Foundations of Abnormal Behavior, International Edition 10Th Edition by David Sue - Test Bank

Foundations of Abnormal Behavior, International Edition 10Th Edition by David Sue – Test Bank

 

Instant Download – Complete Test Bank With Answers

 

 

Sample Questions Are Posted Below

 

Chapter 5: Anxiety and Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

 

MULTIPLE CHOICE

 

1. Anxiety symptoms turn into an anxiety disorder when they ____.

a.	cause uneasiness
b.	cause apprehension
c.	no longer protect an individual from danger
d.	interfere with everyday functioning

 

 

ANS:  D                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Introduction    OBJ:   1

MSC:  Factual

 

2. Which anticipatory human emotion produces bodily reactions that prepare us for fight or flight in the face of danger?

a.	fear	c.	anxiety
b.	anger	d.	hatred

 

 

ANS:  C                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Introduction    OBJ:   1

MSC:  Factual

 

3. What is the typical age of onset for social phobias?

a.	childhood	c.	middle adolescence
b.	early adolescence	d.	early adulthood

 

 

ANS:  C                    PTS:   1

REF:   Understanding Anxiety Disorders from a Multipath Perspective

OBJ:   1                    MSC:  Factual

 

4. Holly describes herself this way: “I am always tense and worried. Sometimes I get so frightened, I feel like I’ll die. I get terribly embarrassed by my behavior, but I can’t control it. It is often so bad that it interferes with my work.” Holly is probably suffering from what type of disorder?

a.	anxiety disorder	c.	malingering
b.	avoidance disorder	d.	somatoform disorder

 

 

ANS:  A                    PTS:   1

REF:   Understanding Anxiety Disorders from a Multipath Perspective

OBJ:   1                    MSC:  Applied

 

5. Brain structure and genetic influences are the two main ____ factors affecting anxiety disorders.

a.	psychosomatic	c.	cognitive
b.	biological	d.	psychological

 

 

ANS:  B                    PTS:   1

REF:   Understanding Anxiety Disorders from a Multipath Perspective

OBJ:   1                    MSC:  Factual

 

 

6. Marilyn is undergoing a series of neuroimaging techniques to shed light on her anxiety disorder. The tests can determine ____.

a.	which parts of her brain are or are not activated when Marilyn is exposed to fearful stimuli
b.	specify which genes are involved in Marilyn’s anxiety disorder
c.	why her gender plays a role in the development of anxiety disorder
d.	why medication and psychotherapy has an effect on her brain.

 

 

ANS:  A                    PTS:   1

REF:   Understanding Anxiety Disorders from a Multipath Perspective

OBJ:   1                    MSC:  Applied

 

7. Which of the following is an anxiety disorder?

a.	somatiform disorder	c.	obsessive-compulsive disorder
b.	depression	d.	substance use disorder

 

 

ANS:  C                    PTS:   1

REF:   Understanding Anxiety Disorders from a Multipath Perspective

OBJ:   1                    MSC:  Factual

 

8. One thing that is true about anxiety disorders is that they ____.

a.	usually only occur before or during exposure to a feared stimulus
b.	are fairly common
c.	usually lead to development of panic disorder
d.	are generally more intense in generalized anxiety disorder than in panic disorder

 

 

ANS:  B                    PTS:   1

REF:   Understanding Anxiety Disorders from a Multipath Perspective

OBJ:   1                    MSC:  Conceptual

 

9. There are three kinds of panic attacks. They are ____.

a.	biogenic, psychogenic, and sociogenic
b.	interpersonal, environmental change, and intrapsychic
c.	situationally bound, situationally predisposed, and unexpected
d.	associated with objects, associated with other persons, and associated with fear of death

 

 

ANS:  C                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Panic Disorder

OBJ:   3                    MSC:  Factual

 

10. Alma has recurrent terrifying episodes that last twenty minutes. Her heart beats so fast that she thinks she is having a heart attack, she sweats profusely, and she feels a sense of doom. For more than a month she has feared having another episode. An appropriate diagnosis is ____.

a.	panic disorder	c.	agoraphobia
b.	posttraumatic stress disorder	d.	generalized anxiety disorder

 

 

ANS:  A                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Panic Disorder

OBJ:   3                    MSC:  Applied

 

11. Which childhood experience is commonly related to later development of panic disorder?

a.	physical abuse	c.	bedwetting
b.	overindulgent mothers	d.	separation anxiety

 

 

ANS:  D                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Panic Disorder

OBJ:   3                    MSC:  Factual

 

12. The public health director of a southwestern American city has just presided over the opening of a new clinic to provide services for people with panic disorder. She knows from the research that the clinic will probably serve ____.

a.	mostly Mexican Americans, as they are at a much higher risk for it than other groups
b.	a large portion of the community, since the lifetime prevalence of panic disorder is roughly 12 percent
c.	twice as many women as men
d.	a population that is distinct because people with panic disorder tend not to present with other mental disorders

 

 

ANS:  C                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Panic Disorder

OBJ:   3                    MSC:  Applied

 

13. Which statement about the prevalence of panic attacks and panic disorder is accurate?

a.	Panic attacks are relatively common; panic disorder is relatively rare.
b.	Panic attacks are more common in women; panic disorder is more common in men.
c.	The lifetime prevalence of panic attacks is 3.5 percent, whereas the lifetime prevalence of panic disorder is 12 percent.
d.	Panic attacks lead to agoraphobia; panic disorder does not.

 

 

ANS:  A                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Panic Disorder

OBJ:   3                    MSC:  Conceptual

 

14. In medical settings worldwide, what is the most frequently diagnosed anxiety disorder?

a.	generalized anxiety disorder	c.	agoraphobia
b.	phobia	d.	panic disorder

 

 

ANS:  A                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Generalized Anxiety Disorder

OBJ:   4                    MSC:  Factual

 

15. Professor Lutz is conducting twin studies of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). What is he most likely to find in terms of genetic influences for GAD?

a.	He is most likely to find a strong genetic influence.
b.	He is most likely to find a modest genetic influence.
c.	He is most likely to find an insignificant genetic influence.
d.	He is most likely to find no genetic influence.

