Criminological Theory Context And Consequences 6th Edition by J. Robert Lilly Francis T. – Test Bank

Criminological Theory Context And Consequences 6th Edition by J. Robert Lilly Francis T. – Test Bank

 

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Sample Questions Are Posted Below

 

1. What three interrelated considerations have led to Hirschi’s enduring influence on criminological theory?
2. His theories are stated parsimoniously, his theories are similar to other criminological theories, and his theories have been tested so many times that there is no need to continue conducting research
3. His theories are controversial, his theories can explain individuals and/or groups, and his theories can be integrated with other criminological theories

*c. His theories are stated parsimoniously, his theories are controversial, and his theories are easily testable

1. His theories argue that alternative perspectives are also correct, his theories are easily testable, and Hirschi’s theorizing is universally popular

Answer location: page 114

 

2. Which of the following is the name of Hirschi’s first theory?
3. Self bond theory
4. Strain theory

*c. Social bond theory

1. Conflict theory

Answer location: page 115

 

3. The central premise of Hirschi’s first theory is that delinquency arises when _____ are weak or absent.
4. social controls

*b. social bonds

1. self-control
2. self bonds

Answer location: page 115

 

4. What two major paradigms was Hirschi trying to challenge when he first proposed social bond theory?

*a. Differential association theory (cultural deviance theory) and strain theory

1. Social disorganization theory and conflict theory
2. Social disorganization theory and differential association theory
3. Labeling theory and strain theory

Answer location: page 115

 

5. Hirschi’s social bond theory was _____ in nature.
6. psychological
7. biological

*c. sociological

1. generational

Answer location: page 117

 

6. Which of the following is not a school of thought Hirschi draws his theoretical premise from?
7. Social disorganization
8. Strain

*c. Durkheimian theory

1. Conflict

Answer location: page 116

 

7. While Hirschi was well aware at the time he wrote his theory that it was well within the ______ paradigm, he was especially careful to avoid working out of this framework because of its unpopularity at the time.

*a. Hobbesian

1. Durkheimian
2. Labeling
3. Social disorganization

Answer location: page 117

 

8. According to Hobbes, conformity was based essentially on _______.
9. morals
10. learned behavior
11. trust

*d. fear

Answer location: page 117-118

 

9. According to Hirschi, what is the key issue that needs to be explained from a control perspective?
10. Why some individuals are more motivated to offend than others

*b. Why people, who are all motivated to seek immediate gratification in the easiest way possible, refrain from doing so

1. What psychological traits make certain individuals more likely to commit crime
2. What belief systems motivate individuals to commit crime

Answer location: page 118

 

10. The presence and strength of social bonds can explain _______?

*a. change in offending

1. stability in offending
2. individuals’ motivations to commit crime
3. how often a criminal gets caught

Answer location: page 119

 

11. Which of the following is not a control factor for Hirschi?
12. Attachment

*b. Conformity

1. Commitment
2. Belief

Answer location: page 119

 

12. According to Hirschi, what is indirect control?
13. When a child calls his parents to ask if it is okay to commit a crime
14. When parents discipline their children for doing something wrong

*c. When children are not in the same location or physically separated from their parents but children refrain from offending because their attachment makes parents psychologically present

1. When parents supervise their children while in their presence

Answer location: page 120

 

13. Hirschi claims that youths who get good grades and have a stake in conformity will be less likely to commit delinquent acts. Which social bond is he describing?
14. Attachment

*b. Commitment

1. Involvement
2. Belief

Answer location: page 120

 

14. According to Hirschi, structured conventional activities take away changes to offend. What social bond is he referring to?
15. Attachment
16. Commitment

*c. Involvement

1. Belief

Answer location: page 120

 

15. Which of the following is not a limitation of Hirschi’s social bond theory?
16. Hirschi asserts that all individuals are equally motivated to commit crimes

*b. The presence of social bonds is inversely related to delinquency and to adult crime

1. Hirschi fails to explore how social bonds are potentially affected by the larger social forces in American society
2. Hirschi asserts that social bond theory applied equally to African Americans and to Whites

Answer location: page 124-125

 

16. Who set forth self-control theory?
17. Sykes and Matza
18. Freud
19. Durkheim

*d. Gottfredson and Hirschi

Answer location: page 121

 

17. According to Gottfredson and Hirschi, ______ is the restraint that allows people to resist crime.
18. social bonding

*b. self-control

1. internal morals
2. prison

Answer location: page 126

 

18. According to Gottfredson and Hirschi, the inculcation of self-control depends on what?

*a. The quality of parenting during a child’s early years

1. The quality of parenting during a child’s adolescent years
2. The quality of parenting during a child’s adult years
3. An individual’s personality traits

