Experience Psychology 2nd Edition By King - Test Bank

Experience Psychology 2nd Edition By King – Test Bank

 

Instant Download – Complete Test Bank With Answers

 

 

Sample Questions Are Posted Below

 

Chapter 05

Learning

 

 

Multiple Choice Questions

1. (p. 167)_____ is a systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience.
   A. Erudition
   B. Maturation
   C. Edifying
   D. Learning

 

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objectives: Types of Learning

2. (p. 167)_____ is a theory of learning that focuses solely on observable behaviors, discounting the importance of such mental activity as thinking, wishing, and hoping.
   A. Psychoanalysis
   B. Behaviorism
   C. Humanism
   D. Conditioning

 

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objectives: Types of Learning

 

3. (p. 167)Your psychology assignment is to observe and list any behaviors of your relatives that indicate learning. Which of the following should be included on your list?
   A. Your sister bumps into a door when she has a high fever.
   B. Your father falls asleep watching TV.
   C. Your little brother whines whenever he wants something.
   D. Your mother forgets her keys.

 

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objectives: Types of Learning

4. (p. 167)Which of the following is true with regard to the principles of behaviorism?
   A. Understanding the causes of behavior requires looking at the environmental actors that produce them.
   B. The principles of learning are different for both animals and humans.
   C. Mental activities (e.g., thinking, wishing, and hoping) are of greater importance, in comparison to observable behaviors.
   D. Learning is defined as a rapid and unobservable change in behavior.

 

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objectives: Types of Learning

5. (p. 167)Learning that occurs when an organism makes a connection between two events is called _____.
   A. episodic learning
   B. observational learning
   C. associative learning
   D. rote learning

 

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objectives: Types of Learning

 

6. (p. 168)In classical conditioning, organisms learn the association between two _____.
   A. organizations
   B. stimuli
   C. motives
   D. considerations

 

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objectives: Types of Learning

7. (p. 168)Lightning is associated with thunder and regularly precedes it. Thus, when we see lightning, we often anticipate that we will hear thunder soon afterward. This is an example of _____.
   A. classical conditioning
   B. observational learning
   C. operant conditioning
   D. stimulus experience

 

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objectives: Types of Learning

8. (p. 168)Organisms learn about the consequences of behavior through _____.
   A. classical conditioning
   B. operant conditioning
   C. latent learning
   D. discovery learning

 

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objectives: Types of Learning

 

9. (p. 168)Classical and operant conditioning involve learning through _____, whereas observational learning involves learning through _____.
   A. observation and imitation/association
   B. conscious behaviors/observation and practice
   C. association/observation and imitation
   D. conscious thoughts/unconscious thoughts

 

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objectives: Types of Learning

10. (p. 168)Organisms learn the association between two stimuli through _____ whereas organisms learn the association between a behavior and a consequence through _____.
    A. operant conditioning; classical conditioning
    B. classical conditioning; operant conditioning
    C. classical conditioning; discovery learning
    D. observational learning; classical conditioning

 

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objectives: Types of Learning

11. (p. 168)Miranda is learning how to play tennis. For her first lesson, her instructor models serving and backhand returns while Miranda patiently watches. Miranda then tries to imitate the sequence of swings and motions made by her instructor. Which of the following concepts best describes how Miranda is learning to play tennis?
    A. Operant conditioning
    B. Classical conditioning
    C. Observational learning
    D. Latent learning

 

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objectives: Types of Learning

 

12. (p. 168)The adage “When in Rome, do as the Romans do” best reflects which of the following types of learning?
    A. Operant conditioning
    B. Classical conditioning
    C. Observational learning
    D. Latent learning

 

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objectives: Types of Learning

13. (p. 169)_____ is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.
    A. Operant conditioning
    B. Classical conditioning
    C. Latent learning
    D. Discovery learning

 

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objectives: Classical Conditioning

14. (p. 169)Salivating at the presentation of food is an example of _____.
    A. latent learning
    B. a learned response
    C. a reflex
    D. insight learning

 

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objectives: Classical Conditioning

 

15. (p. 170)Pavlov’s dog automatically salivated to food because food is a(n) _____.
    A. US
    B. CS
    C. UR
    D. CR

 

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objectives: Classical Conditioning

16. (p. 170)Which of the following is the best example of an unconditioned response?
    A. Throwing a temper tantrum
    B. Sneezing in response to sniffing pepper
    C. Raising your hand before asking a question in a classroom setting
    D. Learning to ride a bike by watching your older brother do so