 

 

ANS:  B                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Generalized Anxiety Disorder

OBJ:   4                    MSC:  Applied

 

 

16. John describes himself as feeling tense, nervous, and on edge. He is restless and has problems sleeping. He often experiences restlessness and muscle tension. He says that he seems to worry about everything, including finances, whether his family is eating a proper diet, his job performance, and whether people like him. What diagnosis would John most likely be given?

a.	panic disorder	c.	generalized anxiety disorder
b.	agoraphobia	d.	obsessive-compulsive disorder

 

 

ANS:  C                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Generalized Anxiety Disorder

OBJ:   4                    MSC:  Applied

 

 

17. Laurel has been diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder. To meet the criteria for making this diagnosis, she must ____.

a.	have a specific situation that she fears and avoids
b.	fear leaving home
c.	have symptoms lasting three months or more
d.	have had four or more panic attacks in the past year

 

 

ANS:  C                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Generalized Anxiety Disorder

OBJ:   4                    MSC:  Applied

 

18. Dr. Nakamura thinks that his client might be suffering from generalized anxiety disorder. Which fact would rule out that diagnosis (make it impossible)?

a.	The client worries over both minor and major problems and constantly feels “on edge.”
b.	The client has experienced anxiety symptoms for about one month.
c.	The client reports that the anxiety has interfered with her life activities.
d.	The client’s symptoms include physiological responses such as muscle tension.

 

 

ANS:  B                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Generalized Anxiety Disorder

OBJ:   4                    MSC:  Applied

 

19. The biological explanation for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) suggests that ____.

a.	GAD involves a disruption of the prefrontal cortex’s ability to modulate the response of the amygdala to threatening situations
b.	genetic factors play a large role in the manifestation of GAD
c.	GAD involves under activity of the anxiety circuit in the brain
d.	the source of the anxiety is usually known to the person suffering from the disorder

 

 

ANS:  A                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Generalized Anxiety Disorder

OBJ:   4                    MSC:  Factual

 

20. More than two-thirds of people with general anxiety disorder have co-occurring disorders such as ____.

a.	depression	c.	Tourette’s disorder
b.	schizophrenia	d.	borderline personality disorder

 

 

ANS:  A                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Generalized Anxiety Disorder

OBJ:   4                    MSC:  Factual

 

21. Dr. Mahoney is a cognitive-behavioral therapist. When treating a client with panic disorder, she is most likely to focus on the client’s ____.

a.	thoughts before and during fearful episodes
b.	family history of panic disorder
c.	response to sodium lactate
d.	early childhood experiences with sexuality

 

 

ANS:  A                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Panic Disorder

OBJ:   3                    MSC:  Applied

 

22. Which explanation for panic disorder would most likely be offered by a cognitive-behavioral theorist?

a.	“A malfunction in the receptors monitoring oxygen in the blood causes the patient to feel that he or she is suffocating when, in fact, he or she isn’t.”
b.	“Abnormalities of benzodiazepine receptors in the brain cause a person to feel mounting anxiety that leads to a panic attack.”
c.	“When ego defenses have weakened because of overuse, forbidden sexual impulses threaten to break into consciousness, causing an attack.”
d.	“When small changes in the body are misinterpreted as dreadful events, these beliefs start a positive-feedback loop that brings on an attack.”

 

 

ANS:  D                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Panic Disorder

OBJ:   3                    MSC:  Conceptual

 

23. According to the cognitive-behavioral perspective, panic attacks are due to a feedback loop involving ____.

a.	bodily sensations and thoughts	c.	neurotransmitters and receptors
b.	id impulses and ego defenses	d.	the amygdala and the hippocampus

 

 

ANS:  A                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Panic Disorder

OBJ:   3                    MSC:  Factual

 

24. According to the model developed by Wells (2005), the roots of GAD lie in ____.

a.	beliefs regarding the function of the actual worrying itself
b.	beliefs that worry can provide effective ways to cope with aversive situations
c.	beliefs that worry can provide solutions to a client’s challenges
d.	ineffective methods for dealing with difficult situations

 

 

ANS:  A                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Generalized Anxiety Disorder

OBJ:   4                    MSC:  Factual

 

25. Which area of the brain alerts the other brain structures when a threat is present?

a.	the amygdala	c.	the prefrontal cortex
b.	the hippocampus	d.	the hypothalamus

 

 

ANS:  A                    PTS:   1

REF:   Understanding Anxiety Disorders from a Multipath Perspective

OBJ:   1                    MSC:  Factual

 

26. Current research on the influence of genes on anxiety disorders suggests that ____.

a.	the disorders are present in people who inherit the serotonin transporter gene 5-HTTLPR
b.	the disorders are absent in people who inherit the serotonin transporter gene 5-HTTLPR
c.	while genes may predispose a person to develop an anxiety disorder, expression of the disorder depends on interactions between the allele and environmental influences
d.	little, if any, relationship has been found that links genes with the development of anxiety disorders

 

 

ANS:  C                    PTS:   1

REF:   Understanding Anxiety Disorders from a Multipath Perspective

OBJ:   1                    MSC:  Factual

 

27. Research by Fox (2005) suggests that which child would be most likely to display behavioral inhibition (i.e., shyness)?

a.	a child who has a long allele 5-HTTLPR and whose parents provided low levels of social support
b.	a child who has a long allele 5-HTTLPR and whose parents provided excessive levels of social support
c.	a child who has a short allele 5-HTTLPR and whose parents provided low levels of social support
d.	a child who has a short allele 5-HTTLPR and whose parents provided excessive levels of social support

 

 

ANS:  C                    PTS:   1

REF:   Understanding Anxiety Disorders from a Multipath Perspective

OBJ:   1                    MSC:  Factual

 

28. What role does inheritance play in the development of anxiety disorders?

a.	Inheritance plays only a very weak role.
b.	Inheritance plays a very strong role.
c.	Inheritance plays only a modest role.
d.	Although inheritance plays a role in developing anxiety disorders, it is much stronger in GAD than other anxiety disorders.

