Experience Psychology 4Th Edition By Laura King - Test Bank Instant Download - Complete Test Bank With Answers Sample Questions Are Posted Below Experience Psychology, 4e (King) Chapter 5 Learning 1) ________ is a theory of learning that focuses solely on observable actions and responses. A) Psychoanalysis B) Behaviorism C) …
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Experience Psychology 4Th Edition By Laura King – Test Bank
Instant Download – Complete Test Bank With Answers
Sample Questions Are Posted Below
Experience Psychology, 4e (King)
Chapter 5 Learning
1) ________ is a theory of learning that focuses solely on observable actions and responses.
Answer: B
Explanation: Types of Learning
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 165
Topic: Behavioral Approach
Learning Objective: Summarize the types of learning.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
2) Your psychology assignment is to observe and list the behaviors of your relatives that indicate learning. Which of the following should be included in your list?
Answer: C
Explanation: Types of Learning
Difficulty: 3 Hard Page Ref: 165
Topic: Behavioral Approach
Learning Objective: Summarize the types of learning.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
3) From the behaviorist perspective,
Answer: A
Explanation: Types of Learning
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 165
Topic: Behavioral Approach
Learning Objective: Summarize the types of learning.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
4) Learning that occurs when an organism makes a connection between two events is called
Answer: C
Explanation: Types of Learning
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 165
Topic: Associative Learning
Learning Objective: Summarize the types of learning.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
5) In classical conditioning, organisms learn the association between two
Answer: B
Explanation: Types of Learning
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 165
Topic: Classical Conditioning
Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
6) Lightning is associated with thunder and regularly precedes it. Thus, when we see lightning, we often anticipate that we will hear thunder soon afterward. This is an example of
Answer: A
Explanation: Types of Learning
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 165
Topic: Classical Conditioning
Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
7) Sarah feels sick every time she travels by air. She associates flying with physical illness and, as a result, hates air travel. She also finds it difficult to watch movies with airplanes or read books about airplanes because they make her uncomfortable. This scenario illustrates the learning process of
Answer: B
Explanation: Types of Learning
Difficulty: 3 Hard Page Ref: 165
Topic: Classical Conditioning
Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
8) Organisms learn the association between a behavior and a consequence in
Answer: B
Explanation: Types of Learning
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 166
Topic: Operant Conditioning
Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
9) Which of the following statements is true of observational learning?
Answer: C
Explanation: Types of Learning
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 166
Topic: Observational Learning
Learning Objective: Explain observational learning.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
10) Which of the following is true regarding learning through operant conditioning?
Answer: C
Explanation: Types of Learning
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 166
Topic: Operant Conditioning
Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
11) Emma, a chemistry teacher for eighth grade, plays a video in class to demonstrate the process of conducting a basic experiment in chemistry. Her students are required to watch the video attentively, remember all the steps and safety instructions, and reproduce the same experiment independently. Which of the following is best illustrated when the students reproduce the experiment?
Answer: C
Explanation: Types of Learning
Difficulty: 3 Hard Page Ref: 166
Topic: Observational Learning
Learning Objective: Explain observational learning.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
12) Which of the following is true of observational learning?
Answer: C
Explanation: Types of Learning
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 168
Topic: Observational Learning
Learning Objective: Explain observational learning.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
13) The adage “When in Rome, do as the Romans do” best reflects which of the following types of learning?
Answer: C
Explanation: Types of Learning
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 166
Topic: Observational Learning
Learning Objective: Explain observational learning.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
14) ________ is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.
Answer: B
Explanation: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 167
Topic: Classical Conditioning
Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
15) Salivation in response to food is an example of
Answer: C
Explanation: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 167
Topic: Classical Conditioning
Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
16) Tina’s eyes water every time she chops onions. Her response is an example of a
Answer: B
Explanation: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 167
Topic: Classical Conditioning
Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
17) In Pavlov’s experiment, the dog automatically salivated to food because food is a(n)
Answer: A
Explanation: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 168
Topic: Classical Conditioning
Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
18) Which of the following is the best example of an unconditioned response?
