Essentials of Understanding Psychology 11th Edition by Feldman - Test Bank

Essentials of Understanding Psychology 11th Edition by Feldman – Test Bank

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Multiple Choice Questions – (109)
Learning Objective: Outline the schedules of reinforcement and define
the operant view of generalization and discrimination, superstitious behavior,
and shaping. – (26)
Essay Questions – (15) Learning Outcome: 15-1 – (2)
Worksheet Questions – (20) Learning Outcome: 15-2 – (41)
Odd Numbered – (72) Learning Outcome: 16-1 – (63)
Even Numbered – (72) Learning Outcome: 16-2 – (5)
APA LO: 1.2 – (135) Learning Outcome: 17-1 – (33)
APA LO: 1.3 – (73) Topic: Applying Conditioning to Human Behavior – (4)
APA LO: 2.2 – (5) Topic: Behavior Modification – (6)
APA LO: 2.3 – (2) Topic: Biological Constraints – (1)
APA LO: 2.5 – (3) Topic: Classical Conditioning – (18)
APA LO: 5.2 – (1) Topic: Cognitive Learning Theory – (5)
APA LO: 5.5 – (1) Topic: Discrimination – (9)
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation – (109) Topic: Extinction – (7)
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Apply – (36) Topic: Generalization – (8)
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember – (58) Topic: Latent Learning – (9)
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand – (50) Topic: Learning – (5)
Difficulty: Easy – (67) Topic: Observational Learning – (9)
Difficulty: Medium – (77) Topic: Operant Conditioning – (4)
Learning Objective: Define and describe classical
conditioning. – (19) Topic: Punishment – (14)
Learning Objective: Define learning. – (5) Topic: Reinforcement – (19)
Learning Objective: Define observational learning and outline
its basic processes. – (33) Topic: Schedules of Reinforcement – (18)
Learning Objective: Describe behavior modification. – (6) Topic: Shaping – (4)
Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning. – (36) Topic: Thorndike’s Law of Effect – (2)
Learning Objective: Identify the challenges that have been
made to the traditional views of classical conditioning. – (3) Topic: Violence in Media – (11)
Learning Objective: In classical conditioning, define
acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, and
discrimination. – (16)
1. Psychologists use the term _____ to refer to a relatively permanent change in
behavior resulting from experience.
growth
maturation
cognition
→ learning
Multiple Choice Question
MC Psychologists use the term _____ to refer to a
relatively perm…
Accessibility: Keyboard
Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy:
Page 1 of 62
Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Define
learning.
Learning Outcome: 15-1
Topic: Learning
2. Learning reflects _____. Maturation reflects _____.
→ nurture; nature
nature; nurture
nature; nature as well
nurture; nurture as well
Multiple Choice Question
MC Learning reflects _____. Maturation reflects
_____.
Accessibility: Keyboard
Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Define
learning.
Learning Outcome: 15-1
Topic: Learning
3. _____ is the decrease in response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated
presentations of the same stimulus.
Sensation
Disinhibition
→ Habituation
Conservation
Multiple Choice Question
MC _____ is the decrease in response to a stimulus that
occurs…
Accessibility: Keyboard
Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Define
learning.
Learning Outcome: 15-2
Topic: Learning
4. You toss a newly purchased felt mouse across the floor; your cat chases it excitedly,
clutches it in her paws and rolls around with it. Several tosses later, your cat yawns
pointedly and settles herself for a nap. The change in your cat’s behavior illustrates:
adaptation.
→ habituation.
conditioning.
Page 2 of 62
maturation.
Multiple Choice Question
MC You toss a newly purchased felt mouse across the
floor; your cat cha…
Accessibility: Keyboard
Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Define
learning.
Learning Outcome: 15-2
Topic: Learning
5. _____ refers to a decrease in the response to a stimulus when it is presented
repeatedly, whereas _____ refers to the eventual disappearance of a conditioned
response when an unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented.
Extinction; habituation
→ Habituation; extinction
Habituation; adaptation
Adaptation; habituation
Multiple Choice Question
MC _____ refers to a decrease in the response to a
stimulus when…
Accessibility: Keyboard
Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy:
Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Define
learning.
Learning Outcome: 15-2
Topic: Learning
6. _____ is credited with laying the foundation for the study of classical conditioning in
psychology.
Thorndike
Skinner
→ Pavlov
Watson
Multiple Choice Question
MC _____ is credited with laying the
foundation for the…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Define and describe
classical conditioning.
Learning Outcome: 15-2
Topic: Classical Conditioning
Page 3 of 62
7. _____ is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a
response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response.
→ Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Observational learning
Instrumental conditioning
Multiple Choice Question
MC _____ is a type of learning in which a
neutral stimulus comes…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Define and describe
classical conditioning.
Learning Outcome: 15-2
Topic: Classical Conditioning
8. _____ stimulus does not naturally bring about the response of interest.
Reflexive
Unconditioned
→ Neutral
Normative
Multiple Choice Question
MC _____ stimulus does not naturally
br…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Define and describe classical
conditioning.
Learning Outcome: 15-2
Topic: Classical Conditioning
9. _____ stimulus naturally brings about a particular response without having been
learned.
Conditioned
→ Unconditioned
Neutral
Normative
Multiple Choice Question
MC _____ stimulus naturally brings about a
particular…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Define and describe
classical conditioning.
Page 4 of 62
Learning Outcome: 15-2
Topic: Classical Conditioning
10. In Pavlov’s study, the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) was _____; the neutral stimulus
was _____; and, finally, the conditioned stimulus (CS) was _____.
meat; the bell; meat
→ meat; the bell; the bell
the bell; meat; meat
meat; meat; the bell
Multiple Choice Question
MC In Pavlov’s study, the unconditioned
stimulus…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Define and describe
classical conditioning.
Learning Outcome: 15-2
Topic: Classical Conditioning
11. Tim loves dill pickles. Now, the sight of a jar on the supermarket shelf makes his
mouth water. In the terminology of classical conditioning, the sight of the jar is a(n)
_____.
→ conditioned stimulus
unconditioned stimulus
neutral stimulus
conditioned response
Multiple Choice Question
MC Tim loves dill pickles. Now, the sight of a jar
on the supermarket shelf…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Define and
describe classical conditioning.
Learning Outcome: 15-2
Topic: Classical Conditioning
12. Alexis uses cocaine, which activates her sympathetic nervous system. Expecting her
dealer, her hands shake and her heart pounds when she hears a knock on the door.
Which alternative below CORRECTLY identifies the neutral stimulus, the CS, and
the UCS?
Neutral stimulus—knock on the door; CS—cocaine; UCS—cocaine
Neutral stimulus—knock on the door; CS—knock on the door;
UCS—pounding heart
→
Page 5 of 62
Neutral stimulus—knock on the door; CS—knock on the door;
UCS—cocaine
Neutral stimulus—cocaine; CS—knock on the door; UCS—cocaine
Multiple Choice Question
MC Alexis uses cocaine, which activates her
sympathetic nervous syste…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Define and
describe classical conditioning.
Learning Outcome: 15-2
Topic: Classical Conditioning
13. In classical conditioning, how are the neutral stimulus and the conditioned response
related?
They are not related; they are completely different stimuli.
They are the same thing; the terms are interchangeable.
→ The neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus.
The conditioned stimulus becomes the neutral stimulus.
Multiple Choice Question
MC In classical conditioning, how are the
neutral stimulus and the…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Define and
describe classical conditioning.
Learning Outcome: 15-2
Topic: Classical Conditioning
14. Nature is to nurture what _____ is to _____.
conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus
conditioned response; unconditioned response
neutral stimulus; conditioned stimulus
→ unconditioned response; conditioned response
Multiple Choice Question
MC Nature is to nurture what _____ is to
_____.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Define and describe
classical conditioning.
Learning Outcome: 15-2
Topic: Classical Conditioning
Page 6 of 62
15. Classical conditioning is most successful when the neutral stimulus begins:
→ just before the unconditioned stimulus begins.
at exactly the same time that the unconditioned stimulus begins.
long before the unconditioned stimulus begins.
immediately after the unconditioned stimulus begins.
Multiple Choice Question
MC Classical conditioning is most successful
when the ne…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Define and describe
classical conditioning.
Learning Outcome: 15-2
Topic: Classical Conditioning
16. Which pair below CORRECTLY identifies a stimulus or response in Watson and
Rayner’s “Little Albert” study?
→ Unconditioned stimulus—noise
Conditioned stimulus— fear
Unconditioned response—rat
Neutral stimulus—fear
Multiple Choice Question
MC Which pair below CORRECTLY
identifies a stimulus…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Define and describe
classical conditioning.
Learning Outcome: 15-2
Topic: Applying Conditioning to Human
Behavior
17. Jonas is a veteran of the war in Iraq. He suffers from posttraumatic stress disorder
(PTSD). Now, back home in a quiet California neighborhood, he jumps when he
hears a firecracker or a car backfire. In the terminology of classical conditioning,
these sounds are best thought of as _____ stimuli.
neutral
unconditioned
→ conditioned
normative
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
Page 7 of 62
Multiple Choice Question
MC Jonas is a veteran of the war in Iraq. He
suffers from posttrau…
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Define and describe
classical conditioning.
Learning Outcome: 15-2
Topic: Applying Conditioning to
Human Behavior
18. _____ occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and
eventually disappears.
→ Extinction
Habituation
Adaptation
Deconditioning
Multiple Choice Question
MC _____ occurs when a previously
conditioned response decreases in…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: In classical conditioning,
define acquisition, extinction, spontaneous
recovery, generalization, and discrimination.
Learning Outcome: 15-2
Topic: Extinction
19. Which of the following scenarios exemplifies extinction?
→
Alexis is a former cocaine user. Now that she no longer uses cocaine, her
hands no longer shake and her heart no longer pounds when she hears a
car pull into her drive, like her dealer used to do in his car.
