Gateways to Psychology An Introduction to Mind & Behavior, International Edition 13th Edition by Dennis Coon - Test Bank

Gateways to Psychology An Introduction to Mind & Behavior, International Edition 13th Edition by Dennis Coon – Test Bank

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Chapter 5a—Types Of Awareness

MULTIPLE CHOICE

A nun spending an entire week in silent prayer and contemplation, three businesswomen having wine at a wine bar, and an actor consulting a hypnotist to reduce stage fright are all

a.	experiencing the third-person experience.
b.	experiencing different states of consciousness.
c.	exhibiting unconscious drives for success.
d.	exhibiting narcissistic personalities.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: A Visit to Several States (of Consciousness) OBJ: 5.1.1

KEY: Application MSC: * (New Question)

To be conscious means

a.	that one is awake.
b.	that one is aware.
c.	that one is completely alert.
d.	none of these.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: States of Consciousness-The Many Faces of Awareness OBJ: 5.1.1

KEY: Fact

Consciousness consists of all of the following EXCEPT

a.	sensations and perceptions.
b.	altered states (ASCs).
c.	memories and feelings.
d.	artificial intelligence (AI).

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: States of Consciousness-The Many Faces of Awareness OBJ: 5.1.1

KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question)

Which of the following consists of all the sensations, perceptions, memories, and feelings you are aware of at any instant?

a.	alertness
b.	personality
c.	consciousness
d.	intelligence

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: States of Consciousness-The Many Faces of Awareness OBJ: 5.1.1

KEY: Fact

We cannot know the first-person experience of

a.	lower animals, like bats or cats.
b.	primates other than humans.
c.	other humans.
d.	any of these organisms.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: States of Consciousness-The Many Faces of Awareness OBJ: 5.1.1

KEY: Concept

Regarding the first-person experience, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	We can learn a lot about humans and other animals through an objective, third-person point of view.
b.	We cannot directly know the first-person experience of animals.
c.	We cannot know the first-person experience of other persons.
d.	The difficulty of knowing other minds is why introspection replaced behaviorism early in psychology’s history.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: States of Consciousness-The Many Faces of Awareness OBJ: 5.1.1

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

The difficulty of knowing other minds is why the technique of introspection was replaced with more objective measures by the early

a.	psychoanalysts.
b.	behaviorists.
c.	humanists.
d.	structuralists.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: States of Consciousness-The Many Faces of Awareness OBJ: 5.1.1

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Because the mind and consciousness are fundamentally first-person phenomena, the basic challenge of understanding the brain and behavior is to use __________ studies.

a.	intuitive
b.	subjective
c.	objective
d.	parapsychology

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: States of Consciousness-The Many Faces of Awareness OBJ: 5.1.1

KEY: Fact

We spend most of our lives in a state of consciousnes that is organized, meaningful, and clear and is referred to as

a.	a state of ASCs.
b.	waking consciousness.
c.	an altered state of consciousness.
d.	microsleeps.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: States of Consciousness-The Many Faces of Awareness OBJ: 5.1.2

KEY: Fact

When a person is in a state of clear, organized alertness and perceives times, places, and events as real, meaningful, and familiar, he or she is said to be

a.	in waking consciousness.
b.	experiencing a state similar to non-REM.
c.	experiencing sensory overload.
d.	in an altered state of consciousness.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: States of Consciousness-The Many Faces of Awareness OBJ: 5.1.2

KEY: Concept

Long-distance running, listening to music, sleep, and daydreaming are just some of the everyday ways to produce

a.	preconsciousness.
b.	altered states of consciousness.
c.	sensory enhancement.
d.	simulated information processing.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: States of Consciousness-The Many Faces of Awareness OBJ: 5.1.2

KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question)

The low levels of awareness associated with strokes and other forms of brain damage are examples of

a.	preconsciousness.
b.	altered states of consciousness.
c.	sensory gating.
d.	simulated states of consciousness.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: States of Consciousness-The Many Faces of Awareness OBJ: 5.1.2

KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question)

During an altered state of consciousness, changes occur in the quality of mental activity as well as in which other aspect of mental activity?

a.	assimilation
b.	length
c.	pattern
d.	sensory gating

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: States of Consciousness-The Many Faces of Awareness OBJ: 5.1.2

KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question)

Psychologists identify marked changes in both the quality and pattern of mental functioning as

a.	preconsciousness.
b.	simulated information processing.
c.	altered states of consciousness.
d.	sensory enhancement.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: States of Consciousness-The Many Faces of Awareness OBJ: 5.1.2

KEY: Fact

Regarding altered states of consciousness (ASC), which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	During an altered state of consciousness, there are distinct shifts in our memories, time sense, emotions, and suggestibility.
b.	“Highway hypnotism” on long drives is an example of an altered state.
c.	Most people do not know when they have experienced an altered state of consciousness.
d.	Heightened self-awareness is an important feature of many ASCs.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: States of Consciousness-The Many Faces of Awareness OBJ: 5.1.2

KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question)

An important feature of many altered states of consciousness (ASCs) is

a.	a clarity of waking consciousness.
b.	heightened self-awareness.
c.	cataplexy.
d.	amnesia for the period of time that one is in this state.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: States of Consciousness-The Many Faces of Awareness OBJ: 5.1.2

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

One thing that cocaine, “highway hypnosis,” high fever, and meditation all have in common is that they produce

a.	hypnagogic images.
b.	relaxation.
c.	euphoria.
d.	ASCs.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: States of Consciousness-The Many Faces of Awareness OBJ: 5.1.2

KEY: Concept

Regarding altered states of consciousness (ASCs), which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	An unconscious person will die without constant care.
b.	Recently, scientists have been able to explain specifically how consciousness occurs.
c.	Most people do know when they have experienced an altered state of consciousness.
d.	It is possible to identify various states of consciousness and to explore the role they play in our lives.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: States of Consciousness-The Many Faces of Awareness OBJ: 5.1.2

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

During which ritual do several men sit in total darkness inside a small chamber heated by coals and chant rhythmically?

a.	Sioux sweat lodge ceremony
b.	Hindu mystics yoga practices
c.	ceremonies of the Whirling Dervishes of Turkey
d.	nightlong ritual of the Maori Tohunga in New Zealand

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: States of Consciousness-The Many Faces of Awareness OBJ: 5.1.3

KEY: Fact

Which of the following statements does NOT describe the sweat lodge ceremony of the Sioux Indians?

a.	It is meant to cleanse the body and mind.
b.	It is performed in a dark coal-heated chamber.
c.	It often brings about an altered state of consciousness.
d.	It often causes a sensory overload that can lead to cataplexy.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: States of Consciousness-The Many Faces of Awareness OBJ: 5.1.3

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

What do the Yoga practices of Hindu mystics, the dances of the Whirling Dervishes of Turkey, and the sweat lodge ceremony of the Sioux Indians all have in common?

a.	They are used as a rite of passage for the young men in each culture.
b.	They are all meant to cleanse the mind and body and bring about altered awareness and personal revelation.
c.	They are all considered illegal practices in most Western cultures.
d.	They have all of these in common.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: States of Consciousness-The Many Faces of Awareness OBJ: 5.1.3

KEY: Fact

Regarding altered states of consciousness, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Cultural conditioning affects what altered states we seek and attain.
b.	The meanings given to altered states have included signs of madness, spirit possession, and life-enhancing breakthroughs.
c.	Very few cultures or religions recognize and accept alterations of consciousness.
d.	Some people seek various altered states of pleasure, while others see altered states of consciousness as pathways to enlightenment.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: States of Consciousness-The Many Faces of Awareness OBJ: 5.1.3

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Each of us will spend approximately how many years of life asleep?

a.	five
b.	15
c.	20
d.	25

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.1 KEY: Fact

Regarding the state of sleep in humans, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	We are totally unresponsive while asleep.
b.	We can perform very simple tasks while asleep.
c.	We cannot learn complex skills while asleep.
d.	We can respond to familiar sounds and words, such as our names, while asleep.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.1 KEY: Concept

Regarding sleep, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	A good sleep helps people to remember what they learned the day before.
b.	Some people can learn very complex tasks while asleep, such as learning a foreign language.
c.	You are more likely to awaken if you hear your own name spoken instead of another name.
d.	Humans will spend approximately 25 years of their life asleep.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.1 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question)

Which of the following could you learn to do in your sleep?

a.	math
b.	foreign language
c.	touch a switch on cue
d.	dream analysis

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.1 KEY: Application

Regarding sleep, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Humans are unable to respond to environmental cues when asleep since sleep involves a complete loss of consciousness.
b.	Not all animals sleep.
c.	Dolphins are able to voluntarily breathe air and sleep without drowning by sleeping on just one side of the brain at a time.
d.	Sleep is an innate biological rhythm.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.1 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Dolphins are able to sleep without drowning because they

a.	have gills, like fish do.
b.	have a special opening that allows air in but not water.
c.	sleep on just one side of their brain at a time.
d.	inflate their bodies before sleep, which maintains them floating upright so they can breathe without taking in any water.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.1 KEY: Fact

