Essentials of Geology 5th Edition By Stephen Marshak - Test Bank

Essentials of Geology 5th Edition By Stephen Marshak – Test Bank

 

Instant Download – Complete Test Bank With Answers

 

 

Sample Questions Are Posted Below

 

CHAPTER 05: The Wrath of Vulcan: Volcanic Eruptions

 

MULTIPLE CHOICE

 

1. Nonviolent eruptions characterized by extensive flows of basaltic lava are termed ________.

a.	pyroclastic	c.	explosive
b.	effusive	d.	plinian

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Easy               REF:   5.3

OBJ:   Understand that not all eruptions are alike—some yield streams of lava, while others produce catastrophic explosions.                          MSC:             Remembering

 

2. In 79 C.E., the citizens of Pompeii in the Roman Empire were buried by pyroclastic debris derived from an eruption of ________.

a.	Mount Olympus	c.	Mount Vesuvius
b.	Olympus Mons	d.	Mount St. Helens

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Easy               REF:   5.1

OBJ:   Understand that not all eruptions are alike—some yield streams of lava, while others produce catastrophic explosions.                          MSC:             Remembering

 

3. Of the three primary forms of subaerial volcanoes, ________ consist of alternating layers of tephra and solidified lava.

a.	stratovolcanoes	c.	shield volcanoes
b.	cinder cones	d.	fissure volcanoes

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Easy               REF:   5.3

OBJ:   Understand that not all eruptions are alike—some yield streams of lava, while others produce catastrophic explosions.                          MSC:             Remembering

 

4. The textural term for a basaltic lava flow that has a smooth, ropy appearance is ________.

a.	pahoehoe	c.	pumice
b.	a’a’	d.	ignimbrite

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Easy               REF:   5.2

OBJ:   Understand that not all eruptions are alike—some yield streams of lava, while others produce catastrophic explosions.                          MSC:             Understanding

 

5. The Columbia River Plateau is an example of a ________.

a.	caldera	c.	flood basalt
b.	fissure	d.	hot spot

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Moderate       REF:   5.4

OBJ:   Understand that not all eruptions are alike—some yield streams of lava, while others produce catastrophic explosions.                          MSC:             Understanding

 

6. Explosive or voluminous eruptions may cause the volcano to collapse on the floor of the now-empty magma chamber, producing a broad depression termed a ________.

a.	dike	c.	caldera
b.	lahar	d.	fissure

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Moderate       REF:   5.3

OBJ:   Understand that not all eruptions are alike—some yield streams of lava, while others produce catastrophic explosions.                          MSC:             Understanding

 

7. The Hawaiian island chain is an example of a(n) ________.

a.	island volcanic arc	c.	hotspot island chain
b.	continental volcanic arc	d.	stratovolcanic assembly

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Easy               REF:   5.4

OBJ:   Understand that not all eruptions are alike—some yield streams of lava, while others produce catastrophic explosions.                          MSC:             Applying

 

8. Fissure eruptions take place when ________.

a.	volatiles effervesce prior to lava flow
b.	groundwater interacts with magma
c.	basaltic lava clogs the eruptive vent
d.	lava erupts out of a long crack in the ground forming a curtain of lava

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Moderate       REF:   5.3

OBJ:   Understand that not all eruptions are alike—some yield streams of lava, while others produce catastrophic explosions.                          MSC:             Applying

 

9. Based on your knowledge of volcanoes and volcanic products, you can say with confidence that the outcrop in the image below formed ________.

a.	on land at a continental hotspot	c.	on land at a continental rift
b.	underwater at a subduction zone	d.	underwater at a mid-ocean ridge

 

 

ANS:  D                    DIF:    Difficult         REF:   5.2

OBJ:   Understand that not all eruptions are alike—some yield streams of lava, while others produce catastrophic explosions.                          MSC:             Applying

 

10. The tall polygonal features preserved in the ancient basalt flow in the image below formed because the lava ________.

a.	was moving as it cooled, so it fractured
b.	erupted underwater and cooled rapidly, forming many fractures
c.	was subjected to shaking from earthquakes, and subsequently fractured
d.	shrank as it cooled, forming tall polygonal-shaped fractures