Answer: B
Explanation: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: 3 Hard Page Ref: 168
Topic: Classical Conditioning
Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
19) Dr. Meyer is known for his difficult pop quizzes. Typically, before he conducts a pop quiz for his students, he shuts the classroom door. Students soon learn to anticipate a pop quiz whenever Dr. Meyer closes the classroom door. In this scenario, the act of closing the door has become a(n)
Answer: B
Explanation: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: 3 Hard Page Ref: 168
Topic: Classical Conditioning
Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
20) Andrea is the mother of Leo, a six-month-old child. She wants to introduce vegetables in Leo’s diet. As Leo is used to having lentil soup as his evening snack, Andrea prepares lentil soup with vegetables in it and makes Leo taste it. He does not like the taste of the soup and refuses to have it. After that day, he refuses to have even plain lentil soup. In this scenario, which of the following acts as the conditioned stimulus?
Answer: D
Explanation: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: 3 Hard Page Ref: 168
Topic: Classical Conditioning
Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
21) In classical conditioning, the ________ is unlearned, but the ________ is learned.
Answer: B
Explanation: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 168
Topic: Classical Conditioning
Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
22) Before the bell was ever presented, Pavlov’s dog salivated each time food was presented. In this situation, salivation was the
Answer: A
Explanation: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 168
Topic: Classical Conditioning
Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
23) Pavlov’s dog salivated to the sound of a bell because the bell had become
Answer: C
Explanation: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 168
Topic: Classical Conditioning
Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
24) In Pavlov’s classic study on classical conditioning, the bell was a ________ before conditioning and became a(n) ________ after conditioning had occurred.
Answer: C
Explanation: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 168
Topic: Classical Conditioning
Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
25) ________ is the initial learning of the connection between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus when these two stimuli are paired.
Answer: D
Explanation: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 169
Topic: Classical Conditioning
Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
26) Which of the following statements is true of acquisition in classical conditioning?
Answer: B
Explanation: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 169
Topic: Classical Conditioning
Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
27) ________ means that the conditioned stimulus (CS) must not only precede the unconditioned stimulus (US) closely in time, it must also serve as a reliable indicator that the unconditioned stimulus (US) is on its way.
Answer: B
Explanation: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 169
Topic: Classical Conditioning
Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
28) In the context of classical conditioning, ________ means that the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus are presented very close together in time—even a mere fraction of a second.
Answer: A
Explanation: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 169
Topic: Classical Conditioning
Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
29) ________ in classical conditioning is the tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response.
Answer: A
Explanation: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 170
Topic: Generalization
Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
30) Mark’s dog, Gus, sits whenever Mark says, “Sit.” Mark now wants to teach Gus a new trick. He wants to teach him to bark each time he says, “Speak.” But whenever Mark says, “Speak,” Gus sits. The dog’s behavior is most likely an example of
Answer: A
Explanation: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: 3 Hard Page Ref: 170
Topic: Generalization
Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
31) ________ in classical conditioning is the process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others.
Answer: B
Explanation: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 170
Topic: Classical Conditioning
Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
32) ________ in classical conditioning is the weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent.
Answer: C
Explanation: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 170
Topic: Extinction
Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
33) Pavlov’s dog salivates each time he hears the sound of a bell. However, after several trials of salivating to the bell and not receiving any food, the dog stops salivating. Which of the following best explains the change in the dog’s behavior?
Answer: B
Explanation: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 170
Topic: Extinction
Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
34) The process in classical conditioning by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay, without further conditioning is called
Answer: C
Explanation: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 170
Topic: Classical Conditioning
Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
35) James loved swimming and swam for two hours every day. However, he met with an accident and was advised to avoid any strenuous physical activity for two years. When he first went near a swimming pool after two years, he visualized himself swimming and experimenting with different strokes. He eventually jumped into the pool and swam for an hour. In the context of classical conditioning, this scenario best exemplifies
Answer: B
Explanation: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: 3 Hard Page Ref: 170
Topic: Classical Conditioning
Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
36) Watson and Rayner used a ________ along with an unconditional stimulus in order to condition fear in little Albert.
Answer: C
Explanation: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 171
Topic: Classical Conditioning
Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
37) In the experiment with little Albert conducted by Watson and Rayner, ________ was used as an unconditional response for conditioning Albert to fear a white rat.