Sleep is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT for

a.	being an innate biological rhythm.
b.	being necessary for life in humans.
c.	giving way temporarily in times of great danger.
d.	being a total loss of consciousness.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.1 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question)

Any repeating cycle of biological activity, such as sleep and waking cycles or changes in body temperature, is known as a(n)

a.	ASC.
b.	biological rhythm.
c.	condensation.
d.	REM rebound.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.1 KEY: Fact

A rare disease that prevents sleep

a.	often causes the person to develop manic-depression.
b.	usually occurs in two-week intervals.
c.	usually occurs in combination with Alzheimer’s disease.
d.	always ends with stupor, coma, and death.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.2 KEY: Concept

Being prevented from getting desired or needed amounts of sleep is known as

a.	hypersomnia.
b.	insomnia.
c.	sleep deprivation.
d.	sleep apnea.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.2 KEY: Fact

Regarding people who have experienced extreme sleep deprivation, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Randy Gardner at age 17 holds the official Guinness Book record for sleep deprivation.
b.	After Randy Gardner went 264 hours without sleep, he needed three days of sleep to get over this 11-day sleep loss.
c.	Sleep deprivation competitions are no longer recognized by the Guinness Book due to possible health risks.
d.	With few exceptions, most people after four or more days of sleep loss would show hypersomnia, slurred speech, and increased pain sensitivity.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.2 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Most symptoms of sleep deprivation

a.	are reversed by a single night’s rest.
b.	require a long period of bed rest for recovery.
c.	are irreversible.
d.	can be prevented by consuming caffeine.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.2 KEY: Concept

After prolonged sleep deprivation, a person getting his or her first night of sleep will

a.	have difficulty sleeping.
b.	feel compelled to replace lost sleep by sleeping late for several days.
c.	find that most symptoms are reversed by a single night’s sleep.
d.	still feel badly for at least five days until the effect of sleep loss wears off.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.2 KEY: Concept

Sleep loss can cause all of the following EXCEPT for

a.	slurred speech and inability to name common objects.
b.	decreased pain sensitivity.
c.	inability to concentrate or remember clearly.
d.	trembling hands, irritability, and staring.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.2 KEY: Concept

After even a few hours of sleep loss, most people experience excessive daytime sleepiness known as

a.	hypersomnia.
b.	somnambulism.
c.	insomnia.
d.	sleep apnea.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.2 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Because 15-year-old Lisa stays up late texting her friends and then gets up early for school, she tends to be very sleepy in class, a condition common to teenagers known as

a.	insomnia.
b.	narcolepsy.
c.	hypersomnia.
d.	hypnopompic conditioning.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.2 KEY: Application MSC: * (New Question)

Rapid physical changes during puberty have what effect on the adolescent’s need for sleep?

a.	increases the adolescent’s need for sleep
b.	slightly decreases the adolescent’s need for sleep
c.	significantly decreases the sdolescent’s need for sleep
d.	has no effect on the adolescent’s need for sleep

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.2 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question)

Regarding teenagers and sleep, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Rapid physical changes during puberty decrease the adolescent’s need for sleep.
b.	The quality of sleep time tends to decrease during the teen years.
c.	Excessive daytime sleepiness is a common problem in adolescents.
d.	The quantity of sleep time tends to decrease during the teen years.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.2 KEY: Fact

During the teen years, the quality and quantity of sleep time tends to

a.	increase.
b.	decrease.
c.	become more stable.
d.	show no change from childhood.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.2 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

You are studying for a string of five finals in a row, and you haven’t slept in the last two days. You will probably

a.	have trouble paying attention and have drooping eyelids.
b.	have trouble doing interesting and complex mental tasks.
c.	have increased pain tolerance.
d.	exhibit all of these characteristics.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.2 KEY: Application MSC: * (New Question)

If you suffered a couple of days of sleep deprivation, which of the following would most likely occur?

a.	hallucinations and delusions
b.	loss of ability to pay attention and perform simple routine tasks
c.	loss of ability to do interesting and complex mental tasks
d.	decreased pain sensitivity

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.2 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question)

Which of the following is NOT a common reaction to a sleep loss of two days?

a.	trouble doing interesting and complex mental tasks.
b.	trouble doing simple or boring routines
c.	increased pain sensitivity
d.	more susceptible to microsleeps

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.2|5.2.3 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

A momentary shift in brain wave activity to the pattern normally recorded during sleep is called

a.	REM sleep.
b.	NREM sleep.
c.	microsleep.
d.	waking sleep.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.3 KEY: Fact

Microsleep would most likely occur

a.	during Stage 3 sleep.
b.	just before one awakens in the morning.
c.	during sensory restriction treatment.
d.	due to sleep deprivation.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.3 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question)

Regarding sleep loss and microsleeps, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	If a task is monotonous, no amount of sleep loss is safe from the occurrence of microsleeps.
b.	A hundred thousand automobile crashses every year are caused by sleepiness.
c.	Even if your eyes are open, you can fall asleep for a few seconds.
d.	Lower animals, such as dogs, cats, and rats do not experience microsleep, only humans do.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.3 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Many automobile accidents are thought to occur during momentary shifts in brain activity called

a.	REM sleep.
b.	non-REM sleep.
c.	microsleep.
d.	sleep spindles.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.3 KEY: Application

You are struggling to stay awake while driving and realize that you may have “dozed off” for a few seconds. This shift in your brain activity is called

a.	a sleep spindle.
b.	a microsleep.
c.	somnambulism.
d.	a sensory deprivation.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.3 KEY: Application

Regarding the function of sleep and the effects of sleep loss, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Sleep helps keep the brain healthy by regulating its temperature, conserving energy, and aiding brain development and repair.
b.	Most people who have not slept for a day or two can still do interesting or complex mental tasks.
c.	Brief shifts in brain activity to the pattern normally recorded during sleep are called sleep apneas.
d.	Coffee can help sleepiness, but if one is struggling to stay awake while driving, it is best to stop and take a short nap.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.3|5.2.4 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Lowering body and brain activity and metabolism during sleep may help conserve energy and lengthen life, according to the __________ theory of sleep.

a.	activation-synthesis
b.	repair/restorative
c.	sensory gating
d.	neurocognitive

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.4 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

According to the repair/restorative theory, sleep does all of the following EXCEPT

a.	regulating the immune system.
b.	regulating body temperature.
c.	increasing metabolism.
d.	aiding in the development and repair of brain.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.4 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Regarding the repair/restorative theory of sleep, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Sleep helps keep the body and brain healthy by regulating its temperature and immune system.
b.	Lowering body and brain activity and metabolism during sleep may help conserve energy and lengthen life.
c.	If you lose just one hour of sleep a night, it can affect your mood, memory, ability to pay attention, and even your health.
d.	Biologically, sleep is considered a luxury, not a necessity.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.4 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

The symptoms of a temporary sleep-deprivation psychosis include

a.	sudden, irresistible, daytime sleep attacks.
b.	hallucinations, delusions, and disorientation.
c.	episodes of sleep walking and sleep talking.
d.	narcolepsy and/or cataplexy.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.5 KEY: Fact MSC: www

With extended periods of sleep deprivation (more than 60 hours), one would expect

a.	irreversible psychological damage.
b.	to experience hallucination, delusions, and disorientation.
c.	difficulty in getting to sleep.
d.	minor but lasting changes in mood and personality.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.5 KEY: Concept

Prolonged sleep loss can cause a major disruption of mental and emotional functioning characterized by hallucinations, delusions, and confusion called temporary

a.	sleep apnea.
b.	chronic insomnia.
c.	sleep deprivation psychosis.
d.	narcolepsy.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.5 KEY: Fact

Concerning temporary sleep deprivation psychosis, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Going without sleep for even 24 hours can lead to temporary sleep-deprivation psychosis.
b.	If you go without sleep for 32 hours, it usually only takes one good night of sleep (8 to 14 hours) to erase the effects.
c.	Hallucinations and delusions rarely appear before 60 hours of wakefulness.
d.	Temporary sleep-deprivation psychosis involves a temporary loss of contact with reality.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.5 KEY: Fact

Under pressure to meet a deadline, a truck driver has just gone three days without sleep. In the last twelve hours, he has begun to experience sensations of movement in stationary objects. He apparently has

a.	damaged the retinas of his eyes due to eye strain.
b.	undergone a change in muscle tension affection his kinesthetic sense.
c.	reached the first stages of sleep-deprivation psychosis.
d.	upset the vestibular system through excessive exposure to road vibration.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.5 KEY: Application