 

 

ANS:  C                    PTS:   1

REF:   Understanding Anxiety Disorders from a Multipath Perspective

OBJ:   1                    MSC:  Factual

 

29. Which anxiety disorder is equally common in both men and women?

a.	phobias	c.	obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
b.	panic disorder	d.	agoraphobia

 

 

ANS:  C                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

OBJ:   5                    MSC:  Factual

 

30. Which of the following is a cultural factor that contributes to anxiety disorders?

a.	early childhood experiences
b.	genetic predispositions
c.	cognitive distortions
d.	exposure to discrimination and prejudice

 

 

ANS:  D                    PTS:   1

REF:   Understanding Anxiety Disorders from a Multipath Perspective

OBJ:   1                    MSC:  Factual

 

31. A strong, persistent, and unwarranted fear of some specific object or situation is referred to as ____.

a.	a phobia	c.	agoraphobia
b.	generalized anxiety	d.	panic disorder

 

 

ANS:  A                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Phobias          OBJ:   2

MSC:  Factual

 

32. Tiffany is typical of many children who suffer from phobias. Karen is typical of adults with phobias. How aware would each of them be that their fears are excessive?

a.	Both would realize that their fears are excessive.
b.	Neither would realize that their fears are excessive.
c.	Tiffany, but not Karen, would realize that they are excessive.
d.	Karen, but not Tiffany, would realize that they are excessive.

 

 

ANS:  D                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Phobias          OBJ:   2

MSC:  Applied

 

33. Dr. Fried believes that it is easier for humans to learn fears for which we are physiologically predisposed, such as fear of heights or snakes. She accepts which view of the development of fear reactions?

a.	overactivation of the amygdala	c.	psychodynamic
b.	preparedness	d.	disgust

 

 

ANS:  B                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Phobias          OBJ:   2

MSC:  Applied

 

34. What is the first step in treating anxiety disorders?

a.	getting the client to relax
b.	teaching the client some simple cognitive strategies
c.	ruling out possible medical or physical causes
d.	explaining various perspectives about the disorders to the client

 

 

ANS:  C                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Phobias          OBJ:   2

MSC:  Factual

 

35. Dr. Swensen says this about treating phobias: “Treatment should involve positive coping statements. It should also involve convincing clients to believe in the power of their medication, and relaxation skills. Psychodynamic approaches like this have higher success rates than treatments that rely on medication.” What portion of Dr. Swensen’s statement is accurate?

a.	That treatment should involve positive coping statements
b.	That clients should become convinced in the power of medication
c.	That relaxation training is a psychodynamic approach
d.	That behavioral approaches have higher success rates than medication

 

 

ANS:  A                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Phobias          OBJ:   2

MSC:  Applied

 

36. What is the only consistently validated treatment for GAD?

a.	medication	c.	cognitive behavioral therapy
b.	psychoanalysis	d.	behavioral therapy

 

 

ANS:  C                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Generalized Anxiety Disorder

OBJ:   4                    MSC:  Factual

 

37. There are three subcategories of phobias:

a.	cognitive, behavioral, and somatic.	c.	general, specific, and situational.
b.	agoraphobic, panic, and social.	d.	specific, social, and agoraphobic.

 

 

ANS:  D                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Phobias          OBJ:   2

MSC:  Factual

 

38. Which of the following disorders is most common in the United States?

a.	posttraumatic stress disorder	c.	generalized anxiety disorder
b.	phobias	d.	obsessive-compulsive disorder

 

 

ANS:  B                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Phobias          OBJ:   2

MSC:  Factual

 

39. Larry is so afraid of being alone in public places that he cannot bring himself to leave his house. The mere thought of leaving produces overwhelming panic. Larry probably suffers from ____.

a.	obsessive-compulsive disorder	c.	social phobia
b.	generalized anxiety disorder	d.	agoraphobia

 

 

ANS:  D                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Phobias          OBJ:   2

MSC:  Applied

 

40. Most people who suffer from phobias ____.

a.	were overindulged by their parents as children
b.	are less likely than other people to suffer from other psychological disorders
c.	also are likely to have anxiety, mood, or substance disorders
d.	also suffer from dissociative identity disorder (DID)

 

 

ANS:  C                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Phobias          OBJ:   2

MSC:  Factual

 

41. Gina has been diagnosed with agoraphobia. If we ask her how the symptoms of the disorder started, we can expect she will say that ____.

a.	she had previous problems with obsessive-compulsive disorder
b.	they were preceded by panic attacks
c.	she had never had any problems with anxiety before
d.	they came on suddenly without any apparent reason

 

 

ANS:  B                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Phobias          OBJ:   2

MSC:  Applied

 

42. Recent research on agoraphobia suggests that ____.

a.	a genetic marker on chromosome 5 is the likely cause
b.	repressed memories are the key causal factors
c.	cognitions may play a major causal role
d.	the disorder is inherited from the mother

 

 

ANS:  C                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Phobias          OBJ:   2

MSC:  Conceptual

 

43. Shane is ready to break up with Kayla. He is extremely frustrated with her and does not know what to do. One of his favorite activities is to eat out and try new restaurants. Kayla, however, hates eating in restaurants. She has told Shane that she loses her appetite at the mere thought of having to eat out. When he pushed her for an explanation, Kayla explained that she is afraid that she might spill something on herself or do something equally foolish and other people would see it. Even though she knows how frustrated Shane is with her, Kayla cannot bring herself to eat in a restaurant. What diagnosis would be the most appropriate for Kayla’s fears?