Alexis uses cocaine. She no longer feels quite the same rush as she did
when she first started using.
Alexis is a former cocaine user in recovery. After a relapse, though, her
hands shake and her heart pounds when she hears a car pull into her
drive, like her dealer used to do in his car.
Alexis uses cocaine. She finds that she is slowly losing her sense of
smell.
Multiple Choice Question
MC Which of the following
scenarios exemplifies…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: In classical conditioning, define
acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery,
generalization, and discrimination.
Page 8 of 62
Learning Outcome: 15-2
Topic: Extinction
20. Which of the following sequences CORRECTLY arranges the phases of the classical
conditioning process, from first to last?
Acquisition → spontaneous recovery → extinction
→ Acquisition → extinction → spontaneous recovery
Spontaneous recovery → acquisition → extinction
Extinction → acquisition → spontaneous recovery
Multiple Choice Question
MC Which of the following sequences
CORRECTLY arranges the…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: In classical conditioning,
define acquisition, extinction, spontaneous
recovery, generalization, and discrimination.
Learning Outcome: 15-2
Topic: Extinction
21. The reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest and
with no further conditioning is known as _____.
extinction
habituation
→ spontaneous recovery
deconditioning
Multiple Choice Question
MC The reemergence of an
extinguished conditioned…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: In classical conditioning, define
acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery,
generalization, and discrimination.
Learning Outcome: 15-2
Topic: Extinction
22. Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies spontaneous recovery?
Alexis is a former cocaine user. Now that she no longer uses cocaine, her
hands no longer shake and her heart no longer pounds when she hears a
car pull into her drive, like her dealer used to do in his car.
Alexis uses cocaine. She no longer feels quite the same rush as she did
when she first started using.
→
Page 9 of 62
Alexis is a former cocaine user in recovery. After a relapse, though, her
hands shake and her heart pounds when she hears a car pull into her
drive, like her dealer used to do in his car.
Alexis uses cocaine. She finds that she is slowly losing her sense of
smell.
Multiple Choice Question
MC Which of the following
scenarios best exemplifies spon…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: In classical conditioning,
define acquisition, extinction, spontaneous
recovery, generalization, and discrimination.
Learning Outcome: 15-2
Topic: Extinction
23. _____ is a process in which, after a stimulus has been conditioned to produce a
particular response, stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus produce the same
response.
Stimulus location
→ Stimulus generalization
Stimulus reflexive
Stimulus discrimination
Multiple Choice Question
MC ____ is a process in which, after a
stimulus has been conditioned to…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: In classical conditioning,
define acquisition, extinction, spontaneous
recovery, generalization, and discrimination.
Learning Outcome: 15-2
Topic: Generalization
24. Which of the following is TRUE of stimulus generalization?
It is the process that occurs if two stimuli are sufficiently distinct from
one another.
→ The greater the similarity between two stimuli, the greater the likelihood
of stimulus generalization.
The conditioned response elicited by the new stimulus is usually more
intense than the original conditioned response.
Stimulus generalization provides the ability to differentiate between
stimuli.
Multiple Choice Question
MC Which of the following is
TRUE of stimulus gen…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand
Page 10 of 62
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: In classical conditioning, define
acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery,
generalization, and discrimination.
Learning Outcome: 15-2
Topic: Generalization
25. Rosa becomes anxious when she enters the examination room at the clinic before a
blood test. She also squirms when she views injections on television. This illustrates:
observational learning.
→ stimulus generalization.
spontaneous recovery.
stimulus discrimination.
Multiple Choice Question
MC Rosa becomes anxious when she
enters the examination room…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: In classical conditioning,
define acquisition, extinction, spontaneous
recovery, generalization, and discrimination.
Learning Outcome: 15-2
Topic: Generalization
26. _____ occurs if two stimuli are sufficiently distinct from each other that one evokes a
conditioned response but the other does not.
Stimulus location
Stimulus generalization
Stimulus diffusion
→ Stimulus discrimination
Multiple Choice Question
MC _____ occurs if two stimuli are
sufficiently distinct from each other that
one…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: In classical conditioning,
define acquisition, extinction, spontaneous
recovery, generalization, and discrimination.
Learning Outcome: 15-2
Topic: Discrimination
27. Which of the following terms best expresses the relationship between stimulus
generalization and stimulus discrimination?
They are unrelated.
→ They are opposites.
They are the same thing.
Page 11 of 62
Stimulus discrimination is a type of stimulus generalization.
Multiple Choice Question
MC Which of the following terms
best expresses the…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: In classical conditioning, define
acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery,
generalization, and discrimination.
Learning Outcome: 15-2
Topic: Discrimination
Topic: Generalization
28. June’s cat runs to the kitchen at the sound of the electric can opener, which she has
learned is used to open her food when her dinner is about to be served. The cat does
not run when a blender is used, although it sounds similar. June’s cat is
demonstrating stimulus:
control.
→ discrimination.
generalization.
diffusion.
Multiple Choice Question
MC June’s cat runs to the kitchen at
the sound of the electric…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: In classical conditioning,
define acquisition, extinction, spontaneous
recovery, generalization, and discrimination.
Learning Outcome: 15-2
Topic: Discrimination
29. Janine completed several tours of duty in Afghanistan. She suffers from PTSD. Now,
back home in Texas, she is frightened by firecrackers and cars backfiring. The fact
that these sounds scare her reflects a process of stimulus:
diffusion.
discrimination.
→ generalization.
control.
Multiple Choice Question
MC Janine completed several tours
of duty in Afghanistan…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: In classical conditioning,
define acquisition, extinction, spontaneous
recovery, generalization, and discrimination.
Page 12 of 62
Learning Outcome: 15-2
Topic: Generalization
30. Stimulus _____ provides the ability to differentiate between stimuli.
control
→ discrimination
generalization
diffusion
Multiple Choice Question
MC Stimulus _____ provides the
ability to differentiate between stimuli.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: In classical conditioning,
define acquisition, extinction, spontaneous
recovery, generalization, and discrimination.
Learning Outcome: 15-2
Topic: Discrimination
31. In what way does learned taste aversion seem to contradict the basic principles of
classical conditioning?
In learned taste aversion, the CS and the unconditioned response (UCR)
are separated by only a brief interval.
→ Learned taste aversion can occur after only a single CS-UCR pairing.
Learned taste aversion takes longer to develop than do most classical
conditioning processes.
Learned taste aversion is subject to biologically based constraints while,
classical conditioning is not.
Multiple Choice Question
MC In what way does learned taste
aversion seem to contradict the basi…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Identify the challenges
that have been made to the traditional views of
classical conditioning.
Learning Outcome: 15-2
Topic: Classical Conditioning
32. _____ is learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened,
depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences.
Classical conditioning
→ Operant conditioning
Observational learning
Instrumental conditioning
Page 13 of 62
Multiple Choice Question
MC _____ is learning in which a voluntary
response is strength…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Explain operant
conditioning.
Learning Outcome: 16-1
Topic: Operant Conditioning
33. Operant conditioning most importantly involves forming associations between:
neutral and unconditioned stimuli.
stimuli and involuntary behavior.
→ behavior and consequences.
conditioned response and reflex.
Multiple Choice Question
MC Operant conditioning most importantly
involves…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Explain operant
conditioning.
Learning Outcome: 16-1
Topic: Operant Conditioning
34. Classical conditioning applies mostly to _____. Operant conditioning applies mainly
to _____.
→ biological responses; voluntary responses
voluntary behavior; involuntary behavior
voluntary behavior; biological behavior
involuntary response; involuntary behavior
Multiple Choice Question
MC Classical conditioning applies
mostly…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Explain operant
conditioning.
Learning Outcome: 16-1
Topic: Operant Conditioning
35. The root of operant conditioning may be traced to _____’s early studies of hungry
cats learning to escape from cages.
Skinner
→ Thorndike
Watson
Page 14 of 62
Pavlov
Multiple Choice Question
MC The root of operant conditioning may be
traced…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Explain operant
conditioning.
Learning Outcome: 16-1
Topic: Thorndike’s Law of Effect
36. “Responses that lead to satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated.” This
is the law of:
consequences.
reward.
→ effect.
reinforcement.
Multiple Choice Question
MC “Responses that lead to satisfying
consequences…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Explain operant
conditioning.
Learning Outcome: 16-1
Topic: Thorndike’s Law of Effect
37. The most influential psychologist to study operant conditioning was:
Freud.
Watson.
Pavlov.
→ Skinner.
Multiple Choice Question
MC The most influential psychologist to study
operant…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Explain operant
conditioning.
Learning Outcome: 16-1
Topic: Operant Conditioning
38. The process by which a stimulus increases the likelihood that a preceding behavior
will be repeated is called:
habituation.
Page 15 of 62
→ reinforcement.
learning.
spontaneous recovery.
Multiple Choice Question
MC The process by which a stimulus increases the
likelihood…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Explain operant
conditioning.
Learning Outcome: 16-1
Topic: Reinforcement
39. Which of the following approaches to treating a phobia is/are CORRECTLY
matched with the type of learning it reflects?
Conditioning client to associate a response of relaxation rather than
anxiety to the feared object – observational learning
→ Reinforcing client directly by interacting with the feared object – operant
conditioning
Exposing client to a model interacting successfully with the feared object
– classical conditioning
A new behavior is learned but not demonstrated until some incentive is
provided for displaying it – perceptual learning
Multiple Choice Question
MC Which of the following approaches to treating a
phobia is/are…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Explain operant
conditioning.
Learning Outcome: 16-1
Topic: Reinforcement
40. A _____ is any stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will
occur again.
catalyst
rejoinder
→ reinforcer
stimulant
Multiple Choice Question
MC A _____ is any stimulus that increases the
probability tha…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Page 16 of 62
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Explain operant
conditioning.