One’s natural sleep need

a.	changes with one’s mood and physical activity.
b.	is indicated when one can wake without an alarm clock and feel rested.
c.	is really nine hours for all adults.
d.	is really six hours for all adults.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.6 KEY: Concept

If you are sleeping fewer hours than your natural sleep need, then you

a.	are at risk for developing chronic sleep deprivation psychosis.
b.	have trained yourself to be a short sleeper.
c.	are building a sleep debt.
d.	most likely have chronic insomnia that needs to be treated.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.6 KEY: Concept

Which of the following best describes the stability of sleep cycles?

a.	They are innate so they cannot be modified.
b.	They are innate but can be modified somewhat.
c.	They are entirely learned, but once set are difficult to modify.
d.	They are entirely learned and therefore easily modified.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.6 KEY: Concept

Making the sleep-waking cycles shorter is not recommended because sleep

a.	cycles cannot be altered by external factors.
b.	is an innate biological rhythm.
c.	is set by a number of unchanging external markers.
d.	must match a three to one ratio of time awake and time asleep.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.6|5.2.7 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question)

Sleep is sometimes referred to as “a gentle tyrant” because

a.	it is an innate biological rhythm that can be modified only slightly.
b.	sleep patterns are innate and cannot be changed.
c.	sleep patterns vary from culture to culture.
d.	one requires more and more sleep as they age.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.6|5.2.7 KEY: Concept

The ordering and duration of daily sleep and waking periods are known as

a.	meridian rhythms.
b.	sleep patterns.
c.	REM cycles.
d.	sleep stages.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.7 KEY: Fact

The rhythms of sleep and waking

a.	coincide with cycles of the moon.
b.	are considerably shorter than 24 hours.
c.	are a little over 24 hours long.
d.	average around 36 hours.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.7 KEY: Fact

Our sleep rhythms tend to follow an exact 24-hour day because

a.	the time of peak activity is invariant from person to person.
b.	they are tied to external time markers like light and dark.
c.	they have adapted to technological improvements made in the last century.
d.	everyone needs at least eight hours of sleep every night.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.7 KEY: Concept

Which of the following is an external marker that helps us set up 24-hour sleep rhythms?

a.	hunger
b.	physical activity
c.	light and darkness
d.	lunar patterns

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.7 KEY: Fact

If external time markers, such as clocks or light and darkness, are removed, the human sleep-wake cycle will

a.	become slightly shorter.
b.	become slightly longer.
c.	remain exactly the same.
d.	be unpredictable.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.7 KEY: Concept

When a person is shut off from the world, such that he or she cannot even tell what time it is by light or dark for several days, this person’s sleep-waking cycle will

a.	stay exactly as it was since this cycle is innate and cannot be modified.
b.	shorten to an average of about 20 hours.
c.	lengthen to almost 25 hours.
d.	become completely disrupted.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.7 KEY: Application

Regarding sleep patterns, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Short sleepers average five hours or less of sleep per night, while long sleepers sleep nine hours or more.
b.	A few rare individuals can get by on an hour or two of sleep a night and feel perfectly fine.
c.	Infants spend up to 20 hours a day sleeping, usually in two- to four-hour cycles.
d.	Those over the age of 50 average about nine hours of sleep a night.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.7 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

When you were in high school, you used to sleep 14 hours per night on the weekends. If you did this every night, you would be appropriately called a(n)

a.	lucid sleeper
b.	insomniac.
c.	short sleeper.
d.	long sleeper.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.7 KEY: Application

A middle-aged man tells his physician that he has always slept nine to ten hours a night and wonders if something is wrong with him. He should be

a.	urged to reduce his sleep time to six hours, which is normal for adults.
b.	urged to reduce his sleep time to eight hours, which is normal for adults.
c.	assured that this sleep pattern is within acceptable, normal limits.
d.	given medication to improve the quality of his sleep and thus reduce the amount of time he spends in sleep.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.7 KEY: Application

How many hours of sleep do the majority of adults get per night?

a.	five hours
b.	seven to eight hours
c.	ten hours
d.	twelve hours

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.7 KEY: Fact

Compared to young adults, adults over 50 get

a.	more sleep.
b.	less sleep.
c.	about the same amount of sleep.
d.	a consistent average of eight hours of sleep per night rather than six or seven hours.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.7 KEY: Fact

How many hours of sleep do adults over the age of 50 average?

a.	four
b.	six
c.	eight
d.	ten

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.7 KEY: Fact

Throughout the lifespan, total sleep time

a.	decreases as we get older.
b.	increases as we get older.
c.	decreases then increases after age 50
d.	remains the same throughout life.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.7 KEY: Fact

Infants sleep

a.	in six to eight-hour blocks of time.
b.	12 hours a day.
c.	in two to four-hour blocks of time.
d.	in totally irregular patterns.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.7 KEY: Fact

For a newborn infant, one could expect total sleep time each day to approach

a.	24 hours.
b.	20 hours.
c.	12 hours.
d.	eight hours.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.7 KEY: Fact

Taking a midafternoon nap

a.	is indicative of a person with hypersomnia.
b.	are not really restful.
c.	can help people in occupations that require long periods of alertness.
d.	are only beneficial to the very young and the very old.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.7 KEY: Concept

Midafternoon sleepiness

a.	is a natural part of the sleep cycle.
b.	should not occur after infancy.
c.	is only common among the elderly.
d.	indicates that the person is getting poor quality of sleep at night.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.7 KEY: Concept

Most studies of sleep patterns show

a.	a consistent ratio of three to one between time awake and time asleep.
b.	that it is unhealthy for anyone to sleep less than six hours a day.
c.	that midafternoon sleepiness is a natural part of the wake-sleep cycle.
d.	that these sleep patterns are innate and unchangeable.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.7 KEY: Fact

A person on a cycle of three hours of sleep to six hours awake

a.	is exhibiting the natural sleep pattern.
b.	has adapted to a longer-than-normal sleep pattern.
c.	will have difficulty getting to sleep when the cycle calls for it.
d.	would be characterized by all of these.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.7 KEY: Concept

What is the natural sleep pattern ratio regarding time awake to time asleep?

a.	one to one
b.	two to one
c.	three to one
d.	undetermined

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.7 KEY: Fact

Regarding sleep patterns, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	One study showed that 28-hour “days” work for some people.
b.	Astronauts continue to sleep on their normal earth schedule while in space.
c.	The natural sleep pattern has a ratio of two to one between time awake and time asleep.
d.	Adapting to shorter-than-normal days is more promising than adapting to longer-than- normal days.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.7 KEY: Fact

Which of the following is the most important in the physiological control of sleep?

a.	brain circuits and brain chemicals
b.	the somatic nervous system
c.	external markers for sleep and wakefulness
d.	sleep-promoting substances in the blood stream

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Whether you are awake or asleep right now depends on

a.	the number of hours since one’s last intake of food.
b.	sleep-promoting substances in the blood stream.
c.	external markers for sleep and wakefulness.
d.	the balance between separate sleep and waking systems.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Regarding sleep, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

a.	Sleep is caused by the accumulation of chemicals in the blood.
b.	Whether one is awake or asleep depends on the balance between separate sleep and waking systems.
c.	The brain tends to “shut down” during sleep, with brain activity decreasing dramatically.
d.	All of these statements are true.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1

KEY: Concept

EEG records indicate that during sleep the brain

a.	increases its activity.
b.	changes its pattern of activity.
c.	shows only slow-wave activity.
d.	shuts down.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1

KEY: Fact

Sleep activity is usually measured using a(n)

a.	EEG.
b.	MRI.
c.	PET scanner.
d.	fetoscope.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1

KEY: Fact

In sleep labs, changes in tiny electrical signals generated by the brain are usually amplified and recorded with

a.	electroencephalography.
b.	magnetic resonance imaging.
c.	positron emission tomography.
d.	computed tomographic scanning.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

The pattern of EEG waves present when one is awake and alert is characterized by __________ waves.

a.	alpha
b.	beta
c.	delta
d.	theta

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1

KEY: Fact

Beta waves are characteristic in the EEG of a person who is

a.	dreaming.
b.	asleep but not dreaming.
c.	awake and alert.
d.	in Stage 2 sleep.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1

KEY: Fact

John’s EEG pattern as he reads his textbook indicates that he’s alert and awake. This means that his brain is generating __________ waves.

a.	alpha
b.	beta
c.	theta
d.	delta

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1

KEY: Application

The drowsiness one feels immediately before sleep would be characterized by somewhat larger and slower waves than when one was awake and alert. These slower waves are called __________ waves.

a.	alpha
b.	beta
c.	delta
d.	spindle

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1

KEY: Fact

Casey finds Dr. Madison’s psychology lecture to be boring and uninteresting. Gradually, his muscles relax and drowsiness occurs. This drowsy but wakeful state is associated with __________ brain waves.

