Essentials of Psychology Concepts And Applications International Edition 3rd Edition by Jeffrey S. Nevid - Test Bank
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Essentials of Psychology Concepts And Applications International Edition 3rd Edition by Jeffrey S. Nevid - Test Bank

Essentials of Psychology Concepts And Applications International Edition 3rd Edition by Jeffrey S. Nevid - Test Bank   Instant Download - Complete Test Bank With Answers     Sample Questions Are Posted Below   CHAPTER 4 Consciousness IDEA MODEL™ OF COURSE ASSESSMENT:  KEYING TEST ITEMS TO ACQUIRED SKILLS Skills Assessed Test Items Identify . . …

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Essentials of Psychology Concepts And Applications International Edition 3rd Edition by Jeffrey S. Nevid – Test Bank

 

Instant Download – Complete Test Bank With Answers

 

 

Sample Questions Are Posted Below

 

CHAPTER 4
Consciousness
IDEA MODEL™ OF COURSE ASSESSMENT:
 KEYING TEST ITEMS TO ACQUIRED SKILLS
Skills Assessed Test Items
Identify . . . pioneering figures in psychology, parts of the nervous system, sensory receptors for various senses, types of personality tests, types of psychological disorders, methods of treatment, etc.
6, 20, 21, 22, 23, 31, 32, 35, 50, 57, 58, 60, 65, 78, 87, 89, 94, 95, 98, 99, 103, 105, 108, 110, 111, 112, 113, 115, 116, 118, 121, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 130, 131, 133, 134, 139, 140, 141, 124, 143, 144, 145, 148, 150, 151, 155
Define or Describe . . . key concepts of sensation and perception, consciousness, learning, memory, cognition, motivation and emotion, personality, social psychology, health psychology, models of abnormal behavior and psychotherapy, etc.
1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 14, 19, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 59, 63, 64, 65, 66, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 88, 90, 127, 133, 136, 138
Evaluate or Explain . . . underlying processes and mechanisms of behavior and mental processes, research methods, theoretical concepts, etc.
5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 36, 37, 40, 51, 53, 54, 55, 56, 61, 62, 67, 73, 74, 75, 83, 84, 86, 91, 92, 93, 96, 97, 100, 101, 102, 104, 106, 107, 109, 114, 116, 117, 119, 120, 121, 122, 128, 129, 132, 135, 137, 138, 146, 147, 149, 151, 152, 153, 154
Apply. . . psychological concepts to real-life examples, including applications of psychological knowledge in daily life.
7, 8, 9, 12, 15, 17, 26, 27, 30, 33, 34, 35, 45, 52, 58, 59, 60, 66, 70, 72, 75, 79, 80, 81, 91, 92, 93, 97, 98, 104, 112, 120, 124, 143, 145, 149, 156, 158, 159, 160, 161
Learning Objectives
4.1 Define consciousness.
4.2  Explain how states of consciousness differ from each other.
4.3  Explain how the sleep–wake cycle is regulated.
4.4  Describe the characteristics of each stage of sleep and the brain wave patterns associated with each stage.
4.5 Describe the functions of sleep.
4.6  Describe the major theories of dreaming.
4.7  Evaluate the effects of sleep deprivation.
4.8  Identify and describe different types of sleep disorders.
4.9  Describe the effects of meditation and hypnosis.
4.10  Describe the major theories of hypnosis.
4.11 Explain the differences between physiological and psychological dependence and between drug abuse and drug dependence.
4.12 Identify various types of drugs and explain how they affect us.
4.13  Explain the development of alcohol and drug abuse problems in terms of psychological, biological, and sociocultural factors.
4.14  Apply behavioral techniques to developing healthier sleep habits.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Psychologists refer to the state of awareness of ourselves and the world around us as
A) attention.
B) multitasking.
C) consciousness.
D) mindfulness.
E) perception.
ANS: C             REF: 126         MOD: Module 4-1 States of Consciousness       TYPE: factual
OBJ: 4.1   KEY: Define/Describe
2. Dr. James Williams, a psychology professor, was speaking to his class about his current state of awareness.  In all likelihood he was speaking about the process of
A) divided attention.
B) multitasking.
C) perception.
D) mindfulness.
E) consciousness.
ANS: E             REF: 126        MOD: Module 4-1 States of Consciousness       TYPE: factual
OBJ: 4.1   KEY: Define/Describe
3. According to the early psychologist William James, consciousness can best be described as
A) the collection of chopped-up bits of mental experience
B) a fixed state of mental contents.
C) a stream of thoughts.
D) our perception of objects in our visual field.
E) the difference between our thoughts and our experiences of the world.
ANS: C             REF: 126         MOD: Module 4-1 States of Consciousness       TYPE: factual
OBJ: 4.1   KEY: Define/Describe
4. In comparing consciousness to an ever-flowing river, the early psychologist William James was making the point that consciousness involves
A) a stream of thoughts.
B) a constant flow of excitations.
C) changing perceptions of objects we perceive.
D) our perception of objects in our visual field.
E) the change from moment to moment of our inner needs.
ANS: A             REF: 126         MOD: Module 4-1 States of Consciousness       TYPE: factual
OBJ: 4.1   KEY: Define/Describe NOT: www
5. Regarding consciousness, which of the following statements is FALSE?
A) Waking consciousness changes regularly throughout the day, ranging from focused awareness to divided consciousness to drifting consciousness.
B) Research on multitasking generally supports the common perception that “To do two things at once is to do neither.”
C) Negative ways of thinking act like mental filters in one’s consciousness that can skew how a person interprets and reacts to events in their lives.
D) Drifting consciousness often leads to daydreaming.
E) Since altered states of consciousness are produced by taking drugs, people should avoid attempting to change their states of consciousness.
ANS: E             REF: 126         MOD: Module 4-1 States of Consciousness       TYPE: factual
OBJ: 4.2   KEY: Evaluate/Explain
6. Who is generally regarded as the father of American psychology and recognized for his contributions to the study of consciousness?
A) Wilhelm Wundt
B) Sigmund Freud
C) William James
D) Alan Rechtschaffen
E) Ernest Hilgard
ANS: C             REF: 126         MOD: Module 4-1 States of Consciousness       TYPE: factual
          KEY: Identify
7. Wylene is able to pay attention to street signs as she drives her pick-up truck, but is not aware of noises coming from the street and other vehicles. Wylene’s experience is an example of
A) focused awareness.
B) drifting consciousness.
C) conscious attention.
D) focused consciousness.
E) deep unconsciousness.
ANS: A             REF: 126         MOD: Module 4-1 States of Consciousness       TYPE: applied
OBJ: 4.2 KEY: Apply, Evaluate/Explain
8. Jonathan is in a state of focused awareness while he studies for his final exams. Jonathan’s consciousness can be described as all but which of the following?
A) fully alert
B) divided attention
C) wide awake
D) completely engrossed in his task
E) paying little attention to distracting internal stimuli
ANS: B             REF: 127         MOD: Module 4-1 States of Consciousness       TYPE: applied
OBJ: 4.2 KEY: Apply, Evaluate/Explain
9. Samantha simultaneously performs two different tasks, each of which demands some level of attention. Samantha’s state of consciousness is best described as
A) divided consciousness.
B) mindfulness.
C) selective consciousness.
D) drifting consciousness.
E) focused awareness.
ANS: A             REF: 127         MOD: Module 4-1 States of Consciousness       TYPE: factual
OBJ: 4.2 KEY: Apply, Evaluate/Explain
10. Daydreaming is most likely to occur during which type of consciousness?
A) divided
B) unconsciousness
C) focused
D) selective
E) drifting
ANS: E             REF: 127         MOD: Module 4-1 States of Consciousness       TYPE: conceptual
KEY: Define/Describe
11. Regarding daydreaming, which of the following statements is FALSE?
A) The majority of daydreams have sexual themes.
B) People are more prone to daydream when they are bored.
C) People are more prone to daydream when they are engaged in unstructured activities.
D) Most daydreams involve the mundane tasks of everyday life.
E) Daydreaming is a form of consciousness that occurs during a waking state.
ANS: A             REF: 127         MOD: Module 4-1 States of Consciousness       TYPE: factual
KEY: Evaluate/Explain
12. Nadia frequently drives home without paying attention to her route. This is an example of
A) automatic pilot.
B) daydreaming.
C) drifting consciousness.
D) focused concentration.
E) multitasking.
ANS: A             REF: 127         MOD: Module 4-1 States of Consciousness       TYPE: applied
OBJ: 4.2 KEY: Apply, Evaluate/Explain NOT: www
13. Regarding the dangers of divided attention while driving, which of the following statements is FALSE?
A) Drivers are four times more likely to have an accident when they are talking on a cell phone than when they are not.
B) Driving while talking on a phone is about as dangerous as driving with a blood alcohol level at the legal limit.
C) Using a hands-free phone is a generally safe alternative to using a hand-held phone while driving.