Answer: B
Explanation: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 173
Topic: Classical Conditioning
Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
38) In John Watson’s experiment on classical conditioning, a white rat was used as a(n) ________ to condition Albert.
Answer: A
Explanation: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 171
Topic: Classical Conditioning
Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
39) Little Albert was conditioned by John Watson to fear a white rat. Eventually, however, Albert became fearful of any stimulus that looked white and furry. He became scared not only of rats, but also of rabbits, dogs, and even sealskin coats. This study illustrates
Answer: C
Explanation: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 171
Topic: Generalization
Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.
40) According to Wood and Rünger (2016), which of the following statements is true about classical conditioning in humans?
Answer: D
Explanation: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 171
Topic: Classical Conditioning
Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
41) ________ is a classical conditioning procedure for changing the relationship between a conditioned stimulus and its conditioned response.
Answer: D
Explanation: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 171
Topic: Classical Conditioning
Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
42) Psychologists have applied classical conditioning to helping individuals unlearn certain feelings and behaviors. Which of the following procedures is most likely used for helping individuals unlearn feelings and behaviors?
Answer: D
Explanation: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 171
Topic: Classical Conditioning
Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
43) ________ is a form of treatment that involves repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus.
Answer: B
Explanation: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 171
Topic: Classical Conditioning
Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
44) Robert went to a friend’s place last night and had tequila. Unaware, he consumed few shots that contained nausea-inducing substances. He spent the entire night vomiting and had a severe headache when he woke up the next morning. This incidence happened several times in the prior months as well. According to the principles of classical conditioning, how is Robert most likely to react when the same friend invites him again?
Answer: C
Explanation: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: 3 Hard Page Ref: 171
Topic: Classical Conditioning
Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
45) In a treatment to reduce drinking, every time a person drinks an alcoholic beverage, he or she also consumes a mixture that induces nausea. In classical conditioning terminology, the nausea-inducing agent is the
Answer: B
Explanation: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 171
Topic: Classical Conditioning
Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
46) Juan, a 27-year-old, is a marketing manager. He often complains of tiredness and lethargy. However, his medical reports do not suggest any deficiency or illness. His wife, Emma, is a nurse. She asks him to take a pill every night. The pill is actually a simple candy. After 15 days, Juan says that he feels much better and energetic. This scenario best exemplifies
Answer: D
Explanation: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: 3 Hard Page Ref: 172
Topic: Classical Conditioning
Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
47) Classical conditioning can produce ________, which is a decrease in the production of antibodies that can lower a person’s ability to fight disease.
Answer: A
Explanation: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 172
Topic: Classical Conditioning
Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
48) Taste aversion is an example of
Answer: B
Explanation: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 173
Topic: Taste-Aversion Learning
Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
49) Which of the following helps to explain drug habituation?
Answer: C
Explanation: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 174
Topic: Classical Conditioning
Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
50) Classical conditioning helps to explain ________, which refers to the decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations.
Answer: B
Explanation: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 174
Topic: Classical Conditioning
Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
51) Over time, a person is likely to develop a tolerance for a psychoactive drug and need a higher dose of the substance to get the same effect. This scenario exemplifies
Answer: B
Explanation: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 174
Topic: Classical Conditioning
Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
52) While watching television, you can see how advertisers cunningly apply classical-conditioning principles to consumers by showing ads that pair something pleasant with a product in hope that you, the viewer, will experience those positive feelings toward the product. In this situation, the product is the
Answer: D
Explanation: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 176
Topic: Classical Conditioning
Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
53) Which of the following is more effective in explaining voluntary behaviors rather than involuntary behaviors?
Answer: D
Explanation: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 177
Topic: Operant Conditioning
Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
54) Classical conditioning explains how neutral stimuli become associated with
Answer: C
Explanation: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 177
Topic: Classical Conditioning
Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
55) In operant conditioning,
Answer: A
Explanation: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 177
Topic: Operant Conditioning
Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
56) Some bears kept in zoos allow veterinarians to routinely conduct total body checkups. These bears open their mouths for teeth cleaning and present their paws for nail clipping. Your friend wonders how anyone could ever get these dangerous animals to be so cooperative without anesthesia. You, a psychology student, quickly summarize that the bears had most likely undergone
Answer: D
Explanation: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: 3 Hard Page Ref: 177
Topic: Operant Conditioning
Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
57) Identify an accurate statement related to operant conditioning.