 

 

ANS:  D                    DIF:    Difficult         REF:   5.2

OBJ:   Understand that not all eruptions are alike—some yield streams of lava, while others produce catastrophic explosions.                          MSC:             Applying

 

11. Which of the following is FALSE? Caldera forming eruptions ________.

a.	can be so explosive that a significant portion of the volcano can be destroyed
b.	occur when groundwater or seawater enters the magma chamber
c.	occur due to fractional crystallization of the magma chamber
d.	produce little to no lava at the surface

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Difficult         REF:   5.3

OBJ:   Understand that not all eruptions are alike—some yield streams of lava, while others produce catastrophic explosions.                          MSC:             Analyzing

 

12. Felsic magma tends to form ________ eruptions.

a.	effusive	c.	intrusive
b.	explosive	d.	infusive

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Easy               REF:   5.3

OBJ:   Understand how the type of an eruption reflects the character of lava, which in turn depends on the geologic setting.                                                      MSC:  Remembering

 

13. The lower the viscosity of a lava the more likely it is to produce an ________ eruption.

a.	effusive	c.	intrusive
b.	explosive	d.	infusive

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Easy               REF:   5.3

OBJ:   Understand how the type of an eruption reflects the character of lava, which in turn depends on the geologic setting.                                                      MSC:  Remembering

 

14. Felsic magma generally forms in ________.

a.	the mantle	c.	continental crust
b.	mid-ocean ridges	d.	oceanic crust

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Moderate       REF:   5.4

OBJ:   Understand how the type of an eruption reflects the character of lava, which in turn depends on the geologic setting.                                                      MSC:  Analyzing

 

15. Why is felsic magma much more likely to produce an explosive eruption?

a.	Felsic magma is at a higher magma temperature, which will force an explosion.
b.	Felsic magma cools at a lower temperature and thus will still be molten upon eruption.
c.	Felsic magma has a low viscosity, which will flow easily and erupt at a faster velocity.
d.	Felsic magma has a high viscosity, which will tend to stick in and clog volcanic conduits.

 

 

ANS:  D                    DIF:    Easy               REF:   5.3

OBJ:   Understand how the type of an eruption reflects the character of lava, which in turn depends on the geologic setting.                                                      MSC:  Understanding

 

16. Compared to felsic lavas, mafic lavas have a ________.

a.	lighter color	c.	lower density
b.	lower viscosity	d.	higher silica content

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Moderate       REF:   5.2

OBJ:   Understand how the type of an eruption reflects the character of lava, which in turn depends on the geologic setting.                                                      MSC:  Understanding

 

17. Hotspots are produced by mantle plumes that are composed of mafic magma; however, Yellowstone is a hotspot that erupts more explosively because the hotspot ________.

a.	is hotter and thus melts more rock	c.	originates at the core-mantle boundary
b.	rises through the continental crust	d.	rises through a mid-ocean ridge

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Difficult         REF:   5.3

OBJ:   Understand how the type of an eruption reflects the character of lava, which in turn depends on the geologic setting.                                                      MSC:  Understanding

 

18. Pillow lavas are associated with ________ eruptions.

a.	subaerial rhyolitic	c.	submarine rhyolitic
b.	subaerial basaltic	d.	submarine basaltic

 

 

ANS:  D                    DIF:    Difficult         REF:   5.4

OBJ:   Understand how the type of an eruption reflects the character of lava, which in turn depends on the geologic setting.                                                      MSC:  Understanding

 

19. The image below shows a lava dome that never left the volcanic crater. What is the likely composition of the rocks that make up this lava dome?

a.	felsic	c.	mafic
b.	intermediate	d.	ultramafic

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Moderate       REF:   5.2

OBJ:   Understand how the type of an eruption reflects the character of lava, which in turn depends on the geologic setting.                                                      MSC:  Applying

 

20. What properties of the source magma lead to the formation of a shield volcano?

a.	low viscosity and mafic composition
b.	high viscosity and felsic composition
c.	any magma composition so long as it contains a large portion of dissolved volatiles
d.	an intermediate composition magma that encounters seawater in the magma chamber