a.	agoraphobia	c.	specific phobia
b.	social phobia	d.	xenophobia

 

 

ANS:  B                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Phobias          OBJ:   2

MSC:  Applied

 

44. Patrick is a musical conductor, but he is terrified of giving performances and speaking to the audience between pieces. He is perfectly comfortable during rehearsal sessions but sometimes has to cancel concerts because of his fears. According to the DSM-IV-TR, Patrick probably has ____.

a.	agoraphobia due to earlier panic attacks
b.	social phobia of the generalized type
c.	social phobia of the limited interactional type
d.	social phobia of the performance type

 

 

ANS:  D                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Phobias          OBJ:   2

MSC:  Applied

 

45. Who is at highest risk for developing social phobia?

a.	Marni, whose parents exhibited no emotional warmth.
b.	Maryanne, whose mother was overprotective.
c.	Marcie, who was rejected by her parents.
d.	Mariel, whose parents used shame as a method of control.

 

 

ANS:  D                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Phobias          OBJ:   2

MSC:  Applied

 

46. Momoko is Japanese. Because she suffers from Taijin Kyofusho, we would expect her to fear ____.

a.	snakes	c.	social situations
b.	offending other people	d.	public places

 

 

ANS:  B                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Phobias          OBJ:   2

MSC:  Applied

 

47. A pediatrician is interested in phobias that typically begin in childhood. One phobia that he might study is ____.

a.	agoraphobia	c.	social phobia
b.	animal phobia	d.	claustrophobia

 

 

ANS:  B                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Phobias          OBJ:   2

MSC:  Conceptual

 

48. Between ages 13 to 15, the most common phobia is fear of ____.

a.	closed spaces	c.	snakes
b.	spiders	d.	speaking in class

 

 

ANS:  D                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Phobias          OBJ:   2

MSC:  Factual

 

49. A behavioral therapist would explain the agoraphobic’s fear of leaving the house as ____.

a.	a direct conditioning experience
b.	an exaggerated fear stemming from a single panic attack
c.	an unconscious way of preventing the acting out of sexual desires
d.	a subtype of obsessive compulsive disorder

 

 

ANS:  A                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Phobias          OBJ:   2

MSC:  Conceptual

 

50. Tamisha is so afraid of heights that she cannot enter buildings with more than two floors. Her cognitive-behavioral therapist would probably diagnose her with ____ and explain the problem in terms of ____.

a.	generalized anxiety disorder; faulty reasoning
b.	agoraphobia; genetic predisposition
c.	social phobia; repression and denial
d.	specific phobia; cognitive distortions

 

 

ANS:  D                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Phobias          OBJ:   2

MSC:  Applied

 

51. The case of Little Albert is used by behaviorists to explain ____.

a.	phobias	c.	generalized anxiety disorder
b.	obsessive-compulsive disorder	d.	posttraumatic stress disorder

 

 

ANS:  A                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Phobias          OBJ:   2

MSC:  Factual

 

52. Tina is afraid of dogs. She has never had a bad experience with dogs, but her father was injured by a dog when he was a young boy. Tina’s father goes to great lengths to avoid contact with dogs. What behavioral theory best explains Tina’s fear of dogs?

a.	classical conditioning	c.	operant conditioning
b.	avoidance response	d.	observational learning

 

 

ANS:  D                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Phobias          OBJ:   2

MSC:  Applied

 

53. In a research study, cancer patients, prior to undergoing chemotherapy, were given a drink in a container with a bright orange lid. After pairing the drink with chemotherapy, the patients experienced distress and nausea when presented with the container. This study supports what theory of phobias?

a.	observational learning	c.	classical conditioning
b.	psychodynamic	d.	cognitive-behavioral

 

 

ANS:  C                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Phobias          OBJ:   2

MSC:  Factual

 

54. Dr. Baldwin is explaining a cognitive model for the development of panic disorder. She describes a connection between cognitions and somatic symptoms that begin with physical changes that create catastrophic thoughts, which result in fear and more physiological changes. She is describing the beginning steps of the ____.

a.	classical conditioning loop	c.	positive feedback loop
b.	circular pattern of anxieties	d.	negative feedback loop

 

 

ANS:  C                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Phobias          OBJ:   2

MSC:  Applied

 

55. Research indicates a genetic, psychological, social, and sociocultural components in the development of phobias. This statement suggests that ____.

a.	the manifestations of phobias are complicated and thus poorly understood
b.	there can be multiple pathways involved in the development of phobias
c.	phobias develop from predispositions
d.	defective genes are transmitted to offspring resulting in phobias

 

 

ANS:  B                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Phobias          OBJ:   2

MSC:  Factual

 

56. Dr. Vannucci says, “Some individuals have high social anxiety and interpret others’ actions more negatively than other individuals; they overestimate the chances of unpleasant things happening generally. This is the background for developing a phobia.” Dr. Vannucci probably supports which perspective on phobias?

a.	classical conditioning	c.	operant conditioning
b.	cognitive-behavioral	d.	biological

 

 

ANS:  B                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Phobias          OBJ:   2

MSC:  Applied

 

57. The fact that some people fear using public restrooms and eating in public places diminishes the capacity for which explanation to account for all phobias?

a.	substitution	c.	classical conditioning
b.	preparedness	d.	modeling

 

 

ANS:  B                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Phobias          OBJ:   2

MSC:  Factual

 

58. Which of the following phobias would be the easiest to eliminate?

a.	fear of flying	c.	fear of meeting new people
b.	fear of public speaking	d.	prepared fears

 

 

ANS:  D                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Phobias          OBJ:   2

MSC:  Conceptual

 

59. What is a major drawback when using benzodiazepines to treat phobias?

a.	Symptoms often recur when the patient stops taking the medication.
b.	Drugs don’t work for a large percentage of patients with anxiety disorders.
c.	It is difficult to find the exact medication to treat each patient effectively.
d.	Most medications are too expensive to be taken on a regular basis.