Learning Outcome: 16-1
Topic: Reinforcement
41. Reinforcers that satisfy a biological need are called _____ reinforcers.
→ primary
positive
unconditioned
reflexive
Multiple Choice Question
MC Reinforcers that satisfy a biological need
are calle…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Explain operant
conditioning.
Learning Outcome: 16-1
Topic: Reinforcement
42. Nature is to nurture what _____ reinforcers are to _____ reinforcers.
positive; negative
secondary; primary
unconditioned; conditioned
→ primary; secondary
Multiple Choice Question
MC Nature is to nurture what _____ reinforcers
are to…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Explain operant
conditioning.
Learning Outcome: 16-1
Topic: Reinforcement
43. Which of the following reinforcers is INCORRECTLY categorized?
Food—primary reinforcer
→ Money—primary reinforcer
Praise—secondary reinforcer
Relief—primary reinforcer
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
Page 17 of 62
Multiple Choice Question
MC Which of the following
reinforcers…
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Explain operant
conditioning.
Learning Outcome: 16-1
Topic: Reinforcement
44. Which of the following is an example of a secondary reinforcer?
Food
Sex
→ Money
Relief
Multiple Choice Question
MC Which of the following is an example of a
secondary…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Explain operant
conditioning.
Learning Outcome: 16-1
Topic: Reinforcement
45. As part of a behavior modification program, Kendra and her partner each agree to
praise the other if she completes her assigned household chores by the end of the
day. Such praise is an example of:
primary reinforcement
tertiary reinforcement
→ positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement
Multiple Choice Question
MC As part of a behavior modification program,
Kendra and her partner…
Accessibility: Keyboard
Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Explain
operant conditioning.
Learning Outcome: 16-2
Topic: Reinforcement
46. The term reward is synonymous with:
→ positive reinforcement only.
reinforcement generally.
Page 18 of 62
negative reinforcement only.
primary reinforcement only.
Multiple Choice Question
MC The term reward is synonymous
with:
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Explain operant
conditioning.
Learning Outcome: 16-1
Topic: Reinforcement
47. A(n) _____ reinforcer is a stimulus added to the environment, like getting paid to
work, that specifically brings about an increase in a preceding response.
primary
→ positive
unconditioned
neutral
Multiple Choice Question
MC A(n) _____ reinforcer is a stimulus added to the
environment, like…
Accessibility: Keyboard
Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Explain
operant conditioning.
Learning Outcome: 16-1
Topic: Reinforcement
48. A(n) _____ reinforcer refers to the removal of an unpleasant stimulus, putting on a
sweater when your cold for example, which leads to an increase in the probability
that a preceding response will be repeated in the future.
→ negative
secondary
unconditioned
neutral
Multiple Choice Question
MC A(n) _____ reinforcer refers to the removal of
an unpleasan…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Explain operant
conditioning.
Page 19 of 62
Learning Outcome: 16-1
Topic: Reinforcement
49. One reason Carlos continues to work at his job is the check he receives every two
weeks. Carlos’ paycheck is a _____ reinforcer.
neutral
primary
→ secondary
negative
Multiple Choice Question
MC One reason Carlos continues to work at his
job is the…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Explain operant
conditioning.
Learning Outcome: 16-1
Topic: Reinforcement
50. Dr. DiFonzo notices several students nodding in agreement as he lectures.
Subsequently, his rhetoric becomes more confident and more passionate. The
students have provided _____ reinforcement.
→ positive
secondary
conditioned
neutral
Multiple Choice Question
MC Dr. DiFonzo notices several students nodding
in agreement…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Explain operant
conditioning.
Learning Outcome: 16-1
Topic: Reinforcement
51. Negative reinforcement:
is the same thing as punishment.
→ increases the likelihood that preceding behaviors will be repeated.
decreases the likelihood that a behavior will be performed.
is a stimulus whose removal leads to a decrease in the probability that a
preceding response will be repeated.
Page 20 of 62
Multiple Choice Question
MC Negative reinforcement:
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.
Learning Outcome: 16-1
Topic: Reinforcement
52. Which of the following scenarios exemplifies negative reinforcement?
→ Vanna fastens her seatbelt as soon as she gets in her car to stop the
annoying alert sound.
Drake no longer cuts class, now that his parents confiscated his iPod.
Maria now buys a different brand of cigarettes to get two packs for the
price of one.
Nate no longer arrives late at work following a reprimand from his boss.
Multiple Choice Question
MC Which of the following scenarios exemplifies
negative reinforcement?
Accessibility: Keyboard
Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Explain
operant conditioning.
Learning Outcome: 16-1
Topic: Reinforcement
53. _____ weakens a response through the application of an unpleasant stimulus.
Negative reinforcement
Negative punishment
→ Positive punishment
Normative reinforcement
Multiple Choice Question
MC _____ weakens a response through the
application…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Explain operant
conditioning.
Learning Outcome: 16-1
Topic: Punishment
54. _____ punishment consists of the removal of something pleasant.
Prescriptive
Page 21 of 62
→ Negative
Positive
Normative
Multiple Choice Question
MC _____ punishment consists of the removal of
something pleasant.
Accessibility: Keyboard
Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Explain
operant conditioning.
Learning Outcome: 16-1
Topic: Punishment
55. Which of the following scenarios exemplify negative punishment?
→ Astrid tells her daughter she is grounded for misbehaving and cannot
meet her friends for a week.
Carly yells at her husband when he comes home drunk.
Jim makes his middle-schoolers run extra laps when they are unruly in
gym class.
Joanie takes several ibuprofen tablets when she has a headache.
Multiple Choice Question
MC Which of the following scenarios exemplify
negative punishment?
Accessibility: Keyboard
Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Explain
operant conditioning.
Learning Outcome: 16-1
Topic: Punishment
56. Which of the following is an example of positive punishment?
You fight with your significant other and walk away
→ Getting a speeding ticket
Grounding a child for misbehaving and not letting him/her watch
television
Giving your dog a treat for rolling over
Multiple Choice Question
MC Which of the following is an example of
positive punishment?
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Page 22 of 62
Learning Objective: Explain operant
conditioning.
Learning Outcome: 16-1
Topic: Punishment
57. Sheryl’s parents have told her that she is “grounded” and will not be allowed to watch
any television for a week, because she is not completing her assignments on time.
This is an example of:
→ negative punishment.
negative reinforcement.
positive punishment.
positive reinforcement.
Multiple Choice Question
MC Sheryl’s parents have told her that she is
“grounded” and will…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Explain operant
conditioning.
Learning Outcome: 16-1
Topic: Punishment
58. Which of the following is an example of negative punishment?
You fight with your significant other and walk away.
Spanking a child for misbehaving.
Yelling at your spouse for being irresponsible.
→ Informing an employee that he has been demoted because of a poor job
evaluation.
Multiple Choice Question
MC Which of the following is an example of
negat…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Explain operant
conditioning.
Learning Outcome: 16-1
Topic: Punishment
59. Which of the following types of consequences is CORRECTLY matched with an
example?
Positive reinforcement – Vickie applies lotion to lessen the discomfort of
a small burn
Negative reinforcement – Ella’s parents confiscate her car keys for
breaking curfew
Page 23 of 62
→ Positive punishment – Laurel’s mother yells at her when Laurel takes $20
from her mom’s purse
Negative punishment – Maddie receives a bonus for outstanding work
performance
Multiple Choice Question
MC Which of the following types of
consequences is…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Explain operant
conditioning.
Learning Outcome: 16-1
Topic: Punishment
60. Which of the following types of consequences is CORRECTLY matched with an
example?
Positive reinforcement – Harvey is suspended when he vandalizes school
property
→ Negative reinforcement – Jeff puts up his umbrella when it starts to
sprinkle so he won’t get wet
Positive punishment – Jacqueline’s teacher puts a cute sticker on an
arithmetic exercise completed without mistakes
Negative punishment – Tommy receives a written reprimand from his
boss following a series of customer complaints
Multiple Choice Question
MC Which of the following types of
consequences is…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Explain operant
conditioning.
Learning Outcome: 16-1
Topic: Punishment
61. Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of punishment?
It is ineffective if it is not delivered immediately after the undesirable
behavior.
Physical punishment sends the message that aggressive behavior is
appropriate.
→ It tends to change behavior very slowly.
Punishment does not suggest which alternative behaviors might be more
desirable.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
Page 24 of 62
Multiple Choice Question
MC Which of the following is NOT a
disadvanta…
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Explain operant
conditioning.
Learning Outcome: 16-1
Topic: Punishment
62. Behavior that is reinforced every time it occurs is said to be on a(n) _____
reinforcement schedule.
secondary
positive
intermittent
→ continuous
Multiple Choice Question
MC Behavior that is reinforced
every time it occurs is said…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Outline the schedules of
reinforcement and define the operant view of
generalization and discrimination, superstitious
behavior, and shaping.
Learning Outcome: 16-1
Topic: Schedules of Reinforcement
63. You don’t receive a smile or a “thank you” each time you hold a door for the person
behind you. It is acknowledged sometimes. Door-holding is reinforced on a(n) _____
reinforcement schedule.
continuous
→ partial
regular
fixed
Multiple Choice Question
MC You don’t receive a smile or a
“thank you” each time you…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Outline the schedules of
reinforcement and define the operant view of
generalization and discrimination, superstitious
behavior, and shaping.
Learning Outcome: 16-1
Topic: Schedules of Reinforcement
64.
Page 25 of 62
Vending machine is to slot machine what _____ reinforcement is to _____
reinforcement.
secondary; primary
→ continuous; intermittent
partial; intermittent
variable; fixed
Multiple Choice Question
MC Vending machine is to slot
machine what…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Outline the schedules of
reinforcement and define the operant view of
generalization and discrimination, superstitious
behavior, and shaping.
