Criminal Justice in America 6th international Edition By George F. Cole - Test Bank

Criminal Justice in America 6th international Edition By George F. Cole – Test Bank

 

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TEST BANK

Chapter 5

Twenty-First Century Challenges in Policing

 

 

MULTIPLE CHOICE

 

1. Most police work is reactive, which means that police primarily:

a.	respond to citizen calls for service
b.	initiate actions in the absence of citizen requests
c.	operate according to “hunches”
d.	stop crime before it happens
e.	focus on administrative tasks

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   Page 133        OBJ:   5-2

 

 

2. Which of the following is an example of a proactive strategy to combat crime?

a.	responding to citizen calls for service
b.	responding to victimless crimes using a stakeout
c.	responding to citizens who approach an officer
d.	responding to a crime after the perpetrator has fled
e.	incident-driven policing

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   Page 133        OBJ:   5-2

 

 

3. The policing approach in which calls for service are the main instigators of police action is known as:

a.	clearance rate policing
b.	aggressive patrol policing
c.	proactive policing
d.	preventive policing
e.	incident-driven policing

 

 

ANS:  E                    REF:   Page 133        OBJ:   5-2

 

 

4. The approach to policing that involves assigning priorities to various calls for service is known as:

a.	incident-driven policing
b.	clearance rate
c.	differential response
d.	line functions
e.	preventive patrol

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   Page 134        OBJ:   5-2

5. Which of the following is a consequence of the policy of differential response?

a.	less detailed information is received from callers
b.	callers are uncertain about when to expect a response
c.	the saving of police resources
d.	patrol officers know less about a case when they respond
e.	low-income callers received less attention from police

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   Page 134        OBJ:   5-2

 

 

6. Which of the following statements about measurements of police productivity is true?

a.	Clearance rate is the most effective measure of police productivity.
b.	Crime rate is the most effective measure of police productivity.
c.	Clearance rate and crime rate together provide an accurate picture of police productivity.
d.	Clearance rate and crime rate do not give an accurate picture of police productivity.
e.	Police productivity can be accurately calculated using a city’s population, crime level, and the size of the police force.

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   Page 135        OBJ:   5-2

 

 

7. The percentage of crimes that police believe they have solved through an arrest is called:

a.	incident-driven policing
b.	clearance rate
c.	differential response
d.	line functions
e.	preventive patrol

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   Page 135        OBJ:   5-2

 

 

8. Police functions that directly involve field operations, such as patrol and investigation, are known as:

a.	line functions
b.	staff functions
c.	sworn functions
d.	preventive functions
e.	bureaucratic functions

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   Page 136        OBJ:   5-3

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

9. The extent to which departments create specialized units depends upon:

a.	the preferences of the police chief
b.	the attitudes of the public toward the police
c.	the attitudes of the news media toward the public
d.	the size of the city and the police force
e.	all of these

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   Page 137        OBJ:   5-3

 

 

10. Which type of police officers accounts for two-thirds of all sworn officers?

a.	detective
b.	traffic
c.	juvenile
d.	vice
e.	patrol

 

 

ANS:  E                    REF:   Page 137        OBJ:   5-3

 

 

11. Preventive patrol emphasizes:

a.	large numbers of arrests to control crime
b.	responding to 911 calls
c.	making police presence known
d.	fixing “broken windows”
e.	order maintenance

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   Page 137        OBJ:   5-4

 

 

12. In federal agencies, the work of special agents is most similar to that of:

a.	vice officers
b.	SWAT officers
c.	patrol officers
d.	detectives
e.	dispatchers

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   Page 138        OBJ:   5-3

 

 

13. A classic study of large police departments found that a key factor in solving crimes was:

a.	identification of the perpetrator by the victim or witnesses
b.	police arriving at the scene of the crime in less than a minute
c.	the intelligence of the police officers
d.	the size of the police force
e.	the overall crime rate of a city

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   Page 140        OBJ:   5-3

 

 

14. Which of the following statements about the traffic regulation function of the police is TRUE?

a.	It is mostly reactive.
b.	It is mostly proactive.
c.	Its only major benefit is order maintenance.
d.	It involves a limited use of discretion.
e.	It is a major source of police income.

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   Page 141        OBJ:   5-3

 

 

15. Which of the following is a vice offense?

a.	Assault
b.	Traffic violations
c.	Arson
d.	Auto theft
e.	Prostitution

 

 

ANS:  E                    REF:   Page 141        OBJ:   5-3

 

 

16. Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the chart below?

 

 

a.	The probability of arrest is highest 10 minutes after a crime.
b.	The probability of arrest is highest 14 minutes after a crime.
c.	The probability of arrest is highest 2 minutes after a crime.
d.	The probability of arrest is highest 1 minute after a crime.
e.	The probability of arrest is highest while the crime is in progress.