 

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objectives: Classical Conditioning

17. (p. 170)Dr. Meyer is known for his difficult pop quizzes. Immediately before he springs a pop quiz on his students, he typically goes to the classroom door and closes it. Students soon learn to anticipate a pop quiz whenever Dr. Meyer closes the classroom door. Closing the door has become a(n) _____.
    A. US
    B. CS
    C. UR
    D. CR

 

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objectives: Classical Conditioning

 

18. (p. 170)A father takes his baby out for a walk. The baby reaches over to touch a pink flower and is stung by a bumblebee sitting on the petals. The next day, the baby’s mother brings home some pink flowers. She removes a flower from the arrangement and takes it over for her baby to smell. The baby cries loudly as soon as she sees it. According to the principles of classical conditioning, what is the conditioned stimulus in this example?
    A. The baby’s crying
    B. The bumblebee
    C. The mother
    D. The pink flower

 

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objectives: Classical Conditioning

19. (p. 170)You feel fine at the picnic until a spider very similar to the one that bit you last year and made you sick starts to walk onto your picnic blanket. This reaction is most likely a(n) _____.
    A. US
    B. UR
    C. CS
    D. CR

 

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objectives: Classical Conditioning

20. (p. 170)In classical conditioning situations, the _____ connection is unlearned, but the _____ connection is learned.
    A. US-CS/UR-CR
    B. US-UR/CS-CR
    C. UR-CR/US-CS
    D. CS-CR/US-UR

 

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objectives: Classical Conditioning

 

21. (p. 170)Before the bell was ever presented, Pavlov’s dog salivated each time food was presented. The _____ in this situation is salivation.
    A. unconditioned response
    B. conditioned stimulus
    C. unconditioned stimulus
    D. conditioned response

 

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objectives: Classical Conditioning

22. (p. 170)Pavlov’s dog salivated to the sound of a bell because _____.
    A. the bell had become a reflex
    B. the bell had become a CR
    C. the bell had become associated with food
    D. the bell had become a reinforcer for food

 

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objectives: Classical Conditioning

23. (p. 170)In Pavlov’s classic study on classical conditioning, the bell was the _____ before conditioning and the _____ after conditioning had occurred.
    A. conditioned stimulus/neutral stimulus
    B. neutral stimulus/unconditioned stimulus
    C. neutral stimulus/conditioned stimulus
    D. neutral stimulus/reinforcer stimulus

 

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objectives: Classical Conditioning

 

24. (p. 170)_____ is the initial learning of the connection between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus when these two stimuli are paired.
    A. Generalization
    B. Spontaneous recovery
    C. Extinction
    D. Acquisition

 

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objectives: Classical Conditioning

25. (p. 171)_____ means that the CS must not only precede the US closely in time, it must also serve as a reliable indicator that the US is on its way.
    A. Contiguity
    B. Contingency
    C. Generalization
    D. Discrimination

 

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objectives: Classical Conditioning

26. (p. 171)The extent to which the CS and US occur close together in time reflects _____.
    A. contiguity
    B. contingency
    C. generalization
    D. discrimination

 

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objectives: Classical Conditioning

 

27. (p. 172)_____ in classical conditioning is the tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response.
    A. Generalization
    B. Discrimination
    C. Spontaneous recovery
    D. Latent learning

 

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objectives: Classical Conditioning

28. (p. 172)Mark’s dog, Gus, sits whenever he says, “Sit.” Mark now wants to teach Gus a new trick. He wants to teach him to bark each time he says, “Speak,” but whenever Mark says, “Speak,” Gus sits. The dog’s behavior is an example of _____.
    A. generalization
    B. habituation
    C. contiguous occurrences
    D. contingent occurrences

 

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objectives: Classical Conditioning

29. (p. 172)_____ in classical conditioning is the process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others.
    A. Generalization
    B. Discrimination
    C. Spontaneous recovery
    D. Latent learning

 

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objectives: Classical Conditioning

 

30. (p. 172)_____ in classical conditioning is the weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent.
    A. Generalization
    B. Discrimination
    C. Extinction
    D. Latent learning

 

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objectives: Classical Conditioning

31. (p. 160)_____ occurs when the conditioned response dissipates after the anticipated reward is withheld.
    A. Spontaneous recovery
    B. Generalization
    C. Insight learning
    D. Extinction

 

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objectives: Classical Conditioning

32. (p. 172)Pavlov’s dog salivates each time he hears a bell. Now, however, after several trials of salivating to the bell and not receiving any food, the dog stops salivating. What happened?
    A. The dog realizes that the bell isn’t food.
    B. Extinction has occurred.
    C. Generalization has occurred.
    D. Spontaneous recovery wasn’t triggered.