D) The increased risk of accident from cell phone usage is due to the loss of concentration from engaging in conversation.
E) Eating, drinking, and interacting with passengers while driving are all dangerous behaviors.
ANS: C             REF: 127         MOD: Module 4-1 States of Consciousness       TYPE: factual
KEY: Evaluate/Explain
14. In a study reported in the text, Canadian drivers were asked to report distracted driving behaviors. Which behavior was most commonly reported for other drivers?
A) Disciplining children
B) Eating
C) Reading
D) Personal grooming
E) Using a cell phone
ANS: E             REF: 128         MOD: Module 4-1 States of Consciousness       TYPE: factual
KEY: Define/Describe
15. All but which of the following people are predicted to be experiencing an altered state of consciousness?
A) Lacey, who is in a long-distance marathon
B) Ethan, who is studying for exams
C) Adrienne, who is under hypnosis
D) Will, who is drinking alcohol and smoking marijuana
E) Taylor, who is meditating
ANS: B             REF: 128        MOD: Module 4-1 States of Consciousness       TYPE: applied
OBJ: 4.2KEY: Apply, Evaluate/Explain
16. In which state of consciousness should a person’s level of awareness or attention be the highest?
A) dreaming
B) drifting consciousness
C) divided consciousness
D) altered consciousness
E) focused awareness
ANS: E             REF: 126         MOD: Module 4-1 States of Consciousness       TYPE: conceptual
OBJ: 4.2 KEY: Evaluate/Explain
17. Which of the following people is experiencing a state of drifting consciousness?
A) Chandler is in the dreaming state of sleep.
B) Phoebe is engrossed in watching a movie.
C) Joey’s consciousness changes as he meditates.
D) Rachel is having hallucinations from taking drugs.
E) Ross is daydreaming while he waits to see the dentist.
ANS: E             REF: 126       MOD: Module 4-1 States of Consciousness       TYPE: applied
OBJ: 4.2 KEY: Apply, Evaluate/Explain
18. The pattern of fluctuations in bodily processes that occur regularly each day are called ______.
A) altered states of consciousness
B) biofeedback loops
C) circadian rhythms
D) homeostatic rhythms
E) ultradian rhythms
ANS: C             REF: 130         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: factual
KEY: Define/Describe
19. An area of the brain that regulates sleep-wake cycles is the
A) suprachiasmatic nucleus.
B) amygdala.
C) pituitary gland.
D) hippocampus.
E) corpus callosum.
ANS: A             REF: 131         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: factual
OBJ: 4.3 KEY: Identify, Evaluate/Explain
20. The SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) works to regulate the sleep-wake cycles by means of
A) stimulating the hypothalamus to secrete melatonin.
B) stimulating the pituitary gland to release melatonin.
C) stimulating the pineal gland to release melatonin.
D) triggering the amygdala to activate the sleep cycle.
E) regulating the production of melatonin by the hippocampus.
ANS: C             REF: 131         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: factual
OBJ: 4.3 KEY: Identify, Evaluate/Explain
21. The hormone melatonin helps synchronize the sleep-wake cycle by means of
A) stimulating the hypothalamus to activate the sleep cycle.
B) triggering the SCN when the amount of light striking the retina declines.
C) traveling to the amygdala to activate the sleep cycle.
D) inducing feelings of drowsiness.
E) inducing alertness just preceding awakening.
ANS: D           REF: 131         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: factual
OBJ: 4.3 KEY: Identify, Evaluate/Explain NOT: www
22. Which of the following statements about the SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) is FALSE?
A) It is sensitive to changes in the amount of light striking the retina.
B) It stimulates the pineal gland to release melatonin.
C) It is located in the hypothalamus.
D) It signals the amygdala to initiate sleep.
E) It is involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle.
ANS: D             REF: 131         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: factual
OBJ: 4.3 KEY: Identify, Evaluate/Explain
23. Regarding circadian rhythms, which of the following statements is FALSE?
A) Frequent time shifting can wreak havoc on circadian rhythms.
B) During exposure to light, melatonin production increases, helping us maintain wakefulness.
C) Light entering through the eye helps keep the body clock in sync with day and night.
D) Body temperature follows a circadian rhythm in which temperature falls a few degrees during the middle of the night.
E) Circadian rhythms are found in almost all species, including paramecia and trees.
ANS: B REF: 131         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: factual
OBJ: 4.3 KEY: Evaluate/Explain
24. Jet lag has shown to be associated with all but which of the following?
A) disruptions to the sleep-wake cycle
B) irritability
C) fatigue
D) difficulties in concentration
E) decreases in daydreaming
ANS: E             REF: 131         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: factual
OBJ: 4.3 KEY: Evaluate/Explain
25. Nina’s pineal gland has been damaged. She can expect a disturbance in the release of the hormone
A) oxytocin.
B) serotonin.
C) cortisol.
D) melatonin.
E) dopamine.
ANS: D             REF: 131         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: applied
OBJ: 4.3 KEY: Apply, Evaluate/Explain
26. Sheila is awake and in an alert state. Sheila’s brain wave pattern should consist primarily of
A) alpha waves.
B) beta waves.
C) gamma waves.
D) delta waves.
E) small, irregular waves.
ANS: B             REF: 131         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: applied
OBJ: 4.4 KEY: Apply, Define/Describe
27. Beta brain waves are ______, and alpha brain waves are ______.
A) fast and low-amplitude; slow and rhythmic
B) slow and low-amplitude; fast and rhythmic
C) fast and high-amplitude; slow and rhythmic
D) slow and high-amplitude; fast and rhythmic
E) large and rhythmic; slow and rhythmic
ANS: A             REF: 131         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: factual
OBJ: 4.4 KEY: Define/Describe
28. In terms of brain waves, awake and alert is to ______ as awake and relaxed is to ______.
A) alpha; beta
B) beta; alpha
C) delta; alpha
D) delta; beta
E) beta; delta
ANS: B             REF: 131         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: conceptual
OBJ: 4.4 KEY: Define/Describe
29. Dr. Washington, a sleep researcher, looks at the EEG output of a participant from a sleep study. When Washington sees sleep spindles on the output, she indicates ______ on the paper.
A) Stage 1
B) Stage 2
C) Stage 3
D) Stage 4
E) REM
ANS: B             REF: 132         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: applied
OBJ: 4.4 KEY: Apply, Define/Describe NOT: www
30. In which stage do you spend the majority of your sleep time?
A) Stage 1
B) Stage 2
C) Stage 3
D) Stage 4
E) REM
ANS: B             REF: 132         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: applied
OBJ: 4.4 KEY: Identify, Define/Describe
31. Sleep spindles are to ______ sleep as delta waves are to ______ sleep.
A) stage 1; stage 3
B) stage 3; stage 4
C) stage 2; REM
D) stage 1; REM
E) stage 2; stage 3
ANS: E             REF: 132         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: conceptual
OBJ: 4.4 KEY: Identify, Define/Describe
32. During the past hour, Gaylon has been experiencing slow-wave sleep. Based on this description, which stages of sleep has Gaylon likely experienced during this time?
A) Stages 1 and 2
B) Stages 4 and REM
C) Stages 3 and 4
D) Stages 2 and 3
E) REM and NREM
ANS: C             REF: 132         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: applied
OBJ: 4.4 KEY: Apply, Define/Describe
33. Other factors being equal, which of the following people should be hardest to awaken?
A) Mary Esther is in Stage 1 of sleep.
B) Sarah is in Stage 2 of sleep.
C) Randy is in Stage 3 of sleep.
D) Ed has just fallen asleep.
E) None of these; there are no differences in ability to awaken in the different stages of sleep.
ANS: C             REF: 1342        MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: applied
KEY: Apply
34. Monica is having a long, detailed dream.  In which stage of sleep is Monica most likely to be?
A) Stage 1
B) Stage 2
C) Stage 3
D) Stage 4
E) REM
ANS: E             REF: 132        MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: applied
OBJ: 4.4 KEY: Apply, Identify, Define/Describe
35. Regarding REM sleep, which of the following statements is FALSE?
A) REM sleep is also called active sleep because the brain is more active during REM than NREM.
B) During REM sleep, muscle activity is blocked almost to the point of paralysis.
C) REM sleep is also called paradoxical sleep.
D) All dreams occur during REM sleep.
E) During REM sleep, a person’s eyes dart about under the closed eyelids.
ANS: D             REF: 132         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: factual
KEY: Evaluate/Explain
36. Compared to dreams during REM, NREM dreams are
A) longer.
B) more frequent.
C) more thoughtlike.
D) paradoxical.
E) both longer and more frequent.