 

 

ANS:  E                    REF:   Page 144        OBJ:   5-3

 

 

 

17. Community policing philosophies suggest that citizens should be viewed as _______________.

a.	Criminals
b.	Victims
c.	Offenders
d.	Customers
e.	Complainants

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:  Page 146         OBJ:   5-3

 

 

18. Which of the following is a central feature of community policing?

a.	reactive policing
b.	improved 911 response time
c.	problem-solving
d.	crime control
e.	criminal investigation

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   Page 148        OBJ:   5-5

 

 

19. Interpol was created in order to:

a.	Fight terrorism
b.	Foster cooperation among the world’s police forces
c.	Implement community policing in the United States
d.	Teach officers about the benefits of community policing
e.	Improve policy-community relations around the world

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   Page 153        OBJ:   5-6

 

 

20. Which of the following has not been a factor in the recent growth of the private security industry?

a.	budgetary constraints upon the states
b.	fear of crime
c.	an increase in the number of people wanting to become police officers
d.	an increase in crimes in the workplace
e.	an increase in public and business awareness

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   Page 159        OBJ:   5-7

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

21. According to the chart below, how many people will be working in private security in the year 2010?

 

 

a.	3.7 million
b.	2.1 million
c.	1.5 million
d.	0.6 million
e.	0.4 million

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   Page 159        OBJ:   5-7

 

 

22. Which of the following statements about public police officers who work for private security firms is true?

a.	Congress passed a law making it illegal for public police officers to work for private firms.
b.	It is legal for public police officers to work for private firms, but they never retain their full powers and status as police personnel.
c.	It is legal for public police officers to work for private firms, and they may retain their powers and status as police personnel.
d.	Very few police officers work for private firms.
e.	There is no conflict of interest if a public police officer works for a private firm.

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   Page 162        OBJ:   5-7

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

23. Which model designed to manage off-duty employment of officers permits close control by police supervisors of the off-duty work performed by their officers?

a.	officer contract model
b.	conflict of interest model
c.	union brokerage model
d.	department contract model
e.	public-private interface model

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   Page 162        OBJ:   5-7

 

 

24. Which of the following models allows officers to obtain off-duty employment with permission from their department?

a.	officer contract model
b.	conflict of interest model
c.	union brokerage model
d.	department contract model
e.	public-private interface model

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   Page 162        OBJ:   5-7

 

 

25. Some professionals have become concerned about lower-level security workers because:

a.	such positions have a high turnover rate
b.	the pay rate is generally low
c.	low-level workers may be people who cannot find employment elsewhere
d.	all of these
e.	none of these

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   Page 163        OBJ:   5-7

 

 

TRUE/FALSE

 

1. Most police agencies have a military-style organization and hierarchy.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   Page 133        OBJ:   5-3

 

2. Police are mainly reactive because they are dependent upon citizen calls for service in performing their duties.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   Page 133        OBJ:   5-2

 

 

3. New communications technology within police departments has tended to fragment decision making.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   Page 134        OBJ:   5-2

4. A police department’s line functions are responsible for running the organization and acting in a support manner to officers “on the street”.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   Page 136        OBJ:   5-3

 

 

5. Preventive patrol involves increased police presence in a community in order to reduce crime.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   Page 137        OBJ:   5-2

 

 

6. Detectives are more closely supervised than patrol officers.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   Page 138        OBJ:   5-2

 

 

7. All police departments have equipment to perform DNA analysis.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   Page 140        OBJ:   5-3

 

 

8. Police help maintain order by enforcing traffic laws.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   Page 141        OBJ:   5-3

 

 

9. Two-officer patrols are more cost-effective than single-officer patrols.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   Page 145        OBJ:   5-4

 

 

10. Most police patrolling is still conducted in cars.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   Page 145        OBJ:   5-4

 

 

11. Aggressive patrol is a form of patrolling that directs resources to known high-crime areas.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   Page 145        OBJ:   5-4

 

 

12. Community policing can take many forms depending on the needs and priorities of the police department.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   Page 146        OBJ:   5-5

 

 

 

 

13. The community policing philosophy does not include community residents in decision-making.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   Page 146        OBJ:   5-5

 

 

14. Collective efficacy is related to criminal behavior in neighborhoods.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   Page 147        OBJ:   5-5

 

 

15. Problem-oriented policing tries to find the underlying causes of crime.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   Page 148        OBJ:   5-5

 

 

16. Immigrants from Southeast Asia make up the fastest growing minority group in the U.S.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   Page 151        OBJ:   5-5

 

 

17. After September 11^th, 2001, the FBI shifted the focus of its personnel assignments from crime-control activities to intelligence-gathering.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   Pages 152-153 OBJ:   5-6

 

 

18. Local police departments are not trained in homeland security issues.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   Page 153        OBJ:   5-6

 

 

19. Fusion centers were developed to encourage the use of community policing techniques.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   page 154        OBJ:   5-6

 

 