 

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objectives: Classical Conditioning

 

33. (p. 172)The process in classical conditioning by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay, without further conditioning is called _____.
    A. Generalization
    B. Discrimination
    C. Spontaneous recovery
    D. Latent learning

 

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objectives: Classical Conditioning

34. (p. 172)Marcia is no longer romantically involved with John as they broke up after a three-year relationship. They have no interaction with each other. One day in the mall, she suddenly gets a whiff of the cologne that John always wore. All the former good feelings come pouring back. The sudden onset of good feelings triggered by the cologne is an example of _____.
    A. emotional amnesia
    B. spontaneous recovery
    C. discrimination learning
    D. contingency learning

 

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objectives: Classical Conditioning

35. (p. 173)Watson and Rayner used _____ along with an unconditional stimulus in order to condition fear in little Albert.
    A. a loud noise
    B. fire
    C. a white rat
    D. a rabbit

 

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objectives: Classical Conditioning

 

36. (p. 173)In the experiment with little Albert conducted by Watson and Rayner, _____ was used as an unconditional response for conditioning Albert to fear a white rat.
    A. fire
    B. a loud noise
    C. the researcher
    D. a sealskin coat

 

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objectives: Classical Conditioning

37. (p. 173)In John Watson’s experiment on classical conditioning, a white rat was used as a(n) _____ to condition Albert.
    A. conditioned stimulus
    B. unconditioned stimulus
    C. conditioned response
    D. unconditioned response

 

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objectives: Classical Conditioning

38. (p. 173)Little Albert was conditioned by John Watson to fear a white rat. Eventually, however, Albert became fearful of any stimulus that looked white and furry. He became scared not only of rats, but also of rabbits, and even Santa Claus’s beard. This study illustrates _____.
    A. extinction
    B. stimulus acquisition in classical conditioning
    C. stimulus generalization in classical conditioning
    D. spontaneous recovery

 

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objectives: Classical Conditioning

 

39. (p. 173)Which of the following statements about classical conditioning in humans is false?
    A. Classical conditioning provides an explanation of fears.
    B. Classical conditioning can produce immunosuppression.
    C. Drug habituation can be explained by classical conditioning.
    D. Classical conditioning is based on observing and imitating others.

 

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objectives: Classical Conditioning

40. (p. 173)_____ is a classical conditioning procedure for changing the relationship between a conditioned stimulus and its conditioned response.
    A. Instinctive drift
    B. Generalizing
    C. Expectancy learning
    D. Counterconditioning

 

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objectives: Classical Conditioning

41. (p. 173)_____ is a form of treatment that involves repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus.
    A. Instinctive drift
    B. Aversive conditioning
    C. Expectancy learning
    D. Generalizing

 

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objectives: Classical Conditioning

 

42. (p. 173)Robert drank too much tequila last night. He spent much of this morning vomiting and nauseated. According to the principles of classical conditioning, how will Robert likely react today when he tastes or smells the tequila bottle that he drank out of last night?
    A. He will feel happy about what a great time he had last night.
    B. He will want to drink more tequila right away.
    C. He will find the scent and taste of tequila aversive.
    D. He will invite all of his friends over that night for another party.

 

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objectives: Classical Conditioning

43. (p. 174)Classical conditioning can produce _____, which is a decrease in the production of antibodies that can lower a person’s ability to fight disease.
    A. immunosuppression
    B. depression
    C. spontaneous recovery
    D. conditioned oppression

 

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objectives: Classical Conditioning

44. (p. 174)Taste aversion is an example of _____.
    A. immunosuppression
    B. classical conditioning
    C. observational learning
    D. counterconditioning

 

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objectives: Classical Conditioning

 

45. (p. 174)Classical conditioning helps to explain _____, which refers to the decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations.
    A. immunosuppression
    B. habituation
    C. aversive conditioning
    D. counterconditioning

 

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objectives: Classical Conditioning

46. (p. 176)While watching television, you can see how advertisers cunningly apply classical conditioning principles to consumers by showing ads that pair something pleasant with a product in hope that you, the viewer, will experience those positive feelings toward the product. In this situation the product is the _____.
    A. unconditioned response
    B. conditioned response
    C. unconditioned stimulus
    D. conditioned stimulus

 

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objectives: Classical Conditioning