Answer location: page 129

 

19. In 2004, Hirschi revised his social control theory and redefined self-control as ______?
20. having little attachment to your parents
21. the strength of one’s social bonds

*c. the tendency to consider the full range of potential costs of a particular act

1. the tendency to consider the full range of benefits of an illegal or deviant behavior

Answer location: page 135

 

20. ______ studied the power relations between husbands and wives that shape the way their children are controlled.
21. Gottfredson and Hirschi

*b. John Hagan

1. Charles Tittle
2. Mark Colvin

Answer location: page 136

 

21. The theory in number 20 is called:
22. Social bond theory
23. Self-control theory

*c. Power-control theory

1. Control balance theory

Answer location: page 136

 

22. Which theorist coined control balance theory?
23. Gottfredson and Hirschi
24. John Hagan

*c. Charles Tittle

1. Mark Colvin

Answer location: page 137

 

23. The amount of control to which an individual is subject, relative to the amount of control he or she can exercise, determines the probability of deviance occurring as well as the type of deviance likely to occur. This is known as _______. (Page 130)
24. control balance
25. control deficit
26. control surplus

*d. control ratio

Answer location: page 137

 

24. Which theorist is associated with differential coercion theory?
25. Gottfredson and Hirschi
26. John Hagan
27. Charles Tittle

*d. Mark Colvin

Answer location: page 140

 

25. Which of the following is not a policy implication of control theories?

*a. Get tough policies

1. School programs
2. Re-entry programs
3. Parent-child attachment programs

Answer location: page 145-147

 

26. thesis suggests that self-control is a limited resource. Criminal conduct thus might be expected to increase in situations where people must repeatedly exercise self-control (e.g., when under strain).
27. Desistence

*b. Depletion

1. Decreasing
2. Limited

Answer location: page 132

 

27. support is giving someone the resources needed to reach a goal.
28. Expressive
29. External

*c. Instrumental

1. Internal

Answer location: page 144

 

28. The central premise of Hirschi’s first theory is that delinquency arises when social bonds are weak or absent.

*a. true

1. false

Answer location: page 115

 

29. Sociologists such as Marx and Bentham heavily influenced Hirschi’s theoretical position when he first proposed social bond theory.
30. true

*b. false

Answer location: page 115

 

30. Control theorists ask the question “why don’t they do it?” rather than “why do they do it?”

*a. true

1. false

Answer location: page 115

 

31. The bond of attachment is the emotional closeness that youths have with adults, with parents typically being the most important.

*a. true

1. false

Answer location: page 120

 

32. The bond of commitment refers to the extent to which adolescents embrace the moral validity of the law and other conventional normative standards.
33. true

*b. false

Answer location: page 121

 

33. Empirical tests of Hirschi’s social bond theory seem to suggest that the presence of social bonds is inversely related to delinquency and to adult crime.

*a. true

1. false

Answer location: page 124

 

34. Gottfredson and Hirschi’s self-control theory is not a control theory.
35. true

*b. false

Answer location: page 125

 

35. According to Gottfredson and Hirschi, self-control is the restraint that allows people to resist crime and other short-term gratification.

*a. true

1. false

Answer location: page 126

 

36. A General Theory of Crime, written by Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990), departs significantly from Hirschi’s earlier work in Causes of Delinquency (1969).

*a. true

1. false

Answer location: page 125

 

37. Tittle argues that deviance will occur both when there is too little control or too much control.

*a. true

1. false

Answer location: page 137

 

38. According to Hirschi, in patriarchal families, boys have stronger preferences for risk taking that increase their involvement in delinquency.
39. true

*b. false

Answer location: page 136

 

39. According to Tittle, the potential for the predisposition to develop a motivation to deviate lies in human nature.

*a. true

1. false

Answer location: page 138

 

40. Gottfredson favors creating a less coercive society in which people’s human needs are given priority by government policies.
41. true

*b. false

Answer location: page 142

 

41. Hagan argues that in patriarchal homes, girls are more likely to engage in delinquency than are boys.
42. true

*b. false

Answer location: page 136

 

42. Control theories that focus on explaining juvenile delinquency tend to locate control influences primarily in the family and secondary in the school.

*a. true

1. false

Answer location: page 135

 

43. Gottfredson and Hirschi emphasized change in wayward behavior across the lifecourse.
44. true

*b. false

 

44. Expressive support might involve boosting a child’s self-esteem after a failure, listening to a friend express anger and frustration, or hugging someone to validate their worth and identify.