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Moderate       REF:   5.3

OBJ:   Understand how the type of an eruption reflects the character of lava, which in turn depends on the geologic setting.                                                      MSC:  Applying

 

21. Basaltic lavas ________.

a.	contain less silica than rhyolitic lavas
b.	contain more silica than rhyolitic lavas
c.	are more viscous than rhyolitic lavas
d.	typically contain a greater proportion of trapped volatiles than rhyolitic lavas

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Difficult         REF:   5.2

OBJ:   Understand how the type of an eruption reflects the character of lava, which in turn depends on the geologic setting.                                                      MSC:  Applying

 

22. Whether an eruption will primarily produce lava flows or pyroclastic debris is NOT influenced by the ________ the source magma.

a.	viscosity of	c.	proportion of volatiles within
b.	composition of	d.	depth and residence time of

 

 

ANS:  D                    DIF:    Moderate       REF:   5.2

OBJ:   Understand how the type of an eruption reflects the character of lava, which in turn depends on the geologic setting.                                                      MSC:  Analyzing

 

23. A fast-moving flow consisting of a mixture of water and volcanoclastic debris is termed a ________.

a.	lahar	c.	flood basalt
b.	pyroclastic flow	d.	hyaloclastite

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Easy               REF:   5.2

OBJ:   Understand ways in which volcanic eruptions can be dangerous natural hazards.

MSC:  Remembering

 

24. Gases that are abundantly emitted by volcanoes include ________.

a.	water vapor, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide
b.	oxygen, ozone, and water vapor
c.	oxygen, hydrogen, and argon
d.	carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and oxygen

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Moderate       REF:   5.2

OBJ:   Understand ways in which volcanic eruptions can be dangerous natural hazards.

MSC:  Remembering

 

25. In 1902 a famous, deadly pyroclastic flow killed thousands of people on the Caribbean island of ________.

a.	Puerto Rico	c.	Aruba
b.	Martinique	d.	Jamaica

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Moderate       REF:   5.4

OBJ:   Understand ways in which volcanic eruptions can be dangerous natural hazards.

MSC:  Remembering

 

26. What was unusual about the 1986 volcano-related disaster near Lake Nyos in Cameroon?

a.	A volcanic eruption involved a lateral blast of volcanoclastic debris that no one anticipated.
b.	Pyroclastic flows buried surrounding villages, reminiscent of Pompeii ~1,900 years earlier.
c.	Volcanically derived carbon dioxide gas bubbled from the lake and suffocated people and animals nearby.
d.	A slurry of lava and lake water flowed rapidly outward from the lake and buried surrounding villages.

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Easy               REF:   5.6

OBJ:   Understand ways in which volcanic eruptions can be dangerous natural hazards.

MSC:  Understanding

 

27. The cloud that rises from the vent of an actively erupting volcano is composed of ________.

a.	smoke from wildfires inside the volcanic crater
b.	smoke from wildfires on the outer slopes of the volcano that funnel into the crater
c.	fine volcanoclastic debris (ash) suspended in the air
d.	a continuous fountain of dark, basaltic lava

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Easy               REF:   5.2

OBJ:   Understand ways in which volcanic eruptions can be dangerous natural hazards.

MSC:  Understanding

 

28. Ash, cinders, and blocks are all types of ________.

a.	pyroclastic debris	c.	Pele’s hair
b.	lava flows	d.	volcanoes

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Easy               REF:   5.2

OBJ:   Understand ways in which volcanic eruptions can be dangerous natural hazards.

MSC:  Understanding

 

29. Volcanic bombs are ________.

a.	volcanic fragments that were ejected while still soft or molten
b.	explosive bodies of lava with high volatile content
c.	volcanic fragments that were already solid rock before being ejected during an eruption
d.	used by geologists to set off small eruptions in volcanoes that are deemed potentially dangerous

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Moderate       REF:   5.2

OBJ:   Understand ways in which volcanic eruptions can be dangerous natural hazards.

