Discovering the Lifespan 2nd Canadian Edition By Feldman - Test Bank

Discovering the Lifespan 2nd Canadian Edition By Feldman – Test Bank

Instant Download – Complete Test Bank With Answers

Sample Questions Are Posted Below

Chapter 01: An Introduction to Lifespan Development

Chapter 01 Multiple Choice Questions

Approximately how many babies have been born through in vitro fertilization (IVF)?

15,000

150,000

1.5 million

15 million

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-1

Page-Reference: 4

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Factual

Objective: Introduction

Answer: 1.5 million

Which of the following subjects would be studied by a developmental psychologist?

Investigating whether influences on an unborn fetus can affect its behaviour after birth.

Investigating whether studying regularly or immediately before a test improves test scores.

Completing a cross-sectional study comparing males’ and females’ eye-hand coordination.

Examining how the presence of other people affects the amount of money donated to charity.

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-2

Page-Reference: 4

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: Introduction

Answer: Investigating whether influences on an unborn fetus can affect its behaviour after birth.

Developmentalists generally agree with which of the following statements?

Human development is almost exclusively determined by nature

Human development is almost exclusively determined by nurture

Human development is always determined by a unique combination of nature and nurture.

We do not currently have enough information to determine the roles of nature and nurture.

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-3

Page-Reference: 4

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L01

Answer: Human development is always determined by a unique combination of nature and nurture.

_______ development is the field of study that examines patterns of growth, change, and stability in behaviour that occur throughout the entire lifespan.

Biological

Lifespan

Psychological

Research

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-4

Page-Reference: 5

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Factual

Objective: L01

Answer: Lifespan

In its study of growth, change, and stability, lifespan development takes a(n) ______ approach.

intuitive

scientific

social

environmental

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-5

Page-Reference: 5

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Factual

Objective: L01

Answer: scientific

A professor wants to examine the effectiveness of a new teaching approach. Her 9:00 a.m. class will be exposed to the new method of viewing video lectures, while her 10:00 a.m. class will be exposed to traditional lectures. She will assess the students’ progress after six sessions. What method is the professor using to conduct her experiment?

intuitive

biological

environmental

scientific

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-6

Page-Reference: 5

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Applied

Objective: L01

Answer: scientific

The vast majority of the field of lifespan development focuses on

nonhuman species.

test tube babies.

biological and environmental development.

human development.

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-7

Page-Reference: 5

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Factual

Objective: L01

Answer: human development.

A lifespan developmentalist whose topical focus is the body’s makeup is interested in _____ development.

cognitive

physical

personality

social

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-8

Page-Reference: 5

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L01

Answer: physical

A researcher working with CFL players is conducting a longitudinal study to examine an athlete’s decline in physical performance as the athlete ages. What type of development would the researcher most likely be studying?

cognitive

personality

physical

social

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-9

Page-Reference: 5

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Applied

Objective: L01

Answer: physical

________ development involves the ways that growth and change in intellectual capabilities influence a person’s behaviour.

Cognitive

Physical

Personality

Social

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-10

Page-Reference: 6

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L01

Answer: Cognitive

Researchers in the early learning department of a university are conducting a long-term study to see how problem-solving skills change over time as school-age students move from elementary school to high school to college. What type of development are the researchers most likely studying?

cognitive

personality

social

physical

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-11

Page-Reference: 6

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Applied

Objective: L01

Answer: cognitive

Researchers who use intellectual (IQ) testing as part of their research project with elementary age students are likely to be researching _________ development.

personality

cognitive

social

physical

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-12

Page-Reference: 6

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L01

Answer: cognitive

A student reads a flyer on the campus bulletin board that says a researcher is searching for students to volunteer for a long-term study. Participation includes completing testing that measures traits such as temperament, attitudes, and adaptability, traits that differentiate one person from another. The researcher who is developing this study is most likely interested in ___________ development.

personality

social

cognitive

physical

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-13

Page-Reference: 6

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Applied

Objective: L01

Answer: social

_________ development involves the way in which individuals’ interactions with others and their social relationships grow, change and remain stable over the course of life.

Cognitive

Physical

Personality

Social

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-14

Page-Reference: 6

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L01

Answer: Social

What type of lifespan developmentalist is interested in how a person who experiences a significant or traumatic event early in life would remember that event later in life?

physical

social

cognitive

personality

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-15

Page-Reference: 5

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L01

Answer: cognitive

A researcher is interested in conducting a study to determine whether people who experienced a devastating event, such as a house fire where the family lost everything, perform differently on problem solving tasks long afterwards. This researcher is interested in the ________ development of the subject(s).

personality

social

cognitive

physical

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-16

Page-Reference: 6

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Applied

Objective: L01

Answer: cognitive

Lifespan developmentalists typically look at which of the following areas?

a particular family

a particular age range

a particular town/city

a particular country

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-17

Page-Reference: 6

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L01

Answer: a particular age range

A developmental researcher who is interested in studying which senses are used most often by a child would be studying ___________ development.

social

physical

personality

cognitive

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-18

Page-Reference: 5

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L01

Answer: physical

If a developmental researcher is studying the intellectual consequences of watching television, which developmental area is the researcher studying?

social

physical

cognitive

personality

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-19

Page-Reference: 5

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Applied

Objective: L01

Answer: cognitive

A shared notion of reality that is widely accepted but is a function of society and culture at a given time is/are called

topical areas of lifespan development.

social construction.

age ranges.

social development.

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-20

Page-Reference: 7

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Factual

Objective: L01

Answer: social construction.

The concept of childhood as a special period did not exist during the ________ century.

sixteenth

seventeenth

nineteenth

twentieth

Difficulty: Difficult

QuestionID: 1-21

Page-Reference: 7

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Factual

Objective: L01

Answer: seventeenth

Which period is considered a social construction and does not have a clear-cut boundary?

infancy begins with birth

adolescence starts with sexual maturity

middle adulthood ends with retirement

preschool period ends with entry into public school

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-22

Page-Reference: 7

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L01

Answer: middle adulthood ends with retirement

According to developmentalists, at what age does young adulthood begin?

Difficulty: Difficult

QuestionID: 1-23

Page-Reference: 7

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Factual

Objective: L01

Answer: 20

Walter is a student who is about to graduate from college. What age would hold the most significance in his life?

when he finished his third year of high school at age 17

when he turned 20 years of age

when he leaves college and enters the workforce at age 22

no specific age, because of individual differences and cultural influences

Difficulty: Difficult

QuestionID: 1-24

Page-Reference: 7

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L01

Answer: no specific age, because of individual differences and cultural influences

When discussing developmental diversity, what characteristic of good parenting do Mayan mothers consider essential?

laying their infants down

maintaining constant contact between themselves and their infant children

providing constant nourishment of their children

allowing their infants to cry

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-25

Page-Reference: 7

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Factual

Objective: L02

Answer: maintaining constant contact between themselves and their infant children

Race is what kind of a concept?

cognitive

cultural

biological

social

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-26

Page-Reference: 7

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L02

Answer: social

When Allison was completing her medical forms in the doctor’s office, she was asked to indicate her race. What may be an appropriate reason(s) for the question on the forms?

to establish her skin colour

to establish her ethnic/cultural heritage

to establish her religion

to establish biological factors that may predispose her to certain diseases or conditions

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-27

Page-Reference: 7

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Applied

Objective: L02

Answer: to establish biological factors that may predispose her to certain diseases or conditions

A group of people who are born around the same time and place is called a(n)

race.

cohort.

ethnic group.

normative group.

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-28

Page-Reference: 8

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Factual

Objective: L02

Answer: cohort.

The concept of race is exceedingly imprecise because

there are well over 300 genetically distinct races.

there are no known genetic markers that indicate race.

the question of race seems comparatively insignificant because 99.9 percent of humans’ genetic makeup is identical.

surnames often best reflect different races and ethnic groups.

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-29

Page-Reference: 7

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L02

Answer: the question of race seems comparatively insignificant because 99.9 percent of humans’ genetic makeup is identical.

People who lived in areas affected by the widespread power outages of 2003 shared challenges that are called ________ effects.

biological

environmental

cohort

Millennial Generation

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-30

Page-Reference: 8

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Applied

Objective: L02

Answer: cohort

Biological and environmental influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group, regardless of where they are raised, are called ______influences.

age-graded

history-graded

biological

environmental

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-31

Page-Reference: 8

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Factual

Objective: L02

Answer: age-graded

Biological and environmental influences associated with a particular historical moment are called _______ influences.

age-graded

history-graded

biological

environmental

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-32

Page-Reference: 8

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Factual

Objective: L02

Answer: history-graded

Biological and environmental factors that are associated with a certain historical event, such as the Quebec sovereignty referendum of 1995, can be considered

age-graded influences.

history-graded influences.

sociocultural-graded influences.

non-normative life events.