47. (p. 176-177)Leonard is addicted to heroin, but is very careful about overdosing. He always uses a specific amount and takes it only in his apartment. This Friday, he got desperate for the drug while visiting a friend. This was the first time he used heroin outside his own apartment. He injected his normal “safe” dose of heroin but almost died of an overdose. According to the principles of classical conditioning what led to Leonard’s condition?
    A. Leonard’s friend switched his drugs in order to teach him not to use drugs by switching his US with his CS.
    B. The effect of the heroin was increased because Leonard injected it in a strange environment and his body could not use the stimuli in his basement to prepare for it.
    C. Leonard’s drug tolerance had reached its limits and his US was confounded with his CS and UR.
    D. Leonard took his dose too soon and his body already had too much.

 

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objectives: Classical Conditioning

 

48. (p. 177)Which of the following helps to explain drug habituation?
    A. Operant conditioning
    B. Latent learning
    C. Classical conditioning
    D. Discovery learning

 

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objectives: Classical Conditioning

49. (p. 177)Which of the following is more effective in explaining voluntary behaviors?
    A. Discovery learning
    B. Latent learning
    C. Classical conditioning
    D. Operant conditioning

 

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objectives: Operant Conditioning

50. (p. 178)In operant conditioning, _____.
    A. the consequences of behavior produce change in the probability of the occurrence of the behavior
    B. which is a form of respondent behavior, behavior occurs in automatic response to a stimulus
    C. neutral stimuli become associated with unlearned, involuntary responses
    D. behavior is a consequence of the CS

 

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objectives: Operant Conditioning

 

51. (p. 178)According to Thorndike’s law of effect _____.
    A. species-specific biological predispositions favor some learning styles over others
    B. behaviors followed by desirable outcomes are strengthened and behaviors followed by undesirable outcomes are weakened
    C. negative behaviors can be easily extinguished through classical conditioning
    D. an organism will recover a previously conditioned response when placed in a novel context.

 

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objectives: Operant Conditioning

52. (p. 179)Which of the following statements about B.F. Skinner is false?
    A. Skinner conducted many of his studies with animals as opposed to human subjects.
    B. Skinner made every effort to study organisms under precisely controlled conditions.
    C. Skinner believed that the mechanisms of learning among humans are different than the mechanisms of learning among animals.
    D. During World War II, Skinner carried out an unusual study that involved a pigeon-guided missile.

 

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objectives: Operant Conditioning

53. (p. 179)Some bears kept in the zoo allow veterinarians to routinely give them total body checkups. These bears open their mouths for teeth cleaning and present their paws for nail clipping. Your friend wonders how anyone could ever get these dangerous animals to be so cooperative without anesthesia. You, however, a psychology student, quickly surmise that the bears had undergone _____.
    A. discovery learning
    B. classical conditioning
    C. secondary reinforcement
    D. operant conditioning

 

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objectives: Operant Conditioning

 

54. (p. 180)_____ refers to rewarding approximations of a desired behavior.
    A. Generalization
    B. Extinction
    C. Contiguity
    D. Shaping

 

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objectives: Operant Conditioning

55. (p. 180)In the Water Kingdom Amusement Park, when two sea lions throw and catch balls on their nose, they are rewarded with fish—mainly herring and salmon—every time after their act. The sea lions have been trained to perform this behavior through _____.
    A. generalization
    B. shaping
    C. contiguity
    D. extinction

 

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objectives: Operant Conditioning

56. (p. 180)The process by which a stimulus or event following a particular behavior increases the probability that the behavior will happen again is called _____.
    A. generalization
    B. extinction
    C. reinforcement
    D. specialization

 

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objectives: Operant Conditioning

 

57. (p. 181)The presentation of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior is called _____.
    A. negative reinforcement
    B. positive reinforcement
    C. positive punishment
    D. negative punishment

 

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objectives: Operant Conditioning

58. (p. 181)The removal of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior is called _____.
    A. negative reinforcement
    B. positive reinforcement
    C. positive punishment
    D. negative punishment

 

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objectives: Operant Conditioning

59. (p. 181)Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?
    A. Martha’s mother took her shopping after she got a low SAT score. Martha performed well next time.
    B. Waking up a few seconds before your alarm clock goes off in order to avoid the obnoxious alarm sound.
    C. Juan’s mother told him that she would give him $10 if he mowed the lawn. Next day, the entire lawn was mowed and even the plants were watered.
    D. Exercising less after running a mini marathon.