a.	alpha
b.	beta
c.	theta
d.	delta

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1

KEY: Application

Relaxation exercises, recommended for stress management, produce a very relaxed, though still awake state, characterized by __________ waves.

a.	omega
b.	beta
c.	delta
d.	alpha

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1

KEY: Application

Levels of sleep identified by brain-wave patterns and behavioral changes are referred to as

a.	sleep stages.
b.	sleep rhythms.
c.	semi-conscious patterns.
d.	ASCs.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1

KEY: Fact

Which waves are characteristic of Stage 1 or light sleep?

a.	beta waves
b.	large regular waves with some sleep spindles
c.	small irregular waves with some alpha waves
d.	delta waves

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1

KEY: Fact

While you are watching TV, your mind begins to drift and you become increasingly drowsy. You know the television is on, but you cannot distinguish which program is on. Then, your friend says, “You’re asleep.” You quickly state, “No, I’m not,” but you really were. The sleep stage described would be

a.	REM sleep.
b.	Stage 1 of NREM sleep.
c.	Stage 2 of NREM sleep.
d.	Stage 3 of NREM sleep.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1

KEY: Application

As the muscles in your body relax during Stage 1 sleep, the reflex muscle contraction that may happen is called

a.	an autonomic cramp.
b.	a hypnic jerk.
c.	the restless leg syndrome.
d.	the hypnogogic image syndrome.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1

KEY: Fact

A hypnic jerk usually occurs during

a.	light sleep.
b.	deep sleep.
c.	episodes of hypersomnia.
d.	episodes of sleep apnea.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

You have gotten into bed, and your muscles begin to relax when you “jump” in this light sleep and awaken. You have most likely experienced

a.	cataplexy.
b.	a hypnogogic image episode.
c.	somnambulism.
d.	a hypnic jerk.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1

KEY: Application MSC: * (New Question)

Which of the following is a correct match?

a.	Stage 1 – delta waves
b.	Stage 2 – sleep spindles
c.	Stage 3 – beta waves
d.	Stage 4 – alpha waves

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1

KEY: Fact

Short bursts of brain activity in Stage 2 sleep are called

a.	delta waves.
b.	recurrent beta waves.
c.	sleep spindles.
d.	cortical waves.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1

KEY: Fact

Sleep spindles are short bursts of brain activity generated by the

a.	amygdala.
b.	thalamus.
c.	reticular formation.
d.	corpus callosum.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Which of the following may prevent the sleeping brain from being aroused by external stimuli, thus, marking the true boundary of sleep?

a.	alpha waves
b.	beta waves
c.	sleep spindles
d.	a hypnic jerk

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Most people will say they were asleep within four minutes after which of the following appear?

a.	alpha waves
b.	beta waves
c.	a hypnic jerk
d.	sleep spindles

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1

KEY: Fact

Carla’s sleep is being monitored in a research lab. The assistant notices that Carla’s EEG shows a high presence of sleep spindles. It can be concluded that Carla is in

a.	REM.
b.	Stage 1 of NREM.
c.	Stage 2 of NREM.
d.	Stage 3 of NREM.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1

KEY: Application MSC: www

Sleep spindles usually first appear in Stage __________ sleep.

a.	1
b.	2
c.	3
d.	4

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Delta waves will first appear in

a.	NREM stage 1.
b.	NREM stage 2.
c.	NREM stage 3.
d.	REM.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

During Stage 3 NREM,

a.	delta waves first begin to appear.
b.	sleep spindles occur.
c.	people tend to experience hypnic jerks.
d.	people tend to experience nightmares.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1

KEY: Concept

Stage 3 NREM and Stage 4 NREM

a.	show delta waves.
b.	are called paradoxical sleep.
c.	consist of mostly beta waves and a few sleep spindles.
d.	occur only during the last half of the night.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1

KEY: Concept

An hour after you go to sleep, a loud noise awakens you. You emerge from sleep confused and do not remember the noise. You were in which stage of sleep?

a.	Stage 1
b.	Stage 2
c.	Stage 3
d.	Stage 4

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1

KEY: Application

Most people reach deep sleep (Stage 4) in about

a.	10 minutes.
b.	25 minutes.
c.	40 minutes.
d.	one hour.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

As a sleep researcher is monitoring you, he notices that your brain waves are showing almost all delta waves. He awakens you at this point, and you awaken in a complete state of confusion. You are most likely in which stage of sleep?

a.	Stage 4 of NREM
b.	REM sleep
c.	Stage 2 of NREM
d.	Stage 1 of NREM

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1

KEY: Application

Which of the following is a correct match?

a.	Stage 1 – sleep spindles
b.	Stage 2 – beta waves
c.	Stage 3 – hypnic jerk
d.	Stage 4 – delta waves

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1

KEY: Fact

Regarding the stages of sleep, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Most wave types are present at all times, but they occur more or less frequently in various sleep stages.
b.	In Stage 3, a new brainwave called beta waves begins to appear.
c.	Most people reach deep sleep in about one hour.
d.	Fluctuations in sleep hormones cause recurring cycles of deeper and lighter sleep throughout the night.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1

KEY: Concept

After spending some time in Stage 4, the sleeper

a.	returns to Stage 3, then Stage 2, then Stage 1.
b.	returns directly to Stage 2.
c.	returns directly to Stage 1.
d.	awakens directly from Stage 4.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1

KEY: Fact

Shifts between deeper and lighter sleep

a.	skip sleep stages.
b.	occur just once per night unless the sleeper is suddenly awakened.
c.	occur throughout the night.
d.	are the first sign of sleep deprivation.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1

KEY: Fact

Concerning the nature of sleep, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	A sleeper upon reaching Stage 4 sleep will remain in this stage for the duration of the night.
b.	A sleeper’s EEG patterns in REM sleep are similar to Stage 1 EEG patterns.
c.	A person will shift between deeper and lighter sleep throughout the night.
d.	A person’s REM sleep is associated with dreaming.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1|5.3.2

KEY: Concept

REM is the acronym that stands for

a.	retinal equilibrium motion.
b.	random eye movement.
c.	rapid eye movement.
d.	retinal eye motion.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.2

KEY: Fact

Gretchen is watching her infant McKenzie sleep. Gretchen notes that McKenzie’s eyes dart back and forth beneath her eyelids. This suggests that McKenzie is

a.	experiencing sleep spindles.
b.	dreaming.
c.	in Stage 4 sleep.
d.	experiencing delta waves.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.2

KEY: Application

During a sleep lab session, Miguel’s EEG patterns show that his brain is so active that he looks like he is awake, but the sleep lab attendant verifies that Miguel is indeed asleep. Miguel is exhibiting

a.	sleep spindles.
b.	REM sleep.
c.	night terrors.
d.	somnambulism.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.2

KEY: Application

Which of the following sleep phenomena could be detected without the aid of an EEG machine?

a.	Stage 2 sleep
b.	REM sleep
c.	Stage 3 sleep
d.	sleep spindles

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.2

KEY: Fact

Research suggests that the two most basic states of sleep are

a.	alpha sleep and beta sleep.
b.	light sleep and deep sleep.
c.	REM sleep and non-REM sleep.
d.	REM sleep and paradoxical sleep.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.2

KEY: Fact

NREM sleep consists of

a.	Stages 1 and 2 sleep.
b.	Stages 3 and 4 sleep.
c.	Stage 1, 2, and 3 sleep only.
d.	Stages 1, 2, 3 and 4 sleep.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.2

KEY: Fact

Which theory/hypothesis states that NREM sleep “calms” the brain, while REM sleep “sharpens” our memories of the previous day’s more important experiences?

a.	activation-synthesis hypothesis
b.	neurocognition theory
c.	dual process hypothesis
d.	biological biasing theory

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.2

KEY: Concept MSC: www

Throughout the day, our neural networks become more and more active, requiring more and more energy. Then, slow wave sleep early in the night brings overall brain activation levels back down so the brain is refreshed and less important memories fade, according to which theory/hypothesis?

a.	activation-synthesis hypothesis
b.	neurocognitive theory
c.	dual process hypothesis
d.	biological biasing theory

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.2

KEY: Concept

The dual process hypothesis of sleep describes

a.	how the slow wave sleep early in the night brings activation levels down so the brain can be refreshed and less important memories can fade.
b.	how random activity in lower brain centers results in the manufacture of relatively bizarre dreams by higher brain centers.
c.	how dreams reflect everyday waking thoughts and emotions.
d.	why a dreamer feels awake and capable of normal thoughts and actions.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.2

KEY: Concept

According to the dual process theory of sleep, which of the following “calms” the brain during the earlier part of a night’s sleep?

a.	NREM sleep
b.	REM sleep
c.	beta waves
d.	alpha waves

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.2

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

According to the dual process theory of sleep, which of the following “sharpens” our memories of the previous day’s more important experiences?