ANS: C             REF: 132         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: conceptual
KEY: Evaluate/Explain
37. Sleep cycles repeat about every ______ minutes, and the typical adult has ______ cycles per night.
A) 60; six to seven
B) 60; three to four
C) 90; four to five
D) 120; two to three
E) 90; two to three
ANS: C             REF: 132         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: factual
OBJ: 4.5 KEY: Define/Describe
38. Which of the following best describes REM sleep?
A) The deepest level of sleep
B) A state of light sleep with thought-like dreams
C) Dream sleep accompanied by increased muscle activity
D) State of resting quietly with the eyes closed
E) Sleep in which the brain becomes more active but muscle activity is blocked
ANS: E             REF: 132         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: conceptual
OBJ: 4.4 KEY: Define/Describe
39. Regarding sleep cycles, which of the following statements is FALSE?
A) In terms of brain activity, REM sleep is similar to ordinary wakefulness.
B) As the night progresses, the amount of time spent in REM sleep decreases.
C) The difference between Stage 3 and Stage 4 sleep is based on the proportion of delta waves present.
D) During sleep, brain waves vary in terms of intensity as well as speed.
E) During the night, Stage 4 sleep eventually disappears.
ANS: B             REF: 132         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: factual
KEY: Evaluate/Explain
40. In a research study presented in your text, participants who learned a word list in the evening before going to sleep and were tested in the morning had better recall of the word list than those who learned the material in the morning and tested in the evening. This research supports the idea that with respect to memory, sleep can be described as serving a(n) ______ function.
A) consolidation
B) protective
C) encoding
D) restorative
E) conservation
ANS: A             REF: 133         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: conceptual
OBJ: 4.5 KEY: Define/Describe
41. The textbook describes each of the following functions of sleep EXCEPT or
A) a memory consolidation function.
B) a protective function.
C) an encoding function.
D) a restorative function.
E) an energy conservation function.
ANS: C             REF: 133         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: conceptual
OBJ: 4.5 KEY: Define/Describe
42. The protective function of sleep refers to the role of sleep in
A) protecting the organism against disease.
B) protecting the animal from nighttime predators.
C) preventing depletion of bodily resources.
D) preventing the animal from injuring others.
E) protecting the environment.
ANS: B             REF: 133         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: conceptual
OBJ: 4.5 KEY: Define/Describe
43. All but which of the following are reasons that investigators have described for the functions of sleep?
A) Protection and survival
B) Energy conservation
C) Consolidation of newly formed memories
D) Restoration of bodily processes
E) Enhancement of ability to alter consciousness
ANS: E             REF: 133         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: factual
OBJ: 4.5 KEY: Define/Describe
44. Your best friend would like to investigate whether she can control the content of her dreams. Based on advice from your psychology text, you should recommend all but which of the following to her?
A) Upon going to sleep, give herself a reminder that she’d like to dream about a particular topic
B) Keep paper and a pen within reach of her bed.
C) As she is growing sleepier, resist letting her mind wander off.
D) Evaluate the results of her investigation after collecting her observations.
E) Immediately write down her dream’s content, whether she awakens in the morning or in the middle of the night.
ANS: C            REF: 135         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: applied
KEY: Apply
45. Your psychology professor argues that dreams represent an attempt by the cerebral cortex to make sense of the random discharges of electrical activity that occur during REM sleep. What perspective best describes your professor’s comments?
A) neodissociation theory
B) activation-synthesis hypothesis
C) psychodynamic theory
D) memory consolidation hypothesis
E) psychological dependence hypothesis
ANS: B            REF: 134         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: conceptual
OBJ: 4.6  KEY: Define/Describe
46. According to the activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreaming, random electrical activity in the ________ is interpreted by the ________ to create a story line.
A) brainstem; cerebral cortex
B) cerebral cortex; brainstem
C) hippocampus; hypothalamus
D) hypothalamus; hippocampus
E) brainstem; thalamus
ANS: A            REF: 134         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: factual
OBJ: 4.6 KEY: Define/Describe
47. From a Freudian perspective, the purpose of dreams is to
A) consolidate memories and new learning.
B) sort through possible solutions to everyday problems.
C) fulfill underlying wishes.
D) discard unnecessary information.
E) reconcile urges.
ANS: C            REF: 135         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: conceptual
OBJ: 4.6 KEY: Define/Describe
48. In Freudian theory, the actual events that occur in a dream are referred to as its ______ content, while the underlying meaning of a dream is its ______ content.
A) unconscious; conscious
B) latent; manifest
C) conscious; subconscious
D) conscious; sexual
E) manifest; latent
ANS: E            REF: 135         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: factual
OBJ: 4.6 KEY: Define/Describe NOT: www
49. Who suggested that dreams help us sort through possible solutions to everyday problems and concerns?
A) Ernest Hartmann
B) Publilius Syrus
C) Sigmund Freud
D) William James
E) Alan Rechtschaffen
ANS: A            REF: 134         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: factual
KEY: Identify
50. Why do we dream?
A) To fulfill wishes of a sexual or aggressive nature.
B) To allow the cerebral cortex to make sense of random electrical activity during REM sleep.
C) To sort through problems and concerns and find solutions.
D) No one really knows.
E) To consolidate memories and new learning that occurred throughout the day.
ANS: D            REF: 133-135         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: conceptual
KEY: Evaluate/Explain
51. On many nights, Matilda claims to be able to decide in advance what she will dream about, as well as to be able to control her dreams as they occur. The term _____ is used to describe Matilda’s dreams.
A) abnormal
B) precognitive
C) latent
D) manifest
E) lucid
ANS: E            REF: 135         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: applied
KEY: Apply NOT: www
52. Regarding sleep patterns across the life cycle, which of the following statements is FALSE?
A) Infants and children spend more time in REM sleep than adults.
B) By late adulthood, many people only require about six hours of sleep per night.
C) Contrary to the common perception, most high school students get the recommended amount of sleep for adolescents.
D) The average American sleeps less per night than the recommended amount.
E) Most adults require between seven and nine hours of sleep for their maximum functioning.
ANS: C            REF: 136    MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming      TYPE: factual
KEY: Evaluate/Explain
53. Regarding sleep deprivation, which of the following statements is FALSE?
A) Lifestyle factors contribute to many Americans’ sleep deprivation.
B) People are generally not able to “rebound” from REM deprivation.
C) Loss of sleep impairs learning ability and memory.
D) Sleep deprivation is one of the most common causes of motor vehicle accidents.
E) Prolonged periods of sleep deprivation increases the risk of developing high blood pressure.
ANS: B            REF: 136         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: factual
OBJ: 4.7 KEY: Evaluate/Explain
54. Regarding sleep deprivation, which of the following statements is TRUE?
A) Sleep deprivation is relatively uncommon.
B) Sleep deprivation tends to affect older adults but not young adults of college age.
C) People are generally not able to “rebound” from REM deprivation.
D) Loss of sleep impairs reaction times.
E) Even brief periods of sleep deprivation can increase the risk of developing high blood pressure.
ANS: D            REF: 136         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: factual
OBJ: 4.7 KEY: Evaluate/Explain
55. If you were sleep deprived, which of the following would you expect to be affected?
A) reaction time
B) concentration and memory
C) academic performance
D) concentration, memory, and academic performance
E) reaction time, concentration, and memory
ANS: E            REF: 136         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: conceptual
OBJ: 4.7 KEY: Evaluate/Explain
56. What is the most common sleep disorder?
A) sleep terror disorder
B) narcolepsy
C) sleepwalking disorder
D) insomnia
E) sleep apnea
ANS: D REF: 136      MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: factual
OBJ: 4.8 KEY: Identify
57. Some nights Chang has problems falling asleep. Other nights, he wakes up several times during the night and has difficulty returning to sleep. Chang likely suffers from which sleep disorder?
A) insomnia
B) nightmare disorder
C) narcolepsy
D) sleepwalking
E) sleep apnea
ANS: A            REF: 136         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: applied
OBJ: 4.8 KEY: Apply, Identify
58. Mr. Grammarcy has been having trouble sleeping at night, and his lack of sleep is beginning to interfere with his ability to function properly during the day. He’s concerned that he may lose his job in the next round of lay-offs at his company. He is also having marital problems. He tends to lay awake at night, worrying about these problems and thinking about what he can do to resolve these issues.  Based on the discussion in the text, Mr. Grammarcy should understand that _____.
A) worrying increases one’s bodily arousal, which can prevent normal sleep
B) daily hassles and concerns do not normally interfere with normal sleep, so he should look for a medical reason for his insomnia
C) when his marital issues are resolved, his sleep pattern will return to normal, regardless of his concerns about his job
D) sleep is a natural function that cannot be forced without medical intervention or biofeedback training
E) sleeping pills, used according to directions, will resolve his sleep problems
ANS: A            REF: 137       MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: applied
OBJ: 4.8 KEY: Apply, Define/Describe
59. Kendra has a sleep disorder in which she suddenly falls into “sleep attacks” during the daytime. What is the name of Kendra’s disorder?