Answer: B
Explanation: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 177
Topic: Operant Conditioning
Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
58) According to Thorndike’s law of effect,
Answer: B
Explanation: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 178
Topic: Operant Conditioning
Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
59) Thorndike’s law of effect is important because
Answer: B
Explanation: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 178
Topic: Operant Conditioning
Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
60) Which of the following statements about B. F. Skinner is FALSE?
Answer: C
Explanation: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 178
Topic: Operant Conditioning
Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
61) In operant conditioning, ________ refers to rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior.
Answer: D
Explanation: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 179
Topic: Shaping
Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
62) In the Water Kingdom Amusement Park, when two sea lions throw and catch balls on their nose, they are rewarded with fish after they successfully complete the act. The sea lions have been trained to perform this behavior through
Answer: B
Explanation: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: 3 Hard Page Ref: 179
Topic: Shaping
Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
63) In the context of shaping, operant conditioning relies on the notion that
Answer: B
Explanation: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 179
Topic: Shaping
Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
64) The process by which a stimulus or an event following a particular behavior increases the probability that the behavior will happen again is called
Answer: C
Explanation: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 179
Topic: Reinforcement
Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
65) The presentation of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior is called
Answer: B
Explanation: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 180
Topic: Reinforcement
Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
66) The removal of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior is called
Answer: A
Explanation: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 180
Topic: Reinforcement
Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
67) Mark, a high school student, dislikes the fact that his mother yells at him in the morning to wake him up. His mother usually wakes up at 5:30 A.M., and he tries to wake up at around 5:15 A.M. to avoid listening to his mother’s yelling. In the context of operant conditioning, which of the following is exemplified in this scenario?
Answer: B
Explanation: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: 3 Hard Page Ref: 180
Topic: Reinforcement
Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
68) Jennifer accidentally plays a radio channel that she has never heard before. She loves the music it plays and as a result, she starts playing only that channel whenever she wants to listen to music. In the context of operant conditioning, Jennifer’s behavior has most likely been learned through
Answer: B
Explanation: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: 3 Hard Page Ref: 180
Topic: Reinforcement
Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
69) Liam is studying in his room for an exam but is disturbed by the loud music from his neighbor’s house. He closes the window so that he can no longer hear the loud music. In this scenario, Liam’s behavior demonstrates ________ in operant conditioning.
Answer: A
Explanation: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: 3 Hard Page Ref: 180
Topic: Reinforcement
Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
70) In the context of operant conditioning, identify a true statement about negative reinforcement.
Answer: B
Explanation: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 180
Topic: Reinforcement
Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
71) Which of the following is very powerful in the sense that a behavior is maintained even in the absence of any aversive stimulus?
Answer: D
Explanation: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 180
Topic: Reinforcement
Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
72) Samuel, a student, receives one bad grade in his exams. However, he always studies hard thereafter to avoid the negative outcome of bad grades in the future. Even when the bad grade is no longer present as a stimulus, the pattern of behavior sticks. In the context of operant conditioning, this scenario exemplifies
Answer: D
Explanation: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 180
Topic: Reinforcement
Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
73) Experience with unavoidable negative stimuli can lead to a particular deficit in avoidance learning called ________, in which an organism, exposed to uncontrollable aversive stimuli, learns that it has no control over negative outcomes.
Answer: C
Explanation: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 180
Topic: Reinforcement
Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
74) Shirley, a housewife, has been a victim of domestic violence for approximately nine years and has still not been able to walk out of the relationship. In the context of operant conditioning, which of the following concepts is most likely to aid her therapist understand her situation better?
Answer: C
Explanation: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: 3 Hard Page Ref: 181
Topic: Reinforcement
Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
75) A(n) ________ reinforcer is innately satisfying, and it does not require any learning on the organism’s part to make it pleasurable.
Answer: B
Explanation: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 181
Topic: Reinforcement
Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
76) Which of the following is the best example of a primary reinforcer?
Answer: C
Explanation: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 181
Topic: Reinforcement
Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
77) A(n) ________ reinforcer acquires its positive value through an organism’s experience.
Answer: A
Explanation: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 181
Topic: Reinforcement
Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
78) ________ is considered a secondary reinforcer.