a.	NREM sleep
b.	REM sleep
c.	delta waves
d.	somnambulism

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.2

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Regarding NREM sleep, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Dreamless slow-wave NREM sleep increases after physical exertion.
b.	NREM sleep is dream free about 90 percent of the time.
c.	NREM sleep occurs during stages 1, 2, 3, and 4.
d.	NREM is deepest late in the night during the last stage-4 periods.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.3

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Physical exertion tends to increase

a.	REM sleep.
b.	NREM sleep.
c.	hypersomnia.
d.	nightmares.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.3

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Which of the following is likely to increase NREM sleep?

a.	physical exertion
b.	taking a test
c.	studying for a test
d.	none of these

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.3

KEY: Fact

Dreams can occur in

a.	REM sleep.
b.	NREM sleep.
c.	both REM and NREM sleep.
d.	none of these.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.3|5.3.4

KEY: Fact

Compared to REM, dreams in NREM tend to be

a.	longer.
b.	more bizarre and “dream-like.”
c.	clearer and more detailed.
d.	have none of these characteristics.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.3|5.3.4

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Compared to NREM, dreams in REM tend to be

a.	shorter.
b.	more rational and reality-based.
c.	clearer and more detailed.
d.	characterized by all of these.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.3|5.3.4

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Regarding REM and NREM sleep, which of the following statements is TRUE?

a.	Daytime stress can increase NREM sleep.
b.	Physical exertion can increase REM sleep.
c.	NREM sleep is deepest early in the night during the first few state 4 periods.
d.	Mammals, such as dogs and cats, and newborn babies do not show REM sleep.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.3|5.3.4

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Concerning REM and NREM sleep, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	NREM sleep is dream-free about 90 percent of the time.
b.	Your first period of Stage 1 sleep usually lacks REMs and dreams.
c.	Brain areas associated with imagery and emotion become significantly less active during REM sleep.
d.	REM sleep may stimulate the developing brain in newborn babies.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.3|5.3.4

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Regarding REM sleep, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	After studying for a long period, you will remember more if you pull an all-nighter studying than if you go to sleep.
b.	Brain areas associated with imagery and emotion become significantly more active during REM sleep.
c.	All mammals show REM sleep, but reptiles show no signs of REM sleep.
d.	For adults, REM periods add up to about 20 percent of total sleep time.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.4

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Regarding REM sleep, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	REM sleep has a fast, irregular EEG pattern similar to Stage 1 sleep.
b.	When measured by an EEG, the brain during REM sleep looks as if the person is awake.
c.	Physical exertion tends to increase REM sleep.
d.	Newborn babies spend eight or nine hours a day in REM sleep, which is 50 percent of their total sleep time.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.4

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Daytime stress tends to increase __________ sleep.

a.	REM
b.	NREM stage 2
c.	NREM stage 3
d.	NREM stage 4

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.4

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

A very stressful day is likely to increase the amount of

a.	episodes of sleep apnea.
b.	hypersomnia.
c.	NREM sleep.
d.	REM sleep.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.4

KEY: Fact

Carrie is extremely worried about her job. There are rumors of the company planning to downsize, and Carrie’s boss has been fussing at everyone she encounters. With this situation, we can expect Carrie to be experiencing

a.	less REM sleep.
b.	more REM sleep.
c.	more NREM sleep.
d.	more sleep spindles.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.4

KEY: Application

Which of the following dramatically increases when there is a death in the family, trouble at work, a marital conflict, or other emotionally-charged events?

a.	deep sleep delta waves
b.	beta waves and sleep spindles
c.	NREM sleep
d.	REM sleep

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.4

KEY: Concept

Concerning REM sleep, which of the following statements is TRUE?

a.	People who are born blind do not experience REM sleep.
b.	Dreams during REM sleep tend to be longer, clearer, more detailed, more bizarre, and more “dream-like” than thoughts and images than occur in NREM sleep.
c.	Roughly 85 percent of the time, people who are awakened during REM sleep report having no dreams.
d.	REM sleep is shown in reptiles, such as snakes and iguanas.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.4

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Concerning REM sleep, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Roughly 85 percent of the time, people awakened during REM sleep report having vivid dreams.
b.	After studying for a long period, you will remember more if you go to sleep than if you pull an all-nighter.
c.	REM sleep is a combination of sleep spindles and very deep delta waves.
d.	People who are born blind experience REM sleep.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.4

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Which of the following occurs during REM sleep?

a.	irregular heart rate and blood pressure
b.	delta waves
c.	increased voluntary muscle movement
d.	sleepwalking

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.4

KEY: Fact

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of REM sleep?

a.	irregular heart rate and blood pressure
b.	sexual arousal
c.	increased voluntary muscle movement
d.	rapid eye movements

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.4

KEY: Fact

Regarding REM sleep, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Major muscles appear paralyzed during REM sleep.
b.	Males and females display sexual arousal during REM sleep.
c.	You usually dream as soon as you enter Stage 1 sleep.
d.	Some eye movements during REM sleep correspond to the activities occurring in the dreams.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.4

KEY: Concept

Observing a subject who is in REM sleep, a researcher can conclude that the subject will exhibit all of the following characteristics EXCEPT

a.	vivid dreaming.
b.	sexual arousal.
c.	voluntary muscle paralysis.
d.	delta waves.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.4

KEY: Concept

A person in a sleep lab is showing emotional arousal, blood pressure changes, and sexual arousal, which all primarily occur during

a.	REM sleep.
b.	NREM sleep.
c.	delta sleep.
d.	Stage 4 sleep.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.4

KEY: Application MSC: * (New Question)

During sleep, which of the following prevents you from acting out your dreams?

a.	lucid dreaming
b.	REM sleep paralysis
c.	REM behavior disorder
d.	somnambulism

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.4

KEY: Concept

The disorder that is characterized by a failure of normal muscle paralysis, leading to violent actions during REM sleep, is called

a.	periodic limb movement syndrome.
b.	restless legs syndrome.
c.	REM behavior disorder.
d.	sleep terror disorder.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.4

KEY: Fact

While dreaming, your roommate jumps up and thrashes around violently, acting out his dream. Your roommate is suffering from

a.	restless legs syndrome.
b.	REM behavior disorder.
c.	narcolepsy.
d.	sleep apnea.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.4

KEY: Application

Carlos suffers from REM behavior disorder, which means that Carlos

a.	experiences REM rebound with vivid nightmares.
b.	snores loudly, holding his breath, and then gasping for air.
c.	lacks muscle paralysis, which allows him to thrash about and act out his dreams.
d.	is having sudden, irresistible, daytime sleep attacks.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.4

KEY: Application

Sleep paralysis that occurs just as we begin to wake up may produce bizarre episodes in which people may feel something pressing on their chests or think there are space aliens, angels, or demons in the room with them. This describes what is referred to as

a.	hypnopompic hallucinations.
b.	narcolepsy.
c.	lucid dreaming.
d.	a nightmare disorder.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.4

KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question)

Barnard tells his therapist that upon awakening from sleep, he could not move or call out for help. As he struggled to move, he felt alien presences standing over him whispering. Within a few seconds, he is able to move and realizes that the frightening “whispering” was probably from his clock radio as it went off. However, this frightening episode has occurred several times this month. Barnard most likely experienced

a.	REM rebound.
b.	paradoxical delusions.
c.	hypnopompic hallucinations.
d.	lucid dreaming.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.4

KEY: Application MSC: * (New Question)

Carrie tells a tabloid news reporter that she had been abducted by aliens. She relates how she awoke in the morning only to find herself paralyzed, hearing buzzing sounds, and feeling electrical sensations throughout her body. She then became aware of figures lurking in her room and then saw vague images of alien beings. When she was a young child, she thought they were angels or fairies. Carrie is most likely experiencing

a.	REM behavior disorder.
b.	hypnopompic hallucinations.
c.	REM rebound.
d.	narcolepsy.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.4

KEY: Application

Regarding episodes that occur during sleep paralysis, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	During these episodes, some people who have sleep-related hallucinations believe they have been abducted by space aliens or sexually abused.
b.	Earlier in history, people interpreted the hallucinated intruders in these episodes as angels, demons, or witches.
c.	A person who experiences the hallucinations, bizarre suffocating, or “out-of-body” experiences while in sleep paralysis have a condition known as REM behavior disorder.
d.	By studying these hallucinations that accompany sleep paralysis, psychologists hope to offer natural explanations for many experiences that might otherwise seem supernatural or paranormal.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.4

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Artificial lighting, hectic schedules, smoking, and drinking are factors that have

a.	led to the development of narcolepsy in younger people.
b.	led to an increase in lucid dreaming.
c.	contributed to a near epidemic of sleep problems.
d.	resulted in the abnormal occurrence of hypnic jerks during sleep.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.1

KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question)