 

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objectives: Operant Conditioning

 

60. (p. 181)Which of the following is the best example of negative reinforcement?
    A. Chase’s mom spanked him for hitting his little brother. Chase now hits his brother less frequently.
    B. Jeremy’s mom grounded him for not doing his homework. Now he rarely forgets to complete his assignments on time.
    C. Abby’s mother constantly told her to water the plants in the lawn. She eventually complied and did what her mother wanted her to so that her mother doesn’t tell her the same thing again.
    D. Chad’s new teacher gives him a prize box toy for every five books that he reads. He now reads more frequently than he used to.

 

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objectives: Operant Conditioning

61. (p. 182)Jacky did not score well in her “pre-med” course at the university level. She started studying hard to improve her grades and got into medical school. Even after getting the degree of Doctor of Medicine (M.D.), she still works hard for everything and is successful in all her endeavors. Which special kind of response to negative reinforcement is evident in Jacky’s case?
    A. Instinctive drift
    B. Observational learning
    C. Learned helplessness
    D. Avoidance learning

 

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objectives: Operant Conditioning

62. (p. 182)Experience with unavoidable negative stimuli can lead to a particular deficit in avoidance learning called _____, in which the organism, exposed to uncontrollable aversive stimuli, learns that it has no control over negative outcomes.
    A. instinctive drift
    B. extinction
    C. learned helplessness
    D. generalization

 

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objectives: Operant Conditioning

 

63. (p. 182)A _____ reinforcer is innately satisfying; one that does not take any learning on the organism’s part to make it pleasurable.
    A. secondary
    B. primary
    C. tertiary
    D. intermediary

 

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objectives: Operant Conditioning

64. (p. 182)Which of the following is the best example of a primary reinforcer?
    A. Praise
    B. Money
    C. Food
    D. Attention

 

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objectives: Operant Conditioning

65. (p. 182)A _____ reinforcer is a reinforcer that acquires its positive value through an organism’s experience.
    A. secondary
    B. primary
    C. tertiary
    D. intermediary

 

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objectives: Operant Conditioning

 

66. (p. 182)_____ is considered a secondary reinforcer.
    A. Food
    B. Water
    C. Money
    D. Sexual satisfaction

 

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objectives: Operant Conditioning

67. (p. 182)In operant conditioning, _____ means performing a reinforced behavior in a different situation.
    A. rationalization
    B. extinction
    C. discrimination
    D. generalization

 

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objectives: Operant Conditioning

68. (p. 183)Bubba, a very smart German shepherd, has learned that if he barks at the neighbors while they’re grilling, they will throw him a candy. However, his owner Paul, does not want Bubba to eat candy as it is not good for his health. He does not allow Bubba to eat candies from the neighbor. When Paul is in the yard, Bubba never barks at the neighbors. According to operant conditioning principles, Bubba is demonstrating that he can _____.
    A. generalize
    B. substitute secondary reinforcers when primary reinforcers are not available
    C. learn a partial-reinforcement schedule
    D. discriminate

 

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objectives: Operant Conditioning

 

69. (p. 183)Carol gives her dog, Spike, a chew stick each time Spike gets the ball back, on command. Carol is using a _____ schedule to train her dog to get the ball back on command.
    A. continuous reinforcement
    B. variable-ratio
    C. fixed-interval
    D. variable-interval

 

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objectives: Operant Conditioning

70. (p. 183)Fred’s parents are very inconsistent with their childrearing rules. Most of the time Fred can climb on the furniture but sometimes he is punished. Fred’s parents can’t understand why he isn’t a better-behaved child. Fred’s parents are reinforcing his negative behaviors on a _____.
    A. fixed-ratio schedule
    B. fixed-interval schedule
    C. partial-reinforcement schedule
    D. continuous reinforcement schedule

 

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objectives: Operant Conditioning

71. (p. 183-184)Matt wants to train his dog, Buster, to sit on command. He gives Buster a dog biscuit each time Buster sits when commanded, but only for the first 10 trials. He then changes the rules. Buster now has to sit on command three times before he gets a biscuit. Matt used _____ schedule first, and then _____ schedule to train Buster.
    A. a continuous reinforcement/a fixed-ratio
    B. a fixed-ratio/a continuous-reinforcement
    C. a variable-interval/a fixed-interval
    D. a continuous reinforcement/a fixed-interval

 

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objectives: Operant Conditioning

 