Answer: C
Explanation: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 181
Topic: Reinforcement
Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
79) In operant conditioning, ________ means performing a reinforced behavior in a different situation.
Answer: D
Explanation: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 182
Topic: Generalization
Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
80) Bubba, a very smart German shepherd, has learned that if he barks at the neighbors while they are grilling, they will throw him a candy. However, his owner, Paul, does not want Bubba to eat candies as it is not good for his health. He does not allow Bubba to eat candies from the neighbors. When Paul is in the yard, Bubba never barks at the neighbors. In operant conditioning terminology, Bubba is demonstrating that he can
Answer: D
Explanation: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: 3 Hard Page Ref: 182
Topic: Operant Conditioning
Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
81) In operant conditioning, discrimination occurs when
Answer: B
Explanation: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 182
Topic: Operant Conditioning
Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
82) In operant conditioning, extinction occurs when
Answer: A
Explanation: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 182
Topic: Extinction
Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
83) The coffee machine in Linda’s office stops working on Wednesday. When she comes to office on the following Monday, she tries to use the machine again, hoping that it has been fixed. This scenario best exemplifies
Answer: A
Explanation: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: 3 Hard Page Ref: 170
Topic: Operant Conditioning
Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
84) In operant conditioning, continuous reinforcement
Answer: C
Explanation: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 182
Topic: Schedules of Reinforcement
Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
85) Which of the following is true of a fixed-ratio schedule in operant conditioning?
Answer: B
Explanation: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 183
Topic: Schedules of Reinforcement
Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
86) A batsman is unlikely to score a century in every cricket match. This is an example of
Answer: C
Explanation: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 182
Topic: Schedules of Reinforcement
Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
87) Samuel, a line worker in a factory, is required to produce 50 units to be paid $10. In the context of the schedules of reinforcement, this scenario most likely exemplifies a
Answer: D
Explanation: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 183
Topic: Schedules of Reinforcement
Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
88) Which of the following is true of a variable-interval schedule in operant conditioning?
Answer: C
Explanation: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 183
Topic: Schedules of Reinforcement
Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
89) Which of the following is true of a fixed-interval schedule in the context of operant conditioning?
Answer: A
Explanation: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 183
Topic: Schedules of Reinforcement
Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
90) Which of the following is true of a variable-ratio schedule in operant conditioning?
Answer: A
Explanation: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 183
Topic: Schedules of Reinforcement
Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
91) A hitchhiker most likely gets rides on a ________ schedule of reinforcement.
Answer: B
Explanation: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: 3 Hard Page Ref: 183
Topic: Schedules of Reinforcement
Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
92) Jose’s employer pays him every Friday. This is an example of which of the following schedules of reinforcement?
Answer: B
Explanation: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: 3 Hard Page Ref: 183
Topic: Schedules of Reinforcement
Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
93) ________ is a consequence that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur.
Answer: A
Explanation: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 184
Topic: Punishment
Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
94) Which of the following best illustrates positive punishment in operant conditioning?
Answer: C
Explanation: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: 3 Hard Page Ref: 184
Topic: Punishment
Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
95) Spanking is a form of ________; time-out is a form of ________.
Answer: C
Explanation: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 184
Topic: Punishment
Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
96) Todd is scolded each time he bullies his younger brother. His mother notices that the frequency of bullying has decreased. Scolding Todd is an example of
Answer: D
Explanation: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: 3 Hard Page Ref: 184
Topic: Punishment
Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
97) Larry is grounded each time he hits his little brother. After being grounded frequently, Larry’s misbehavior toward his little brother decreases. Grounding Larry is an example of
Answer: B
Explanation: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: 3 Hard Page Ref: 184
Topic: Punishment
Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
98) Identify a true statement about positive punishment.
Answer: A
Explanation: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 184
Topic: Punishment
Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
99) Samantha usually puts off the pleasure of an immediate reward in order to gain a more valuable reward later. This exemplifies
Answer: A
Explanation: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 185
Topic: Punishment
Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
100) ________ is the use of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior.
Answer: D
Explanation: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 186
Topic: Applied Behavior Analysis
Learning Objective: Explain behavior modification.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
101) Which of the following is true of observational learning?