 

 

ANS:  A                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Phobias          OBJ:   2

MSC:  Factual

 

60. Julie suffers from agoraphobia. Her therapist urges her to take longer and longer walks outside the home with the therapist. What kind of therapy is Julie receiving?

a.	cognitive restructuring	c.	systematic desensitization
b.	exposure therapy	d.	substitution therapy

 

 

ANS:  B                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Phobias          OBJ:   2

MSC:  Applied

 

61. Ahmad has a specific phobia about elevators. His therapist teaches him how to relax and then has him relax when he is in a building with elevators. Then he practices being relaxed when pushing an elevator button and finally when taking an elevator ride. What kind of therapy did Ahmad experience?

a.	systematic desensitization	c.	cognitive graduated exposure
b.	modeling	d.	flooding

 

 

ANS:  A                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Phobias          OBJ:   2

MSC:  Applied

 

62. Dr. Duran is a cognitive-behavioral therapist. When treating patients with anxiety disorders, he is most likely to focus on ____.

a.	the interaction between their genetic predisposition and the support they received from their families
b.	the medical aspects of their disorder.
c.	how their thoughts influence their experiences of anxiety
d.	the relationship they have with their parents currently and in the past.

 

 

ANS:  C                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Phobias          OBJ:   2

MSC:  Applied

 

63. Sue screams for her husband every time she sees a spider or a spider web. Even if the spider is dead, she starts to shake and becomes terrified. Several times she has called her husband at work and demanded that he come home to deal with the spider. Finally she sees a therapist. Over several sessions, she views videos of people picking up spiders, then watches her therapist pick up a plastic spider in the office, then a real spider. Finally, Sue is able to pick up a spider herself and put it outside. The therapy described is ____.

a.	flooding	c.	systematic desensitization
b.	modeling	d.	exposure

 

 

ANS:  B                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Phobias          OBJ:   2

MSC:  Applied

 

64. Melissa’s therapist encourages her to interpret her emotional and physical tension as “normal anxiety” and to redirect her attention from herself to others in social situations. The therapist is using which behavioral treatment?

a.	exposure therapy	c.	modeling
b.	systematic desensitization	d.	cognitive restructuring

 

 

ANS:  D                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Phobias          OBJ:   2

MSC:  Applied

 

 

65. Sam has persistent and distressing thoughts of germs; he cannot eat without washing his hands three times before and three times after every meal. Although his hands are raw from the washings, he is overwhelmed with anxiety if he doesn’t wash this way. Sam’s problems illustrate ____.

a.	posttraumatic stress disorder	c.	agoraphobia
b.	obsessive-compulsive disorder	d.	generalized anxiety disorder

 

 

ANS:  B                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

OBJ:   5                    MSC:  Applied

 

66. Jack has been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder. He has persistent thoughts that are upsetting and engages in ritualistic actions to reduce anxiety. He feels that he has control over his thoughts and actions but chooses not to stop them. What aspect of Jack’s case is unusual?

a.	It is unusual for obsessive-compulsives to feel they have control over their thoughts and actions.
b.	It is unusual for obsessive-compulsives to have upsetting thoughts.
c.	It is unusual for obsessive-compulsives to engage in ritualistic actions.
d.	It is unusual for obsessive-compulsives to be male.

 

 

ANS:  A                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

OBJ:   5                    MSC:  Applied

 

67. Barbara was told by her psychiatrist that she is being treated with the “medication of choice” for her generalized anxiety disorder. She is not sure what drug she is taking, but she knows it works. It is a good bet that the drug is ____.

a.	an antipsychotic	c.	a tricyclic or SSRI antidepressant
b.	a benzodiazepine	d.	lithium carbonate

 

 

ANS:  C                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Generalized Anxiety Disorder

OBJ:   4                    MSC:  Applied

 

68. For days after visiting Disneyland, the words and tune for “It’s a Small World” kept invading Jessica’s thoughts. She could not get them out of her head. Jessica’s experience would be similar to the ____.

a.	obsessions seen in obsessive-compulsive disorder
b.	fear seen in generalized anxiety disorder
c.	compulsions seen in obsessive-compulsive disorder
d.	avoidance seen in social phobias

 

 

ANS:  A                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

OBJ:   5                    MSC:  Conceptual

 

69. As Sheldon learns about obsessive-compulsive disorder he is likely to learn that ____.

a.	it is an extremely rare disorder
b.	it may be under diagnosed
c.	it is one of the most common anxiety disorders
d.	it is most common among middle-aged married people.

 

 

ANS:  B                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

OBJ:   5                    MSC:  Conceptual

 

70. Angel is worried that her intrusive, unacceptable thoughts are signs of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Research would tell her that ____.

a.	unless the thoughts are bizarre, she does not have the disorder
b.	she probably has the disorder because it is defined by intrusive thoughts
c.	she cannot have the disorder unless she engages in compulsive behaviors
d.	such thoughts are common and unless they cause her discomfort or are uncontrollable

 

 

ANS:  D                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

OBJ:   5                    MSC:  Applied

 

71. GAD is most likely to occur among which group?

a.	married white males
b.	Asian females with higher socioeconomic status
c.	African American females living in poverty
d.	white males working in jobs they hate

 

 

ANS:  C                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Generalized Anxiety Disorder

OBJ:   4                    MSC:  Factual

 

72. Which of the following statements is a cognitive characteristic of individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder?

a.	“I have to be absolutely certain that I turned off the computer.”
b.	“Thinking about throwing little Timmy under the bus isn’t as bad as actually doing it.”
c.	“If I just find a way to relax, then everything will be okay.”
d.	“My thoughts are always rational.”