20. Prosecutors have used anti-terrorism legislation to prosecute gang members for criminal activity.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   Page 156-157 OBJ:   5-6

 

 

21. Municipal police are usually responsible for maintaining security in and around nuclear power plants, oil refineries, and military facilities.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   Page 160        OBJ:   5-6

 

 

22. The Supreme Court has applied Miranda standards to private police.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   Page 160        OBJ:   5-7

 

 

23. Private firms are not allowed to hire public police officers.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   Page 161        OBJ:   5-7

 

 

24. Most police departments do not allow officers to “moonlight” and take on second jobs.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   Page 161        OBJ:   5-7

 

 

25. Many employers do not require out-of-state criminal background checks of prospective security personnel.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   Page 163        OBJ:   5-7

 

 

COMPLETION

 

1. Police responding to 911 calls are acting in a ____________________ manner.

 

ANS:  reactive

 

REF:   Page 133        OBJ:   5-2

 

 

2. The ____________________refers to the percentage of crimes known to police that they believe they have solved through an arrest.

 

ANS:  clearance rate

 

REF:   Page 135        OBJ:   5-2

 

 

3. ____________ officers have taken an oath and have powers to make arrests.

 

ANS:  Sworn

 

REF:   Page 137        OBJ:   5-3

 

 

 

 

 

4. _____________ patrol is intended to deter crime and make the police presence known.

 

ANS:  Preventive

 

REF:   Page 137        OBJ:   5-3

 

 

5. Officers with investigation duties are known as ___________________.

 

ANS:  Detectives

 

REF:   Page 138        OBJ:   5-3

 

 

6. Technological advances in the area of ____________________fingerprinting have allowed suspects to be identified using small amounts of blood or hair.

 

ANS:  DNA

 

REF:   Page 140        OBJ:   5-3

 

 

7. ____________________ patrol involves heavy foot, car, or bike patrol by police officers to deter crime.

 

ANS:  Preventive

 

REF:   Page 137        OBJ:   5-4

 

 

 

8. ____________________ patrol involves assigning resources so as to obtain the largest number of arrests.

 

ANS:  Aggressive

 

REF:   Page 141        OBJ:   5-4

 

 

9. ____________________, with its focus on community-based crime prevention,  has required a major shift in the philosophy of policing.

 

ANS:  Community policing

 

REF:   Page 141        OBJ:   5-5

 

 

 

 

 

10. The ____________________Preventive Patrol Experiment was a landmark 1974 study which found that neither reactive nor proactive patrol strategies had any significant impact on crime.

 

ANS:  Kansas City

 

REF:   Page 143        OBJ:   5-4

 

 

11. Geographic concentrations of crime are called ____________________.

 

ANS:  hot spots

 

REF:   Page 143        OBJ:   5-4

 

 

12. Sometimes the police are not called immediately because those individuals who would call are busy providing first aid or helping victims. These are known as _________________ delays.

 

ANS:  coping

 

REF:   Page 144        OBJ:   5-2

 

 

13. Law Enforcement _____________ is gathered to learn about criminal activities and criminal organizations in order to monitor their activities and prevent crime.

 

ANS:  Intelligence

 

REF:   Page 154        OBJ:   5-6

 

 

14. The ____________________was passed by Congress to expand the federal government’s ability to conduct searches and surveillance of suspected terrorists.

 

ANS:  USA Patriot Act

 

REF:   Page 157        OBJ:   5-6

 

 

15. Corporations and businesses are likely to use ____________________to keep their buildings and property safe.

 

ANS:  private security or private police

 

REF:   Page 159        OBJ:   5-7

 

 

 

ESSAY

 

1. Police departments use several methods to measure police productivity.  In light of the shift to community policing (and away from punitive crime control), can measures such as arrests and traffic stops still be used as measures of police productivity?  Support your answer, and suggest alternative measures if appropriate.

 

REF:   Page 134-136                                  OBJ:   5-2

 

 

 

2. According to research on policing, officers have a significant amount of discretionary time during their shifts.  If you were a police administrator, how might you attempt to keep your officers accountable for their time?

 

REF:   Page 137                                         OBJ:   5-1

 

 

3. Different departments allocate their officers in different ways.  Some departments keep more officers on patrol than others, while others stress criminal investigation.  What factors might affect these different choices about officer distribution?

 

REF:   General                                           OBJ:   5-3

 

 

4. Some law enforcement executives are concerned that the increased focus on homeland security and fighting terrorism has diverted funding from local police agencies.  Do you believe that we are ignoring problems in our own country while trying to fight terrorism?  Present your opinion on the issue, supporting it with examples.

 

REF:   Pages 152-153                                 OBJ:   5-6

 

 

5. Critics of the USA Patriot Act claim that the Act infringes on individual rights and may even violate the United States Constitution.  Do you agree with these critics?  Does the Patriot Act help to keep our country safer?  Support your answer with material from the text.

 

REF:   Page 157                                         OBJ:   5-6