Answer: B
Explanation: Observational Learning
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 188
Topic: Observational Learning
Learning Objective: Explain observational learning.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
102) According to Bandura’s model of observational learning, what are the four primary processes involved in observational learning?
Answer: A
Explanation: Observational Learning
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 188
Topic: Observational Learning
Learning Objective: Explain observational learning.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
103) In observational learning, the first process that must occur is
Answer: B
Explanation: Observational Learning
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 188
Topic: Observational Learning
Learning Objective: Explain observational learning.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
104) In the context of Albert Bandura’s observational learning model, retention is a process in which
Answer: A
Explanation: Observational Learning
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 188
Topic: Observational Learning
Learning Objective: Explain observational learning.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
105) ________, the third element of observational learning, is the process of imitating a model’s actions.
Answer: B
Explanation: Observational Learning
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 188
Topic: Observational Learning
Learning Objective: Explain observational learning.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
106) According to Bandura’s model of observational learning, which final component determines whether or not an imitated or modeled act will be repeated?
Answer: D
Explanation: Observational Learning
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 188
Topic: Observational Learning
Learning Objective: Explain observational learning.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
107) Which of the following describes the reinforcement element in observational learning?
Answer: A
Explanation: Observational Learning
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 188
Topic: Observational Learning
Learning Objective: Explain observational learning.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
108) In the context of Albert Bandura’s observational learning model, seeing a model attain a reward for an activity increases the chances that an observer will repeat the behavior. This process is called
Answer: A
Explanation: Observational Learning
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 188
Topic: Observational Learning
Learning Objective: Explain observational learning.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
109) In the context of Albert Bandura’s observational learning model, seeing a model being punished for an activity makes an observer less likely to repeat the behavior. This process is called
Answer: A
Explanation: Observational Learning
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 188
Topic: Observational Learning
Learning Objective: Explain observational learning.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
110) According to E. C. Tolman,
Answer: C
Explanation: Cognitive Factors in Learning
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 190
Topic: Purposive Behavior
Learning Objective: Identify cognitive factors in learning.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
111) Tolman emphasized the
Answer: B
Explanation: Cognitive Factors in Learning
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 190
Topic: Purposive Behavior
Learning Objective: Identify cognitive factors in learning.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
112) Tolman said that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, an organism acquires certain
Answer: C
Explanation: Cognitive Factors in Learning
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 190
Topic: Purposive Behavior
Learning Objective: Identify cognitive factors in learning.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
113) Latent learning is
Answer: A
Explanation: Cognitive Factors in Learning
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 191
Topic: Latent Learning
Learning Objective: Identify cognitive factors in learning.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
114) Which of the following is sometimes called incidental learning because it “just happens” as a result of experience and happens even without reinforcement?
Answer: B
Explanation: Cognitive Factors in Learning
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 191
Topic: Latent Learning
Learning Objective: Identify cognitive factors in learning.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
115) Tolman demonstrated that rats could learn to run a maze correctly even though they were never reinforced for successfully running through it. This demonstrated that the rats called on their ________ to help them reach the end of the maze more quickly.
Answer: A
Explanation: Cognitive Factors in Learning
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 192
Topic: Latent Learning
Learning Objective: Identify cognitive factors in learning.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
116) ________ is defined as a type of learning that occurs without reinforcement. However, this learning is not demonstrated until the person or animal is reinforced to do so.
Answer: C
Explanation: Cognitive Factors in Learning
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 191
Topic: Latent Learning
Learning Objective: Identify cognitive factors in learning.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
117) ________ is a form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden understanding of a problem’s solution.
Answer: B
Explanation: Cognitive Factors in Learning
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 192
Topic: Insight Learning
Learning Objective: Identify cognitive factors in learning.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
118) Which of the following is true with regard to insight learning?
Answer: C
Explanation: Cognitive Factors in Learning
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 192
Topic: Insight Learning
Learning Objective: Identify cognitive factors in learning.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
119) The tendency of animals to revert to intuitive behavior that interferes with learning is called
Answer: A
Explanation: Biological, Cultural, and Psychological Factors in Learning
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 194
Topic: Instinctive Drift
Learning Objective: Summarize the impact of biological, cultural, and psychological factors in learning.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
120) Which of the following is an example of instinctive drift?