 

 

ANS:  A                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

OBJ:   5                    MSC:  Conceptual

 

73. Cognitive-behaviorists would say that obsessive-compulsives repeat behaviors in order to ____.

a.	reduce anxiety	c.	establish certainty
b.	eliminate threats in the environment	d.	stop adverse events from happening

 

 

ANS:  A                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

OBJ:   5                    MSC:  Factual

 

74. Cheryl spends four hours every day in the shower, scrubbing her skin raw with a loofa brush, fearing that she is contaminated with urine or feces. She sees a cognitive-behavioral therapist for treatment. The cognitive-behavioral therapist is most likely to write which of the following notes about Cheryl’s case?

a.	“Guarding against own unacceptable urges; uses reaction formation as a general defense.”
b.	“Engages in superstitious behavior; probably associating handwashing with some previous situation where it led to reinforcement.”
c.	“Neurotransmitters not functioning properly; needs medication.”
d.	“Consciously uses distracting thoughts to reduce anxiety over cleanliness.”

 

 

ANS:  D                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

OBJ:   5                    MSC:  Applied

 

75. Which of the following is a symptom of obsessive-compulsive disorder?

a.	attempts are made to suppress the thoughts or behaviors
b.	thoughts or behaviors are identified by the individual as reasonable and justifiable
c.	preoccupation with imagined defects in appearance
d.	recurrent picking resulting in lesions

 

 

ANS:  A                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

OBJ:   5                    MSC:  Factual

 

76. A psychologist who supports a cognitive-behavioral approach would be likely to say which of the following when explaining the cause of obsessive-compulsive disorder?

a.	“Excessive use of defense mechanisms helps the person redirect his or her unacceptable impulses into more acceptable behaviors.”
b.	“Thoughts and actions that reduce anxiety are done repetitively.”
c.	“Some individuals’ personalities need high levels of autonomic nervous system arousal, and repetitive thoughts and behaviors satisfy that need.”
d.	“Certain thoughts and actions are the result of abnormal activity in particular brain centers.”

 

 

ANS:  B                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

OBJ:   5                    MSC:  Conceptual

 

77. Before Hannah can leave the house she must turn all four gas burners on her stove on and off 24 times, each in sequence. She performs this ritual because she does not trust her memory and fears she can’t be sure the burners are actually off unless she does this. Hannah is demonstrating which cognitive characteristic of OCD?

a.	probability bias	c.	morality bias
b.	disconfirmatory bias	d.	confirmatory bias

 

 

ANS:  B                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

OBJ:   5                    MSC:  Applied

 

78. Wanda is obsessed with the thought of strangling her daughter. Even though she has never done this, she believes her thoughts are as bad as if she actually carried out the act (which she says she does not want to do). This demonstrates which cognitive characteristic of OCD?

a.	morality bias	c.	disconfirmatory bias
b.	probability bias	d.	lack of confidence bias

 

 

ANS:  A                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

OBJ:   5                    MSC:  Applied

 

79. V.J. suffers from obsessive-compulsive disorder. According to the biological perspective, he is likely to show ____.

a.	preparedness in the objects he uses for compulsive behavior
b.	abnormally low levels of metabolism in the locus ceruleus
c.	an excess of the neurotransmitter serotonin
d.	increased metabolic activity in the frontal lobe of the left hemisphere

 

 

ANS:  D                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

OBJ:   5                    MSC:  Applied

 

 

80. Drugs that most successfully treat obsessive-compulsive disorder raise the level of which neurotransmitter in the brain?

a.	acetylcholine	c.	serotonin
b.	dopamine	d.	norepinephrine

 

 

ANS:  C                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

OBJ:   5                    MSC:  Factual

 

81. Biological research with patients who have OCD indicates that ____.

a.	the primary area of the brain that is affected is the limbic system
b.	OCD is an etiologically diverse condition, as made clear by the fact that certain symptoms show different responses to treatment
c.	patients respond extremely well to medications, gaining full symptom relief while on them
d.	genetic factors play little, if any, role in this disorder

 

 

ANS:  B                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

OBJ:   5                    MSC:  Factual

 

82. Judy is in therapy for her compulsive handwashing. Her therapist conjures up several images of filthy clothes and digging in dirt. Judy gets the feeling of being “contaminated” but is not allowed to resort to the usual ritual of handwashing. This therapy is called ____.

a.	desensitization and relapse prevention	c.	systematic desensitization
b.	exposure with response prevention	d.	cognitive restructuring

 

 

ANS:  B                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

OBJ:   5                    MSC:  Applied

 

83. Aisha is plagued with obsessions about shouting out obscenities in public. She does not go to church because she is afraid her thoughts will increase the chances that she will shout obscenities at the preacher when he delivers his sermon. What cognitive characteristic is she demonstrating?

a.	morality bias	c.	confirmatory bias
b.	disconfirmatory bias	d.	probability bias

 

 

ANS:  D                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

OBJ:   5                    MSC:  Applied

 

84. Which of the following individuals has the highest risk for developing OCD?

a.	Samantha, a 45-year-old married woman who hates her job
b.	Sam, a 45-year-old married man who hates his job
c.	Dylan, a 20-year-old married man who is unemployed
d.	Darren, a 20-year-old divorced man who is unemployed

 

 

ANS:  D                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

OBJ:   5                    MSC:  Conceptual

 

85. When her boyfriend asks her about today’s therapy session, Jamie responds, “It wasn’t very fun. My therapist had me sit right next to her trash can, which was brimming full of garbage and half-eaten food. I could almost see the germs jumping right out at me. Now she wants me to touch something I think is contaminated at least once a day every day this week.” Jamie is probably suffering from ____ and is being treated using ____.

a.	a specific phobia; exposure
b.	obsessive-compulsive disorder; exposure
c.	a specific phobia; systematic rational restructuring
d.	obsessive-compulsive disorder; systematic rational restructuring

 

 

ANS:  B                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

OBJ:   5                    MSC:  Applied

 

86. How do cultural dimensions affect the expression of obsessive-compulsive disorder?

a.	Ethnic minorities have been underrepresented in obsessive-compulsive disorder research and symptoms may not be picked up by the current diagnostic system.
b.	The prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder is consistent across cultures.
c.	Onset of obsessive-compulsive disorder occurs more commonly in older adults than in adolescents.
d.	European Americans are less likely to receive an obsessive-compulsive disorder diagnosis than African Americans and Hispanic Americans.