72. (p. 184)A worker is paid $25 for every 20 wind chimes that she builds. On which schedule of reinforcement is she being paid?
    A. Fixed-interval
    B. Variable-ratio
    C. Continuous-ratio
    D. Fixed-ratio

 

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objectives: Operant Conditioning

73. (p. 184)A hitchhiker most likely gets rides on a _____ schedule of reinforcement.
    A. continuous
    B. variable-ratio
    C. fixed-ratio
    D. fixed-interval

 

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objectives: Operant Conditioning

74. (p. 185)Jose’s employer pays him every other Friday. This is an example of which of the following schedules of reinforcement?
    A. Variable-ratio
    B. Fixed-interval
    C. Variable-interval
    D. Fixed-ratio

 

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objectives: Operant Conditioning

 

75. (p. 185)_____ is a consequence that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur.
    A. Punishment
    B. Extinction
    C. Discrimination
    D. Generalization

 

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objectives: Operant Conditioning

76. (p. 185)Spanking is a form of _____; time out is a form of _____.
    A. negative punishment/positive punishment
    B. positive reinforcement/negative reinforcement
    C. positive punishment/negative punishment
    D. positive reinforcement/positive punishment

 

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objectives: Operant Conditioning

77. (p. 185)Todd is scolded each time he bullies his little brother by taking away his toys. His mother notices that the frequency of bullying has decreased. Scolding Todd is an example of _____.
    A. negative reinforcement
    B. negative punishment
    C. positive reinforcement
    D. positive punishment

 

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objectives: Operant Conditioning

 

78. (p. 185)Larry is grounded each time he hits his little brother. After a few times of being grounded, Larry’s misbehavior toward his little brother decreases. Grounding Larry is an example of _____.
    A. positive punishment
    B. negative punishment
    C. negative reinforcement
    D. positive reinforcement

 

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objectives: Operant Conditioning

79. (p. 186)Positive punishment is meant to _____ while negative reinforcement is meant to _____.
    A. decrease behaviors/increase behaviors
    B. weakens behaviors/weakens behaviors
    C. strengthens behaviors/strengthens behaviors
    D. increase behaviors/decrease behaviors

 

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objectives: Operant Conditioning

80. (p. 187)Applied behavior analysis is based on the concept of _____.
    A. classical conditioning
    B. observational learning
    C. latent learning
    D. operant conditioning

 

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objectives: Operant Conditioning

 

81. (p. 187)Applied behavior analysis (behavior modification) programs rely on what principles of learning to help people develop programs to change?
    A. Classical
    B. Operant
    C. Insight
    D. Observational

 

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objectives: Operant Conditioning

82. (p. 188)Your psychology professor wants to help students learn how to write a high-quality research paper, so she posts an example of a research paper on the course website. You use this example as a model when writing your own paper. Which of the following concepts best describes how you learned to write your research paper?
    A. Classical conditioning
    B. Operant conditioning
    C. Observational learning
    D. Insight learning

 

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objectives: Observational Learning

83. (p. 188)According to Bandura’s model of observational learning, what are the four primary processes involved in observational learning?
    A. Attention, retention, motor reproduction, and reinforcement
    B. Attention, retention, generalization, and discrimination
    C. Acquisition, extinction, generalization, and discrimination
    D. Unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, conditioned response

 

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objectives: Observational Learning

 

84. (p. 188)Which of the following is (are) associated with Bandura’s model of observational learning?
    A. US, CS
    B. Reward, punishment
    C. Discrimination, extinction
    D. Retention, motor reproduction

 

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objectives: Observational Learning

85. (p. 189)_____, a third element of observational learning, is the process of imitating the model’s actions.
    A. Attention
    B. Motor reproduction
    C. Replication
    D. Reinforcement

 

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objectives: Observational Learning

86. (p. 189)According to Bandura’s model of observational learning, which final component determines whether or not an imitated or modeled act will be repeated?
    A. Attention
    B. Motor reproduction
    C. Replication
    D. Reinforcement

 

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objectives: Observational Learning

 

87. (p. 190)According to Tolman’s view on purposive learning, _____.
    A. Peter was afraid of the rabbit, because fear of rabbits was a high-probability reaction
    B. you failed high school algebra because you didn’t understand the S-R relationships
    C. you work hard all week because you expect to get paid on Friday
    D. Skinner’s view on learning was too restrictive

 

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objectives: Cognitive Factors in Learning

88. (p. 190)In studying the _____, Tolman focused on cognitive mechanisms.
    A. discreetness of behavior
    B. purposiveness of behavior
    C. associative learning
    D. operant learning

 