Answer: D
Explanation: Biological, Cultural, and Psychological Factors in Learning
Difficulty: 3 Hard Page Ref: 194
Topic: Instinctive Drift
Learning Objective: Summarize the impact of biological, cultural, and psychological factors in learning.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
121) ________ is the species-specific biological predisposition to learn in certain ways but not others.
Answer: C
Explanation: Biological, Cultural, and Psychological Factors in Learning
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 194
Topic: Preparedness
Learning Objective: Summarize the impact of biological, cultural, and psychological factors in learning.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
122) Susan Mineka and Arne Ohman (2002; Ohman and Mineka, 2003) have investigated the fascinating natural power of snakes to evoke fear in many mammals. The research study on conditioning humans and monkeys to associate snakes with fear is an example of
Answer: C
Explanation: Biological, Cultural, and Psychological Factors in Learning
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 194
Topic: Preparedness
Learning Objective: Summarize the impact of biological, cultural, and psychological factors in learning.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
123) Which of the following terms is used by Carol Dweck (2012, 2017) to describe the way people’s beliefs about ability dictate what goals they set for themselves, what they think they can learn, and ultimately what they do learn?
Answer: D
Explanation: Biological, Cultural, and Psychological Factors in Learning
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 196
Topic: Mindset
Learning Objective: Summarize the impact of biological, cultural, and psychological factors in learning.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
124) In the context of psychological constraints, which of the following statements is true about a fixed mindset?
Answer: D
Explanation: Biological, Cultural, and Psychological Factors in Learning
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 196
Topic: Mindset
Learning Objective: Summarize the impact of biological, cultural, and psychological factors in learning.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
125) In the context of psychological constraints, Carol Dweck (2017) studied first-year pre-med majors taking their first chemistry class in college. Identify a result of the study.
Answer: D
Explanation: Biological, Cultural, and Psychological Factors in Learning
Difficulty: 1 Easy Page Ref: 197
Topic: Mindset
Learning Objective: Summarize the impact of biological, cultural, and psychological factors in learning.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
126) Distinguish between associative learning and observational learning.
Answer: Associative learning occurs when we make a connection, or an association, between two events. Conditioning is the process of learning these associations. There are two types of conditioning: classical and operant. In classical conditioning, the organism learns an association between two stimuli. In operant conditioning, the organism learns a connection between a behavior and a consequence. Observational learning involves watching and modeling or imitating another person’s behavior. Observational learning is different from the associative learning described by behaviorism because it relies on mental processes: The learner has to pay attention, remember, and reproduce what the model did. Observational learning is especially important to human beings.
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 167-168
Topic: Learning
Learning Objective: Summarize the types of learning.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
127) Your fraternity brother knows that you are a psychology major and asks you to explain why he starts smoking again after quitting on several occasions. Describe in detail the classical conditioning components involved in smoking (the conditioned stimulus, unconditioned stimulus, conditioned response, and unconditioned response) and how spontaneous recovery can cause the reoccurrence of the smoking habit.
Answer:
Conditioned stimulus (CS) = stimuli associated with smoking (being around friends who smoke)
Unconditioned stimulus (US) = physiological aspects of nicotine inhalation
Unconditioned response (UR) = body responses to nicotine
Conditioned response (CR) = body responses to nicotine
Extinction: Not inhaling nicotine in the presence of the CS (stimuli associated with smoking) until the presence of the CS no longer brings about a CR
Spontaneous recovery: After extinction followed by a pause, during which time your fraternity brother does not see his other smoking friends, he sees them again and this CS elicits the CR.
Difficulty: 3 Hard Page Ref: 170
Topic: Classical Conditioning
Learning Objective: Explain classical conditioning.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
128) Explain the significance of Thorndike’s law of effect.
Answer: Thorndike’s law states that behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened and that behaviors followed by negative outcomes are weakened. The law of effect is important because it presents the basic idea that the consequences of a behavior influence the likelihood of that behavior’s recurrence. Quite simply, a behavior can be followed by something good or something bad, and the probability of a behavior being repeated depends on these outcomes.
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 179-180
Topic: Operant Conditioning
Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
129) Distinguish between primary and secondary reinforcers. Give an example of each.