A) REM sleep disorder
B) Sleep apnea
C) Sleep terror disorder
D) Nightmare disorder
E) Narcolepsy
ANS: E            REF: 137   MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: applied
OBJ: 4.8 KEY: Apply, Identify
60. Scientists believe that narcolepsy is caused by
A) an overactive thyroid gland.
B) loss of brain cells in the hypothalamus.
C) an underactive thyroid gland.
D) loss of brain cells in the reticular system.
E) substance abuse.
ANS: B            REF: 137        MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: factual
KEY: Evaluate/Explain NOT: www
61. Which statement best describes effective treatment of sleep disorders?
A) Sleep medications are the most effective short- and long-term treatment for sleep disorders.
B) Sleep medications can be used for long periods of time to treat severe sleep disorders.
C) Cognitive-behavioral techniques are as effective as sleep medication in treating insomnia in the short-term, but not in the long-run.
D) Cognitive-behavioral techniques are as effective as sleep medication in treating insomnia, and they are more effective in the long-run.
E) Unknown; researchers have yet to investigate and identify the best methods for treating sleep disorders.
ANS: D            REF: 138         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: factual
 KEY: Evaluate/Explain
62. Which of the following best describes sleep apnea?
A) Repeated episodes of intense fear during sleep causing sudden awakening in a terrified state
B) Sudden unexplained sleep attacks during the day
C) Difficulty falling asleep, remaining asleep, or returning to sleep
D) A state of dreaming in which the dreamer is aware that s/he is dreaming
E) Temporary cessation of breathing during sleep
ANS: E            REF: 137         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: factual
OBJ: 4.8 KEY: Define/Describe
63.  Winston is an eight-year-old child who has recently started having sleep problems. He frequently wakes at night, sitting up in his bed and screaming loudly. His mother reports that he seems dazed, or ‘out of it’, and can rarely remember more than one or two fragmentary dream images that don’t seem to make sense. Winston probably is suffering from _____.
A) narcolepsy
B) sleep apnea
C) nightmare disorder
D) sleep terror disorder
E) sleepwalking disorder
ANS: E            REF: 137         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: factual
OBJ: 4.8    KEY: Define/Describe
64. In general, nightmare disorder occurs in ______ sleep, while sleep terror disorder occurs in ______ sleep.
A) Stage 1; Stage 2
B) REM; Stage 2
C) REM; Stage 3 or 4
D) Stage 2; Stage 3 or 4
E) Stage 2; REM
ANS: C            REF: 137        MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: factual
OBJ: 4.8    KEY: Identify, Define/Describe
65. Kelsey has a sleep disorder in which she suddenly wakes up in the night with a panicky scream. She is only able to remember fragments of her dream images, and she is dazed and frightened upon awakening. Which sleep disorder does Kelsey most likely have?
A) Sleepwalking disorder
B) Nightmare disorder
C) Narcolepsy
D) Sleep apnea
E) Sleep terror disorder
ANS: E            REF: 137        MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: applied
OBJ: 4.8 KEY: Apply, Define/Describe
66. Regarding sleepwalking disorder, which of the following statements is FALSE?
A) Sleepwalking disorder occurs more often in children than in adults, and about 5 percent of children have the disorder.
B) Sleepwalking generally occurs during deep, NREM sleep.
C) Awakening a sleepwalker can be harmful.
D) Sleepwalkers do not usually remember their nighttime wanderings.
E) Sleepwalkers can have accidents during their nighttime wanderings.
ANS: C            REF: 137         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: factual
OBJ: 4.8 KEY: Evaluate/Explain
67.     Addison has decided to learn transcendental meditation (TM).  She will be given training in _____.
A) how to use a repeated sound to focus her attention
B) how to focus her attention on her unfolding experience
C) how to control her breathing and relax the muscles in her body
D) how to place herself in a state of deep relaxation and heightened suggestibility
E) how to position her body into particular postures to focus her attention
ANS: A             REF: 139         MOD: Module 4-3 Altering Consciousness Through Meditation and Hypnosis       TYPE: applied KEY: Apply, Define/Describe
68. In meditation, a mantra is a
A) type of dance.
B) sound or phrase.
C) type of song.
D) breathing technique.
E) seating position.
ANS: B             REF: 139        MOD: Module 4-3 Altering Consciousness Through Meditation and Hypnosis       TYPE: factual KEY: Describe
69. Christiana alters her consciousness through focusing her attention on her breathing to achieve a peaceful, relaxed state. During this state, Christiana attempts to adopt a nonjudgmental state in which she has awareness of the moment. Which technique best describes what Christiana is doing?
A) Hypnosis
B) Transcendental meditation
C) Mindfulness meditation
D) Daydreaming
E) Biofeedback
ANS: C             REF: 139         MOD: Module 4-3 Altering Consciousness Through meditation and hypnosis       TYPE: factual OBJ: 4.9   KEY: Apply, Define/Describe
70. Meditation is useful in treating each of the following EXCEPT
A) high blood pressure.
B) substance abuse.
C) chronic pain.
D) diabetes.
E) stress-related disorders.
ANS: D             REF: 140       MOD: Module 4-3 Altering Consciousness Through Meditation and Hypnosis       TYPE: conceptual    OBJ: 4.9  KEY: Define/Describe, Evaluate/Explain
71. Hypnosis can be described by all of the following EXCEPT
A) focused attention.
B) deep relaxation.
C) sleep.
D) heightened suggestibility.
E) an altered state of consciousness.
ANS: C             REF: 144         MOD: Module 4-3 Altering Consciousness Through meditation and hypnosis        TYPE: conceptual OBJ: 4.9 KEY: Define/Describe, Evaluate/Explain NOT: www
72. During hypnosis, Gail’s hypnotist tells her that she will have an increased desire to drink water and eat healthy food. This describes what type of hypnotic experience?
A) hypnotic regression
B) hypnotic analgesia
C) posthypnotic amnesia
D) distortions of reality
E) posthypnotic suggestion
ANS: E             REF: 140         MOD: Module 4-3 Altering Consciousness Through meditation and hypnosis       TYPE: applied OBJ: 4.9     KEY: Apply, Define/Describe
73. In hypnosis, reliving of past events is described as
A) posthypnotic suggestion.
B) posthypnotic amnesia.
C) hypnotic analgesia.
D) hypnotic age regression.
E) hypnotic time distortion.
ANS: D             REF: 140         MOD: Module 4-3 Altering Consciousness Through meditation and hypnosis       TYPE: conceptual  OBJ: 4.9 KEY: Define/Describe
74.     The role-playing model of hypnosis proposes that the effects of hypnosis  can best be understood in terms of _____.
A) a social interaction between a hypnotist and a willing person who assumes the role of a “good” subject by following the hypnotist’s directions and suggestions
B) a social interaction between a hypnotist and a willing person who enters a trance state that is marked by an increase in their suggestibility
C) a social interaction between a hypnotist and a willing person that leads to a dissociative state on the part of the hypnotic subject
D) a social interaction between a hypnotist and a willing person that leads the hypnotic subject to engage in imaginative responses to the hypnotist’s suggestions
E) a social interaction between a hypnotist and a willing person that leads the hypnotic subject to remain detached from the experience, but aware of the experience and everything that happens
ANS: A             REF: 140         MOD: Module 4-3 Altering Consciousness Through meditation and hypnosis       TYPE: conceptual    OBJ: 4.9 KEY: Define/Describe
75. Negative and positive hallucinations describe which hypnotic experience?
A) hypnotic age regression
B) hypnotic analgesia
C) posthypnotic amnesia
D) distortions of reality
E) posthypnotic suggestion
ANS: D             REF: 140        MOD: Module 4-3 Altering Consciousness Through Meditation and Hypnosis       TYPE: conceptual OBJ: 4.9    KEY: Identify, Define/Describe
76. Which psychologist can be described as working from the role-playing model of hypnosis?
A) Dr. Amin says, “Hypnosis is a social interaction between a hypnotist and a subject.”
B) Dr. Birnbaum says, “Hypnosis is an altered state of awareness characterized by heightened suggestibility.”
C) Dr. Chestnut says, “Hypnosis involves a state of dissociated consciousness.”
D) Dr. Davison says, “In hypnosis, part of the subject’s consciousness remains a hidden observer.”
E) Dr. Evans says, “Hypnosis is a trance state.”
ANS: A            REF: 140         MOD: Module 4-3 Altering Consciousness Through Meditation and Hypnosis       TYPE: applied  OBJ: 4.10 KEY: Apply, Define/Describe
77. Which psychologist can be described as working from the role-playing model of hypnosis?
A) Dr. Amin says, “Hypnosis is a social interaction between a hypnotist and a subject.”
B) Dr. Birnbaum says, “Hypnosis is an altered state of awareness characterized by heightened suggestibility.”
C) Dr. Chestnut says, “Hypnosis involves a state of dissociated consciousness.”
D) Dr. Davison says, “In hypnosis, part of the subject’s consciousness remains a hidden observer.”
E) Dr. Evans says, “Hypnosis is a trance state.”