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objectives: Cognitive Factors in Learning

89. (p. 191)According to Tolman, the concept of _____ is essential to understanding classical conditioning.
    A. rewards
    B. punishment
    C. expectancy
    D. preparedness

 

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objectives: Cognitive Factors in Learning

 

90. (p. 191)Latent learning is _____.
    A. unreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior
    B. based on insight and generalizations
    C. highly susceptible to extinction
    D. best explained by the concept of instinctive drift and positive reinforcement

 

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objectives: Cognitive Factors in Learning

91. (p. 191)One day, on the way home from work, you decide to explore a side street that you’d passed on several occasions. You are surprised to find that it runs parallel to the expressway and realize that it could be used as an alternate route to and from work. Several weeks later, there is a major accident on your usual travel route and you remember the side street alternate route. You happily take this route home. This is an example of _____.
    A. discrimination learning
    B. latent learning
    C. operant learning
    D. associative learning

 

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objectives: Cognitive Factors in Learning

92. (p. 191)Tolman demonstrated that rats can learn to run a maze correctly even though they were never reinforced for successfully running through it. This demonstrated that the rats called on their _____ to help them reach the end of the maze more quickly.
    A. latent learning
    B. vicarious reinforcement
    C. insight learning
    D. trial and error learning

 

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objectives: Cognitive Factors in Learning

 

93. (p. 191)_____ is defined as a type of learning that occurs without reinforcement. However, this learning is not demonstrated until the person or animal is reinforced to do so.
    A. Classical conditioning
    B. Insight learning
    C. Latent learning
    D. Instinctive drift

 

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objectives: Cognitive Factors in Learning

94. (p. 192)_____ is a form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden understanding of a problem’s solution.
    A. Classical conditioning
    B. Insight learning
    C. Latent learning
    D. Instinctive drift

 

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objectives: Cognitive Factors in Learning

95. (p. 192)Which of the following is true with regard to insight learning?
    A. Psychologists have confirmed that insight learning is essentially similar to learning through trial and error.
    B. Insight learning appears to entail only gradual processes.
    C. Insight learning requires thinking “outside the box,” setting aside previous expectations and assumptions.
    D. Exposure to other cultures does not influence insight learning.

 

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objectives: Cognitive Factors in Learning

 

96. (p. 195)The tendency of animals to revert to instinctive behavior that interferes with learning is called _____.
    A. instinctive drift
    B. instinctive learning
    C. preparedness
    D. conceptualization

 

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objectives: Biological; Cultural; and Psychological Factors in Learning

97. (p. 195)Which of the following is an example of instinctive drift?
    A. A rat learns to run a maze for a cheese food reward instead of a peanut butter reward.
    B. A rabbit learns to play with children in the park.
    C. A pigeon learns to guide a warhead to its target.
    D. A pig shoves an object on the ground instead of learning to carry it in his mouth.

 

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objectives: Biological; Cultural; and Psychological Factors in Learning

98. (p. 195)_____ is the species-specific biological predisposition to learn in certain ways but not others.
    A. Instinctive drift
    B. Instinctive learning
    C. Preparedness
    D. Conceptualization

 

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objectives: Biological; Cultural; and Psychological Factors in Learning

 

99. (p. 196)Ally, an athlete believes she does not have the ability to improve her running time, despite her practicing every day. Which of the following explains Ally’s attitude?
    A. Growth mindset
    B. Instinctive drift
    C. Preparedness
    D. Fixed mindset

 

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objectives: Biological; Cultural; and Psychological Factors in Learning

 

Essay Questions

100. (p. 167-168)Discuss the distinction between associative learning and observational learning.

Associative learning occurs when we make a connection, or an association, between two events. Conditioning is the process of learning these associations. There are two types of conditioning: classical and operant. In classical conditioning, the organism learns an association between two stimuli. In operant conditioning, the organism learns a connection between a behavior and a consequence. Observational learning involves watching and modeling or imitating another person’s behavior. Observational learning is different from the associative learning described by behaviorism because it relies on mental processes: The learner has to pay attention, remember, and reproduce what the model did. Observational learning is especially important to human beings.

 

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objectives: Types of Learning

 

101. (p. 170-173)Your fraternity brother knows that you are a psychology major and asks you to explain to him why he keeps going back to smoking after quitting on several occasions. Describe in detail the classical conditioning components involved in smoking (the CS, US, CR, and UR) and how spontaneous recovery can cause the reoccurrence of the smoking habit.