Learning Outcome: 16-1
Topic: Schedules of Reinforcement
65. A fixed-ratio schedule is a schedule:
→ by which reinforcement is given only after a specific number of
responses are made.
by which reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses
rather than after a fixed number.
that provides reinforcement for a response only if a fixed time period has
elapsed, making overall rates of response relatively low.
by which the time between reinforcements varies around some average
rather than being fixed.
Multiple Choice Question
MC A fixed-ratio schedule is
a schedule:
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Outline the schedules of
reinforcement and define the operant view of
generalization and discrimination, superstitious behavior,
and shaping.
Learning Outcome: 16-1
Topic: Schedules of Reinforcement
66. Which of the following promotions exemplifies the use of a fixed-ratio schedule of
reinforcement?
A café prints “You are a winner” on a random one-twelfth of its coffee
lids; patrons receiving such a lid can redeem it for a free beverage.
→
Page 26 of 62
A café offers its customers a punch card. Each time a patron purchases a
beverage, a hole is punched; when ten holes are punched, the patron
receives a free beverage.
A café offers each patron an early morning two-for-one free-beverage-
with-purchase deal from 5 to 6 a.m. on Monday mornings.
Now and then, a café announces a two-for-one deal.
Multiple Choice Question
MC Which of the following
promotions exemplifies the…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Outline the schedules of
reinforcement and define the operant view of
generalization and discrimination, superstitious
behavior, and shaping.
Learning Outcome: 16-1
Topic: Schedules of Reinforcement
67. Dr. Arceneaux wants his students to take advantage of online practice quizzes on his
course site. Which of the following is the most effective plan to increase the number
of practice quizzes completed?
→ 1 bonus point for every 2 online practice quizzes completed
5 points deducted from course total if no quizzes are completed
1 bonus point awarded every 2 weeks if 2 or more quizzes have been
completed
1 bonus point awarded every now and then (about 2 weeks on average) if
2 or more quizzes have been completed recently
Multiple Choice Question
MC Dr. Arceneaux wants his
students to take advantage of
online…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Outline the schedules of
reinforcement and define the operant view of
generalization and discrimination, superstitious
behavior, and shaping.
Learning Outcome: 16-1
Topic: Schedules of Reinforcement
68. A variable-ratio schedule is a schedule:
by which reinforcement is given only after a specific number of
responses are made.
→ by which reinforcement occurs after a fluctuating number of responses
rather than after a fixed number.
Page 27 of 62
that provides reinforcement for a response only if a fixed time period has
elapsed, making overall rates of response relatively low.
by which the time between reinforcements varies around some average
rather than being fixed.
Multiple Choice Question
MC A variable-ratio schedule
is a schedule:
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Outline the schedules of
reinforcement and define the operant view of
generalization and discrimination, superstitious behavior,
and shaping.
Learning Outcome: 16-1
Topic: Schedules of Reinforcement
69. Dr. Arceneaux has developed several alternative plans to increase the number of
online practice quizzes his students complete. Which plan below is INCORRECTLY
matched with the related schedule?
1 bonus point for every two online practice quizzes completed—fixed-
ratio
1 bonus point awarded every 2 weeks if two or more quizzes have been
completed—fixed-interval
→ 1 bonus point awarded every now and then (about 2 weeks on average) if
two or more quizzes have been completed recently—variable-ratio
1 bonus point awarded randomly, either for every 2 online quizzes taken
or 2 bonus points for all those students taken within the first
week—variable-interval
Multiple Choice Question
MC Dr. Arceneaux has developed
several alternative plans…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Outline the schedules of
reinforcement and define the operant view of
generalization and discrimination, superstitious
behavior, and shaping.
Learning Outcome: 16-1
Topic: Schedules of Reinforcement
70. Imagine that you graphed the cumulative number of bar-press responses over time of
four rats, each reinforced on a different one of the four schedules of intermittent
reinforcement. Each rat’s behavior is graphed on a separate line. The line with the
greatest slope should be that displaying the behavior of the rat reinforced on the
_____ schedule.
fixed-ratio
Page 28 of 62
fixed-interval
variable-interval
→ variable-ratio
Multiple Choice Question
MC Imagine that you graphed the
cumulative number of bar-press…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Outline the schedules of
reinforcement and define the operant view of
generalization and discrimination, superstitious
behavior, and shaping.
Learning Outcome: 16-1
Topic: Schedules of Reinforcement
71. In general, _____ schedules of reinforcement yield high response rates.
variable-interval
fixed-interval
→ variable-ratio
fixed-ratio
Multiple Choice Question
MC In general, _____ schedules of
reinforcement yield high…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Outline the schedules of
reinforcement and define the operant view of
generalization and discrimination, superstitious
behavior, and shaping.
Learning Outcome: 16-1
Topic: Schedules of Reinforcement
72. Typically long pauses in responding are found in _____ schedules.
→ fixed-interval
fixed-ratio
variable-interval
variable-ratio
Multiple Choice Question
MC Typically long pauses in
responding are found in…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Outline the schedules of
Page 29 of 62
reinforcement and define the operant view of
generalization and discrimination, superstitious
behavior, and shaping.
Learning Outcome: 16-1
Topic: Schedules of Reinforcement
73. A privately funded program pays low-income parents $50 every two months for each
child who attends school regularly during that period. This incentive illustrates a
_____ schedule of reinforcement.
→ fixed-interval
fixed-ratio
variable-interval
variable-ratio
Multiple Choice Question
MC A privately funded program
pays low-income parents $50
every…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Outline the schedules of
reinforcement and define the operant view of
generalization and discrimination, superstitious
behavior, and shaping.
Learning Outcome: 16-1
Topic: Schedules of Reinforcement
74. A fixed-interval schedule is a schedule:
by which reinforcement is given only after a specific number of
responses are made.
by which reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses
rather than after a fixed number.
→ that provides reinforcement for a response only if an unvarying time
period has elapsed, making overall rates of response relatively low.
by which the time between reinforcements varies around some average
rather than being constant.
Multiple Choice Question
MC A fixed-interval schedule
is a schedule:
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Outline the schedules of
reinforcement and define the operant view of
generalization and discrimination, superstitious behavior,
and shaping.
Learning Outcome: 16-1
Topic: Schedules of Reinforcement
Page 30 of 62
75. Paychecks and semester grades are delivered on a _____ schedule of reinforcement.
fixed-ratio
→ fixed-interval
variable-ratio
variable-interval
Multiple Choice Question
MC Paychecks and semester
grades are delivered on a…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Outline the schedules of
reinforcement and define the operant view of
generalization and discrimination, superstitious
behavior, and shaping.
Learning Outcome: 16-1
Topic: Schedules of Reinforcement
76. A variable-interval schedule is a schedule:
by which reinforcement is given only after a specific number of
responses are made.
by which reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses
rather than after a fixed number.
that provides reinforcement for a response only if a fixed time period has
elapsed, making overall rates of response relatively low.
→ by which the time between reinforcements fluctuates around some
average rather than being fixed.
Multiple Choice Question
MC A variable-interval
schedule is a schedule:
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Outline the schedules of
reinforcement and define the operant view of
generalization and discrimination, superstitious
behavior, and shaping.
Learning Outcome: 16-1
Topic: Schedules of Reinforcement
77. Which of the following is TRUE about stimulus control training?
→ In stimulus control training, a behavior is reinforced in the presence of a
specific stimulus.
In stimulus control training, a behavior is reinforced in the absence of a
specific stimulus.
Page 31 of 62
Stimulus control training is the process of teaching a complex behavior
by rewarding closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.
Stimulus control training is the process of teaching a simple behavior by
rewarding closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.
Multiple Choice Question
MC Which of the following is
TRUE about stimulus…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Outline the schedules of
reinforcement and define the operant view of
generalization and discrimination, superstitious
behavior, and shaping.
Learning Outcome: 16-1
Topic: Discrimination
78. Ewan is convinced that a woman across the bar is “sending signals.” A learning
theorist would term such signals:
conditioned stimuli.
→ discriminative stimuli.
positive reinforcers.
intermittent reinforcers.
Multiple Choice Question
MC Ewan is convinced that a
woman across the…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Outline the schedules of
reinforcement and define the operant view of
generalization and discrimination, superstitious
behavior, and shaping.
Learning Outcome: 16-1
Topic: Discrimination
79. Sheryl makes pleasant small talk and pays her boss a compliment before asking for a
personal day, because such a strategy was successful with a few of her previous
bosses. This example most clearly illustrates:
→ stimulus generalization.
stimulus control.
stimulus discrimination.
shaping.
Multiple Choice Question
MC Sheryl makes pleasant small talk
and pays her boss a compliment…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
APA LO: 1.3
Page 32 of 62
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Outline the schedules of
reinforcement and define the operant view of
generalization and discrimination, superstitious
behavior, and shaping.
Learning Outcome: 16-1
Topic: Generalization
80. The process of teaching a complex behavior by reinforcing closer and closer
approximations of the desired behavior is called:
stimulus control training.
discrimination training.
→ shaping.
behavior modification.
Multiple Choice Question
MC The process of teaching a
complex behavior by reinforcing…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Outline the schedules of
reinforcement and define the operant view of
generalization and discrimination, superstitious
behavior, and shaping.
Learning Outcome: 16-1
Topic: Shaping
81. Mrs. Martin, a third-grade teacher, is instructing cursive writing. At first, she
reinforces even crude attempts to reproduce letters with an encouraging word; as
time goes on, though, she reinforces only well-formed letters. By reinforcing
progressively better attempts at writing letters, Mrs. Martin is using:
discrimination training.
→ shaping.
stimulus control training.
behavior modification.
Multiple Choice Question
MC Mrs. Martin, a third-grade
teacher, is instructing cursive writing.
At first,…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Outline the schedules of
reinforcement and define the operant view of
generalization and discrimination, superstitious
behavior, and shaping.
Learning Outcome: 16-1
Topic: Shaping
82.
Page 33 of 62
Which of the following does NOT accurately reflect a distinction between classical
and operant conditioning?