MSC:  Understanding

 

30. A mixture of air, hot ash, and pumice lapilli that rushes down the side of a volcano in a scalding avalanche is termed a(n) ________.

a.	ash fall	c.	pyroclastic flow
b.	lahar	d.	convective plume

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Easy               REF:   5.4

OBJ:   Understand ways in which volcanic eruptions can be dangerous natural hazards.

MSC:  Applying

 

31. The image below shows a ________, which is a large piece of pyroclastic debris ejected during an eruption, with a smooth texture due to the fact that it was partially molten when ejected.

a.	block	c.	lapilli
b.	bomb	d.	xenolith

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Moderate       REF:   5.2

OBJ:   Understand ways in which volcanic eruptions can be dangerous natural hazards.

MSC:  Applying

 

32. Which of the following poses the greatest hazard to human life associated with volcanoes?

a.	flowing lava	c.	falling ash
b.	volcanic gas	d.	pyroclastic flows

 

 

ANS:  D                    DIF:    Moderate       REF:   5.5

OBJ:   Understand ways in which volcanic eruptions can be dangerous natural hazards.

MSC:  Applying

 

33. Columnar joints form when ________.

a.	a lava flow cools very rapidly, causing the flow to shatter in a chaotic pattern
b.	a lava flow encounters groundwater, which causes the flow to rapidly fracture
c.	a lava flow erupts under deep water
d.	during the final stages of cooling, a lava flow contracts, forming tall polygonal fractures

 

 

ANS:  D                    DIF:    Difficult         REF:   5.2

OBJ:   Understand ways in which volcanic eruptions can be dangerous natural hazards.

MSC:  Analyzing

 

34. The average time between eruptions is called a(n) ________.

a.	repose interval	c.	forecast
b.	prediction	d.	assessment

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Easy               REF:   5.6

OBJ:   Understand why impending eruptions can be predicted, sometimes.

MSC:  Remembering

 

35. Changes in the shape of a volcano can indicate ________.

a.	an increase in the heat flow from the magma
b.	an extinct volcano becoming active
c.	a magma chamber filling or emptying
d.	the release of gases from the magma

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Moderate       REF:   5.6

OBJ:   Understand why impending eruptions can be predicted, sometimes.

MSC:  Remembering

 

36. If magma is fracturing rocks as it moves through the subsurface, there would most likely be an increase in ________.

a.	recurrence interval	c.	silica content
b.	volcanic gas emission	d.	seismic activity

 

 

ANS:  D                    DIF:    Moderate       REF:   5.6

OBJ:   Understand why impending eruptions can be predicted, sometimes.

MSC:  Remembering

 

37. Scientists monitor volcanoes to help predict when eruptions will occur. Which of the following is NOT a potential sign to look for when predicting volcanic eruptions?

a.	changes in earthquake activity
b.	changes in Earth’s magnetic field
c.	small changes in the shape of the volcano
d.	increases in gas and steam emissions

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Moderate       REF:   5.6

OBJ:   Understand why impending eruptions can be predicted, sometimes.

MSC:  Understanding

 

38. Volcanoes are considered dormant if they ________.

a.	still have a magma source but show no signs of impending eruption
b.	no longer have a magma source and therefore will never erupt again
c.	have an active magma source and are currently erupting
d.	have an active magma source but will never erupt again

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Difficult         REF:   5.6

OBJ:   Understand why impending eruptions can be predicted, sometimes.

MSC:  Understanding

 

39. The volcano in the image below is ________.

a.	active	c.	dormant
b.	extinct	d.	quiescent

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Easy               REF:   5.6

OBJ:   Understand why impending eruptions can be predicted, sometimes.

MSC:  Applying

 

40. If a volcano lies along a convergent boundary but has not erupted in over 100,000 years, the volcano is considered ________.

a.	active	c.	extinct
b.	dormant	d.	dead

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Moderate       REF:   5.6

OBJ:   Understand why impending eruptions can be predicted, sometimes.

MSC:  Applying

 

41. If a volcano was actively releasing a large amount of volcanic gas and then abruptly stopped, what might happen to the volcano in the near future?

a.	It will become extinct because the magma supply has been rapidly withdrawn.
b.	It will erupt effusively because the supply of volcanic gas has dissipated.
c.	It will erupt explosively because the volcanic gases have no way to escape slowly.
d.	It will erupt effusively because the gases have made the magma less viscous.