 

 

ANS:  A                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

OBJ:   5                    MSC:  Factual

 

87. Sharlisa suffers from OCD. What is the first step her therapist will take with her when using exposure therapy with response prevention?

a.	education about OCD and the rationale for the treatment
b.	development of an exposure hierarchy
c.	exposure to the fearful situations
d.	flooding

 

 

ANS:  A                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

OBJ:   5                    MSC:  Applied

 

88. Dr. Stanley is a behavioral therapist. We would therefore expect that he attributes the maintenance of obsessive-compulsive behaviors to ____.

a.	unconscious feelings of guilt	c.	social factors
b.	a chemical imbalance	d.	their ability to reduce anxiety

 

 

ANS:  D                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

OBJ:   5                    MSC:  Applied

 

89. David has been diagnosed with OCD. It is likely that David ____.

a.	is overconfident about the accuracy of his memory and judgment
b.	has no problems with his memory or his judgment
c.	does not trust his memory or his judgment
d.	trusts his memory, but not his judgment

 

 

ANS:  C                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

OBJ:   5                    MSC:  Applied

 

90. Dr. Chan successfully treats his clients for obsessive compulsive disorders. For many of his clients, he is likely to prescribe which medication?

a.	fluoxetine	c.	lithium carbonate
b.	benzodiazepine	d.	lorazepam

 

 

ANS:  A                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

OBJ:   5                    MSC:  Factual

 

91. When Annette drives on the freeway around Los Angeles, she often experiences so much anxiety that she begins to panic and has to get off and take surface streets instead. While this happens often, it does not happen all the time. This suggests that Annette experiences which type of panic attack?

a.	situationally bound	c.	unexpected
b.	situationally predisposed	d.	uncued

 

 

ANS:  B                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Panic Disorder

OBJ:   3                    MSC:  Applied

 

92. What do neuroimaging techniques show when comparing the effects of medication on anxiety with the effects of psychotherapy?

a.	Medication appears to normalize anxiety circuits in the brain, and psychotherapy has little if any effect.
b.	Psychotherapy appears to normalize anxiety circuits in the brain, and medication has little if any effect.
c.	Psychotherapies produce neurobiological changes similar to those seen with medications.
d.	Neither medications nor psychotherapies appear to have much effect on anxiety circuits in the brain.

 

 

ANS:  C                    PTS:   1

REF:   Understanding Anxiety Disorders from a Multipath Perspective

OBJ:   1                    MSC:  Factual

 

93. Which neurotransmitter appears to have the greatest influence on mood and anxiety disorders?

a.	serotonin	c.	GABA
b.	dopamine	d.	acetylcholine

 

 

ANS:  A                    PTS:   1

REF:   Understanding Anxiety Disorders from a Multipath Perspective

OBJ:   1                    MSC:  Factual

 

94. Research with young monkeys demonstrates that ____ can reduce vulnerability to developing anxiety disorders.

a.	being comforted	c.	a sense of control
b.	receiving adequate nourishment	d.	genetic inheritance

 

 

ANS:  C                    PTS:   1

REF:   Understanding Anxiety Disorders from a Multipath Perspective

OBJ:   1                    MSC:  Factual

 

95. Research by Bourne, Watts, Gordon, and Figueroa-Garcia (2006) found that after Hurricane Katrina anxiety was heightened for people of color because of their belief that ____.

a.	they lacked social support
b.	they were being punished by God for sins they had committed
c.	the inadequate response of the federal government to respond was due to race and class bias
d.	their community would never be reborn

 

 

ANS:  C                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

OBJ:   1                    MSC:  Factual

 

96. One reason argued by Nolen-Hoeksema (2004) that women are more likely than men to be diagnosed with an emotional disorder is due to ____.

a.	women’s biological predispositions
b.	women’s lack of power and status
c.	differences in brain structures between men and women
d.	women’s physiological makeup

 

 

ANS:  B                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

OBJ:   1                    MSC:  Factual

 

97. Xenophobia is the fear of ____.

a.	strong women	c.	strangers
b.	extraterrestrials	d.	xylophones

 

 

ANS:  C                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Phobias          OBJ:   2

MSC:  Factual

 

98. Eduardo was rushed to the emergency room with symptoms of chest pains, breathlessness, sweating, choking, nausea, and heart palpitations. He believed he was having a heart attack. After a thorough examination, he was told that physically he was fine. However, he was apparently suffering from ____.

a.	OCD	c.	acute stress disorder
b.	GAD	d.	a panic attack

 

 

ANS:  D                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Panic Disorder

OBJ:   3                    MSC:  Applied

 

99. Currently, SSRIs are considered a better option than tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) for treating panic disorder because ____.

a.	SSRIs are more effective	c.	TCAs have more side effects
b.	TCAs are more expensive	d.	TCAs have a higher relapse rate

 

 

ANS:  C                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Panic Disorder

OBJ:   3                    MSC:  Factual

 

100. For both medication and cognitive behavioral therapies, a critical factor for successful treatment of panic disorder is ____.

a.	keeping the patient calm
b.	providing the patient with information about the disorder
c.	teaching the patient ways to relax
d.	assuring the patient that nothing is wrong

 

 

ANS:  B                    PTS:   1                    REF:   Panic Disorder

OBJ:   3                    MSC:  Factual

 

ESSAY

 

1. Phobic disorders are frequently grouped into three different categories. List these three categories (categories, not individual phobias such as “fear of heights”), and provide a description of the characteristics associated with each. Discuss briefly behavioral theories that explain how phobic disorders may be acquired.