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-33

Page-Reference: 8

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Applied

Objective: L02

Answer: history-graded influences.

__________ is an example of a biological universal event that occurs at relatively the same time throughout all societies.

Young adulthood

Puberty

Adulthood

Death

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-34

Page-Reference: 7

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Factual

Objective: L02

Answer: Puberty

Alice’s symptoms of menopause include hot flashes and cessation of her monthly menstrual cycle. Alice’s doctor tells her she is experiencing a(n)

non-normative life event.

age-graded influence.

history-graded influence.

sociocultural-graded influence.

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-35

Page-Reference: 8

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Applied

Objective: L02

Answer: age-graded influence.

When social and cultural factors affect an individual at a particular time and include variables such as ethnicity, social class, and subcultural membership, these factors are called

age-graded influences.

non-normative life events.

history-graded influences.

sociocultural-graded influences.

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-36

Page-Reference: 8

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L02

Answer: sociocultural-graded influences.

In ___________, development is ________, with achievements at one level building on those of previous levels.

discontinuous change; distinct

continuous change; gradual

discontinuous change; gradual

continuous change; distinct

Difficulty: Difficult

QuestionID: 1-37

Page-Reference: 9

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Factual

Objective: L04

Answer: continuous change; gradual

In ____________, each stage is _______________.

discontinuous change; distinct.

continuous change; distinct.

distinct change; discontinuous.

distinct change; gradual.

Difficulty: Difficult

QuestionID: 1-38

Page-Reference: 9

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Factual

Objective: L04

Answer: discontinuous change; distinct.

Some theorists see human development as moving from one distinct stage to another, often suddenly. Which developmental pattern does this reflect?

discontinuous change.

continuous change.

critical period.

sensitive period.

Difficulty: Difficult

QuestionID: 1-39

Page-Reference: 9

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L04

Answer: discontinuous change.

Consider a situation where a woman comes down with a case of rubella (German measles) in the eleventh week of pregnancy, as opposed to the thirtieth week of pregnancy. The difference in the way rubella would affect the unborn child at these two times is an example of

continuous change.

discontinuous change.

critical period.

sensitive period.

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-40

Page-Reference: 9

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Applied

Objective: L04

Answer: critical period.

Development that occurs in distinct steps or stages, with each stage bringing about behaviour that is assumed to be qualitatively different from behaviour at earlier stages is called _________ change.

discontinuous

continuous

critical

natural

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-41

Page-Reference: 9

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L04

Answer: discontinuous

A specific time during development when a particular event has its greatest consequences and the presence of certain kinds of environmental stimuli is necessary for development to proceed normally is called

discontinuous change.

continuous change.

critical period.

natural change.

Difficulty: Difficult

QuestionID: 1-42

Page-Reference: 9

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Factual

Objective: L04

Answer: critical period.

Research on infant brain development shows that some brain functions, such as motor coordination and sensory acuity, are most able to develop during key periods of infancy although later experience is still able to refine these brain functions. This is called a

discontinuous change.

continuous change.

sensitive period.

critical period.

Difficulty: Difficult

QuestionID: 1-43

Page-Reference: 9

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Applied

Objective: L04

Answer: sensitive period.

Early developmentalists focused their attention on

infancy to preschool years.

preschool to adolescence.

infancy and adolescence.

adolescence and adulthood.

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-44

Page-Reference: 9

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Factual

Objective: L04

Answer: infancy and adolescence.

In a ______, organisms are particularly susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli in their environments, but the absence of those stimuli does not always produce irreversible consequences.

sensitive period

continuous change

critical period

discontinuous change

Difficulty: Difficult

QuestionID: 1-45

Page-Reference: 9

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Factual

Objective: L04

Answer: sensitive period

What issue is the most prominent in lifespan development?

Identifying which stages of a person’s lifespan are the most important

Determining how much of a person’s behaviour is due to their genetically-determined nature, and how much is determined by environmental influences

Identifying the historical roots of lifespan development

Establishing how are developmental research studies are developed

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-46

Page-Reference: 10

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L04

Answer: Determining how much of a person’s behaviour is due to their genetically-determined nature, and how much is determined by environmental influences

“Nature” refers to

traits, abilities, and capacities inherited from parents.

biological forces within the environment that affect change.

how people’s growth and change are affected at the cellular level.

socioeconomic surroundings that affect people’s growth and change.

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-47

Page-Reference: 10

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Factual

Objective: L04

Answer: traits, abilities, and capacities inherited from parents.

The predetermined unfolding of genetic information is known as

nurture.

influences of the physical and social environment.

maturation.

conception.

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-48

Page-Reference: 10

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Factual

Objective: L04

Answer: maturation.

Changes in bone density and muscle composition that are due to automatic, genetic processes are known as

nurture.

maturation.

environmental influences.

conception.

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-49

Page-Reference: 10

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Applied

Objective: L04

Answer: maturation.

Environmental influences that shape behaviour are referred to as

nurture.

maturation.

nature.

social evolution.

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-50

Page-Reference: 10

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Factual

Objective: L04

Answer: nurture.

Wilma used both cocaine and alcohol during her pregnancy. This __________ influence is known as ________.

biological; nurture

biological; nature

biological; maturation

social; nature

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-51

Page-Reference: 10

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Applied

Objective: L04

Answer: biological; nurture

Genetically-determined traits not only directly influence a child’s ______, but also indirectly shape the child’s _________.

behaviour; environment

environment; behaviour

maturation; circumstances

circumstances; personality

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-52

Page-Reference: 10

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Factual

Objective: L04

Answer: behaviour; environment

According to the textbook, which statement best reflects how many researchers view the nature–nurture question?

Nature is clearly dominant in most cases.

Nurture is clearly dominant in most cases.

Both sides should be considered because most behaviours fall somewhere in between.

Neither side should be considered because most behaviours are not explained by either factor.

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-53

Page-Reference: 10

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Factual

Objective: L04

Answer: Both sides should be considered because most behaviours fall somewhere in between.

According to the textbook, which statement best reflects how many researchers view the scope of human development?

It is limited to infancy and early childhood.

It is limited to infancy, childhood, and adolescence.

It is limited to adolescence and young adulthood.

It occurs throughout the lifespan.

Difficulty: Easy

QuestionID: 1-54

Page-Reference: 9

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Factual

Objective: L04

Answer: It occurs throughout the lifespan.

Broad, organized explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest are called _________________ and provide a framework for understanding the relationships among an unorganized set of facts or principles.

concepts

hypotheses

theories

perspectives

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-55

Page-Reference: 11

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Factual

Objective: L05

Answer: theories

Advocates of the __________ perspective believe that much of behaviour is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts of which a person has little awareness or control.

psychodynamic

psychosocial

behavioural

psychosexual

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-56

Page-Reference: 12

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Factual

Objective: L05

Answer: psychodynamic

Freud proposed a theory that suggests that unconscious forces act to influence personality and behaviour. This is called the ______ perspective.

psychosocial

psychosexual

psychoanalytic

behavioural

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-57

Page-Reference: 12

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Factual

Objective: L05

Answer: psychoanalytic

The psychodynamic perspective is closely associated with

Freud.

Erikson.

Skinner.

Piaget.

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-58

Page-Reference: 12

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Factual

Objective: L05

Answer: Freud.

Sigmund Freud is responsible for revolutionary ideas and the __________ theory.

behavioural

psychoanalytic

phallic

reality

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-59

Page-Reference: 12

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Factual

Objective: L05

Answer: psychoanalytic

Which of the following answer choices suggests that unconscious forces act to determine personality and behaviour?

psychosexual development

pleasure principle

reality principle

psychoanalytic theory

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-60

Page-Reference: 12

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Factual

Objective: L05

Answer: psychoanalytic theory

Freud believed that the _________ contains infantile wishes, desires, demands, and needs that are hidden from conscious awareness because they are disturbing.

superego

ego

unconscious

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-61

Page-Reference: 12

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Factual

Objective: L06

Answer: unconscious

The approach stating that behaviour is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts that are generally beyond peoples’ awareness and control is called the

clinical approach.

investigative approach.

psychodynamic perspective.

analytical perspective.