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Difficult         REF:   5.6

OBJ:   Understand why impending eruptions can be predicted, sometimes.

MSC:  Analyzing

 

42. The famous “year without a summer” occurred due to the eruption of ________.

a.	Mount St. Helens, Washington	c.	Kilauea, Hawaii
b.	Mount Tambora, Indonesia	d.	Mount Fuji, Japan

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Easy               REF:   5.7

OBJ:   Understand how eruptions may affect climate, evolution, and perhaps the future of civilizations.

MSC:  Remembering

 

43. Volcanic eruptions release ________, which can block some sunlight from reaching Earth.

a.	ash	c.	magma
b.	gas	d.	ozone

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Moderate       REF:   5.7

OBJ:   Understand how eruptions may affect climate, evolution, and perhaps the future of civilizations.

MSC:  Remembering

 

44. Which volcanic eruption nearly wiped humanity off the planet?

a.	1991—Mount Pinatubo, Philippines	c.	1980—Mount St. Helens, USA
b.	75Ka— Toba, Indonesia	d.	1815—Mount Tambora, Indonesia

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Moderate       REF:   5.7

OBJ:   Understand how eruptions may affect climate, evolution, and perhaps the future of civilizations.

MSC:  Remembering

 

45. How can volcanic eruptions lower the global temperature on Earth?

a.	gases block sunlight	c.	ash blocks sunlight
b.	gases trap heat	d.	ash traps heat

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Easy               REF:   5.7

OBJ:   Understand how eruptions may affect climate, evolution, and perhaps the future of civilizations.

MSC:  Understanding

 

46. The ash released by explosive volcanic eruptions can also produce ________.

a.	infertile land	c.	disruption of magnets
b.	unusual sunsets	d.	mutations in livestock

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Difficult         REF:   5.7

OBJ:   Understand how eruptions may affect climate, evolution, and perhaps the future of civilizations.

MSC:  Understanding

 

47. Which of the following volcanic products can decrease global temperatures?

a.	sulphur dioxide	c.	carbon monoxide
b.	mafic magma	d.	ash and aerosols

 

 

ANS:  D                    DIF:    Easy               REF:   5.7

OBJ:   Understand how eruptions may affect climate, evolution, and perhaps the future of civilizations.

MSC:  Applying

 

48. According to the graph below, what occurred after the 1991 eruption of Pinatubo in the Philippines?

a.	Global temperatures decreased.	c.	Global carbon dioxide increased.
b.	Global temperatures increased.	d.	Global carbon dioxide decreased.

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Easy               REF:   5.7

OBJ:   Understand how eruptions may affect climate, evolution, and perhaps the future of civilizations.

MSC:  Applying

 

49. A Minoan civilization, postulated to be the fabled “City of Atlantis,” was destroyed by the eruption of ________.

a.	Toba, Indonesia	c.	Krakatau, Indonesia
b.	Santorini, Greece	d.	Mount Fuji, Japan

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Easy               REF:   5.7

OBJ:   Understand how eruptions may affect climate, evolution, and perhaps the future of civilizations.

MSC:  Applying

 

50. Volcanoes have provided some positive benefits to humankind and life in general over geologic time. Which of the following is NOT true about volcanoes?

a.	Volcanic eruptions can enrich soils, making land more fertile.
b.	Volatiles from volcanoes provided much of our early oceans’ water.
c.	Volcanic eruptions have prevented several mass extinctions by cooling Earth’s climate.
d.	Gases from volcanic eruptions provided much of the content of the early atmosphere.

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Moderate       REF:   5.7

OBJ:   Understand how eruptions may affect climate, evolution, and perhaps the future of civilizations.

MSC:  Analyzing

 

SHORT ANSWER

 

1. Describe how explosive eruptions occur. Make sure to address viscosity, gas content, and the process for building pressure.