Classical conditioning entails forming an association between stimuli;
operant conditioning involves forming an association between a behavior
and its consequences.
→ Classical conditioning applies to voluntary behavior, while operant
conditioning applies to involuntary behavior.
In the case of classical conditioning, before conditioning, an
unconditioned stimulus leads to an unconditioned response; in operant
conditioning reinforcement leads to an increase in behavior.
In the case of classical conditioning, after conditioning, a conditioned
stimulus leads to a conditioned response; in operant conditioning
punishment leads to a decrease in behavior.
Multiple Choice Question
MC Which of the following does NOT accurately
reflect a distinct…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Describe
behavior modification.
Learning Outcome: 16-1
Topic: Behavior Modification
83. Which of the following is TRUE of classical conditioning?
Its basic principle is that reinforcement increases the frequency of the
behavior preceding it; punishment decreases the frequency of the
behavior preceding it.
→ It applies to involuntary behavior.
According to classical conditioning, reinforcement leads to an increase in
behavior.
According to classical conditioning, organism voluntarily operates on its
environment to produce a desirable result. After behavior occurs, the
likelihood of the behavior occurring again is increased or decreased by
the behavior’s consequences.
Multiple Choice Question
MC Which of the following is TRUE of
classical…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Describe behavior
modification.
Learning Outcome: 16-1
Topic: Behavior Modification
84. Dr. Simonelli is a practicing behavior analyst. What does she do?
Page 34 of 62
She helps clients explore the unconscious motivations behind their
behaviors.
She helps clients change how they think about their own behavior and
that of others.
→ She specializes in behavior modification techniques.
She conducts basic research into conditioning mechanisms and
principles.
Multiple Choice Question
MC Dr. Simonelli is a practicing behavior
analy…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Describe behavior
modification.
Learning Outcome: 16-2
Topic: Behavior Modification
85. _____ is a formalized technique for promoting the frequency of desirable conducts
and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones.
Functional modification
Genetic modification
Posttranslational modification
→ Behavior modification
Multiple Choice Question
MC _____ is a formalized technique for promoting
the frequency of desirable…
Accessibility: Keyboard
Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
APA LO: 2.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Describe
behavior modification.
Learning Outcome: 16-2
Topic: Behavior Modification
86. The cognitive learning concept of _____ learning is associated most prominently
with _____.
→ latent; Tolman
latent; Thorndike
implicit; Tolman
implicit; Thorndike
Multiple Choice Question
MC The cognitive learning concept of
_____ learning is…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Page 35 of 62
Learning Objective: Define observational
learning and outline its basic processes.
Learning Outcome: 17-1
Topic: Latent Learning
87. The _____ is an approach to the study of learning that focuses on the thought
processes that underlie learning.
transformative learning theory
behavioral learning theory
→ cognitive learning theory
constructivism learning theory
Multiple Choice Question
MC The _____ is an approach to the study
of learning that focuses…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Define observational
learning and outline its basic processes.
Learning Outcome: 17-1
Topic: Cognitive Learning Theory
88. Psychologists working within the cognitive learning perspective:
deny the importance of classical and operant conditioning.
→ go beyond classical and operant conditioning.
perform research essentially identical to that conducted by more
traditional learning theorists.
have probably never heard of classical and operant conditioning.
Multiple Choice Question
MC Psychologists working within the
cognitive learning …
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Define observational
learning and outline its basic processes.
Learning Outcome: 17-1
Topic: Cognitive Learning Theory
89. Which of the following does the cognitive learning theory emphasize?
→ Expectations
Imitation
Consolidation
Associations
Multiple Choice Question
MC Which of the following does the
cognitive learning theory…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Page 36 of 62
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Define observational
learning and outline its basic processes.
Learning Outcome: 17-1
Topic: Cognitive Learning Theory
90. The focus of classical and operant conditioning is on _____; the focus of the
cognitive learning approach is on _____.
→ external stimuli, responses, and reinforcement; internal thoughts and
expectations of learners
external stimuli, responses, and reinforcement; external stimuli,
responses, and reinforcement as well
internal thoughts and expectations of learners; external stimuli,
responses, and reinforcement
internal thoughts and expectations of learners; internal thoughts and
expectations of learners as well
Multiple Choice Question
MC The focus of classical and operant
conditioning is on…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Define observational
learning and outline its basic processes.
Learning Outcome: 17-1
Topic: Cognitive Learning Theory
91. Learning in which a new behavior is acquired but is not demonstrated until some
incentive is provided for displaying it is known as _____ learning.
tangential
→ latent
perceptual
spatial
Multiple Choice Question
MC Learning in which a new behavior is
acquired but is not…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Define observational
learning and outline its basic processes.
Learning Outcome: 17-1
Topic: Latent Learning
92. Which theorist is CORRECTLY matched with the concept with which he is
associated?
Bandura—classical conditioning
→ Tolman—latent learning
Page 37 of 62
Pavlov—observational learning
Watson—associative learning
Multiple Choice Question
MC Which theorist is CORRECTLY
matched with the concept…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Define observational
learning and outline its basic processes.
Learning Outcome: 17-1
Topic: Latent Learning
93. _____ learning occurs without reinforcement.
→ Latent
Operant
Subliminal
Manifest
Multiple Choice Question
MC _____ learning occurs without
reinforcement.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Define observational
learning and outline its basic processes.
Learning Outcome: 17-1
Topic: Latent Learning
94. Recall Tolman’s latent learning experiments in which rats learned to run a maze.
What was the critical result?
Rats that were never given an incentive, never learned to run the maze.
Rats that were never given an incentive still learned to run the maze.
→
Rats that began to receive an incentive halfway through the experiment
rapidly matched the performance of rats that had been reinforced from
the beginning of the experiment.
Rats that began to receive an incentive halfway through the experiment
never learned to run the maze.
Multiple Choice Question
MC Recall Tolman’s latent learning
experiments in which rats…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Define observational
learning and outline its basic processes.
Learning Outcome: 17-1
Topic: Latent Learning
95. A(n) _____ is a mental representation of spatial locations and directions.
Page 38 of 62
algorithm
prototype
→ cognitive map
perceptual blueprint
Multiple Choice Question
MC A(n) _____ is a mental representation
of spatial locations…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Define observational
learning and outline its basic processes.
Learning Outcome: 17-1
Topic: Latent Learning
96. You have a kind of picture in your head of your hometown, a mental representation
of its layout and the location of key landmarks, like rivers, buildings, freeways, and
parks. This representation is called a(n):
internal navigator.
mental GPS.
→ cognitive map.
perceptual blueprint.
Multiple Choice Question
MC You have a kind of picture in your
head of your hometown…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Define observational
learning and outline its basic processes.
Learning Outcome: 17-1
Topic: Latent Learning
97. Learning by watching the behavior of another person, or model is known as _____.
perceptual learning
→ observational learning
latent learning
tangential learning
Multiple Choice Question
MC Learning by watching the behavior of
another person, or mod…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Define observational
learning and outline its basic processes.
Learning Outcome: 17-1
Topic: Observational Learning
98. Bandura’s Bobo doll experiment was intended to demonstrate:
Page 39 of 62
shaping.
→ observational learning.
latent learning.
stimulus control training.
Multiple Choice Question
MC Bandura’s Bobo doll experiment
was intended to…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Define observational
learning and outline its basic processes.
Learning Outcome: 17-1
Topic: Observational Learning
99. Observational learning is based in part on the activity of _____ neurons in the brain.
→ mirror
reflexive
imitative
modeling
Multiple Choice Question
MC Observational learning is based in part
on the activity of…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Define observational
learning and outline its basic processes.
Learning Outcome: 17-1
Topic: Observational Learning
100.Which of the following statements INCORRECTLY describes the effects on
observational learning of the reinforcement or punishment of the model?
We are more likely to imitate reward models than we are to imitate non-
reward models.
→ Observational learning does not occur when the model is punished.
Observing the punishment of a model does not stop observers from
learning the behavior.
Observational learning is likely to occur when the model is rewarded.
Multiple Choice Question
MC Which of the following statements
INCORRECTLY describ…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Define observational
learning and outline its basic processes.
Learning Outcome: 17-1
Topic: Observational Learning
Page 40 of 62
101._____ is associated with the Fearless-Peer experiment. The experiment demonstrates
_____.
Pavlov; classical conditioning
→ Bandura; observational learning
Skinner; operant conditioning
Thorndike; latent learning
Multiple Choice Question
MC _____ is associated with the
Fearless-Peer…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Define observational learning
and outline its basic processes.
Learning Outcome: 17-1
Topic: Observational Learning
102.Based on your reading of the text, the average child in the United States has viewed
more than _____ murders on network TV by the time he or she graduates from
elementary school.
12
500
→ 8,000
6,000
Multiple Choice Question
MC Based on your reading of the text, the
average child in the…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Define observational
learning and outline its basic processes.
Learning Outcome: 17-1
Topic: Violence in Media
103.According to one survey, approximately one-_____ of violent young male offenders
in Florida had attempted to commit a media-inspired copycat crime.
fifth
→ fourth
third
half
Multiple Choice Question
MC According to one survey,
approximatel`y one-_…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
APA LO: 2.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Page 41 of 62
Learning Objective: Define observational
learning and outline its basic processes.
Learning Outcome: 17-1
Topic: Violence in Media
104.Based on your reading of the text, exposure to actual firearm violence increases by a
factor of _____ the likelihood that an adolescent will commit serious violence within
the succeeding two years.
1.5
→ 2
3
4
Multiple Choice Question
MC Based on your reading of the text,
exposure …
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Define observational
learning and outline its basic processes.
Learning Outcome: 17-1
Topic: Violence in Media
105.Travis is an intuitive thinker with a highly developed ability to remember verbal
material, especially if it is highly relevant. Janet is detail-oriented, with an excellent
memory for abstract material. She is not easily dissuaded by dull tasks. Which of the
following statements best identifies the learning styles of these two individuals?