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-62

Page-Reference: 12

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Factual

Objective: L06

Answer: psychodynamic perspective.

According to Freud, which part of everyone person’s personality operates according to the “pleasure principle”?

unconscious

ego

superego

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-63

Page-Reference: 12

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Factual

Objective: L06

Answer: id

Freud believed that the goal of the pleasure principle was to

reduce satisfaction and maximize tension.

maximize satisfaction and reduce tension.

reduce inhibition and maximize unconscious awareness.

increase inhibition and reduce unconscious awareness.

Difficulty: Difficult

QuestionID: 1-64

Page-Reference: 12

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Factual

Objective: L06

Answer: maximize satisfaction and reduce tension.

Freud believed that the _____ is the part of the personality that is rational and reasonable.

superego

conscious

ego

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-65

Page-Reference: 12

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Factual

Objective: L06

Answer: ego

Freud believed that the ego operates on the

unconscious.

reality principle.

pleasure principle.

conscious.

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-66

Page-Reference: 12

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Factual

Objective: L06

Answer: reality principle.

If a child develops into a person who integrates into society and maintains a good awareness of personal safety, Freud may say that person has a well-developed

id.

superego.

consciousness.

ego.

Difficulty: Difficult

QuestionID: 1-67

Page-Reference: 12

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L06

Answer: ego.

The ________ is Freud’s representation of the distinction between right and wrong.

ego

superego

unconscious

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-68

Page-Reference: 12

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Factual

Objective: L06

Answer: superego

69.

To Freud, “superego” and ________ are interchangeable terms.

conscience

ego

unconscious

conscious

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-69

Page-Reference: 12

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L06

Answer: conscience

Freud believed that the ______ begins to develop around age five or six and is learned from significant authority figures.

superego

conscious

ego

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-70

Page-Reference: 12

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Factual

Objective: L06

Answer: superego

According to Freud, a series of stages that children pass through in which pleasure, or gratification, is focused on a particular biological function and body part is called

psychosexual development.

the psychosexual approach.

the psychoanalytic theory.

the psychoanalytical approach.

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-71

Page-Reference: 12

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Factual

Objective: L06

Answer: psychosexual development.

Adults engaging in excessive eating, talking, or chewing gum may be experiencing a(n) __________ fixation.

anal

oral

phallic

psychosexual

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-72

Page-Reference: 12

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Applied

Objective: L06

Answer: oral

Thom is an adolescent who has an awareness of uniqueness of self and knowledge of roles to be followed. He can be said to have passed through Erikson’s ________ stage of psychosocial development.

trust vs. mistrust

initiative vs. guilt

industry vs. inferiority

identity vs. role diffusion

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-73

Page-Reference: 13

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Applied

Objective: L06

Answer: identity vs. role diffusion

Kimberly is a young woman who has a fear of relationships with others. She can be said to have had a negative outcome in Erikson’s ________ stage of psychosocial development.

initiative vs. guilt

autonomy vs. shame and doubt

intimacy vs. isolation

generativity vs. stagnation

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-74

Page-Reference: 13

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Applied

Objective: L06

Answer: intimacy vs. isolation

As Warren looks back over his long life, he feels a sense of unity in his life’s accomplishments. He can be said to be in Erikson’s ________ stage of psychosocial development.

industry vs. inferiority

ego-integrity vs. despair

identity vs. role diffusion

generativity vs. stagnation

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-75

Page-Reference: 13

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Applied

Objective: L06

Answer: ego-integrity vs. despair

Weston is 16 years old. According to Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development, which of the following would be the key crisis for him during this stage of life?

Developing a sense of competence in his abilities

Understanding his unique identity and sense of self

Developing close and intimate relationships

Contributing positively to future generations

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-76

Page-Reference: 13

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Applied

Objective: L06

Answer: Understanding his unique identity and sense of self

Jerry is 53 years old. According to Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development, which of the following would be the key crisis for him during this stage of life?

Developing a sense of competence in his abilities

Understanding his unique identity and sense of self

Developing close and intimate relationships

Contributing positively to future generations

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-77

Page-Reference: 13

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Applied

Objective: L06

Answer: Contributing positively to future generations

Suri identifies with her mother as a role model. She has passed through Freud’s _______ stage of psychosexual development.

anal

oral

phallic

latent

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-78

Page-Reference: 13

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Applied

Objective: L06

Answer: phallic

Freud believed that if children are unable to gratify themselves in a particular stage of development, or if they are over-gratified in a particular stage of development, ______ may occur.

fixation

conflict

stages

patterns

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-79

Page-Reference: 12

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Factual

Objective: L06

Answer: fixation

Psychoanalyst ________ provided an alternative psychodynamic view in his theory of psychosocial development.

Skinner

Freud

Erikson

Piaget

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-80

Page-Reference: 13

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Factual

Objective: L05

Answer: Erikson

Erikson proposed a ____________ theory, which emphasized that society and culture influence and shape us.

psychosocial

psychodynamic

psychoanalytic

behavioural

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-81

Page-Reference: 13

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Factual

Objective: L06

Answer: psychosocial

Erikson’s psychosocial theory of development proposes ________ distinct stages.

Difficulty: Easy

QuestionID: 1-82

Page-Reference: 13

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Factual

Objective: L06

Answer: 8

Erikson argued that each of his stages presents a(n) ________ that the individual must resolve.

crisis

fixation

dilemma

interaction

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-83

Page-Reference: 13

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Factual

Objective: L06

Answer: crisis

Erikson’s theory differs from Freud’s in that Erikson believed that development:

is completed in infancy.

is completed in early childhood.

is completed by adolescence.

continues throughout the lifespan.

Difficulty: Easy

QuestionID: 1-84

Page-Reference: 13

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L06

Answer: continues throughout the lifespan.

Which of the following is a common criticism of Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development?

The theory focuses excessively on the period from infancy to adolescence.

The theory focuses on the life patterns of women more than men.

Its vagueness makes the theory difficult to challenge or confirm.

It makes a number of specific predictions that have not been supported by research data.

Difficulty: Easy

QuestionID: 1-85

Page-Reference: 14

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L06

Answer: Its vagueness makes the theory difficult to challenge or confirm.

The __________ ________ suggests that keys to understanding development are observable actions and outside stimuli in the environment.

psychodynamic perspective

behavioural perspective

psychoanalytic theory

psychosocial theory

Difficulty: Difficult

QuestionID: 1-86

Page-Reference: 14

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Factual

Objective: L06

Answer: behavioural perspective

________ theories assume that people are affected by the environmental stimuli to which they are exposed, and developmental change is ________.

Psychodynamic; qualitative.

Psychosocial; quantitative.

Developmental; qualitative.

Behavioural; quantitative.

Difficulty: Difficult

QuestionID: 1-87

Page-Reference: 14

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Factual

Objective: L05

Answer: Behavioural; quantitative.

A type of learning in which an organism responds in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response is called

classical conditioning.

behavioural perspective.

operant conditioning.

psychodynamic approach.

Difficulty: Difficult

QuestionID: 1-88

Page-Reference: 14

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Factual

Objective: L06

Answer: classical conditioning.

A form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by its association with positive or negative consequences is called

the behavioural perspective.

the psychodynamic perspective.

operant conditioning.

classical conditioning.

Difficulty: Difficult

QuestionID: 1-89

Page-Reference: 15

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Factual

Objective: L06

Answer: operant conditioning.

Who was one of the first American psychologists to advocate a behavioural approach to development?

Skinner

Watson

Piaget

Erikson

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-90

Page-Reference: 14

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Factual

Objective: L06

Answer: Watson

Judy was bitten by a small brown and white dog when she was a little girl, and now every time she sees a small dog approaching her, she is fearful. Watson would say that Judy’s reaction is a result of _________ conditioning.

behavioural

classical

reinforcement

psychosocial

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-91

Page-Reference: 14

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Applied

Objective: L06

Answer: classical

________ ________ is a form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by its association with positive or negative consequences.

Classical conditioning

Social-cognitive learning

Operant conditioning

Psychodynamic learning

Difficulty: Difficult

QuestionID: 1-92

Page-Reference: 15

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L06

Answer: Operant conditioning

_________ conditioning, in which the response being conditioned is voluntary and purposeful, differs from _________ conditioning, where the response is automatic.

Social-cognitive; operant

Operant; classical

Classical; operant

Operant; social-cognitive

Difficulty: Difficult

QuestionID: 1-93

Page-Reference: 14, 15

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L06

Answer: Operant; classical

Operant conditioning was formulated and championed by

Freud.