ANS: A            REF: 140         MOD: Module 4-3 Altering Consciousness Through Meditation and Hypnosis       TYPE: applied  OBJ: 4.10 KEY: Apply, Define/Describe
78. Which psychologist can be described as working from a trance theory of hypnosis?
A) Dr. Amin says, “Hypnosis is a social interaction between a hypnotist and a subject.”
B) Dr. Birnbaum says, “Hypnosis is an altered state of awareness characterized by heightened suggestibility.”
C) Dr. Chestnut says, “Hypnosis involves a splitting of consciousness.”
D) Dr. Davison says, “In hypnosis, part of the subject’s consciousness remains a hidden observer.”
E) Dr. Evans says, “Hypnosis involves an altered state of awareness characterized by heightened suggestibility.”
ANS: E            REF: 140         MOD: Module 4-3 Altering Consciousness Through Meditation and Hypnosis       TYPE: applied  OBJ: 4.10 KEY: Apply, Define/Describe
79. ______ theory describes hypnosis as a phenomenon in which one’s consciousness divides or splits.
A) Neodissociation
B) Role-playing
C) Hidden observer
D) Parapsychological
E) Activation-synthesis
ANS: A            REF: 145         MOD: Module 4-3 Altering Consciousness Through Meditation and Hypnosis       TYPE: factual    OBJ: 4.10 KEY: Define/Describe
80. Regarding hypnosis, which of the following statements is FALSE?
A) Response to hypnotic suggestions has more to do with the person being hypnotized than the hypnotist’s skills.
B) Hypnosis has a legitimate therapeutic role in treating a wide range of problems from anxiety to excess weight.
C) Hypnosis can help people cope with stress and pain.
D) Hypnosis can lead people to commit illegal acts that they find repulsive.
E) Most people can be hypnotized to some extent.
ANS: D            REF: 145         MOD: Module 4-3 Altering Consciousness Through Meditation and Hypnosis       TYPE: factual KEY: Evaluate/Explain
81. Characteristics of a highly hypnotizable person include all of the following EXCEPT
A) well-developed fantasy life.
B) a tendency toward depression.
C) vivid sense of imagination.
D) tendency to be forgetful.
E) positive attitude toward hypnosis.
ANS: B            REF: 141        MOD: Module 4-3 Altering Consciousness Through Meditation and Hypnosis       TYPE: factual  KEY: Evaluate/Explain
82. Regarding psychoactive drugs, which of the following statements is FALSE?
A) Among adult Americans, marijuana is the most widely used illicit drug.
B) The most commonly used drugs are alcohol and tobacco.
C) About ten percent of Americans currently use illicit drugs.
D) The most popular reason for using drugs is to change levels of alertness.
E) Psychoactive drugs are chemical substances that act on the brain to affect emotional or mental states.
ANS: D             REF: 143        MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
TYPE: factual KEY: Evaluate/Explain
83. About what proportion of U.S. adults have used an illicit drug at some point in their lives?
A) 1/10
B) 1/5
C) 1/4
D) 1/3
E) 1/2
ANS: E             REF: 143         MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
TYPE: factual KEY: Identify
84. People who abuse more than one drug at a time are called
A) tolerants.
B) polyabusers.
C) multi-abusers.
D) codependent.
E) psychoactive.
ANS: B             REF: 143         MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
TYPE: factual  KEY: Define/Describe
85. Maladaptive or dangerous use of a chemical substance is referred to as
A) drug abuse.
B) drug dependence.
C) physiological dependence.
D) chemical dependence.
E) drug tolerance.
ANS: A             REF: 143         MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
TYPE: factual    KEY: Identify NOT: www
86. Impaired control over the use of a drug is called
A) drug abuse.
B) drug dependence.
C) physiological dependence.
D) chemical dependence.
E) drug tolerance.
ANS: B             REF: 143         MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
TYPE: factual OBJ: 4.11 KEY: Define/Describe
87. After repeatedly using a drug over six months, Elian’s body chemistry has changed such that it depends on having a steady supply of the drug. Elian has developed
A) tolerance.
B) psychological dependence.
C) physiological dependence.
D) reverse tolerance.
E) detoxification.
ANS: C             REF: 143         MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
TYPE: applied OBJ: 4.11    KEY: Apply, Evaluate/Explain
88.   Fred has developed a physiological dependence on nicotine. This means that _____.
A) his body chemistry has changed and he is likely to experience withdrawal syndrome if he stops using nicotine
B) his body chemistry has changed, but he will not experience significant withdrawal syndrome if he stops using nicotine
C) his body chemistry has not changed, but he is likely to experience withdrawal syndrome if he stops using nicotine
D) he has come to rely on nicotine to alleviate his feelings of anxiety when he is around his mother-in-law, but this will not create significant withdrawal symptoms if he stops using nicotine
E) his body chemistry has not changed, and he will not experience significant withdrawal syndrome if he stops using nicotine
ANS: A             REF: 143        MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
TYPE: conceptual OBJ: 4.11    KEY: Apply, Evaluate/Explain NOT: www
89. Barney has developed a psychological dependence on alcohol, but not a physiological dependence.  This means that _____.
A) his body chemistry has changed and he is likely to experience withdrawal syndrome if he stops using alcohol
B) his body chemistry has changed, but he will not experience significant withdrawal syndrome if he stops using alcohol
C) his body chemistry has not changed, but he is likely to experience withdrawal syndrome if he stops using alcohol
D) he has come to rely on alcohol to alleviate his feelings of anxiety when he is around his mother-in-law, but this will not create significant withdrawal symptoms if he stops using alcohol
E) his body chemistry has not changed, and he will not experience significant withdrawal syndrome if he stops using alcohol
ANS: D             REF: 143         MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
TYPE: applied OBJ: 4.11  KEY: Apply, Evaluate/Explain
90. Reduction of central nervous system activity is the defining feature of
A) stimulants.
B) hallucinogens.
C) depressants.
D) amphetamines.
E) stimulants and amphetamines.
ANS: C             REF: 144         MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
TYPE: factual  OBJ: 4.12 KEY: Identify
91. All but which of the following are depressants?
A) alcohol
B) barbiturates
C) tranquilizers
D) mescaline
E) opioids
ANS: D             REF: 144         MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
TYPE: factual OBJ: 4.12 KEY: Identify
92. Regarding alcohol, which of the following statements is FALSE?
A) Alcohol accounts for more than 100,000 deaths per year in the United States.
B) Alcohol is classified as a depressant, specifically, an intoxicant.
C) Alcohol plays a role in approximately one in three suicides and accidental deaths in the U.S.
D) Women usually become intoxicated at lower doses of alcohol than men do.
E) Alcohol has an inhibiting effect, which may lead to impulsive behavior.
ANS: E             REF: 145         MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
TYPE: factual OBJ: 4.12 KEY: Evaluate/Explain
93. You see your friend Leonid at a party. He is talking loudly and slurring his words. He also has trouble maintaining his balance. Leonid is probably under the influence of
A) LSD.
B) heroin.
C) alcohol.
D) amphetamines.
E) MDMA.
ANS: C             REF: 145         MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
TYPE: applied OBJ: 4.12 KEY: Apply, Evaluate/Explain
94. Marvin has developed a physical dependence on alcohol, and he is unable to control his use of alcohol. Which condition is Marvin most likely experiencing?
A) detoxification
B) alcohol overuse disorder
C) depression
D) intoxication
E) alcoholism
ANS: E             REF: 146        MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
TYPE: applied OBJ: 4.12 KEY: Apply, Identify
95. Which organ is most severely damaged by alcohol abuse?
A) stomach
B) liver
C) heart
D) kidneys
E) bladder
ANS: B             REF: 146         MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
TYPE: factual OBJ: 4.12 KEY: Identify
96. Regarding alcoholism, which of the following statements is TRUE?
A) The majority of alcoholics are “bums” living on the fringe of society.
B) Alcoholism usually develops in late adolescence between the ages of 15 and 20.
C) Alcoholism can lead to death resulting from cirrhosis of the liver.
D) About 4 million Americans suffer from alcoholism.
E) Although the majority of people who drink do so in moderation, about 1 in 25  adult Americans suffers from alcoholism.
ANS: C             REF: 146         MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
TYPE: factual OBJ: 4.12 KEY: Evaluate/Explain
97. According to current research, which of the following is NOT a potential benefit of moderate use of alcohol?
A) lower risk of cancer
B) lower risk of heart attacks
C) lower risk of stroke
D) lower overall death rate
E) increased “good” cholesterol
ANS: A             REF: 146         MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
TYPE: factual OBJ: 4.12 KEY: Evaluate/Explain
98. Regarding alcohol use among college students, which of the following statements is FALSE?
A) Two out of three college students drink alcohol at least once a month.
B) One out of five college students in the U.S. engage in binge drinking.
C) Those who begin drinking early and who binge drink are at higher risk for later alcoholism than those who do not.