*a. true

1. false

 

Type: E

45. According to Hirschi, which institutions help the adolescent form social bonds?

*a. For Hirschi, the control resides in a per­son’s ties to conventional society—to its adult members (parents, teachers), its institutions (family, school), and its beliefs (laws, normative standards). The control thus lies in a per­son’s relationship to society. Hirschi called these different kinds of ties or relationships social bonds. He identified four social bonds: attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief; these are discussed below in detail.

 

Type: E

46. Briefly explain Hirschi’s four social bonds.

*a. See Table 6.1

 

Type: E

47. What is the question that all control theorists ask? What is their reasoning behind this?

*a. Why don’t they do it? Why don’t they commit crimes to get what they want? Believed that the key issue is to explain why people, all of whom are motivated to seek immediate gratification in the easiest way possi­ble, refrain from doing so.

 

Type: E

48. According to Hirschi, on what is the inculcation of self-control dependent?

*a. parenting

 

Type: E

49. Explain how variation in social bonds explains variation in crime.

*a. For Hirschi, variation in social bonds thus explains variation in crime. The stronger the bond, the more likely criminal enticements will be controlled and that conformity will ensue; the weaker the bond, the more likely individuals will succumb to their desires and break the law. This returns us, then, to the question, “Why don’t they do it?” The answer should be clear: People do not engage in crime—they do not act on their desire for gratification—because they are stopped from doing so by their social bonds. In short, social bonds control their attraction to illegal temptations and ensure their conformity.

 

Type: E

50. How does the presence and strength of social bonds explain change in offending?

*a. Importantly, the stability of the social bond is not a given. The social bond remains strong only so long as it is nourished by interaction with conventional others. If youngsters become distant from parents, give up on going to college and caring about grades, or are cut from sports teams, their bonds can attenuate. And if bonds weaken, crime can take place. Because bonds can vary in strength across time—for example, weaker in the teenage years, stronger before and after—people can move into and out of illegal conduct. Adult offenders might desist from crime if they enter a quality marriage or get a good job. In short, the presence and strength of social bonds can explain change in offending.

 

Type: E

51. According to Gottfredson and Hirschi, what is self-control?

*a. Rhe restraint that allows people to resist crime.

 

Type: E

52. What two aspects do Hagan’s power-control theory and Gottfredson and Hirschi’s self-control theory share?

*a. First, Hagan (1989) contended that delinquency is more likely when a person has a preference for taking risks, an orientation that Gottfredson and Hirschi saw as central to a lack of self-control. Second, both approaches believe that personal orientations, whether risk taking or self-control, are established by the nature of parenting. In short, families are incubators for or prophylactics against criminal involvement.

 

Type: E

53. In Tittle’s control balance theory, what does control balance tend to be associated with? What does control imbalance tend to be associated with?

*a. Control balance tends to be associated with conformity, and control imbalance tends to be associated with deviance.

 

Type: E

54. List the six characteristics or elements of self-control.

*a. Impulsive, insensitive, physical (as opposed to mental), risk-taking, shortsighted, and nonverbal

 

Type: E

55. What are the three core assertions of social support theory?

*a. Social support reduces crime; social support makes control more effective;s ocial support reduces crime by increasing prosocial and decreasing antisocial influences

 

Type: E

56. Compare and contrast Hirschi’s social bond theory and Gottfredson and Hirschi’s self-control theory. What are the contradictions? Which theory do you agree with more? Why?

*a. answers vary

Answer location: page 114-136

 

Type: E

57. Explain in detail Hirschi’s forerunners. That is, what predecessors and what perspectives influenced Hirschi in his formulation of social bond theory? What are the differences between Hirschi’s own theoretical position and the positions of other theorists before his time? What positions were Hirschi’s ideas most in line with?

*a. answers vary

Answer location: page 114-136

 

Type: E

58. Explain Tittle’s control balance theory. How has control balance theory been assessed?

*a. answers vary

Answer location: page 137-139

 

Type: E

59. Control theory has tended to be in accordance with various prevention and intervention efforts that have been around for decades and that to many have become a matter of “common sense.” Explain the policy implications of such control theories. Where are policies based on control theories lacking?

*a. answers vary

Answer location: page 145-147

 

Type: E

60. What is differential coercion theory? Make sure to discuss the different types of coercion to assist in explaining the answer. How has the differential coercion theory been assessed?

*a. answers vary

Answer location: page 140-142

 

Type: E

61. Describe what parents must do to establish self-control in their children and how they may fail at establishing self-control.

*a. answers vary

Answer location: page 128-129

 

Type: E

62. Describe the origins of social support theory.

*a. answers vary

Answer location: page 142-143