Skinner.

Bandura.

Rogers.

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-94

Page-Reference: 15

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Factual

Objective: L06

Answer: Skinner.

Behaviour modification depends upon which principle?

Operant conditioning

Social-cognitive conditioning

Classical conditioning

Stimulus conditioning

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-95

Page-Reference: 15

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Factual

Objective: L06

Answer: Operant conditioning

Susan learned at a young age that developing good study habits, such as doing her homework, brought about good grades, and made her want to work harder in school. In this situation, the good grades are called

learning theory.

classical conditioning.

reinforcement.

social-cognitive modelling.

Difficulty: Difficult

QuestionID: 1-96

Page-Reference: 15

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Applied

Objective: L06

Answer: reinforcement.

Roger likes to buy lottery tickets regularly because he occasionally wins. This is an example of ________ behaviour.

reinforcement

classical conditioning

extinguishing

social-cognitive

Difficulty: Difficult

QuestionID: 1-97

Page-Reference: 15

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Applied

Objective: L06

Answer: reinforcement

The introduction of an unpleasant or painful stimulus, or the removal of a desirable stimulus that decreases the probability that a preceding behaviour will occur in the future is considered

classical conditioning.

punishment.

social-cognitive learning.

reinforcement.

Difficulty: Difficult

QuestionID: 1-98

Page-Reference: 15

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L06

Answer: punishment.

Alice used to do her math homework regularly and studied hard for tests although she continued to have difficulty getting passing grades; disheartened, Alice began to put less effort into her math homework, and eventually she failed math. This is an example of what type of behaviour?

reinforcement

classical

social-cognitive

punishment

Difficulty: Difficult

QuestionID: 1-99

Page-Reference: 15

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Applied

Objective: L06

Answer: punishment

In the language of operant conditioning, behaviour that receives no reinforcement or is punished is likely to be

continued.

intermittent.

extinguished.

accelerated.

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-100

Page-Reference: 15

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L06

Answer: extinguished.

______ _______ is a formal technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviours and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones.

Punishment modification

Reinforcement modification

Classical modification

Behaviour modification

Difficulty: Easy

QuestionID: 1-101

Page-Reference: 15

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L06

Answer: Behaviour modification

What is the learning approach that emphasizes learning by observing the behaviour of another person, called modelling?

classical conditioning

behaviour modification

social-cognitive learning

operant conditioning

Difficulty: Easy

QuestionID: 1-102

Page-Reference: 15

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L06

Answer: social-cognitive learning

Sidney had been receiving a dollar for every time she cleaned her room, which she did quite often as a result. However, once her parents decided not to give her a reward for cleaning her room, Sydney gradually cleaned her room less and less often. What principle of conditioning does this change demonstrate?

modelling

reinforcement

punishment

extinction

Difficulty: Easy

QuestionID: 1-103

Page-Reference: 15

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Applied

Objective: L06

Answer: extinction

Ralph watches the other kindergarten students receive stickers and other rewards from the teacher for sitting at their desks and completing their work. Soon, Ralph begins to behave like the other kindergarten students. This is what type of learning?

modelling

reinforcement

extinction

imitation

Difficulty: Easy

QuestionID: 1-104

Page-Reference: 15

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Applied

Objective: L06

Answer: modelling

Which developmental psychologist developed an approach that emphasizes learning by observing the behaviour of another person, called a model?

Skinner

Freud

Bandura

Watson

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-105

Page-Reference: 15

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Factual

Objective: L05

Answer: Bandura

Which developmental psychologist is associated with social-cognitive learning theory?

Skinner

Freud

Bandura

Watson

Difficulty: Easy

QuestionID: 1-106

Page-Reference: 15

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Factual

Objective: L05

Answer: Bandura

According to classical and operant conditioning people and other organisms’ behaviour and learning are understood in terms of ________, _______ stimuli.

insignificant; external

observable; external

significant; internal

unobservable; internal

Difficulty: Difficult

QuestionID: 1-107

Page-Reference: 16

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L06

Answer: observable; external

Social-cognitive learning theorists argue that the difference between people and animals is the occurrence of

classical conditioning.

operant conditioning.

thoughts and expectations.

reinforcement/punishment.

Difficulty: Difficult

QuestionID: 1-108

Page-Reference: 16

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Factual

Objective: L06

Answer: thoughts and expectations.

Which form of the behavioural perspective learning styles has become predominant in recent decades and is based on learning through imitation?

classical

social-cognitive theory

operant

reinforcement

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-109

Page-Reference: 16

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Factual

Objective: L06

Answer: social-cognitive theory

__________ focuses on the processes that allow people to know, understand, and think about the world.

Classical conditioning

The behavioural perspective

Operant conditioning

The cognitive perspective

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-110

Page-Reference: 16

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L05

Answer: The cognitive perspective

The approach that focuses on the processes that allow people to know, understand, and think about the world is called the

psychoanalytic approach.

theoretical approach.

cognitive perspective.

analytical perspective.

Difficulty: Difficult

QuestionID: 1-111

Page-Reference: 16

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L05

Answer: cognitive perspective.

Who is considered the predominant theorist in cognitive development?

Piaget

Skinner

Bandura

Freud

Difficulty: Easy

QuestionID: 1-112

Page-Reference: 16

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Factual

Objective: L06

Answer: Piaget

_________ is(are) a theory of how human thinking is organized into mental patterns that represent behaviours and actions.

Assimilation

Schemes

Accommodation

Assessments

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-113

Page-Reference: 16

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Factual

Objective: L06

Answer: Schemes

Piaget’s two basic principles of growth in children’s understanding of the world are

reward and punishment.

schemas and assessment.

assimilation and accommodation.

cognitive and behaviour.

Difficulty: Difficult

QuestionID: 1-114

Page-Reference: 16

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L06

Answer: assimilation and accommodation.

What did Piaget call the process in which people understand an experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development and way of thinking?

Cognition

Accommodation

Schemes

Assimilation

Difficulty: Difficult

QuestionID: 1-115

Page-Reference: 16

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L06

Answer: Assimilation

What did Piaget call the process in which changes occur in the existing way a child thinks in response to encounters with new stimuli or events?

assimilation

accommodation

cognition

schemes

Difficulty: Difficult

QuestionID: 1-116

Page-Reference: 16

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L06

Answer: accommodation

What has become an important alternative to Piagetian approaches?

Behavioural modification

Classical conditioning

Information processing

Social-cognitive learning

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-117

Page-Reference: 17

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Factual

Objective: L05

Answer: Information processing

Which type of approach grew out of the development of electronic processing of information, where even complex behaviour such as learning, remembering, categorizing, and thinking can be broken down into a series of individual, specific steps?

information processing

social-cognitive learning

classical conditioning

behavioural modification

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-118

Page-Reference: 17

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Factual

Objective: L05

Answer: information processing

Piaget’s view assumes that thinking undergoes ________ advances, but the information-processing approach assumes that development is marked by ________ advantages.

quantitative; qualitative

quantitative; discontinuous

qualitative; quantitative

continuous; discontinuous

Difficulty: Difficult

QuestionID: 1-119

Page-Reference: 17

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L06

Answer: qualitative; quantitative

An information processing approach that builds on Piaget’s research is known as _______ theory because it considers cognition as made up of different types of individual skills.

behavioural

operant

classical

neo-Piagetian

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-120

Page-Reference: 17

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L06

Answer: neo-Piagetian

What learning model seeks to identify the ways individuals take in, use, and store information?

Piaget

neo-Piaget

information processing

social-cognitive

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-121

Page-Reference: 17

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Factual

Objective: L06

Answer: information processing

Which approach builds on Piaget’s research, and views cognition as made up of different types of individual skills, while using terminology from information processing approaches?

Neo-Piagetian

Information processing

Social-cognitive learning theory

Cognitive perspective

Difficulty: Difficult

QuestionID: 1-122

Page-Reference: 17

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L06

Answer: Neo-Piagetian

Which aspect(s) of development are NOT adequately addressed by the information-processing approach?

Creativity and social/cultural development

Continuous and discontinuous growth

Qualitative vs. quantitative development

Piagetian vs. neo-Piagetian theory

Difficulty: Difficult

QuestionID: 1-123

Page-Reference: 17

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L06

Answer: Creativity and social/cultural development

What type of developmental approach is cutting edge and at the forefront of research when working with genes associated with mental health disorders such as autism and schizophrenia?