Travis has an analytical learning style. Janet’s learning style is relational.
→ Travis has a relational learning style. Janet’s learning style is analytical.
Both Travis and Janet have analytical learning styles.
Both Travis and Janet have relational learning styles.
Multiple Choice Question
MC Travis is an intuitive thinker with
a highly…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Define observational learning
and outline its basic processes.
Learning Outcome: 17-1
Topic: Violence in Media
106.Which alternative below CORRECTLY pairs a learning style described in your text
with one of its characteristics?
→ Relational style – shows intuitive thinking
Relational style – able to focus on details
Analytical style – displays improvisational, intuitive thinking
Analytical style – displays good memory for relevant, verbal material
Page 42 of 62
Multiple Choice Question
MC Which alternative below
CORRECTLY pairs a le…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Define observational
learning and outline its basic processes.
Learning Outcome: 17-1
Topic: Violence in Media
107.Neal, an Asian-American student would most likely:
→ focus on detail.
have a good memory for verbally presented ideas and information.
learn materials that have a human, social content.
perceive information as part of total picture.
Multiple Choice Question
MC Neal, an Asian-American student
would most l…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
APA LO: 2.5
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Define observational
learning and outline its basic processes.
Learning Outcome: 17-1
Topic: Violence in Media
108.An analytic learning style is most likely to be displayed by:
→ Caucasian males.
Asian-American females.
Hispanic-American females.
Native-American males.
Multiple Choice Question
MC An analytic learning style is most
likely to…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
APA LO: 2.5
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Define observational learning
and outline its basic processes.
Learning Outcome: 17-1
Topic: Violence in Media
109.Which of the following students is most likely to display an analytical learning
style?
Jamal, an African-American male
→ Lee, an Asian-American male
Page 43 of 62
Mona, a Caucasian female
Nina, a Hispanic-American female
Multiple Choice Question
MC Which of the following students is
most like…
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2
APA LO: 2.5
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Define observational
learning and outline its basic processes.
Learning Outcome: 17-1
Topic: Violence in Media
110.
Habituation is a decline in the behavioral response following repeated exposure
to the same stimulus.
Worksheet Question
FB _____ is a decline in the
behavioral …
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Define and describe classical
conditioning.
Learning Outcome: 15-2
Topic: Classical Conditioning
111.In Pavlov’s study, the bell is both a(n)
neutral stimulus and a conditioned
stimulus.
Worksheet Question
FB In Pavlov’s study, the bell is both
a(n)…
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Define and describe classical
conditioning.
Learning Outcome: 15-2
Topic: Classical Conditioning
112.A bright flash automatically causes us to blink. It is a(n)
unconditioned
response.
Worksheet Question
FB A bright flash automatically
causes us …
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Define and describe classical
conditioning.
Learning Outcome: 15-2
Topic: Classical Conditioning
Page 44 of 62
113.
Phobias are intense, irrational fears.
Worksheet Question
FB _____ are intense, irrational
fears.
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Define and describe classical
conditioning.
Learning Outcome: 15-2
Topic: Applying Conditioning to Human Behavior
114.
Spontaneous recovery occurs when an extinguished conditioned response
reappears after a period of rest.
Worksheet Question
FB _____ occurs when an
extinguished conditioned …
APA LO: 1.2
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: In classical conditioning, define
acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery,
generalization, and discrimination.
Learning Outcome: 15-2
Topic: Extinction
115.Adam was badly stung by a bee when he was a child. Now he is frightened not only
of bees but of all flying insects. This example illustrates
stimulus generalization .
Worksheet Question
FB Adam was badly stung
by a bee when …
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: In classical conditioning, define
acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery,
generalization, and discrimination.
Learning Outcome: 15-2
Topic: Generalization
116.Olympia consumed some poorly stored sushi on a hot day; she became violently ill.
Now Olympia can’t stand the sight of sushi. She has developed a(n)
learned taste aversion .
Worksheet Question
FB Olympia consumed some
poorly stored …
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Page 45 of 62
Learning Objective: Identify the challenges that have
been made to the traditional views of classical
conditioning.
Learning Outcome: 15-2
Topic: Classical Conditioning
117.A stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated
is termed a(n)
reinforcer .
Worksheet Question
FB A stimulus that increases the
probability …
APA LO: 1.2
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Explain operant
conditioning.
Learning Outcome: 16-1
Topic: Reinforcement
118.Money is an example of a
secondary reinforcer.
Worksheet Question
FB Money is an example of a …
APA LO: 1.2
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.
Learning Outcome: 16-1
Topic: Reinforcement
119.Positive punishment
weakens a response through the application of an
unpleasant stimulus.
Worksheet Question
FB Positive punishment _____ a
response …
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Explain operant
conditioning.
Learning Outcome: 16-1
Topic: Punishment
120.A weekly paycheck is an example of
fixed-interval schedule.
Worksheet Question
FB A weekly paycheck is
an example of…
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Page 46 of 62
Learning Objective: Outline the schedules of reinforcement
and define the operant view of generalization and
discrimination, superstitious behavior, and shaping.
Learning Outcome: 16-1
Topic: Schedules of Reinforcement
121.When a behavior is reinforced in the presence of a specific stimulus, but not in its
absence it is known as
stimulus control training.
Worksheet Question
FB When a behavior is
reinforced in the presence …
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Outline the schedules of
reinforcement and define the operant view of
generalization and discrimination, superstitious behavior,
and shaping.
Learning Outcome: 16-1
Topic: Discrimination
122.When your partner says “I’m going up to bed early,” you follow expectantly. When
he or she says, “I’m tired,” you stay behind and say you’ll read in the living room for
a while. This is an example of a
discriminative stimulus.
Worksheet Question
FB When your partner
says “I’m going …
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Outline the schedules of reinforcement
and define the operant view of generalization and
discrimination, superstitious behavior, and shaping.
Learning Outcome: 16-1
Topic: Discrimination
123.Shaping is one way that organisms learn
complex behavior.
Worksheet Question
FB Shaping is one way
that organisms …
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Outline the schedules of reinforcement
and define the operant view of generalization and
discrimination, superstitious behavior, and shaping.
Learning Outcome: 16-1
Topic: Shaping
124.Dr. Margate specializes in using behavior modification techniques to help adults
engage in health-promoting behaviors, such as exercising, quitting smoking, and so
forth. Dr. Margate is a behavior
analyst .
Page 47 of 62
Worksheet Question
FB Dr. Margate specializes in
using …
APA LO: 1.2
APA LO: 2.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Describe behavior
modification.
Learning Outcome: 16-2
Topic: Behavior Modification
125.Dr. Tabachnik focuses on the expectations participants develop regarding the
likelihood that a given behavior will be punished. Dr. Tabachnik might be described
as a(n)
cognitive learning theorist.
Worksheet Question
FB Dr. Tabachnik focuses on the
expectations …
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Define observational learning
and outline its basic processes.
Learning Outcome: 17-1
Topic: Cognitive Learning Theory
126.In the latent learning study described in the text, the rats that were reinforced only
during the latter portion of the experiment would be considered a(n)
experimental group.
Worksheet Question
FB In the latent learning study
described …
APA LO: 2.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Define observational learning and
outline its basic processes.
Learning Outcome: 17-1
Topic: Latent Learning
127.In observational learning, the organism whose behavior is observed is termed the
model .
Worksheet Question
FB In observational learning, the
organism…
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Define observational learning
and outline its basic processes.
Learning Outcome: 17-1
Topic: Observational Learning
Page 48 of 62
128.
Mirror neurons are neurons that fire when we observe another person’s
behavior.
Worksheet Question
FB _____ are neurons that fire
when we…
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Define observational learning and
outline its basic processes.
Learning Outcome: 17-1
Topic: Observational Learning
129.Although a “phonics” approach to reading instruction might capitalize on an analytic
learning style, the “whole-word” approach may be better suited to a(n)
relational learning style.
Worksheet Question
FB Although a “phonics” approach
to reading …
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Define observational learning
and outline its basic processes.
Learning Outcome: 17-1
Topic: Violence in Media
130.Explain classical conditioning with a suitable example.
Explanation:
Students’ examples may vary.
Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus (such as the
experimenter’s footsteps) comes to elicit a response after being paired with a
stimulus (such as food) that naturally brings about that response.
To demonstrate classical conditioning, Pavlov attached a tube to the salivary gland
of a dog, allowing him to measure precisely the dog’s salivation. He then rang a bell
and, just a few seconds later, presented the dog with meat. This pairing occurred
repeatedly and was carefully planned so that, each time, exactly the same amount of
time elapsed between the presentation of the bell and the meat. At first the dog
would salivate only when the meat was presented, but soon it began to salivate at the
sound of the bell. In fact, even when Pavlov stopped presenting the meat, the dog
still salivated after hearing the sound. The dog had been classically conditioned to
salivate to the bell.
Page 49 of 62
Essay Question
ES Explain classical conditioning with a
suitable example.
APA LO: 1.2
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Define and describe
classical conditioning.
Learning Outcome: 15-2
Topic: Classical Conditioning
131.In the case of Pavlov and his dog, identify and describe the following: neutral
stimulus, unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, and
conditioned response.
Explanation:
Before conditioning, there are two unrelated stimuli: the ringing of a bell and meat.
We know that normally the ringing of a bell does not lead to salivation but to some
irrelevant response, such as pricking up the ears or perhaps a startle reaction. The
bell is therefore called the neutral stimulus, because it is a stimulus that, before
conditioning, does not naturally bring about the response in which we are interested.
We also have meat, which naturally causes a dog to salivate—the response we are
interested in conditioning. The meat is considered an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
because food placed in a dog’s mouth automatically causes salivation to occur. The
response that the meat elicits (salivation) is called an unconditioned response (UCR)
—a natural, innate, reflexive response that is not associated with previous learning.
