community.

 

PTS:   1                    REF:   112

 

2. Define what is meant by a problem.

 

ANS:

A problem is a group or patterns of crime, cases, calls, or incidents that are of concern to the community and police, or both, and require a solution.

 

PTS:   1                    REF:   112

 

3. What is collaborative problem solving, and why is it important in any discussion of problem-oriented policing?

 

ANS:

Collaborative problem-solving represents a major departure from traditional police practice. In this approach, the police and the community jointly define the problem, identify the various facets of the problem, and formulate and implement a strategy to address the problem.

 

PTS:   1                    REF:   113

 

4. Who was Herman Goldstein, and what was his contribution to the field of problem-oriented policing?

 

ANS:

The criminologist Herman Goldstein was the principal architect of POP.  Goldstein emphasized that police work is problem oriented and that it was necessary for the police to go beyond assessing whether a law had been violated to examine and address the underlying causes of crime and disorder in the community.

 

PTS:   1                    REF:   114

 

5. Define and discuss the key elements of problem-oriented policing (POP).

 

ANS:

Problem-oriented policing is a policing strategy that involves the police taking a proactive approach to addressing the underlying causes of a particular problem as well as formulating a response designed to solve or alleviate the problem.

 

PTS:   1                    REF:   114

 

6. What is the iceberg or 80/20 rule, and why is it important in our study of community policing and problem-oriented policing?

 

ANS:

The iceberg, or 80/20 rule, is a key component of POP and holds that only a small portion of a problem (the “tip” of the iceberg; 20%) is visible.  In order to eliminate a problem, the root causes must be attacked.

 

PTS:   1                    REF:   114

 

7. What is SARA?

 

ANS:

SARA is an acronym for Scanning, Analysis, Response, and Assessment, the four steps of the problem-solving process.

 

PTS:   1                    REF:   115

 

8. Discuss what is meant by the problem analysis triangle, and its role in problem-oriented policing.

 

ANS:

The problem analysis triangle is utilized to understand a problem by considering its relation to the victim, the accused, and the location.   These are the three requisites for a problem to exist.  Applying the problem analysis triangle allows police officers to develop appropriate intervention strategies.

 

PTS:   1                    REF:   116

 

9. Compare the expert model of problem solving to the collaborative model of problem solving.

 

ANS:

The expert model of problem solving involves an “outside” person (the “expert”) identifying, analyzing, and developing a solution to a problem, while the collaborative approach to problem solving emphasizes shared responsibility between the community and outside experts to accomplish this.

 

PTS:   1                    REF:   118

 

10. What is PARE and what are its components?

 

ANS:

PARE – problem identification, analysis, response, and evaluation – is the problem-solving model developed by the Ontario Provincial Police.  The stages of the PARE problem-solving model are similar to those of SARA.

 

PTS:   1                    REF:   118-124

 

11. What are problem analysis filters and what role do they play in problem-oriented policing? Provide an example.

 

ANS:

Problem analysis filters are used by patrol officers and community residents to screen, prioritize, and rank problems.  The “filters” include determining the impact, seriousness, and complexity of the problem.

 

PTS:   1                    REF:   120

 

12. Compare process evaluation and impact evaluation.

 

ANS:

Process evaluation involves analyzing the implementation of problem-solving strategies, while impact evaluation focuses on assessing the qualitative and quantitative outcomes, or consequences, of problem-solving strategies.

 

PTS:   1                    REF:   123

 

ESSAY

 

1. Discuss and contrast the problem-solving models used by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police and the Ontario Provincial Police.

 

ANS:

RCMP use CAPRA model (Clients; Acquire/Analyze information; Partnerships; Response; Assessment)

OPP use PARE model (Problem identification; analysis; response; evaluation)

Students should discuss and contrast these two models.

 

PTS:   1                    REF:   118-126

 

2. Police services that have successfully made problem solving a core component of their community policing framework share a number of characteristics.  From an organizational perspective, list the conditions for successful problem solving in a police agency.

 

ANS:

• Policing involves addressing a wide range of problems, not just crime.
• These problems are interrelated and the priority given them must be constantly reassessed rather than ranked in traditional ways.
• Each problem requires a unique response rather than a generic “one size fits all” response.
• The criminal law is only one of several response options.
• Police services can be successful by working to prevent problems, rather than simply by responding to incidents that are only symptoms of underlying problems.
• Developing an effective response to a problem requires prior analysis rather than simply invoking traditional police practices.
• Contrary to the traditional image of the police—held by both the police and the public—the capacity of the police to solve problems is extremely limited.
• The role of the police is best viewed as one of facilitating, enabling, and encouraging the community in order to maintain problem-solving capacity, rather than as one that assumes full responsibility for the identification of and response to problems

 

PTS:   1                    REF:   127-128

 

3. What are the some of the barriers to effective problem solving?  Discuss and list some of the strategies and methods to overcome these barriers.

 

ANS:

Barriers could include any of the following:

• Failing to plan is planning to fail.
• Failure to conduct a thorough analysis of the problem or working on the wrong problem.
• Failure to dedicate resources to the problem, leaving officers feeling ill equipped and undersupported.
• Failure to follow up in the assessment stage.
• Failure to initiate a process or take ownership of problem.
• Problems in implementing an agency-wide program.
• The police take an expert role as opposed to a collaborative one.
• Failure to communicate successes and results.
• Difference in definitions between the community’s perception and the police service’s perception.
• Problems in implementation at the organizational, front-line, or community level.
• Failure of police technology to identify problems beyond the police service.

 

PTS:   1                    REF:   128-129