Answer: A primary reinforcer is innately satisfying; that is, a primary reinforcer does not require any learning on the organism’s part to make it pleasurable. Food, water, and sexual satisfaction are primary reinforcers. A secondary reinforcer, on the other hand, acquires its positive value through an organism’s experience; a secondary reinforcer is a learned or conditioned reinforcer. We encounter hundreds of secondary reinforcers in our lives, such as getting an A on a test and a paycheck for a job.
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 183
Topic: Reinforcement
Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
130) Discuss the fixed-ratio and variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement.
Answer: A fixed-ratio schedule reinforces a behavior after a set number of behaviors. For example every 10th doughnut you buy at Doughnut World is free. A variable-ratio schedule rewards behavior on an unpredictable basis. For example, a slot machine may pay off on average every 20th time, but the gambler does not know when this payoff will happen.
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 184-185
Topic: Schedules of Reinforcement
Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
131) Patricia wants to decrease the frequency of her teenage daughter’s misbehavior. Give examples of positive and negative punishment techniques Patricia might consider in order to encourage her daughter to behave properly.
Answer: Punishment is a consequence that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur. In positive punishment, a behavior decreases when it is followed by a (typically unpleasant) stimulus. In negative punishment, a behavior decreases when a positive stimulus is removed from it. Making her daughter to do extra chores would be one example of a positive punishment technique. Taking away her daughter’s car keys and grounding her would be an example of negative punishment.
Difficulty: 3 Hard Page Ref: 186
Topic: Punishment
Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
132) What is the difference between positive reinforcement-negative reinforcement and positive punishment-negative punishment?
Answer: The fine distinctions here can sometimes be confusing. With respect to reinforcement, both types of reinforcement are intended to increase behavior, either by presenting a stimulus (in positive reinforcement) or by taking away a stimulus (in negative reinforcement). Punishment is meant to decrease a behavior either by presenting something (in positive punishment) or by taking away something (in negative punishment). The words positive and negative mean the same things in both cases.
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 186
Topic: Operant Conditioning
Learning Objective: Explain operant conditioning.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
133) Shawn is trying to teach his son Cameron how to hit a baseball. Shawn begins hitting some baseballs to show his son how to swing. Cameron watches several hits and then decides to try it out for himself. According to Albert Bandura’s model of observational learning, what four processes must occur for Cameron to learn how to hit a baseball?
Answer: First, Cameron must pay attention as his father models the technique of hitting a baseball. Second, Cameron will need to retain or remember his father’s model. Next, Cameron will need to engage in motor reproduction. In this example, Cameron will need to imitate his father’s movements. The final component in Bandura’s model focuses on reinforcement. If Cameron sees that the model is rewarded (e.g., if other people say “nice hit” to his father), he will be more likely to repeat the hitting behavior.
Difficulty: 3 Hard Page Ref: 189-190
Topic: Observational Learning
Learning Objective: Explain observational learning.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology.
134) What is insight learning?
Answer: Insight learning is a form of problem solving in which the organism develops sudden insight into or understanding of a problem’s solution. Insight learning appears to entail both gradual and sudden processes and understanding how these lead to problem solving continues to fascinate psychologists. Insight learning requires thinking “outside the box,” setting aside previous expectations and assumptions. One way that insight learning can be enhanced in human beings is through multicultural experiences.
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 193
Topic: Insight Learning
Learning Objective: Identify cognitive factors in learning.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
135) How does culture influence learning?
Answer: Culture can influence the degree to which certain learning processes (e.g., classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning) are used. Culture can also influence the content of what we learn about. Learning requires practice, and certain behaviors are practiced more in some cultures than in others.
Difficulty: 2 Medium Page Ref: 196
Topic: Learning
Learning Objective: Summarize the impact of biological, cultural, and psychological factors in learning.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Original price was: $30.00.$20.00Current price is: $20.00.
Original price was: $30.00.$20.00Current price is: $20.00.
Original price was: $30.00.$20.00Current price is: $20.00.
Original price was: $30.00.$20.00Current price is: $20.00.
Original price was: $30.00.$20.00Current price is: $20.00.
Original price was: $30.00.$20.00Current price is: $20.00.