Behaviour modification

Social-cognitive

Cognitive neuroscience

Neo-Piagetian

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-124

Page-Reference: 17-18

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L05

Answer: Cognitive neuroscience

Which type of developmental approach seeks to identify specific brain areas and functions associated with specific cognitive activities?

Behaviour modification

Social-cognitive

Cognitive neuroscience

Neo-Piagetian

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-125

Page-Reference: 17

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L05

Answer: Cognitive neuroscience

Which developmental approach looks at cognitive development through the lens of brain processes by considering internal mental processes focused on the neurological activity that underlies thinking, problem solving, and cognitive behaviour?

Neo-Piagetian

Behavioural

Information-processing

Cognitive neuroscience

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-126

Page-Reference: 17

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L06

Answer: Cognitive neuroscience

Which approach examines cognitive development through the lens of brain processes?

Humanistic

Cognitive neuroscience

Neo-Piagetian

Piagetian

Difficulty: Easy

QuestionID: 1-127

Page-Reference: 17

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L06

Answer: Cognitive neuroscience

Why would a cognitive neuroscience approach be potentially more difficult to use when studying children?

Neuroimaging devices can be loud and frightening, and require children to sit still for extended periods.

Children’s brains are not sufficiently organized to draw conclusions from neuroimaging techniques.

Neuroimaging devices are often not able to correctly scan smaller brains.

Children are more vulnerable to small doses of radiation produced by neuroimaging devices.

Difficulty: Easy

QuestionID: 1-128

Page-Reference: 17

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L06

Answer: Neuroimaging devices can be loud and frightening, and require children to sit still for extended periods.

Which perspective considers the relationship between individuals and their physical, cognitive, personality, and social worlds?

Humanistic perspective

Contextual perspective

Cognitive perspective

Behavioural perspective

Difficulty: Difficult

QuestionID: 1-129

Page-Reference: 18

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L07

Answer: Contextual perspective

What is the theory that considers the relationship between individuals and their physical, cognitive, personality, and social worlds?

Social-cognitive learning theory

Cognitive neuroscience

Contextual perspective

Bioecological perspective

Difficulty: Difficult

QuestionID: 1-130

Page-Reference: 18

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L07

Answer: Contextual perspective

What is the perspective that suggests that different levels of the environment simultaneously influence individuals?

Cognitive neuroscience

Humanistic perspective

Contextual perspective

Bioecological approach

Difficulty: Difficult

QuestionID: 1-131

Page-Reference: 18

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L07

Answer: Bioecological approach

Which perspective integrates the two major theories of Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological approach and Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory?

Cognitive perspective

Humanistic perspective

Behavioural perspective

Contextual perspective

Difficulty: Difficult

QuestionID: 1-132

Page-Reference: 18

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L07

Answer: Contextual perspective

Which of Bronfenbrenner’s levels addresses the everyday, immediate environment in which children lead their daily lives?

Mesosystem

Exosystem

Microsystem

Macrosystem

Difficulty: Difficult

QuestionID: 1-133

Page-Reference: 18

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L07

Answer: Microsystem

Which approach to development suggests that there are five levels of the environment that simultaneously influence individuals?

Piaget’s cognitive approach

Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological approach

Skinner’s behavioural approach

Freud’s psychoanalytical approach

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-134

Page-Reference: 18

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L07

Answer: Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological approach

Which of the Bronfenbrenner’s five levels provides the connections between the various aspects of the person’s life, like links in a chain, to bind children to parents, students to teachers, employees to bosses, and friends to friends?

exosystem

mesosystem

microsystem

macrosystem

Difficulty: Difficult

QuestionID: 1-135

Page-Reference: 18

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L07

Answer: mesosystem

Which of the Bronfenbrenner’s five levels represents broader influences, including societal institutions such as local government, community, schools, places of worship, and the local media?

Microsystem

Macrosystem

Mesosystem

Exosystem

Difficulty: Difficult

QuestionID: 1-136

Page-Reference: 18

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L07

Answer: Exosystem

Jose and Maria are preparing for the arrival of their first child, and are considering moving from their small rural town to a larger city to gain access to more social services, better schools, and a greater variety of local newspapers and television stations. This is an example of which of Bronfenbrenner’s five levels?

Macrosystem

Exosystem

Microsystem

Mesosystem

Difficulty: Difficult

QuestionID: 1-137

Page-Reference: 18

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Applied

Objective: L07

Answer: Exosystem

138.

Which of the Bronfenbrenner’s five levels represents the larger cultural influences on an individual?

Macrosystem

Microsystem

Exosystem

Mesosystem

Difficulty: Difficult

QuestionID: 1-138

Page-Reference: 18

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L07

Answer: Macrosystem

Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological approach suggests that society, types of governments, religious value systems, political value systems, and other broad factors are parts of what system?

mesosystem

microsystem

exosystem

macrosystem

Difficulty: Difficult

QuestionID: 1-139

Page-Reference: 18

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L07

Answer: macrosystem

Within Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological approach, which system underlies each of his system levels and involves the way the passage of time, including historical events, affects children’s development?

macrosystem

microsystem

chronosystem

exosystem

Difficulty: Difficult

QuestionID: 1-140

Page-Reference: 19

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L07

Answer: chronosystem

A historical event, such as the terrorist attacks in New York City on September 11, 2001, would be considered by Bronfenbrenner to fall within which system?

macrosystem

mesosystem

exosystem

chronosystem

Difficulty: Difficult

QuestionID: 1-141

Page-Reference: 21

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L07

Answer: chronosystem

What term refers to the notion that the well-being of the group is more important than that of the individual?

individualism

humanistic

collectivism

bioecological approach

Difficulty: Easy

QuestionID: 1-142

Page-Reference: 19

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L07

Answer: collectivism

The development of the sociocultural theory is attributed to

Skinner.

Bandura.

Vygotsky.

Bronfenbrenner.

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-143

Page-Reference: 19

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Factual

Objective: L07

Answer: Vygotsky.

Which theory emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions between members of a culture?

interconnectedness

sociocultural

bioecological

contextual

Difficulty: Difficult

QuestionID: 1-144

Page-Reference: 19

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L07

Answer: sociocultural

Who was one of the first to recognize, acknowledge the importance of, and help us understand the importance of culture’s influence on development?

Rogers

Bandura

Vygotsky

Bronfenbrenner

Difficulty: Difficult

QuestionID: 1-145

Page-Reference: 19

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Factual

Objective: L07

Answer: Vygotsky

The concept of “reciprocal transaction” is attributed to which developmentalist and theory?

Vygotsky; sociocultural

Freud; psychoanalytic

Skinner: behavioural

Rogers; humanistic

Difficulty: Difficult

QuestionID: 1-146

Page-Reference: 19

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Factual

Objective: L07

Answer: Vygotsky; sociocultural

Which perspective seeks to identify behaviour that is the result of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors?

evolutionary psychology

cognitive neuroscience

bioecological

humanistic

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-147

Page-Reference: 20

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L07

Answer: evolutionary psychology

A researcher is interested in why we choose the mating partners that we do. Her theory is that we are driven to select mates that would have provided the best resources for our ancestors. What kind of study would this be?

evolutionary psychology

cognitive neuroscience

bioecological

humanistic

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-148

Page-Reference: 20

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L07

Answer: evolutionary psychology

Who wrote the groundbreaking work titled On the Origin of Species and is responsible for the birth of the evolutionary perspective?

Bronfenbrenner

Vygotsky

Darwin

Lorenz

Difficulty: Easy

QuestionID: 1-149

Page-Reference: 20

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Factual

Objective: L07

Answer: Darwin

The evolutionary perspective draws from the field of ethology, which examines the ways in which our biological makeup can influence our behaviour. Who was a primary proponent of ethology?

Darwin

Vygotsky

Bronfenbrenner

Lorenz

Difficulty: Difficult

QuestionID: 1-150

Page-Reference: 20

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Factual

Objective: L07

Answer: Lorenz

What is one of the fastest growing areas within the field of lifespan development, and studies the effects of heredity on behaviour?

ethology

cognitive neuroscience

behavioural genetics

sociocultural theory

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-151

Page-Reference: 20

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L07

Answer: behavioural genetics

It is natural to wonder which perspective on development is the most accurate. According to your textbook, why is this not an appropriate question?