D) Students who are more strongly committed to academic achievement are less likely to engage in binge drinking.
E) Beer drinking and drinking games are a serious concern for college officials because they place students at risk of coma or death from alcohol overdose.
ANS: B             REF: 146         MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
TYPE: factual OBJ: 4.12 KEY: Evaluate/Explain
99. If your college campus is like the average campus in the United States, what percentage of students has engaged in binge drinking during the last two weeks?
A) very few, about 5%
B) some, about 15%
C) a moderate number, 22%
D) almost half,  about 45%
E) the majority, 66%
ANS: D             REF: 147         MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
TYPE: applied OBJ: 4.12 KEY: Identify
100. Lorna was just pulled over by the police for suspicious driving. Testing revealed her blood alcohol level to be .25. Which description is the police officer most likely to have written regarding Lorna’s appearance and behavior?
A) She showed impaired judgment and a low level of alertness.
B) She was conscious but stuporous, with no comprehension of the events around her.
C) Her reaction time was below normal, with impaired motor function.
D) She exhibited severe motor disturbances, including staggering.
E) Her reaction time was very poor, and she had markedly impaired motor function.
ANS: D             REF: 147        MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
TYPE: appliedOBJ: 4.12    KEY: Apply, Evaluate/Explain
NOT: www
101. Among alcohol-induced deaths, what is a frequent cause of death?
A) seizure
B) heart attack
C) stroke
D) asthma attack
E) choking on one’s own vomit
ANS: E             REF: 147        MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
TYPE: factual OBJ: 4.12    KEY: Identify
102. Barbiturates are used for all of the following EXCEPT
A) regulating high blood pressure.
B) blocking pain during surgery.
C) inducing euphoria and relaxation.
D) controlling epileptic seizures.
E) treating narcolepsy.
ANS: E             REF: 148        MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
TYPE: factual OBJ: 4.12    KEY: Evaluate/Explain
103. Regarding barbiturates, which of the following statements is FALSE?
A) Barbiturates have several legitimate medical uses.
B) Barbiturates are highly addictive.
C) Barbiturates can induce drowsiness and slurred speech.
D) Overdoses of barbiturates can lead to convulsions, but rarely lead to death.
E) The mixture of barbiturates with alcohol is particularly dangerous.
ANS: D             REF: 148         MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
TYPE: factual OBJ: 4.12  KEY: Evaluate/Explain
104. All of the following are tranquilizers EXCEPT
A) Valium.
B) Methaqualone.
C) Xanax.
D) Halcion.
E) benzodiazepines.
ANS: B             REF: 148        MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
TYPE: factual OBJ: 4.12 KEY: Identify
105. Regarding tranquilizers, which of the following statements is FALSE?
A) Tranquilizers are widely used in the treatment of anxiety and insomnia.
B) Tranquilizers can lead to addiction.
C) Benzodiazepines are a family of tranquilizer drugs that act by boosting the availability of GABA in the brain.
D) Tranquilizers are more toxic than barbiturates.
E) Tranquilizers can reduce excess nervous system activity.
ANS: D             REF: 148        MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
TYPE: factual OBJ: 4.12 KEY: Evaluate/Explain
106. Opioids utilize the same receptors in the brain as
A) serotonin.
B) endorphins.
C) dopamine.
D) norepinephrine.
E) GABA.
ANS: B             REF: 148         MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
TYPE: factual OBJ: 4.12 KEY: Identify
107. Narcotics include which type of drug?
A) opioids
B) barbiturates
C) tranquilizers
D) barbiturates and tranquilizers
E) stimulants
ANS: A             REF: 148        MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
TYPE: factual OBJ: 4.12 KEY: Identify
108. Sherrill abuses an opioid. If she abuses the most common one, what is Sherrill’s drug of choice?
A) heroin
B) morphine
C) codeine
D) marijuana
E) Demerol
ANS: A             REF: 148         MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
TYPE: applied OBJ: 4.12 KEY: Apply, Identify
109. _____ is an example of a synthetic opioid.
A) Percodan.
B) Codeine
C) Ecstasy
D) Methaqualone
E) Heroin
ANS: A             REF: 148         MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
TYPE: factual OBJ: 4.12    KEY: Identify
110. Regarding opioids, which of the following statements is FALSE?
A) Users often liken the rush of heroin to the pleasure of orgasm.
B) Withdrawal from heroin involves severe symptoms.
C) Opioids legitimately prescribed as painkillers, like OxyContin, are often used illegally.
D) Opioids stimulate brain centers that produce pleasurable sensations.
E) Opioids relieve pain while also increasing the activity of the central nervous system.
ANS: E             REF: 148         MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
TYPE: factual OBJ: 4.12 KEY: Evaluate/Explain
111. Which of the following is a stimulant?
A) alcohol
B) LSD
C) heroin
D) mescaline
E) nicotine
ANS: E             REF: 149         MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
TYPE: factual OBJ: 4.12 KEY: Identify
112. Alcohol is to ______ as caffeine is to _____.
A) depressant; stimulant
B) hallucinogen; stimulant
C) depressant; hallucinogen
D) hallucinogen; depressant
E) stimulant; hallucinogen
ANS: A             Pages:  144, 152        MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
TYPE: conceptual OBJ: 4.12 KEY: Evaluate/Explain, Identify
113. Regarding stimulants, which of the following statements is FALSE?
A) All stimulants are illicit drugs.
B) Stimulants can provide a pleasurable “high.”
C) Stimulants heighten the activity of the central nervous system.
D) Stimulants can produce physiological dependence.
E) Stimulants can produce psychological dependence.
ANS: A             REF: 149         MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
TYPE: factual OBJ: 4.12 KEY: Evaluate/Explain
114. Amphetamine psychosis resembles acute episodes of which psychological disorder?
A) obsessive-compulsive disorder
B) panic disorder
C) antisocial personality disorder
D) depression
E) schizophrenia
ANS: E             REF: 149         MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
TYPE: conceptual OBJ: 4.12 KEY: Identify
115. Regarding amphetamines, which of the following statements is FALSE?
A) Amphetamines can be taken in pill form, smoked, or injected.
B) More than a million Americans regularly use amphetamines.
C) At low doses, amphetamines boost mental alertness and concentration.
D) All amphetamines are synthetic.
E) Amphetamines activate the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system.
ANS: E             REF: 149         MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
TYPE: factual OBJ: 4.12 KEY: Evaluate/Explain
116. Which of the following people is at risk for inducing psychosis?
A) Rhonda, who abuses barbiturates
B) Roger, who abuses alcohol
C) Robyn, who abuses amphetamines
D) Reginald, who abuses heroin
E) Regina, who abuses nicotine
ANS: C             REF: 149         MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
TYPE: applied OBJ: 4.12 KEY: Apply, Evaluate/Explain   NOT: www
117. Cocaine blocks reuptake of ______ , the chemical that stimulates reward pathways in the ______.
A) norepinephrine; limbic system
B) dopamine; brainstem
C) dopamine; limbic system
D) dopamine; cerebral cortex
E) norepinephrine; cerebral cortex
ANS: C             REF: 150        MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
TYPE: factual OBJ: 4.12 KEY: Identify, Evaluate/Explain
118. Cocaine and amphetamines are similar in all but which of the following ways?
A) Both increase brain levels of dopamine.
B) Both can lead to a type of psychosis.
C) Both directly stimulate reward pathways to the brain.
D) Both induce feelings of extreme pleasure or euphoria.
E) Both produce a relatively long-lasting “high.”
ANS: E             REF: 150         MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
TYPE: conceptual OBJ: 4.12 KEY: Evaluate/Explain
119. “Crack” is to _____ as “ice” is to ______.
A) stimulant; hallucinogen
B) cocaine; amphetamine
C) cocaine; MDMA
D) cocaine; marijuana
E) stimulant; depressant
ANS: B             REF: 149         MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
TYPE: conceptual OBJ: 4.12 KEY: Identify
120. Sherilyn takes MDMA. When she buys the drug at the local dance club, she asks for
A) bennies.
B) crystal meth.
C) Ecstasy.
D) acid.
E) crack.
ANS: C             REF: 151        MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
TYPE: applied OBJ: 4.12 KEY: Apply, Identify
121. Which of the following stimulants is likely to produce hallucinogenic effects?
A) cocaine
B) amphetamine
C) nicotine
D) MDMA
E) LSD
ANS: D             REF: 151         MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
TYPE: factual OBJ: 4.12 KEY: Identify
122. Use of MDMA may result in all but which of the following?
A) low blood pressure
B) chills
C) deteriorated memory function
D) anxiety
E) paranoia
ANS: A             REF: 151         MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
TYPE: factual OBJ: 4.12 KEY: Identify
123. Which of the following is a “paradoxical” effect of nicotine?
A) a mild “rush”
B) decreased appetite
C) increased arousal
D) increased concentration
E) mental calmness and relaxation
ANS: E             REF: 151         MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
TYPE: conceptual OBJ: 4.12 KEY: Identify, Define/Describe
124. Regarding the effects of smoking, which of the following statements is FALSE?
A) In the U.S., smoking accounts for more than 400,000 deaths annually.