CS = stimuli associated with smoking (being around friends who smoke)
US = physiological aspects of nicotine inhalation
UR = body responses to nicotine
CR = body responses to nicotine
Extinction: not inhaling nicotine in the presence of the CS (stimuli associated with smoking) until the presence of the CS no longer brings about a CR
Spontaneous recovery: after extinction followed by a pause, during which time your fraternity brother does not see his other smoking friends, he sees them again and this CS elicits the CR

 

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objectives: Classical Conditioning

102. (p. 178-179)Explain the significance of Thorndike’s law of effect.

Thorndike’s law states that behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened and that behaviors followed by negative outcomes are weakened. The law of effect is important because it presents the basic idea that the consequences of a behavior influence the likelihood of that behavior’s recurrence. Quite simply, a behavior can be followed by something good or something bad, and the probability of a behavior’s being repeated depends on these outcomes.

 

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objectives: Classical Conditioning

 

103. (p. 182)Describe the distinction between primary and secondary reinforcers. Give an example of each.

A primary reinforcer is innately satisfying; that is, a primary reinforcer does not require any learning on the organism’s part to make it pleasurable. Food, water, and sexual satisfaction are primary reinforcers. A secondary reinforcer, on the other hand, acquires its positive value through an organism’s experience; a secondary reinforcer is a learned or conditioned reinforcer. We encounter hundreds of secondary reinforcers in our lives, such as getting an A on a test and a paycheck for a job.

 

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objectives: Operant Conditioning

104. (p. 184)Discuss the fixed-ratio and variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement.

A fixed-ratio schedule reinforces a behavior after a set number of behaviors. For example every 10^th doughnut you buy at Doughnut World is free. A variable-ratio schedule rewards behavior on an unpredictable basis. For example, a slot machine may pay off on average every 20^th time, but the gambler does not know when this payoff will be.

 

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objectives: Operant Conditioning

105. (p. 185)Patricia wants to decrease the frequency of her teenage daughter’s misbehavior. Give examples of positive and negative punishment techniques Patricia might consider in order to encourage her daughter to behave properly.

Punishment is a consequence that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur. In positive punishment, a behavior decreases when it is followed by a (typically unpleasant) stimulus. In negative punishment, a behavior decreases when a positive stimulus is removed from it. Making her daughter do extra chores would be one example of a positive punishment technique. Taking away her daughter’s car keys and grounding her would be two examples of negative punishment.

 

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objectives: Operant Conditioning

 

106. (p. 186)What is the difference between positive reinforcement—negative reinforcement and positive punishment—negative punishment?

The fine distinctions here can sometimes be confusing. With respect to reinforcement, both types of reinforcement are intended to increase behavior, either by presenting a stimulus (in positive reinforcement) or by taking away a stimulus (in negative reinforcement). Punishment is meant to decrease a behavior either by presenting something (in positive punishment) or by taking away something (in negative punishment). The words positive and negative mean the same things in both cases.

 

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objectives: Operant Conditioning

107. (p. 188-189)Shawn is trying to teach his son Cameron how to hit a baseball. Shawn begins hitting some baseballs to show his son how to swing. Cameron watches several hits and then goes up to bat to try it out for himself. According to Albert Bandura’s model of observational learning, what four processes must occur for Cameron to learn how to hit a baseball?

First, Cameron must pay attention as his father models the technique of hitting a baseball. Second, Cameron will need to retain or remember his father’s model. Next, Cameron will need to engage in motor reproduction. In this example, Cameron will need to imitate his father’s movements. The final component in Bandura’s model focuses on reinforcement. If Cameron sees that the model is rewarded (e.g., if other people say “nice hit” to his father), he will be more likely to repeat the hitting behavior.

 

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objectives: Observational Learning

 

108. (p. 192)What is insight learning?

Insight learning is a form of problem solving in which the organism develops sudden insight into or understanding of a problem’s solution. Insight learning appears to entail both gradual and sudden processes, and understanding how these lead to problem solving continues to fascinate psychologists. Insight learning requires thinking “outside the box,” setting aside previous expectations and assumptions. One way that insight learning can be enhanced in human beings is through multicultural experiences.

 

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objectives: Cognitive Factors in Learning

109. (p. 196)How does culture influence learning?

Culture can influence the degree to which certain learning processes (e.g., classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning) are used. Culture can also influence the content of what we learn about. Learning requires practice, and certain behaviors are practiced more in some cultures than in others.

 

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objectives: Biological; Cultural; and Psychological Factors in Learning