All perspectives emphasize similar aspects of development so they are equivalent

The same developmental phenomenon can be looked at from different perspectives

All theories and claims from various perspectives are equally accurate

Most theories make few testable claims, so it is impossible to determine which is correct

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-152

Page-Reference: 21

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L07

Answer: The same developmental phenomenon can be looked at from different perspectives

What is the name of the process for posing and answering questions using careful, controlled techniques that include systematic, orderly observation and the collection of data?

theories

hypotheses

scientific method

research

Difficulty: Easy

QuestionID: 1-153

Page-Reference: 23

Topic: 1.3—Research Methods

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L08

Answer: scientific method

What is the term that means a broad explanation and prediction about phenomena of interest?

scientific method

theory

hypothesis

research

Difficulty: Easy

QuestionID: 1-154

Page-Reference: 23

Topic: 1.3—Research Methods

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L08

Answer: theory

A _______ is a prediction stated in a way that permits it to be tested.

hypothesis

theory

conclusion

scientific method

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-155

Page-Reference: 23

Topic: 1.3—Research Methods

Skill: Factual

Objective: L08

Answer: hypothesis

What type of evidence is based on careful, systematic procedures?

scientific

experimental

anecdotal

unethical

Difficulty: Easy

QuestionID: 1-156

Page-Reference: 32

Topic: 1.3—Research Methods

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L08

Answer: scientific

In _________ research, the researcher can tell if an association or relationship between two factors exists.

scientific

correlational

hypothetical

experimental

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-157

Page-Reference: 23

Topic: 1.3—Research Methods

Skill: Factual

Objective: L09

Answer: correlational

________ research is designed to discover causal relationships between various factors.

Correlational

Hypothetical

Experimental

Scientific

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-158

Page-Reference: 23

Topic: 1.3—Research Methods

Skill: Factual

Objective: L09

Answer: Experimental

Researchers who are interested in the relationship between watching televised aggression and subsequent behaviour have found that children who watch a good deal of televised aggression (murders, crime shows, shootings, etc.) tend to be more aggressive than those who watch little of this type of television programming. This is an example of a(n) ____________ study.

scientific

experimental

theoretical

correlational

Difficulty: Difficult

QuestionID: 1-159

Page-Reference: 24

Topic: 1.3—Research Methods

Skill: Applied

Objective: L09

Answer: correlational

What is the method of research that involves observing a naturally occurring behaviour without intervening in the situation?

correlational

ethnography

naturalistic observation

experimental

Difficulty: Easy

QuestionID: 1-160

Page-Reference: 25

Topic: 1.3—Research Methods

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L09

Answer: naturalistic observation

What is the method of research borrowed from the field of anthropology and used to investigate cultural questions?

ethnography

case study

natural observation

experimentation

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-161

Page-Reference: 25

Topic: 1.3—Research Methods

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L09

Answer: ethnography

Mary is researching the causes of alcohol use among post-secondary students, so she goes to live in a dorm for a month to observe students and conduct in-depth interviews. This is an example of what type of research?

experimental

ethnography

case study

survey research

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-162

Page-Reference: 25

Topic: 1.3—Research Methods

Skill: Applied

Objective: L09

Answer: ethnography

What is the method of research that involves extensive, in-depth interviews with a particular individual or small group of individuals?

experimentation

case study

natural observation

ethnography

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-163

Page-Reference: 25

Topic: 1.3—Research Methods

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L09

Answer: case study

William is a participant in a weight-loss study, along with a wider group of adolescents trying to lose weight. One of his assignments is to keep a diary of his food intake and the times that he eats daily. This can be considered an example of what type of research?

experimental

ethnography

case study

survey research

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-164

Page-Reference: 25

Topic: 1.3—Research Methods

Skill: Applied

Objective: L09

Answer: case study

In order to learn about children’s toy preferences, researchers interview children at a local preschool and base their inferences on the children’s responses. This is an example of _______ research.

experimental

ethnography

case study

survey

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-165

Page-Reference: 25

Topic: 1.3—Research Methods

Skill: Applied

Objective: L09

Answer: survey

When a group of people are chosen to represent a larger population and are asked about their attitudes, behaviours, or thinking on a given topic, this is considered _________ research.

ethnography

case study

experimental

survey

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-166

Page-Reference: 25

Topic: 1.3—Research Methods

Skill: Factual

Objective: L09

Answer: survey

What is the type of research method that focuses on the relationship between physiological processes and behaviour?

psychophysiological research

ethnography

experimental research

case studies

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-167

Page-Reference: 25

Topic: 1.3—Research Methods

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L09

Answer: psychophysiological research

The device that uses electrodes placed on the outside of the skull to record electrical activity within the brain, and is used in psychophysiological research, is called a(n) __________.

CAT scan

fMRI scan

EEG

experience

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-168

Page-Reference: 25

Topic: 1.3—Research Methods

Skill: Factual

Objective: L09

Answer: EEG

The device that provides a detailed, three-dimensional computer-generated image of brain activity by aiming a powerful magnetic field at the brain is called a(n) ______.

EEG

psychophysiological

CAT scan

fMRI scan

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-169

Page-Reference: 26

Topic: 1.3—Research Methods

Skill: Factual

Objective: L09

Answer: fMRI scan

When an investigator typically devises two different conditions and then studies and compares the outcomes of the participants exposed to those two different conditions in order to see how behaviour is affected, this is called a(n)

hypothesis.

experiment.

theory.

treatment.

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-170

Page-Reference: 26

Topic: 1.3—Research Methods

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L010

Answer: experiment.

Researchers conduct an experiment in which one group of people is exposed to Treatment A and the other group of people is exposed to Treatment B. If the group exposed to Treatment A is designated as the treatment group, the group exposed to Treatment B is the

independent variable.

dependent variable.

control group.

treatment group.

Difficulty: Difficult

QuestionID: 1-171

Page-Reference: 26

Topic: 1.3—Research Methods

Skill: Applied

Objective: L010

Answer: control group.

The group of participants that will be exposed to the independent variable is called a(n)

control group.

experimental group.

statistical group.

sample.

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-172

Page-Reference: 26

Topic: 1.3—Research Methods

Skill: Factual

Objective: L0110

Answer: experimental group.

In an experiment, the ______ _____ is what researchers manipulate.

experimental control

independent variable

control group

dependent variable

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-173

Page-Reference: 26

Topic: 1.3—Research Methods

Skill: Factual

Objective: L010

Answer: independent variable

Researchers conduct an experiment in which one group is exposed to Treatment A and the other group is exposed to Treatment B. The treatments are the

independent variable.

dependent variable.

control group.

treatment group.

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-174

Page-Reference: 26

Topic: 1.3—Research Methods

Skill: Applied

Objective: L010

Answer: independent variable.

In an experiment where researchers manipulate the ______, the variable that the researchers measure to see if it changes is the ______.

dependent variable; independent variable

independent variable; dependent variable

control group; treatment group

treatment group; control group

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-175

Page-Reference: 26

Topic: 1.3—Research Methods

Skill: Applied

Objective: L010

Answer: independent variable; dependent variable

In an experiment, the ________ is what researchers measure and expect to change as a result of manipulation.

treatment group

independent variable

control group

dependent variable

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-176

Page-Reference: 26

Topic: 1.3—Research Methods

Skill: Applied

Objective: L010

Answer: dependent variable

The procedure that researchers use to make sure that participants in both the treatment and control groups are equivalent to each other is known as (the)

independent variable.

dependent variable.

random assignment.

statistical law.

Difficulty: Difficult

QuestionID: 1-177

Page-Reference: 26

Topic: 1.3—Research Methods

Skill: Factual

Objective: L010

Answer: random assignment.

What technique ensures that personal characteristics that might affect the outcome of the experiment are divided proportionally among the participants in the different groups, making groups equivalent?

dependent variables

random assignment

independent variables

statistics

Difficulty: Difficult

QuestionID: 1-178

Page-Reference: 26

Topic: 1.3—Research Methods

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L010

Answer: random assignment

What procedure is used to confirm the results of an experiment and to ensure that the results are not due to random chance?

replication

random assignment

independent variables

control groups

Difficulty: Difficult

QuestionID: 1-179

Page-Reference: 27

Topic: 1.3—Research Methods

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L010

Answer: replication

Using a real-world setting for an experiment is the hallmark of a(n)

field study.

control group.

experimental group.

sample group.

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-180

Page-Reference: 27

Topic: 1.3—Research Methods

Skill: Factual

Objective: L010

Answer: field study.