Regarding sleep disturbances, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Sleep disturbances have been shown to pose a serious risk to one’s physical health.
b.	Sleep disturbances have not been shown to have a significant effect on one’s emotional well-being.
c.	Sleep clinics treat thousands of people each year who suffer from sleep disorders or sleep complaints.
d.	Artificial lighting, exciting pastimes, and hectic schedules have contributed to a near epidemic of sleep problems.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.1

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Sharon seems depressed and just wants to nap all the time during the day. She is exhibiting symptoms of the sleep disturbance known as

a.	sleep drunkeness.
b.	sleep apnea.
c.	hypersomnia.
d.	sleep-wake schedule disorder.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.1

KEY: Application

Which of the following refers to excessive daytime sleepiness and can result from depression, insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, and drug abuse?

a.	somnambulism
b.	REM behavior disorder
c.	hypersomnia
d.	sleep-wake schedule disorder

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.1

KEY: Fact

A person suffering from insomnia has a sleep problem characterized by

a.	difficulty in going and staying asleep.
b.	sudden, irresistible attacks of sleepiness.
c.	night terrors and sleep talking.
d.	a failure of normal muscle paralysis during REM sleep.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.1

KEY: Concept

A sleep disturbance in which one awakens several times during the night and has difficulty returning to sleep is

a.	narcolepsy.
b.	sleep apnea.
c.	somnambulism.
d.	insomnia.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.1

KEY: Fact

Narcolepsy refers to

a.	sudden sleep attacks.
b.	excessive daytime sleepiness.
c.	vivid, recurrent nightmares.
d.	a breathing problem during sleep.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.1

KEY: Fact

Which of the following sleep disturbances is characterized by a sudden, irresistible urge to sleep, which lasts a few minutes to half an hour with victims falling asleep while standing, talking, or even driving?

a.	narcolepsy
b.	hypersomnia
c.	sleep apnea
d.	somnambulism

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.1

KEY: Fact

At least twice a week, Deanna has recurring “bad dreams” during REM sleep that are so real and terrifying that they significantly disturb her sleep. Deanna has which sleep disturbance?

a.	sleep terror disorder
b.	narcolepsy
c.	somnambulism
d.	nightmare disorder

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.1

KEY: Application

In which sleep disturbance does the person suffer from muscle twitches, primarily in the legs, that occur every 20 to 40 seconds, severely interrupting his or her sleep?

a.	narcolepsy
b.	somnambulism
c.	hypnic jerk syndrome
d.	periodic limb movement syndrome

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.1

KEY: Fact

Jorge has trouble sleeping at night because his leg muscles seem to twitch every 20 to 40 seconds, severely disturbing his sleep. His doctor diagnosed

a.	REM behavior disorder.
b.	somnambulism.
c.	hypnic jerk syndrome.
d.	periodic limb movement syndrome.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.1

KEY: Application

While dreaming, your partner acts out his dream and physically attacks you. Your partner is suffering from

a.	hypersomnia.
b.	REM behavior disorder.
c.	narcolepsy.
d.	sleep apnea.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.1

KEY: Application

In which sleep disturbance do people have an irresistible urge to move their legs to relieve sensations of creeping, tingling, prickling, aching, or tension?

a.	hypnic jerk syndrome
b.	somnambulism
c.	restless legs syndrome
d.	narcolepsy

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.1

KEY: Fact

As Ed is falling asleep, his legs begin to tingle and then to ache. In order to relieve this painful prickly sensation, he begins to move his legs. This happens several times during the night, dramatically disturbing his sleep. Ed’s sleep problem is most likely

a.	hypnic jerk syndrome.
b.	somnambulism.
c.	restless legs syndrome.
d.	REM behavior disorder.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.1

KEY: Application

Sleep apnea refers to

a.	vivid recurrent nightmares.
b.	a breathing problem during sleep.
c.	excessive daytime sleepiness.
d.	sudden sleep attacks.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.1

KEY: Fact

A sleep disturbance characterized by snoring, short silences, and gasps is called

a.	sleep apnea.
b.	narcolepsy.
c.	somnambulism.
d.	insomnia.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.1

KEY: Fact

Sleep drunkenness is associated with

a.	alcohol use.
b.	drug-dependency insomnia.
c.	excessive daytime sleepiness.
d.	being slow to wake up and displaying irritability or aggressiveness.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.1

KEY: Fact

Ivan has always been very slow to wake up in the morning, and you really want to stay out of his way until he has time to pull himself together, drink his morning coffee, and read the newspaper. This is characteristic of someone with

a.	sleep-wake schedule disorder.
b.	sleep drunkenness.
c.	hypersomnia.
d.	narcolepsy.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.1

KEY: Application

Sleep terror disorder involves the repeated occurrence of

a.	nightmares.
b.	narcolepsy episodes.
c.	sleep apnea episodes.
d.	none of these.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.1

KEY: Fact

Which sleep disturbance involves a state of panic during NREM sleep that occurs repeatedly over a period of several months?

a.	nightmare disorder
b.	narcolepsy
c.	sleep terror disorder
d.	hypersomnia

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.1

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

A mismatch between a person’s circadian rhythm and the demands of the environment result in

a.	sleep-wake schedule disorder.
b.	narcolepsy.
c.	nightmares.
d.	sleep apnea.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.1

KEY: Fact

Jet lag and changes in shift work would most likely precipitate which sleep disturbance?

a.	narcolepsy
b.	sleep apnea
c.	sleep drunkenness
d.	sleep-wake schedule disorder

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.1

KEY: Concept

The scientific name for the sleep disturbance of sleepwalking is

a.	somnambulism.
b.	narcolepsy.
c.	periodic limb movement disorder.
d.	sleep drunkenness.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.1

KEY: Fact

Regarding insomnia, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	About 60 million Americans have frequent or chronic insomnia.
b.	Insomnia can harm people’s work, health, and relationships.
c.	If sleep problems last for more than one week, then a diagnosis of chronic insomnia can be made.
d.	If you have insomnia, it is usually best to get up and do something useful or satisfying until you feel that you are struggling to stay awake.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Concept

According to your textbook, the three types of insomnia are

a.	temporary, chronic, drug-dependency.
b.	temporary, transient, long-term.
c.	acute, chronic, and crucial.
d.	organic, functional, and chronic.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Fact

Which type of insomnia is caused by worry, stress, or excitement; is characterized by excess mental activity and heightened arousal leading to frustration; and is best dealt with by getting up and doing something useful or satisfying?

a.	cyclic insomnia
b.	temporary insomnia
c.	chronic insomnia
d.	drug-dependency insomnia

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question)

Temporary insomnia is most often caused by

a.	the use of non-prescription sleeping pills.
b.	worry, stress, and excitement.
c.	the use of prescribed sedatives.
d.	eating starchy foods before going to bed.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Fact

Getting up and doing something useful works best in combating __________ insomnia.

a.	temporary
b.	chronic
c.	cyclic
d.	drug-dependency

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question)

When a person has sleeping difficulties that last for more than three weeks, this person’s insomnia is referred to as __________ insomnia.

a.	temporary
b.	chronic
c.	drug-dependency
d.	stimulus-control

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Fact

Ever since Agnes lost her husband six months ago, she has been unable to sleep through the night even though she is tired when she goes to bed. This type of insomnia is called __________ insomnia.

a.	rebound
b.	chronic
c.	transient
d.	temporary

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Application

Which of the following conditions involves sleep loss caused by a withdrawal from sleeping pills, resulting in terrible nightmares and “rebound insomnia” unless the person starts taking the sleeping pills again?

a.	narcolepsy
b.	drug-dependency insomnia
c.	sleep narcosis
d.	sleep drunkenness

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Fact

Taking non-prescription drugs to fight insomnia is probably not a good idea because they

a.	have little or no sleep-inducing effect.
b.	suppress Stage 4 and dream sleep.
c.	interfere with normal sleep cycles.
d.	increase the frequency of microsleeps.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Concept

Prescription sedatives tend to reduce the quality of sleep because they

a.	create paradoxical sleep.
b.	suppress peripheral neurological activity.
c.	decrease Stage 4 and REM sleep.
d.	eliminate Stage 2 sleep.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Concept

According to research on the use of sleeping pills to treat insomnia, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Nonprescription sleeping pills have little sleep-inducing effects.
b.	Prescription sedatives increase Stage 4 sleep and REM sleep.
c.	The use of prescription sedatives can lead to drug-dependency insomnia.
d.	Newer drugs, such as Ambien and Lunesta can induce sleep but can also cause amnesia, depression, and sleepwalking.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Your friend tells you that his doctor has just prescribed a sedative to combat persistent insomnia. He asks for your opinion about taking the sedative. You should advise him to

a.	take non-prescription sleeping pills instead.
b.	be aware of the danger of drug-dependency insomnia.
c.	expect occasional paradoxical sleep if he takes the sedative for an extended period.
d.	tell him to expect to act out some very bizarre dreams since sedatives can cause REM behavior disorder.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.1