 

ANS:

The three different phobic disorders are specific phobia, social phobia, and agoraphobia. Specific phobia is the unrealistic and excessive fear of a specific animal, object, or situation. Common examples include fear of needles, flying, elevators, bugs, dentists, and snakes. An individual with a specific phobia experiences anticipatory anxiety when aware of an impending situation that may force a confrontation with the feared object. When the individual is actually exposed to the feared object, there is almost always an intense and immediate anxiety response. Social phobia is persistent fear of being in a social situation in which one is exposed to scrutiny by others and a related fear of acting in a way that will be humiliating or embarrassing or where social disapproval may occur. Examples of social phobias include irrational reactions to eating in public places, using public restrooms, public speaking, or attending social gatherings. Like the specific phobic, the social phobic experiences marked anxiety when anticipating the phobic situation and thus usually avoids such situations that interfere with his or her daily functioning. Agoraphobia is a marked fear of being alone or of being in public places where escape is difficult or where help is not readily available in the event of a panic attack. Often individuals with agoraphobia experience intense fear in shopping malls, in crowds, or in tunnels, bridges, or public vehicles. The primary characteristic of agoraphobia is severe phobic anxiety and phobic avoidance of the feared situation. Many agoraphobic individuals are housebound as a result of their avoidance and only venture forth when accompanied by a close and trusted companion.

 

Behavioral theories may be used to explain the acquisition and maintenance of phobic behaviors. Specifically, classical conditioning may explain the acquisition of phobias through association. Observational learning theory also may explain the development of phobic behavior through exposure to the fear responses exhibited by others. According to the negative information perspective, fears are acquired from sources such as the media that present negative information about objects, situations, or groups, suggesting that they should be feared. The cognitive-behavioral perspective attributes fears to cognitive distortions and catastrophic thinking.

 

PTS:   1

 

2. Compare and contrast the conditioning, observational learning, and cognitive theories of the development of phobias.

 

ANS:

The first behavioral explanation for phobias was supplied by Watson and emphasized classical conditioning. If a formerly neutral (conditioned) stimulus is paired with a conditioned stimulus that elicits fear, the conditioned stimulus will, in time, have the capacity to elicit fear itself. As in the Watson’s Little Albert experiment, the sight of white fur was paired with a loud noise and came to produce crying on its own. Research has found that emotional distress can be conditioned in this way. Furthermore, increasing evidence indicates that emotional reactions can be conditioned through enhanced activation of the fear network involving the amygdala and the medial frontal cortex. However, conditioning can be limited by preparedness—the fact that some stimulus associations are more easily made than others. Therefore, biological predisposition may make the development of some phobias (machinery, for instance) less likely than others (small animals).

 

Observational learning agrees with the conditioning approach that phobias stem from experiences in the world and stimulus-response connections. However, observational learning argues that fears can be learned through indirect rather than direct conditioning. Experimental research suggests that fears can be learned this way, and neuroimaging research indicates an activation of the amygdala when participants observed a fear conditioning experiment.

 

An even more indirect way of developing phobias is to have a fear-inducing way of thinking. Some researchers argue that people with phobias have negative thoughts and develop fears when they “listen to themselves.” Fears are dramatically reduced when such negative thoughts are challenged and removed.

 

It is possible that these three factors interact to explain many phobias. Whether by direct or indirect conditioning, people develop a fear response to specific stimuli. Those who are most vulnerable to such conditioning may have a predisposing tendency to think fearful and negative thoughts. Alternatively, once they have experienced a conditioning episode, those who adopt such negative thoughts make themselves more fearful and responsive to any further conditioning experiences.

 

PTS:   1

 

3. Contrast the medical and cognitive forms of therapy for panic disorder, being sure to address the issue of internal factors and self-efficacy. Which treatments are most effective in the long run?

 

ANS:

Both medication and cognitive-behavioral therapies have been effective in treating panic disorder.Medical treatments include a number of different classes of medications. Antidepressants (tricyclic antidepressants and SSRIs) have shown to be more effective than benzodiazepines. However, tricyclic antidepressants have more side effects than SSRIs, and benzodiazepines have the particular drawback of being addictive. Overall, it takes approximately four to eight weeks for medications to become fully effects. Relapse rates after drug therapy cessation are high, especially among individuals who believe that the remission of symptoms was due to the medication.

 

Cognitive-behavioral treatments (CBT) have been successful in treating panic disorder. Several studies indicate up to 80 percent or more of those treated with CBT for panic disorder achieved and maintained panic-free status. CBT involves the extinction of fear associated with both internal bodily sensations and environmental situations associated with fear. The CBT sessions involve specific steps including: learning about the disorder, challenging catastrophic and irrational thinking and considering alternative explanations for their bodily sensations, exposure to feared situations, relaxation training, teaching coping statements, identifying the antecedents and triggers of the panic, and understanding what the disorder means in the patient’s life.

 

Research in this domain conducted by Bakker et al. and by Biondi et al. focused on the enhancement of cognitive patients’ self-efficacy. In these studies, individuals learned that their recovery and ability to manage their anxiety were under their own control. The cognitive-behavioral therapies moved the patients to a belief that their success was due to internal, not external, factors. Individuals who believed or came to believe that success was up to them were significantly more likely to reduce anxiety symptoms than those who attributed their improvements to external factors (such as medication).

 

PTS:   1