Unconditioned responses are always brought about by the presence of unconditioned
stimuli. When conditioning is complete, the bell has evolved from a neutral stimulus
to a conditioned stimulus (CS). At this time, salivation that occurs as a response to
the conditioned stimulus (bell) is considered a conditioned response (CR). After
conditioning, then, the conditioned stimulus evokes the conditioned response.
Essay Question
ES In the case of Pavlov and his
dog, …
APA LO: 1.2
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Define and describe classical
conditioning.
Learning Outcome: 15-2
Topic: Classical Conditioning
132.
Page 50 of 62
Making specific reference to such terms as UCS, CS, UCR, CR, and stimulus
generalization, explain how classical conditioning may account for the development
of a specific phobia.
Explanation:
The acquisition of a phobia begins with an unconditioned stimulus that reflexively
elicits a startled, anxious, or fearful response. Such UCSs include loud noises, a loss
of bodily support, and tissue damage. Neutral stimuli occurring along with the
unconditioned stimulus may become conditioned stimuli, able to elicit a conditioned
response of fear or anxiety. In Watson and Rayner’s “Little Albert” study, for
example, a previously neutral white rat was presented along with an unconditioned
stimulus of loud noise; Little Albert came to fear the rat. Through the process of
stimulus generalization, fear or anxiety may be elicited not only by the original CS,
but by similar stimuli as well; Little Albert, for example, became fearful of other
white or furry objects in addition to rats.
Example: Fear of flying: A fear of flying may be seen as essentially a fear of falling,
of the loss of bodily support. During a period of turbulence, a flight passenger may
experience a dropping or plummeting sensation, an unconditioned stimulus eliciting
an unconditioned fear response. Surrounding stimuli, such as the flight cabin, may
act as conditioned stimuli capable of eliciting a conditioned fear response. This
response may generalize to the airplane itself and to other stimuli associated with
flying.
Essay Question
ES Making specific reference to such
terms …
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Define and describe classical
conditioning.
Learning Outcome: 15-2
Topic: Applying Conditioning to Human Behavior
133.Making reference to neutral, unconditioned, conditioned stimuli, unconditioned, and
conditioned responses, distinguish between (a) extinction and spontaneous recovery
and (b) stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination. Give an original
example of either extinction or spontaneous recovery, and of either stimulus
generalization and stimulus discrimination.
Explanation:
Page 51 of 62
The answer should contain the following points:
Extinction vs. spontaneous recovery: Extinction refers to the weakening and
eventual disappearance of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is
presented repeatedly in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus. For example, a
cat conditioned to run toward the kitchen at the sound of an electric can opener may
eventually stop doing so when its owner begins to feed it only dry food, rather than
canned wet food. Spontaneous recovery refers to the reemergence of an extinguished
conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is again presented along with
the conditioned stimulus. Returning to the previous example, a cat may immediately
resume running toward the kitchen at the sound of the can opener when its owner
again feeds it canned wet food after a period of feeding it only dry food.
Stimulus generalization vs. stimulus discrimination: Stimulus generalization occurs
when a conditioned stimulus is elicited not only by the original conditioned
stimulus, but also by similar stimuli. An individual with a needle phobia may react
with anxiety not only to injections or blood tests, but to also to the mere sight of an
injection on television or of a discarded needle on the sidewalk. By contrast,
stimulus generalization occurs when a stimulus that might seem somewhat similar to
the original conditioned stimulus fails to elicit the conditioned stimulus. For
example, an individual with a needle phobia may react with anxiety to the sight of an
injection on television or of a discarded needle on the sidewalk, but not to the sight
of scissors, knives, or other sharp objects.
Essay Question
ES Making reference to
neutral, unconditioned, …
APA LO: 1.2
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: In classical conditioning, define
acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery,
generalization, and discrimination.
Learning Outcome: 15-2
Topic: Discrimination
Topic: Extinction
Topic: Generalization
134.How have psychologists challenged Pavlov’s traditional account of classical
conditioning?
Explanation:
Psychologists have challenged Pavlov’s original description of classical conditioning
by suggesting that biology influences the ease with which associations may be
conditioned.
Page 52 of 62
Learning theorists influenced by cognitive psychology have argued that learners
actively develop an understanding and expectancy about which particular
unconditioned stimuli are matched with specific conditioned stimuli. A ringing bell,
for instance, gives a dog something to think about: the impending arrival of food.
Pavlov implied that all associations may be acquired with more or less equal ease.
However, it appears that organisms are biologically prepared to learn certain
associations more readily than others. One example is conditioned taste aversion. If
a food makes an organism sick, the organism may acquire an association between
stimuli associated with the food, such as its appearance or smell, and illness or
nausea rapidly, perhaps after a single experience with illness following the food.
Essay Question
ES How have psychologists
challenged Pavlov’s …
APA LO: 1.2
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Identify the challenges that have
been made to the traditional views of classical
conditioning.
Learning Outcome: 15-2
Topic: Classical Conditioning
135.Imagine that you are a parent, a teacher, or a supervisor in a workplace. Give
specific examples of how you might use (a) positive reinforcement, (b) negative
reinforcement, (c) positive punishment, and (d) negative punishment to bring about
desirable changes in the behavior of a child, student, or subordinate worker.
Explanation:
Students’ examples may vary.
The answer might include examples such as the following:
Parent:
Positive reinforcement. A parent may give a child money for completing household
chores, thereby increasing the likelihood that he or she will complete chores in the
future.
Negative reinforcement. Following the exemplary completion of a series of chores, a
parent might excuse the child from an odious chore he or she may have originally
been expected to perform. The child may be more likely in the future to complete his
or her chores.
Page 53 of 62
Positive punishment. A parent may reprimand a child harshly for hitting a sibling.
The child should be less likely to hit the sibling in the future.
Negative punishment. A parent may send a child to his or her room without dessert
if the child throws a tantrum during the evening meal. The child should be less likely
to throw tantrums in the future.
Teacher:
Positive reinforcement. A teacher may praise a student for completing an assignment
without errors, thereby increasing the likelihood that he or she will complete
assignments correctly in the future.
Negative reinforcement. A teacher may eliminate a homework assignment if recent
homework has been completed in a timely and accurate fashion; the student’s
performance may improve in the future as a result.
Positive punishment. A teacher may write harsh comments on a carelessly done
homework assignment, perhaps reducing the likelihood that assignments will be
completed sloppily in the future.
Negative punishment. A child may be forced to sit alone in a corner or in the
cloakroom if he or she behaves aggressively toward classmates; aggressive behavior
should decrease in the future as a result.
Supervisor:
Positive reinforcement. A supervisor may give an employee a value card to a local
restaurant or department store following a highly productive week, thereby
encouraging future productivity.
Negative reinforcement. A supervisor may grant an employee a personal day or an
extended lunch hour for exemplary work performance, encouraging high
performance in the future.
Positive punishment. A supervisor may lecture an employee for making an off-color
remark to another worker; the employee may be less likely to make such remarks in
the future.
Negative punishment. A supervisor may eliminate a perk such as free coffee when
employees abuse workplace privileges. Workers should be less likely to abuse
privileges in the future.
Essay Question
ES Imagine that you are a parent, a …
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.
Learning Outcome: 16-1
Page 54 of 62
Topic: Punishment
Topic: Reinforcement
136.Suppose that you are asked to lead a workshop for parents on the use of punishment
and reinforcement to manage child and adolescent behavior. What might you tell the
parents regarding the appropriate and inappropriate use of punishment? Provide
concrete examples to support your points. Suggest how parents might use
punishment more effectively and how they might substitute reinforcement for
punishment. Provide concrete examples to support your points.
Explanation:
Students’ examples may vary.
Punishment is sometimes appropriate. It is the most rapid means of suppressing
behavior that may be dangerous to continue, such as running into the street or
playing with matches. Punishment has also been applied successfully to prevent self-
injury among autistic children.
Punishment is often used ineffectively by parents. First, punishment is only effective
if it is delivered immediately after the undesirable behavior. For example, the threat,
“Wait until your father gets home!” will do little to stop a toddler from writing on
the wall. If punishment is to be used, it should be delivered while the behavior is
underway. Second, the use of physical punishment—e.g., spanking,
whipping—conveys the message that physical aggression is appropriate. It may
cause the child to fear or evade the parent, and it may damage a child’s self-esteem.
A child may conceal his undesirable behavior, such as by writing on the walls inside
a closet. Third, punishment is really only effective if it is accompanied by the
reinforcement of desirable alternatives to the punished behavior. A parent might
additionally reinforce drawing or writing on paper rather than on the wall, rather
than only punishing the child when he writes on the wall. Punishment in and of itself
does little to convey information regarding more appropriate behaviors.
Essay Question
ES Suppose that you are asked to
lead …
APA LO: 1.2
APA LO: 2.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Explain operant
conditioning.
Learning Outcome: 16-1
Topic: Punishment
137.What are the pros and cons of punishment?
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Explanation:
Punishment often presents the quickest route to changing behavior that, if allowed to
continue, might be dangerous to an individual. There are some rare instances in
which punishment can be the most humane approach to treating certain severe
disorders. For example, some children suffer from autism, a psychological disorder
that can lead them to abuse themselves by tearing at their skin or banging their heads
against the wall, injuring themselves severely in the process. In such cases—and
when all other treatments have failed—punishment in the form of a quick but intense
electric shock has been used to prevent self-injurious behavior. Such punishment,
however, is used only to keep the child safe and to buy time until positive
reinforcement procedures can be initiated.
Punishment has several disadvantages that make its routine questionable. For one
thing, punishment is frequently ineffective, particularly if it is not delivered shortly
after the undesired behavior or if the individual is able to leave the setting in which
the punishment is being given. Even worse, physical punishment can convey to the
recipient the idea that physical aggression is permissible and perhaps even desirable.