 

ANS:

Explosive eruptions occur when high viscosity magma sticks and clogs up the conduit. This causes an increase in gas pressure behind the plug. When the gas pressure is high enough to overcome the friction of the conduit plug, the magma will burst out of the vent violently.

 

DIF:    Moderate        REF:   5.2

OBJ:   Understand that not all eruptions are alike—some yield streams of lava, while others produce catastrophic explosions.                          MSC:             Understanding

 

2. The style of eruption depends on the plate tectonic setting in which the volcano is situated. Compare the different eruption styles you would observe at a divergent versus a convergent plate boundary. Make sure to address composition, viscosity, gas content, and so on in your answer.

 

ANS:

Eruptions at divergent plate boundaries are effusive. They involve quiet lava flows that produce pillow basalts. The magma composition is generally mafic and thus generally has a low viscosity, which allows the lava to flow easily. Convergent plate boundaries tend to be associated with more explosive eruptions (however, effusive are also possible). The magma compositions tend to contain more silica and thus have a higher viscosity. This high viscosity can often cause the thick, sticky magma to clog up the volcanic conduit, trapping gas under the plug. Gas pressure will then begin to build up until the pressure is high enough to cause an explosion.

 

DIF:    Difficult         REF:   5.4

OBJ:   Understand how the type of an eruption reflects the character of lava, which in turn depends on the geologic setting.                                                      MSC:  Analyzing

 

3. List and describe two volcanic hazards, including both a description of the hazard and the possible effects of the hazard.

 

ANS:

Answers will vary extensively. However, some possible answers are below.

1. a) Lava flows are effusive eruptions of hot, molten lava that can sometimes flow for very long distances. Lava flows tend to move slow enough to move out of the way of a flow and as such the main hazard associated with lava flows is fire. Structures that cannot be relocated will catch on fire when the lava flow is very near and can often burn to the ground.

 

1. b) Pyroclastic falls occur after explosive eruptions when pyroclastic material is blown up into the air and then rains down on the surrounding countryside. As the ash is cooled by the time it reaches the ground the hazards associated with pyroclastic fall include collapsed roofs, buried crops, and damage to machinery with moving parts (including flying airplanes).

 

1. c) Pyroclastic flows are massive, incandescent clouds of rolling ash, gas, and other debris that flow down hillsides at very fast speeds. These clouds are instantaneously deadly, as they incinerate whatever is in their paths.

 

1. d) Lahars are volcanic mudflows that can occur during an eruption or even years after an eruption. The lahar itself is composed of ash and water (melted glacier, storms, etc.) and has the consistency of wet cement. They move very quickly down valleys and canyons and can bury entire towns in seconds. Lahars are also capable of picking up and carrying away large objects such as entire forests, houses, bridges, and so on.

 

1. e) Volcanic gases released from the volcano can pose a significant threat to people and animals nearby. Although water vapor is the most abundant gas released, large quantities of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrochloric acid, and sulfuric acid are also released and can be toxic to those nearby.

 

DIF:    Easy               REF:   5.5

OBJ:   Understand ways in which volcanic eruptions can be dangerous natural hazards.

MSC:  Understanding

 

4. Recurrence intervals are often used as estimates of when the next eruption might occur. Explain what a recurrence interval is, how it is calculated, and why it is not the most useful means of forecasting eruptions.

 

ANS:

A recurrence interval is the average time between eruptions. It is calculated by taking the total number of years between the first and last eruption and dividing it by the total number of eruptions. The problem with recurrence intervals calculated for volcanic eruptions is that there are generally only a very small number of eruptions for which we have data and thus the average calculated contains a large amount of error.

 

DIF:    Difficult         REF:   5.6

OBJ:   Understand why impending eruptions can be predicted, sometimes.

MSC:  Analyzing

 

5. Describe how an explosive volcanic eruption can create a global cooling event.

 

ANS:

Explosive eruptions produce ash that can be pushed far up into the atmosphere. Once in the atmosphere the ash will reflect sunlight that will in turn lower the global temperature.

 

DIF:    Easy               REF:   5.7

OBJ:   Understand how eruptions may affect climate, evolution, and perhaps the future of civilizations.

MSC:  Understanding