B) Cigarette smoking is responsible for almost one in every three deaths from cancer.
C) Smoking contributes to cataracts.
D) Smoking doubles the risk of dying during middle age.
E) Smoking is more common among older adults than among younger adults.
ANS: E             REF: 151        MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
TYPE: factual KEY: Evaluate/Explain
125. Regarding patterns of smoking, which of the following statements is FALSE?
A) Smoking rates have begun to climb among teenagers.
B) Only about 1 in 20 adult Americans are regular smokers.
C) More educated people are less likely to smoke than less educated people.
D) More men than women are smokers.
E) More people have quit smoking than are current smokers.
ANS: B             REF: 151        MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
TYPE: factual KEY: Evaluate/Explain
126. Among teenagers who begin smoking, about what proportion or percentage will eventually die of smoking-related causes?
A) one in twenty
B) one in ten
C) one in three
D) one in two
E) virtually all, more than 90 percent
ANS: C             REF: 151         MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
TYPE: factual OBJ: 4.12  KEY: Identify
127. What is the most widely used psychoactive drug?
A) alcohol
B) nicotine
C) caffeine
D) marijuana
E) mescaline
ANS: C             REF: 152         MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
TYPE: factual OBJ: 4.12 KEY: Identify NOT: www
128. Which of the following statements regarding regular use of caffeinated coffee is FALSE?
A) Physiological dependence is likely to occur.
B) Most caffeine users are able to maintain control over their use of the drug.
C) Drinking just a cup or two of coffee or tea per day is enough to develop physiological dependence
D) Caffeine is known to be associated with many different health risks.
E) Heavier coffee drinking has recently been linked with increased risk of heart attack in some genetically predisposed people.
ANS: D             REF: 152         MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
TYPE: factual OBJ: 4.12 KEY: Evaluate/Explain
129. Since hallucinogens alter sensory perceptions and produce sensory distortions, they are also called
A) speed.
B) psychedelics.
C) narcotics.
D) opioids.
E) intoxicants.
ANS: B             REF: 152         MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
TYPE: factual OBJ: 4.12 KEY: Identify, Define/Describe
130. The two most widely used hallucinogens are
A) LSD and mescaline.
B) MDMA and marijuana.
C) nicotine and caffeine.
D) alcohol and marijuana.
E) marijuana and LSD.
ANS: E             REF: 152        MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
TYPE: factual OBJ: 4.12 KEY: Identify
131. Regarding hallucinogens, which of the following statements is TRUE?
A) Hallucinogens induce feelings of calm and relaxation, are not known to produce physiological dependence, and can produce psychological dependence.
B) Hallucinogens induce feelings of calm and relaxation in some people, while causing feelings of paranoia or panic in others. They are not known to produce psychological dependence and can produce physiological dependence.
C) Hallucinogens induce feelings of calm and relaxation in some people, while causing feelings of paranoia or panic in others. They are not known to produce physiological dependence and can produce psychological dependence.
D) Hallucinogens induce feelings of paranoia and panic, are not known to produce physiological dependence, and can produce psychological dependence.
E) Hallucinogens induce feelings of calm and relaxation in some people, while causing feelings of paranoia or panic in others. They are not known to produce psychological or physiological dependence.
ANS: C             REF: 152         MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
TYPE: factual OBJ: 4.12 KEY: Evaluate/Explain
132. An LSD “trip” may last as long as
A) 30 minutes.
B) 60 minutes.
C) 2 hours.
D) 6 hours.
E) 12 hours.
ANS: E             REF: 152         MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
TYPE: factual KEY: Define/Describe
133. LSD has all of the following effects EXCEPT
A) pupillary constriction.
B) increased heart rate.
C) increased blood pressure.
D) sleeplessness.
E) increased body temperature.
ANS: A             REF: 152         MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
TYPE: factual OBJ: 4.12 KEY: Evaluate/Explain
134. The psychological effects of LSD are best described as
A) unknown.
B) consistent and predictable.
C) consistent, but unpredictable.
D) variable, but predictable.
E) variable and unpredictable.
ANS: E             REF: 152        MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
TYPE: conceptual OBJ: 4.12 KEY: Define/Describe, Evaluate/Explain
135. Which hallucinogen may lead to feelings of paranoia and blind rage, sometimes leading to bizarre or violent behavior?
A) LSD
B) PCP
C) MDMA
D) cocaine
E) mescaline
ANS: B             REF: 157         MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
TYPE: factual OBJ: 4.12 KEY: Identify
136. Which of these hallucinogens derive from natural substances and have been used by Native Americans for religious purposes?
A) PCP and LSD
B) mescaline and psilocybin
C) mescaline and LSD
D) psilocybin and PCP
E) marijuana and mescaline
ANS: B             REF: 157         MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
TYPE: factual OBJ: 4.12 KEY: Identify
137. “Angel dust” is another name for _____, which is a type of ______.
A) MDMA; stimulant
B) LSD; hallucinogen
C) MDMA; hallucinogen
D) PCP; stimulant
E) PCP; hallucinogen
ANS: E             REF: 152         MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
TYPE: factual OBJ: 4.12 KEY: Identify
138. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol is the psychoactive chemical in
A) PCP.
B) MDMA.
C) LSD.
D) marijuana.
E) psilocybin.
ANS: D             REF: 153         MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
TYPE: factual OBJ: 4.12 KEY: Identify
139. Jason just took PCP and now appears to be mentally confused. He is disoriented and is having difficulty focusing his attention. Jason is likely experiencing
A) withdrawal.
B) psychosis.
C) delirium.
D) tolerance.
E) lucidity.
ANS: C             REF: 153         MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
TYPE: applied OBJ: 4.12 KEY: Apply, Identify
140. Hashish is a potent form of which psychoactive drug?
A) marijuana
B) cocaine
C) mescaline
D) methamphetamine
E) Ecstasy
ANS: A             REF: 137         MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
TYPE: factual  OBJ: 4.12 KEY: Identify
141. Harriet uses the mostly widely used illicit drug in the U.S., as well as the Western world. What is Harriet’s drug of choice?
A) nicotine
B) cocaine
C) LSD
D) marijuana
E) alcohol
ANS: D             REF: 153         MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
TYPE: applied OBJ: 4.12 KEY: Apply, Identify
142. Which of the following statements about marijuana is FALSE?
A) It has been shown that regular use leads to both psychological and physiological dependence.
B) Its use increases heart rate and is linked to later use of harder drugs.
C) More than 40 percent of adult Americans report having used marijuana at some point in their lives.
D) It introduces cancer-causing substances into the body and increases risk of respiratory diseases.
E) Its use has a definable withdrawal syndrome among long-term heavy users who abruptly stop using it.
ANS: A             REF: 153         MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
TYPE: factual OBJ: 4.12 KEY: Evaluate/Explain
143. Which of the following best characterizes the major risks of cocaine?
A) Strong addictive potential; implicated in some cancers, cardiovascular disease, and other physical disorders.
B) With heavy use, can cause liver disorders.
C) In high doses, can cause jitteriness and sleeplessness; may increase risk of miscarriage.
D) Intense anxiety, flashbacks.
E) High addictive potential; risk of sudden death from overdose; in high doses, can have psychotic effects.
ANS: E             Pages:  149-153         MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
TYPE: conceptual OBJ: 4.12 KEY: Evaluate/Explain
144. Which of the following drugs can lead to psychological but not physiological dependence?
A) nicotine
B) cocaine
C) MDMA
D) caffeine
E) LSD
ANS: E             REF: 152         MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
TYPE: factual OBJ: 4.12 KEY: Identify NOT: www
145. Juanita and Emilia are Latino sisters who were both raised in a family and community that discouraged drinking among women. Juanita has been living in the U.S. for 15 years, while Emilia remained in their home country. Now, Juanita drinks alcohol much more regularly and heavily than Emilia. This is an example of which type of influence on drug use?
A) acculturation
B) genetics
C) peer pressure
D) biological
E) socioeconomic conditions
ANS: A            REF: 155         MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
TYPE: applied OBJ: 4.13 KEY: Apply, Evaluate/Explain
146. Which of the following groups have relatively low levels of alcoholism?
A) Greeks and Italians
B) Italians and Asians
C) Greeks and Asians
D) Asians
E) Greeks, Italians, and Asians
ANS: E            REF: 155          MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
TYPE: factual KEY: Identify
147. Many of the drugs of abuse share the tendency to increase levels of which neurotransmitter in the brain?
A) dopamine
B) serotonin
C) melatonin
D) GABA
E) epinephrine
ANS: A            REF: 155         MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
TYPE: factual OBJ: 4.13 KEY: Identify, Evaluate/Explain NOT: www
148. Inheriting a greater tolerance for the negative effects of alcohol
A) makes it more likely that one will develop alcoholism.