In addition, physical punishment is often administered by people who are themselves
angry or enraged. It is unlikely that individuals in such an emotional state will be
able to think through what they are doing or control carefully the degree of
punishment they are inflicting. Finally, punishment does not convey any information
about what an alternative, more appropriate behavior might be. To be useful in
bringing about more desirable behavior in the future, punishment must be
accompanied by specific information about the behavior that is being punished,
along with specific suggestions concerning a more desirable behavior.
Essay Question
ES What are the pros and cons of
punishment?
APA LO: 1.2
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Explain operant
conditioning.
Learning Outcome: 16-1
Topic: Punishment
138.Draw on your knowledge of positive and negative reinforcement, punishment,
schedules of reinforcement, stimulus control training, discriminative stimuli,
shaping, and biological constraints on learning to describe how you might use
operant conditioning to train domestic animals—e.g., dogs, cats, horses, etc.—to
perform desired behaviors.
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Explanation:
Students’ answers may vary.
Positive reinforcement. We may reward a kitten with a cuddle when it begins to use
its litter box.
Punishment. We may squirt a cat with water each time it climbs on the furniture or
the curtains.
Schedules of reinforcement. When training a puppy to sit on command, we might
reinforce it on a continuous schedule at first to facilitate the acquisition of the
behavior; we may then fade the reinforcement schedule, reinforcing it on a fixed- or
variable-ratio intermittent schedule to make the behavior resistant to extinction.
Stimulus control training and discriminative stimuli. We might wish to train a cat to
use an outdoor litter box rather than a flower bed; we might reinforce the cat for
using the box but punish it for using the flower bed.
Shaping. When training a puppy to sit on command, we might reinforce successive
approximations to the desired behavior. For example, we might initially reinforce
even fairly general squatting motions; later we might reinforce only a full sit.
Biological constraints on learning. We may take advantage of species-typical
behaviors to train animals. Examples include the tendency of cats to bury their feces,
the tendency of some breeds of dogs to burrow, and so on.
Essay Question
ES Draw on your
knowledge of
positive …
APA LO: 1.2
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Outline the schedules of reinforcement and
define the operant view of generalization and discrimination,
superstitious behavior, and shaping.
Learning Outcome: 16-1
Topic: Biological Constraints
Topic: Punishment
Topic: Reinforcement
Topic: Schedules of Reinforcement
Topic: Shaping
139.Identify and define the four schedules of intermittent or partial reinforcement.
Provide day-to-day examples of each of the four schedules. Identify two specific
ways that college professors might use our understanding of the schedules to
increase the frequency with which students study course materials.
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Explanation:
Students’ examples may vary.
The answer should include the following:
Four schedules of intermittent reinforcement: Fixed-interval (FI), fixed-ratio (FR),
variable-interval (VI), and variable-ratio (VR) schedules.
Definitions and examples:
Fixed-interval (FI). Reinforcement is delivered following a set or constant time
period. Typical examples include grades and paychecks.
Fixed-ratio (FR). Reinforcement is delivered following a set or constant number of
responses. Piecework offers a typical example.
Variable-interval (VI). Reinforcement is delivered following a time period that
varies around an average. Fishing and holding on the phone are reinforced on a VI
schedule.
Variable-ratio (VR). Reinforcement is delivered following a variable number of
responses. Salespeople are reinforced with sales on such a schedule. Slot machines
deliver payoffs on a VR schedule.
Professors might try to take advantage of the higher rates of responding seen under
ratio schedules. Using an FR schedule, for example, professors could award points
for each chapter summary or review completed. The text also suggests that giving
quizzes on a VI rather than an FI schedule—that is, giving “pop” quizzes—might
encourage students to study more regularly.
Essay Question
ES Identify and define
the four schedules of …
APA LO: 1.2
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Outline the schedules of reinforcement
and define the operant view of generalization and
discrimination, superstitious behavior, and shaping.
Learning Outcome: 16-1
Topic: Schedules of Reinforcement
140.Identify a behavior of your own that you would like to perform more frequently
(e.g., studying, completing household chores or yard work) or less frequently (e.g.,
snacking, smoking cigarettes). Outline a step-by-step behavior modification program
that might help you achieve your goal.
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Explanation:
The behavior students identify may differ.
Identifying goals and target behaviors. Define the desired behavior change and state
goals and specific targets in observable, measurable terms. Example: Goal—to
smoke fewer cigarettes; Target—to smoke no more than five cigarettes each day.
Designing a data-recording system and recording preliminary data. Collect baseline
data. Example: record the number of cigarettes smoked each day for one week prior
to attempting to change the behavior.
Selecting a behavior change strategy. Select strategies based on operant conditioning
principles. More than one strategy should be used. For example, one might reward
oneself with a desired activity (e.g., a phone call to a friend) each day that one meets
the five-cigarette target. One might also reinforce activities incompatible with
smoking cigarettes, such as visiting the gym.
Implementing the program. Apply the program consistently.
Keeping records. Monitor target behaviors. Example: record the number of
cigarettes smoked each day; record the delivery of reinforcements, etc.
Evaluating and altering the ongoing program. Compare program data to the baseline
data to determine the success of the program. If the program has been successful, it
can be gradually faded; if it has not, changes may be made.
Essay Question
ES Identify a behavior of your own that
you …
APA LO: 1.3
APA LO: 5.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Describe behavior
modification.
Learning Outcome: 16-2
Topic: Behavior Modification
141.How do the phenomena of latent and observational learning force a reconsideration
of the view of learning offered by classical and operant conditioning theorists?
Provide as thoughtful a response as you can.
Explanation:
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Two key ideas should form the core of the answer: (1) latent and observational
learning phenomena suggest that direct reinforcement may not be necessary for an
individual to learn; and (2) latent and observational learning phenomena suggest that
internal processes may be a necessary component of any complete explanation of
learning.
In Tolman’s latent learning work, rats who began reinforcement for running a maze
only halfway through the experiment rapidly matched the performance of rats who
had been receiving reinforcement from the beginning, suggesting that they had been
developing some internal representation of the maze all along. Reinforcement was
not necessary for learning to occur; it was necessary only for the demonstration of
learning in behavior. In Bandura’s “Bobo doll” experiments, children only needed to
see a model reinforced for aggressive behavior to become more aggressive
themselves. Observational learning is supported internally by networks of mirror
neurons.
Essay Question
ES How do the phenomena of
latent and …
APA LO: 1.2
APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Define observational learning and
outline its basic processes.
Learning Outcome: 17-1
Topic: Latent Learning
Topic: Observational Learning
142.Briefly describe observational learning and Bandura’s Bobo doll research. Discuss
how this research altered conventional views of learning. What role might mirror
neurons play in observational learning?
Explanation:
According to psychologist Albert Bandura and colleagues, a major part of human
learning consists of observational learning, which is learning by watching the
behavior of another person, or model. Because of its reliance on observation of
others—a social phenomenon—the perspective taken by Bandura is often referred to
as a social cognitive approach to learning. Observational learning is particularly
important in acquiring skills in which the operant conditioning technique of shaping
is inappropriate. Observational learning may have a genetic basis. For example, we
find observational learning at work with mother animals teaching their young such
activities as hunting. In addition, the discovery of mirror neurons that fire when we
observe another person carrying out a behavior suggests that the capacity to imitate
others may be innate. Not all behavior that we witness is learned or carried out, of
course. One crucial factor that determines whether we later imitate a model is
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whether the model is rewarded for his or her behavior. Models who are rewarded for
behaving in a particular way are more apt to be mimicked than are models who
receive punishment. Observing the punishment of a model, however, does not
necessarily stop observers from learning the behavior. Observers can still describe
the model’s behavior—they are just less apt to perform it. Observational learning is
central to a number of important issues relating to the extent to which people learn
simply by watching the behavior of others.
Essay Question
ES Briefly describe observational
learning …
APA LO: 2.2
APA LO: 2.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Define observational learning and
outline its basic processes.
Learning Outcome: 17-1
Topic: Observational Learning
143.Observational learning research suggests that seeing others reinforced for particular
behaviors may encourage our own acquisition of similar behaviors. To what extent
is exposure to media violence associated with the acquisition of aggressive
behavior?
Explanation:
Different levels of media violence are associated with aggressive behavior. The text
offers the following evidence:
— One survey of incarcerated, violent young male offenders showed that 25% had
tried to commit a media-inspired copycat crime.
— College students who frequently played violent video games were more likely to
have been involved in delinquent behavior and aggression.
The text mentions three specific mechanisms by which media violence may
contribute to real-life aggression: (1) it may lower inhibitions against behaving
aggressively; (2) it may predispose us to see others’ behavior as aggressive even
when it is not; and (3) it may desensitize us to violence.
Essay Question
ES Observational learning
research suggests …
APA LO: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Define observational learning and
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outline its basic processes.
Learning Outcome: 17-1
Topic: Violence in Media
144.To what extent does culture influence learning style? Distinguish between analytic
and relational learning styles and suggest how they might vary across sociocultural
groups. How might they reflect cross-cultural differences in parenting or teaching
practices?
Explanation:
The answer should include the following elements:
Analytic learning style—Individuals with an analytic learning style perform best
when they can undertake an initial analysis of the principles and components
underlying a phenomenon.
Relational learning style—Individuals with a relational learning style perform best
when they are first exposed to a full unit or complete phenomenon; the individual
parts are best understood through their relationship to the whole.
Caucasian and Asian-American males tend to display an analytic learning style;
Caucasian females and African-, Native-, and Hispanic-American males and females
tend to display a relational style.
Parenting and teaching practices may encourage the development of one or the other
of the learning styles. Western education tends to reinforce the acquisition of an
analytic style, as does Caucasian-American parenting; it is possible that parenting
styles among other sociocultural groups tend to encourage a more relational style.
Essay Question
ES To what extent does culture
influence …
APA LO: 1.2
APA LO: 5.5
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Define observational learning and
outline its basic processes.
Learning Outcome: 17-1
Topic: Violence in Media
Page 62 of 62