KEY: Application

The continued use of barbiturates to treat insomnia tends to cause

a.	a reduction in insomnia episodes.
b.	an increase in narcolepsy.
c.	a dependency on the barbiturates.
d.	an increase in nocturnal enuresis.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Concept

Your friend Anna is suffering from insomnia. Which of the following would help Anna get a good night’s sleep?

a.	nonprescription sleeping pills
b.	barbiturates
c.	alcohol
d.	none of these

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Application

Side effects of the newer sleep medications, such as Ambien and Lunesta, include all of the following EXCEPT for

a.	amnesia and impaired judgment.
b.	depression, increased appetite, and decreased sex drive.
c.	sleepwalking and rebound insomnia.
d.	sleep apnea and restless legs.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

The newer sleep medications, such as Ambien and Lunesta, should be considered

a.	ineffective in the treatment of insomnia.
b.	very effective in the treatment of insomnia with only minor side effects.
c.	a temporary remedy for insomnia.
d.	very effective but with potential life-threatening side effects, such as reduced red blood cell production.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Concept

A treatment based on weaning someone off their sleeping pills is designed for persons having which type of insomnia?

a.	temporary insomnia
b.	chronic insomnia
c.	somatic insomnia
d.	drug-dependency insomnia

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Concept

Establishing a regular sleep schedule, eliminating caffeine, and treating depression (if present) would most likely be used to combat

a.	temporary insomnia.
b.	chronic insomnia.
c.	narcolepsy.
d.	cataplexy.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Concept

At a sleep lab, you learn to utilize sleep restriction and stimulus control techniques. You are most likely being treated for

a.	insomnia.
b.	somnambulism.
c.	narcolepsy.
d.	REM behavior disorder.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Application MSC: * (New Question)

Using your bedroom for sleeping (instead of for studying, paying bills, etc.) is an example of the use of which of the following methods for combating combat insomnia?

a.	sleep restriction
b.	relaxation
c.	stimulus control
d.	paradoxical intention

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Concept

Insisting on a regular schedule for sleep helps establish a firm body rhythm. This is best achieved by linking a response, such as sleeping with a specific stimulus, such as going to bed at a specific time, a technique known as

a.	sleep restriction.
b.	the relaxation response.
c.	stimulus control.
d.	the paradoxical intention.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Concept

Mandy has chronic insomnia. She has been told that it is important to get up and go to sleep at the same time each day, including weekends. She was also told to avoid studying, watching TV, reading, or doing anything but sleeping when she goes to bed. To treat insomnia, Mandy will be using

a.	stimulus control.
b.	the relaxation response.
c.	sleep restriction.
d.	the paradoxical intention.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Application

According to research done on sleep restriction, if one misses an entire night’s sleep, it is best to

a.	sleep late the next morning.
b.	nap during the day for more than an hour.
c.	restrict sleep to normal bedtime hours.
d.	go to bed early the following night.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Concept

Which of the following helps to avoid the fragmenting of sleep rhythms?

a.	using sleep restriction
b.	using the paradoxical intention
c.	exercising strenuously an hour before going to bed
d.	drinking a glass of wine before bed

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Concept

The best advice to give a fellow student who is having problems falling asleep is to

a.	avoid getting upset about this temporary insomnia and go in another room and do something useful, such as reading.
b.	lower arousal levels by engaging in vigorous exercise before going to bed.
c.	fast before going to bed.
d.	take a non-prescription sleeping pill.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Application

The best advice to give a fellow student who has problems falling asleep is to

a.	try to make up for lost sleep the next day by napping or going to bed early.
b.	have a glass of wine before trying to go to sleep.
c.	schedule time in the early evening to write down worries or concerns and what you will do about them the next day.
d.	do aerobics or calisthenics right before going to bed so you will be tired.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Application

If your friend is using paradoxical intention to help overcome a problem, most likely he is contending with

a.	somnambulism.
b.	sleepwalking.
c.	inattention problems.
d.	insomnia.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Application

A technique for dealing with insomnia that involves a deliberate attempt to stay awake, which actually leads to producing sleep, is called

a.	the paradoxical intention.
b.	stimulus control.
c.	progressive relaxation.
d.	cataplexy control.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Fact

Jacob is trying to go to sleep. So, he tries to keep his eyes open (in the dark) and stay awake as long as possible. This allows sleep to overtake him unexpectedly and lowers performance anxiety. This technique is known as

a.	stimulus control.
b.	sleep restriction.
c.	the paradoxical intention.
d.	the tryptophan effect.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Application

People with insomnia can lower their arousal level before sleep by using all of the following EXCEPT

a.	progressive muscle relaxation.
b.	meditation or blotting out worries with calming images.
c.	writing down worries or concerns and planning what to do about them the next day.
d.	exercising an hour before bedtime.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question)

Exercise can promote sleep in all of the following situations EXCEPT when engaging in

a.	strenuous exercise more than six hours before bedtime.
b.	strenuous exercise three hours before bedtime.
c.	light exercise three hours before bedtime.
d.	light exercise six hours before bedtime.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

It has been found that what you eat can affect how easily you go to sleep. For example, eating which of the following types of foods increases the amount of tryptophan that reaches the brain and causes sleepiness?

a.	proteins
b.	citrus fruit juices
c.	starchy foods
d.	leafy green vegetables

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Eating cookies, bread, pasta, oatmeal, or dry cereal as a snack before bed can increase sleepiness because it increases the amount of

a.	dopamine.
b.	norepinephrine.
c.	acetylcholine.
d.	tryptophan.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Relaxation, a positive mood, and sleepiness occurs when we eat starchy foods because these foods increase the amount of tryptophan and, in turn, increase

a.	epinephrine.
b.	glutamate.
c.	acetylcholine.
d.	serotonin.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

If Jamie has trouble sleeping, he usually gets up and munches on some cookies, pretzels, or dry cereal; and this seems to help him sleep. This sleep-inducing technique

a.	precipitates a placebo effect only.
b.	increases the amount of tryptophan reaching his brain and increases serotonin levels.
c.	is known as the paradoxical intention, since eating should prevent sleep.
d.	decreases the norepinephrine and dopamine levels in the brain, resulting in sleep.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Application

Lindsay is having trouble going to sleep. Which food would be recommended for her to eat or drink if she wanted to increase her intake of tryptophan?

a.	a baked potato
b.	a hamburger
c.	orange juice
d.	a glass of red wine

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Application

Larry is having trouble going to sleep. Which food would NOT be recommended for him to eat or drink if he wanted to increase his intake of tryptophan?

a.	a baked potato
b.	pasta
c.	orange juice
d.	cookies

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Application

Which of the following is NOT a behavioral remedy to treat insomnia?

a.	avoiding stimulants, such as caffeine and cigarettes
b.	drinking a glass of wine an hour before bedtime each night
c.	using progressive muscle relaxation
d.	engaging in light exercise six hours before bedtime

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question)

Which of the following would NOT be good advice for treating insomnia?

a.	Exercise in the evening is helpful in going to sleep only if the exercise is very light.
b.	Eat a starchy snack, such as pretzels or cookies before going to bed.
c.	Read a book, watch TV, or play a video game while in bed.
d.	Use the paradoxical intention by trying to keep your eyes open in the dark and stay awake as long as possible.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Concept

Which of the following behaviors have somnambulists exhibited during sleep?

a.	cooking and eating
b.	driving a car and handling a weapon
c.	playing a musical instrument
d.	all of these

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.3

KEY: Fact

Somnambulists are individuals who

a.	are potential victims of sleep apnea.
b.	experience insomnia.
c.	have taken too many sleeping pills.
d.	walk in their sleep.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.3

KEY: Fact

Regarding sleepwalkers, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	The sleepwalker’s eyes are usually closed.
b.	The sleepwalker usually has a blank face and shuffles his or her feet.
c.	Awakening a sleepwalker does no harm, but it is not necessary.
d.	Sleepwalkers have been known to play a musical instrument, drive a car, or cook while asleep.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.3

KEY: Fact

It is late at night, and David is studying for an exam. David looks up and sees his older brother Jeff standing in his doorway. David speaks to him but gets no response. Jeff’s eyes are open but he has a blank expression on his face, and Jeff shuffles his feet rather than walking normally. David follows him back to his room, and Jeff gets back into bed. David has just witnessed an episode of

a.	narcolepsy.
b.	somnambulism.
c.	REM behavior disorder.
d.	sleep terror disorder.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.3

KEY: Application

Regarding sleepwalkers, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

a.	Sleepwalking occurs most often in association with narcolepsy.
b.	Sleepwalking is the outward expression of dream content.
c.	Sleepwalking occurs during NREM stages 3 and 4 sleep.
d.	All of these statements are true.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.3