What kind of research investigation is conducted in a controlled setting explicitly designed to hold events constant?

control group

experimental group

field study

laboratory study

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-181

Page-Reference: 27

Topic: 1.3—Research Methods

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L010

Answer: laboratory study

What type of research is designed specifically to test some developmental explanation and expand scientific knowledge?

experimental

hypothetical

theoretical

applied

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-182

Page-Reference: 28

Topic: 1.3—Research Methods

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L010

Answer: theoretical

What type of research is designed to provide practical solutions to immediate problems?

hypothetical

applied

experimental

theoretical

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-183

Page-Reference: 28

Topic: 1.3—Research Methods

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L010

Answer: applied

If the focus of a research study is to examine the ways in which professors could help students remember information more easily, such a study would represent ________ research.

applied

experimental

theoretical

hypothetical

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-184

Page-Reference: 28

Topic: 1.3—Research Methods

Skill: Applied

Objective: L010

Answer: applied

If a researcher was interested in learning how children’s moral development changes between the ages of 3 and 5, the researcher might follow them until they are 5, testing them periodically. This research strategy is known as _________ research.

developmental

longitudinal

sequential

cross-sectional

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-185

Page-Reference: 28

Topic: 1.3—Research Methods

Skill: Factual

Objective: L010

Answer: longitudinal

When the behaviour of one or more study participants is measured as they age, this is called ________ research.

longitudinal

developmental

cross-sectional

sequential

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-186

Page-Reference: 28

Topic: 1.3—Research Methods

Skill: Factual

Objective: L010

Answer: longitudinal

In a study of the behavioural adjustment of a group of children placed in foster care, the children were assessed once a year over a period of 10 years. This is an example of a ______ study.

cross-sectional

developmental

longitudinal

sequential

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-187

Page-Reference: 28

Topic: 1.3—Research Methods

Skill: Applied

Objective: L010

Answer: longitudinal

What is the type of research in which people of different ages are compared at the same point in time?

longitudinal

sequential

developmental

cross-sectional

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-188

Page-Reference: 29

Topic: 1.3—Research Methods

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L010

Answer: cross-sectional

Dr. Meyer is interested in studying changes in eye-hand coordination across the lifespan. He gathers 200 volunteers and sorts them into five different age brackets, then tests them in a series of coordination-based tasks. After comparing the results of the five groups to each other, Dr. Meyer draws a conclusion. What kind of research does this describe?

longitudinal

cross-sectional

developmental

sequential

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-189

Page-Reference: 29

Topic: 1.3—Research Methods

Skill: Applied

Objective: L010

Answer: cross-sectional

Which type of research study is a compromise technique that essentially examines a number of different age groups at several points in time, and permits developmental researchers to tease out the consequences of age change versus age difference?

longitudinal

sequential

cross-sectional

experimental

Difficulty: Difficult

QuestionID: 1-190

Page-Reference: 30

Topic: 1.3—Research Methods

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L010

Answer: sequential

Which of the following is a false statement regarding ethical research guidelines?

Researchers must protect participants from physical and psychological harm.

Researchers must obtain informed consent from participants before involvement in a study.

Deception must never be used in research designs.

Participants’ privacy must be maintained.

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-191

Page-Reference: 30

Topic: 1.3—Research Methods

Skill: Factual

Objective: L011

Answer: Deception must never be used in research designs.

What kind of evidence is based on one or two instances of a phenomenon, haphazardly discovered or encountered?

scientific

experimental

anecdotal

unethical

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-192

Page-Reference: 32

Topic: 1.3—Research Methods

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L010

Answer: anecdotal

It is important to think critically about “expert” advice. Which of the following is an appropriate method recommended by the textbook for evaluating “expert” advice?

Consider data from your own cultural viewpoint

Evaluate the credentials of the source

Use popular opinion to judge the accuracy of the source

Focus on strong anecdotal evidence

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-193

Page-Reference: 32

Topic: 1.3—Research Methods

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L010

Answer: Evaluate the credentials of the source

Chapter 01 Essay Questions

What sorts of topics do lifespan development experts explore?

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-194

Page-Reference: 5

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L01

Answer: Lifespan development experts study the way human beings change and grow, and how this process continues over the course of a lifetime. Lifespan developmental experts seek to understand universal principals of development, and cultural, and ethnic differences that affect the course of human development. They seek to understand the unique aspects of individuals, looking at traits and characteristics that differentiate one person from another.

Explain the differences between how a developmentalist who is specializing in personality goes about his/her work and how a developmentalist who is specializing in social development goes about his/her work.

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-195

Page-Reference: 6

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L01

Answer: A developmentalist interested in personality development might ask whether there are stable, enduring personality traits throughout the lifespan, while a specialist in social development might examine the effects of marriage or divorce on development.

The lifespan is usually divided into which specific broad age ranges?

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-196

Page-Reference: 6

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Factual

Objective: L01

Answer: The prenatal period (conception to birth); infancy (birth to age 2); early childhood (ages 2-6); middle childhood (ages 6-12); adolescence (ages 12-20); young adulthood (ages 20-40); middle adulthood (ages 40-65); and late adulthood (age 65 to death).

Briefly explain the differences between the terms “race” and “ethnic group.”

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-197

Page-Reference: 7

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L01

Answer: Race is a biological concept, which should be employed to refer to classifications based on physical and structural characteristics of species. In contrast, ethnic group and ethnicity are broader terms, referring to cultural background, nationality, religion, and language.

Explain the three different types of cohort effects.

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-198

Page-Reference: 8

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L01

Answer: History-graded influences are biological and environmental influences associated with a particular historical moment in time. Age-graded influences are biological and environmental influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group, regardless of when or where they are raised, for example, puberty and menopause. Sociocultural-graded influences are the social and cultural factors present at a particular time for a particular individual, dependent upon such variables as ethnicity, social class, and subcultural membership.

Identify the four important issues of lifespan development that have been debated since lifespan development became established as a separate field.

Difficulty: Difficult

QuestionID: 1-199

Page-Reference: 8

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L03

Answer: 1) Continuity versus discontinuity; 2) The importance of critical periods; 3) Whether to focus on certain periods or on the entire lifespan; and 4) The nature versus nurture controversy.

Provide reasons why today’s developmentalists believe the entire lifespan is important.

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-200

Page-Reference: 10

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L04

Answer: 1) There is now indisputable evidence that developmental growth and change continue during every part of life. 2) In order to understand the influences on a person’s development, we must understand their social environment at various points of development. 3) Paul Baltes points out that development across the lifespan involves both gains and losses.

Provide reason(s) why Freud’s principles of psychoanalytic theory have been called into question.

Difficulty: Difficult

QuestionID: 1-201

Page-Reference: 14

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L06

Answer: 1) Lack of validation by subsequent research, in particular, the idea that people pass through stages in childhood that determine adult personality; 2) Freud’s theory was based on a limited population of upper-middle-class Austrians living in a strict, puritanical era, and the application of Freud’s theory to a broad, multicultural population is questionable; 3) Freud’s theory focuses primarily on male development, has been criticized as sexist, and may be interpreted as devaluing women.

Provide reasons why Erikson’s principles of psychosocial theory have been called into question.

Difficulty: Difficult

QuestionID: 1-202

Page-Reference: 14

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L06

Answer: 1) Erikson’s theory focuses more on men’s development than on women’s; 2) The theory is vague, in some aspects making it difficult for researchers to test; and 3) This theory makes it difficult to make predictions about an individual’s future behaviour.

List and briefly explain three types of learning derived from the behavioural perspective.

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-203

Page-Reference: 14-15

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Factual

Objective: L06

Answer: 1) Classical conditioning occurs when an organism learns to respond to a neutral stimulus that normally does not evoke that type of response; 2) Operant conditioning is a form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by its association with positive or negative consequences; 3) Social-cognitive learning theory is an approach that emphasizes learning by observing the behaviour of another person, called a model.

Briefly explain why developmental researchers would adopt the cognitive perspective.

Difficulty: Difficult

QuestionID: 1-204

Page-Reference: 16

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L06

Answer: The cognitive perspective emphasizes how people internally represent and think about their world. The cognitive perspective would help researchers understand how people process information and how their ways of thinking and understanding affect their behaviour. It also gives insight into how people’s cognitive abilities change, both quantitatively and qualitatively, as people develop, and sheds light on how different cognitive abilities are related to one another.

What is the greatest criticism of the Piagetian perspective?