B) makes it less likely that one will develop alcoholism.
C) has no effect on whether one will develop alcoholism.
D) has a different effect on men compared to women as to whether one will develop alcoholism.
E) makes it easier to say no to alcohol use.
ANS: A            REF: 155         MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
TYPE: conceptual OBJ: 4.13 KEY: Evaluate/Explain
149. All but which of the following are considered psychological factors that contribute to the development of drug use and dependence?
A) a high need for sensation
B) desire to escape troubling emotions
C) feelings of hopelessness
D) desire to reduce anxiety
E) negative expectancies about drugs’ effects
ANS: E            REF: 156         MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
TYPE: conceptual OBJ: 4.13  KEY: Evaluate/Explain
150.  Sociocultural factors that might increase the probability that an individual will begin to abuse drugs or alcohol include all of the following EXCEPT _____.
A) cultural beliefs and customs that encourage alcohol or drug use
B) unemployment
C) identification with subculture groups that sanction drug use
D) peer pressure and the desire to ‘fit in’
E) unusually low levels of dopamine
ANS: E            REF: 156         MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
TYPE: conceptual OBJ: 4.13 KEY: Evaluate/Explain
151. A common treatment for opioid addiction is
A) morphine.
B) codeine.
C) methamphetamine.
D) methadone.
E) serotonin.
ANS: D            REF: 156         MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
TYPE: factual KEY: Identify
152. Fernando just entered a drug treatment center for his chemical dependency. He is currently going through a process in which his body is cleared of drugs. What is this process called?
A) detoxification
B) delirium
C) withdrawal
D) tolerance
E) analgesia
ANS: A            REF: 1656        MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
TYPE: applied KEY: Apply
153. To combat insomnia, all but which of the following are recommended in the text?
A) Before going to bed, write down any reminders, concerns, or other things that are on your mind.
B) Picture relaxing scenes in your mind as you go to sleep.
C) Avoid any activities in bed besides sleeping.
D) Establish a regular exercise program 1-2 hours before going to bed.
E) Get out of bed if you have not fallen asleep within 20 minutes.
ANS: D             REF: 158         MOD: Module 4-5 Application: Getting Your Zs       TYPE: applied
OBJ: 4.14 KEY: Apply
154. All of the following can help a person develop healthier sleeping patterns EXCEPT
A) maintaining a regular sleep schedule.
B) taking naps to make up for lost sleep the preceding night.
C) exercising regularly.
D) limiting intake of caffeine.
E) establishing a regular bedtime routine.
ANS: B             REF: 158        MOD: Module 4-5 Application: Getting Your Zs       TYPE: factual
OBJ: 4.14  KEY: Apply
155. Beth has noticed that her nine-year-old son, Billy, has trouble going to sleep at night and frequently tosses and turns for hours after she puts him to bed. Billy and Beth could most benefit from a suggestion that they  _____.
A) use mental imagery by picturing relaxing scenes, such as lying on a warm tropical beach, as he gets ready for sleep
B) limit his intake of caffeine in the afternoons by not drinking coffee after 4 p.m. each day
C) try to ‘force’ sleep by insisting that Billy remain as still and motionless in bed as possible
D) adopt a regular exercise program and encourage Billy to exercise vigorously shortly before bedtime
E) establish a regular bedtime routine and consistently go through this routine before sending Billy to bed
ANS: E             REF: 158         MOD: Module 4-5 Application: Getting Your Zs       TYPE: applied
OBJ: 4.14  KEY: Apply
156.  Jason lost sleep two nights in a row because of a neighbor’s loud partying. He took a nap at lunchtime at work and felt better afterwards, so he has been napping fairly regularly since then. However, he now finds that he frequently has trouble falling asleep at night. Jason could benefit from the suggestion that he _____.
A) establish the proper cues for sleeping by not engaging in other activities (such as eating) in bed
B) adopt a regular sleep schedule by retiring and awakening at about the same time every day
C) avoid daytime naps when she misses sleep because this can make it more difficult to fall asleep at night
D) use mental imagery by picturing relaxing scenes in her mind as she gets ready for sleep
E) limit her intake of caffeine in the afternoons by not drinking coffee or tea after 2 p.m. each day
ANS: C             REF: 158         MOD: Module 4-5 Application: Getting Your Zs       TYPE: applied
OBJ: 4.14  KEY: Apply
ESSAY
1. Describe five states of consciousness, including a description of the level of alertness in each state.
ANS:
Focused awareness is a state of heightened alertness, in which a person is fully involved in the task at hand. One might experience this state while learning a new skill or while reading an engrossing book. Drifting consciousness, which is characteristic of daydreaming or a “wandering mind,” involves shifting levels of alertness and attention. Divided consciousness involves dividing one’s attention between two or more tasks that are performed simultaneously. The level of alertness in this case is medium, as the attention is split between the activities. Sleeping and dreaming are states of low alertness or attention in which one is generally unaware of external surroundings. There may be some response to stimuli, but the level of alertness is negligible. Altered states of consciousness are quite different from the waking state. Levels of attention are variable in these states, which can by induced through hypnosis, meditation, and drug use.        MOD: Module 4-1 States of Consciousness
2. Describe the various stages of sleep.
ANS:
As you begin sleeping, you are in Stage 1 sleep. Brain waves, as measured by EEG, are small and irregular with variable frequencies. This lasts only 2 minutes or so. Upon entering Stage 2 sleep, there are occasional bursts of brain activity in the EEG called sleep spindles. Approximately 50% of sleep is in Stage 2. In Stages 3 and 4, large, slow delta waves begin to appear. In Stage 3, 50% or less of brain waves are delta; when the percentage increases past 50, you have moved into Stage 4. Stages 3 and 4 are sometimes referred to as slow-wave sleep. These 4 stages are collectively known as NREM sleep. You then move back through the stages in reverse order. After Stage 2 is reached, you move into Rapid Eye Movement (REM), or paradoxical, sleep. Here, your brain is active and you are likely to be dreaming. This process takes about 90 minutes, and you cycle through the stages four or five times in a typical night.
MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming
3. Describe the various theories of dreaming.
ANS:
One theory, proposed by Hartmann, is that dreaming allows us to sort through potential solutions to everyday problems and worries. Alternatively, dreaming may provide an opportunity to consolidate memories and new learning from the previous day. Another theory, the activation-synthesis hypothesis, suggests that dreams are the result of the cerebral cortex attempting to organize and interpret the random discharges of neural activity that occur during REM sleep. A more “psychological” theory of dreaming comes from Sigmund Freud. He contended that dreams are a form of wish fulfillment, providing an outlet for our sexual and aggressive urges that we cannot normally express. The true meaning of a dream is revealed in its symbolic, or latent, content.
MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming
4. Summarize the various theories of hypnosis.
ANS:
One explanation of hypnosis is that it is a trance state. In other words, it is an altered state of awareness involving increased suggestibility. Suggestibility is the tendency for someone to comply with someone else’s suggestions. Hilgard described hypnosis in terms of neodissociation theory in which a subject’s consciousness is split into two components, one of which complies with the hypnotist while the other assumes the role of hidden observer. Another view of hypnosis is that it involves the social demands of the situation. This role-playing model views hypnosis as a social relationship between the hypnotist and the person playing the role of a “good” subject.
MOD: Module 4-3 Altering Consciousness Through Meditation and Hypnosis
5. Describe the three categories of psychoactive drugs.
ANS:
The categories of psychoactive drugs include depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogens. Depressants include alcohol, barbiturates, tranquilizers, and the opioids. These compounds slow down the activity of the nervous system. They are typically highly addictive and can cause death if used to excess. The stimulants are drugs that increase the activity of the nervous system. Examples of stimulants are amphetamines, cocaine, MDMA, nicotine, and caffeine. These drugs are highly addictive. The hallucinogens alter sensory experiences, which produces distortions or hallucinations. Examples of these types of drugs are LSD, PCP, and marijuana.  They are not known to produce physiological dependence, but can produce psychological dependence.
MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
6. Outline the steps that can prevent insomnia.
ANS:
There are numerous suggestions to avoid insomnia, the most common sleep problem. Perhaps most importantly, adopt a regular sleep schedule and stick to it. However, even if it is bedtime, do not try to force sleep. If you are unable to sleep after going to bed, get up and do something. Do not toss and turn. It also helps to have a regular bedtime routine to help transition from wake time to sleep time. This can include providing proper cues for sleeping. Try not to engage in other activities while in your bed. Avoiding daytime naps is also important. They can disrupt your normal pattern of sleeping. Regular exercise can also help you get a good night’s sleep. It is important to avoid stimulants such as caffeine late in the day. Finally, practice rational self-talk instead of anxious self-talk.
MOD: Module 4-5 Application: Getting Your Zs

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