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-205

Page-Reference: 17

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L06

Answer: The greatest criticism is that cognitive development is not as discontinuous as represented in Piaget’s theory of four distinct stages. Other researchers argue that growth is more continuous, as in the information processing approach, which focuses on learning, memory, and thinking throughout a lifespan.

13.

Briefly explain the first level of Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological approach.

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-206

Page-Reference: 18

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Factual

Objective: L07

Answer: The first level of Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological approach is the microsystem, which includes the home, caregivers, friends, and teachers who all influence the child’s microsystem.

Briefly explain why Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological approach emphasizes the interconnectedness of the influences on development. Give an example.

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-207

Page-Reference: 19

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L07

Answer: Because the levels of the bioecological approach are related to one another, a change in one part of the system affects other parts of the system. Example: A parent’s loss of employment can have a profound impact on a child’s microsystem.

Why has Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory become increasingly influential?

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-208

Page-Reference: 19-20

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L07

Answer: The reason is the growing acknowledgment of the importance of cultural factors in development. Children do not develop in a cultural vacuum, and their attention is directed by society to certain areas that affect the particular skills they develop.

Based on information in the textbook, what are some criticisms of the evolutionary perspectives?

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-209

Page-Reference: 20

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L08

Answer: 1) The evolutionary perspective pays insufficient attention to the environmental and social factors affecting people’s behaviour; and 2) There is no good way to experimentally test theories derived from the evolutionary approach because these events occurred long ago in our evolutionary history.

Briefly list and describe the 3 major steps of the scientific method.

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-210

Page-Reference: 23

Topic: 1.3—Research Methods

Skill: Factual

Objective: L08

Answer: 1) identify questions of interest; 2) formulate an explanation; and 3) carry out research that either lends support to the explanation or refutes it.

Briefly describe some of the hallmarks that distinguish a field study.

Difficulty: Difficult

QuestionID: 1-211

Page-Reference: 27

Topic: 1.3—Research Methods

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L08

Answer: 1) A field study is research carried out in a naturally-occurring setting; 2) Field studies capture behaviour in real-life settings where participants may behave more naturally than they would if they were brought into a laboratory; 3) Field studies may be used in both correlational studies and experiments.

Briefly describe some drawbacks of utilizing longitudinal research studies.

Difficulty: Difficult

QuestionID: 1-212

Page-Reference: 28

Topic: 1.3—Research Methods

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L010

Answer: 1) Longitudinal research requires a tremendous investment of time as researchers wait for participants to grow older; 2) Participants drop out over the course of the research because they may move away, become ill, or die as the research proceeds; 3) Participants may become “test wise” and perform better each time they are assessed as they become more familiar with the procedure; 4) Experimental participants may be affected by the repeated presence of an experimenter or observer.

Chapter 01 True/False

Despite individual and specific differences, each and every one of us is traversing the territory known as lifespan development.

a True

b False

Difficulty: Easy

QuestionID: 1-213

Page-Reference: 4

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Factual

Objective: Introduction

Answer: a. True

Louise Brown’s conception was the first to take place outside of a woman’s body.

a True

b False

Difficulty: Easy

QuestionID: 1-214

Page-Reference: 4

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: Introduction

Answer: a. True

Specialists in lifespan development share one concern: understanding the growth and change that occur during the course of life.

a True

b False

Difficulty: Easy

QuestionID: 1-215

Page-Reference: 4

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Factual

Objective: Introduction

Answer: a. True

Developmentalists study how both our biological inheritance and the environment in which we live jointly affect our behaviour.

a True

b False

Difficulty: Easy

QuestionID: 1-216

Page-Reference: 4

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Factual

Objective: L01

Answer: a. True

All developmental specialists acknowledge that neither heredity nor environment alone can account for the full range of human development and change.

a True

b False

Difficulty: Easy

QuestionID: 1-217

Page-Reference: 4

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Factual

Objective: L01

Answer: a. True

Lifespan development is the field of study that examines patterns of growth, change, and stability in behaviour that occurs throughout the entire lifespan.

a True

b False

Difficulty: Easy

QuestionID: 1-218

Page-Reference: 5

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Factual

Objective: L01

Answer: a. True

Lifespan developmentalists believe that people continue to grow and change in every aspect of their lives up to the end of their lives.

a True

b False

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-219

Page-Reference: 5

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: L01

Answer: b. False

The age ranges within a period–and even the periods themselves–are steadfast and unchanging.

a True

b False

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-220

Page-Reference: 6

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Factual

Objective: L01

Answer: b. False

All age ranges have clear-cut boundaries.

a True

b False

Difficulty: Easy

QuestionID: 1-221

Page-Reference: 7

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Factual

Objective: L01

Answer: b. False

All people reach their developmental milestones at the exact same time.

a True

b False

Difficulty: Easy

QuestionID: 1-222

Page-Reference: 7

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Factual

Objective: L01

Answer: b. False

Different cultures and subcultures have their own views of appropriate and inappropriate childrearing just as they have different developmental goals for their children.

a True

b False

Difficulty: Easy

QuestionID: 1-223

Page-Reference: 7

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Factual

Objective: L01

Answer: a. True

The terms “race” and “ethnic group” are interchangeable.

a True

b False

Difficulty: Easy

QuestionID: 1-224

Page-Reference: 7

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Factual

Objective: L01

Answer: b. False

In the years ahead, it is likely that lifespan development will continue to transition from a discipline whose research focuses primarily on people in North America and Europe to research that extends to other cultures and peoples as well.

a True

b False

Difficulty: Easy

QuestionID: 1-225

Page-Reference: 7

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Factual

Objective: L01

Answer: a. True

“Nurture” developmental influences may be biological.

a True

b False

Difficulty: Difficult

QuestionID: 1-226

Page-Reference: 10

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Factual

Objective: L03

Answer: a. True

Developmentalists reject the notion that behaviour is the sole result of either nature or nurture.

a True

b False

Difficulty: Easy

QuestionID: 1-227

Page-Reference: 10

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Factual

Objective: L03

Answer: a. True

Intelligence is solely determined by inherited, genetic factors.

a True

b False

Difficulty: Difficult

QuestionID: 1-228

Page-Reference: 10

Topic: 1.1—Beginnings

Skill: Factual

Objective: L03

Answer: b. False

Erikson believed that each of the 8 stages of psychosocial development must be addressed in order to move on to the next stage.

a True

b False

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-229

Page-Reference: 13

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Factual

Objective: L06

Answer: a. True

Freud and Erikson agreed that human development is relatively complete by adolescence.

a True

b False

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-230

Page-Reference: 14

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Factual

Objective: L06

Answer: b. False

Classical conditioning is the only type of learning derived from the behavioural perspective.

a True

b False

Difficulty: Easy

QuestionID: 1-231

Page-Reference: 15

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Factual

Objective: L06

Answer: b. False

By and large, based upon thousands of investigations, Piaget’s broad view of the sequence of cognitive development is accurate.

a True

b False

Difficulty: Easy

QuestionID: 1-232

Page-Reference: 17

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Factual

Objective: L06

Answer: a. True

Using information-processing terminology, neo-Piagetian theory suggests that cognitive development proceeds at the same rate for all areas, for example, it proceeds at the same rate for both reading ability and abstract computational abilities.

a True

b False

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-233

Page-Reference: 17

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Factual

Objective: L06

Answer: b. False

In Bronfenbrenner’s first of his five levels of bioecological approach, the child has an active role in shaping his/her environment.

a True

b False

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-234

Page-Reference: 18

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Factual

Objective: L07

Answer: a. True

Some evolutionary developmentalists suggest that behaviours such as shyness and jealousy are produced in part by genetic causes because those traits helped increase the survival rates of humans’ ancient relatives.

a True

b False

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-235

Page-Reference: 20

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Factual

Objective: L07

Answer: a. True

All claims and theories derived from the various developmental perspectives are accurate.

a True

b False

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-236

Page-Reference: 21

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Factual

Objective: L08

Answer: b. False

A correlational study can conclude that the viewing of television aggression causes more aggressive behaviour in children.

a True

b False

Difficulty: Medium

QuestionID: 1-237

Page-Reference: 23

Topic: 1.3—Research Methods

Skill: Factual

Objective: L010

Answer: b. False

In an experiment the treatment (or experimental) group is exposed to the treatment variable being studied; and the other group, known as the control group, is not.

a True

b False

Difficulty: Easy

QuestionID: 1-238

Page-Reference: 26

Topic: 1.2—Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

Skill: Factual

Objective: L010

Answer: a. True

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