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

EEGs have shown that sleepwalking occurs during

a.	NREM stage 1 or stage 2.
b.	NREM stage 3 or stage 4.
c.	sleep spindles.
d.	REM sleep.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.3

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Regarding sleeptalking, which of the following statements is TRUE?

a.	Sleeptalking occurs only during light (Stage 1) sleep.
b.	Sleeptalking is the outward expression of dream content.
c.	Sleeptalking generally makes little sense.
d.	Sleeptalking occurs most often during REM sleep.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.3

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

The reason that sleeptalking makes little sense and why sleepwalkers are confused and remember little when awakened is that both sleep disturbances occur during

a.	deep NREM sleep.
b.	cataplexic episodes.
c.	REM sleep.
d.	hypnopompic episodes.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.3

KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question)

The official name for sleep sex is

a.	sexsomnia.
b.	cataplexic sex.
c.	somnambulism.
d.	hypnopompic sensuality.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.3

KEY: Fact

Which of the following involves someone who is actually sleeping attempting to have sex with another person?

a.	sexsomnia
b.	somnambulism
c.	hypnopompic sexuality
d.	cataplexic sex

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.3

KEY: Fact

What do somnambulism, sleeptalking, and night terrors all have in common?

a.	All occur in Stage 1 (light sleep).
b.	All are closely related to dreaming.
c.	Each is a cause of microsleep.
d.	All occur during NREM sleep.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.3|5.4.4

KEY: Concept

Lynn sleepwalks, while her younger brother has night terrors. Both of these sleep disturbances occur during

a.	Stage 1 NREM.
b.	REM sleep.
c.	Stage 4 NREM.
d.	REM rebound.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.3|5.4.4

KEY: Application MSC: * (New Question)

Which of the following occurs during REM sleep?

a.	nightmares
b.	night terrors
c.	sleepwalking
d.	all of these

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.4

KEY: Fact

Differences between nightmares and night terrors include

a.	that nightmares occur during REM sleep; night terrors occur during NREM sleep.
b.	that nightmares are difficult to remember; night terrors are easy to remember.
c.	that nightmares involve hallucinations; night terrors are just bad dreams.
d.	all of these.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.4

KEY: Concept

A person having a nightmare will

a.	perspire heavily during the nightmare and upon awakening.
b.	be incoherent and inconsolable upon awakening.
c.	show slight or no movement while having the nightmare.
d.	have amnesia for the episode.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.4

KEY: Concept

Regarding night terrors, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Night terrors occur during REM rebound.
b.	Night terrors may last for 15 to 20 minutes
c.	Person awakens drenched in sweat but only vaguely remembers the terror.
d.	Night terrors involve total panic and may include the hallucination of frightening dream images.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.4

KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question)

Frequently occurring nightmares of one a week or more are associated with

a.	the occurrence of night terrors.
b.	children and adolescents.
c.	adults who are middle-aged or older.
d.	higher levels of psychological distress.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.4

KEY: Fact

Jeanie has had the same very vivid bad dream twice in the last couple of weeks. In the dream, she is being chased through a dense forest. In this dream, she tries to run fast but she feels like she is “running through molasses,” and when she tries to scream within this dream, she cannot seem to open her mouth. Jeanie then wakes up with a start and has a great deal of trouble going back to sleep. Jeanie is most likely experiencing

a.	a nightmare.
b.	a night terror.
c.	somnambulism.
d.	hypersomnia.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.4

KEY: Application

Four-year-old Aaron has been asleep for a little over an hour when his mother hears him scream out. When she gets to his bedroom, little Aaron is sitting up in bed in a state of panic. When his mother attempts to console him, she notes that his pajamas are drenched in sweat, and he is only semi-awake. After this episode, Aaron goes back to sleep. His mother is surprised the next morning that Aaron only vaguely remembers his mother coming into the room. Aaron most likely experienced

a.	a nightmare.
b.	a night terror.
c.	sleep apnea.
d.	narcolepsy.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.4

KEY: Application

Four-year-old Terrence awakened the whole household last night. He sat up in bed, kicking and screaming, while he was still asleep. When his parents got to him, he was in a state of panic, mumbling about the “monsters all around the room.” It took his parents about 20 minutes to console Terrence, and his mother had to change his pajamas because he was covered in sweat. The next morning, his older sister told Terrence that he really scared her when he screamed the night before, but Terrence does not remember anything, except his mother helping him change his pajamas. Terrence most likely experienced

a.	a nightmare.
b.	a night terror.
c.	sleep apnea.
d.	narcolepsy.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.4

KEY: Application

Which Stage 4 disturbance involves a person suffering total panic for up to 20 minutes, and may include hallucinations of frightening dream images with the person awakening drenched in sweat, and only vaguely remembering the episode in the morning?

a.	lucid nightmare
b.	night terror
c.	REM rebound episode
d.	somnambulism episode

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.4

KEY: Fact

People who have a night terror

a.	have them during REM sleep in the middle of the night.
b.	are usually middle-age to older adults.
c.	show only slight or no movement during the night terror.
d.	rarely remember in the morning that they even had them.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.4

KEY: Fact

Regarding night terrors, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Night terrors occur during NREM sleep, usually Stage 4.
b.	People who have night terrors vividly remember the frightening images.
c.	During a night terror, the person may sit up, scream, or run around the room.
d.	Night terrors are most common in childhood, but plague about two out of every 100 adults.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.4

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Imagery rehearsal is a

a.	technique to alter consciousness.
b.	state of REM sleep.
c.	technique for eliminating nightmares.
d.	technique for avoiding sleep attacks.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.4

KEY: Fact

Which of the following is a technique for eliminating nightmares that involves making the upsetting dream familiar while the person is awake as well as “mentally re-programming” future dream content?

a.	imagery rehearsal
b.	stimulus control
c.	the paradoxical intention
d.	activation-synthesis

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.4

KEY: Fact

Which of the following has NOT been found helpful in eliminating nightmares?

a.	writing down the nightmare
b.	changing the dream the way you wish
c.	mentally rehearsing the dream you want
d.	decreasing your amount of sleep time

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.4

KEY: Fact

According to your text, if you want to eliminate a nightmare, you should

a.	decrease your sleeping time.
b.	increase your sleeping time.
c.	mentally rehearse the dream you want.
d.	change your eating habits.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.4

KEY: Concept

Kyanna sometimes stops breathing for more than 20 seconds while sleeping. This can happen hundreds of times per night. She has

a.	a sleep terror disorder.
b.	narcolepsy.
c.	sleep apnea.
d.	a nightmare disorder.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.5

KEY: Application

Chapter 5a—Types Of Awareness

MULTIPLE CHOICE

A nun spending an entire week in silent prayer and contemplation, three businesswomen having wine at a wine bar, and an actor consulting a hypnotist to reduce stage fright are all

a.	experiencing the third-person experience.
b.	experiencing different states of consciousness.
c.	exhibiting unconscious drives for success.
d.	exhibiting narcissistic personalities.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: A Visit to Several States (of Consciousness) OBJ: 5.1.1

KEY: Application MSC: * (New Question)

To be conscious means

a.	that one is awake.
b.	that one is aware.
c.	that one is completely alert.
d.	none of these.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: States of Consciousness-The Many Faces of Awareness OBJ: 5.1.1

KEY: Fact

Consciousness consists of all of the following EXCEPT

a.	sensations and perceptions.
b.	altered states (ASCs).
c.	memories and feelings.
d.	artificial intelligence (AI).

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: States of Consciousness-The Many Faces of Awareness OBJ: 5.1.1

KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question)

Which of the following consists of all the sensations, perceptions, memories, and feelings you are aware of at any instant?

a.	alertness
b.	personality
c.	consciousness
d.	intelligence

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: States of Consciousness-The Many Faces of Awareness OBJ: 5.1.1

KEY: Fact

We cannot know the first-person experience of

a.	lower animals, like bats or cats.
b.	primates other than humans.
c.	other humans.
d.	any of these organisms.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: States of Consciousness-The Many Faces of Awareness OBJ: 5.1.1

KEY: Concept

Regarding the first-person experience, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	We can learn a lot about humans and other animals through an objective, third-person point of view.
b.	We cannot directly know the first-person experience of animals.
c.	We cannot know the first-person experience of other persons.
d.	The difficulty of knowing other minds is why introspection replaced behaviorism early in psychology’s history.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: States of Consciousness-The Many Faces of Awareness OBJ: 5.1.1

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

The difficulty of knowing other minds is why the technique of introspection was replaced with more objective measures by the early

a.	psychoanalysts.
b.	behaviorists.
c.	humanists.
d.	structuralists.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: States of Consciousness-The Many Faces of Awareness OBJ: 5.1.1

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Because the mind and consciousness are fundamentally first-person phenomena, the basic challenge of understanding the brain and behavior is to use __________ studies.

a.	intuitive
b.	subjective
c.	objective
d.	parapsychology

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: States of Consciousness-The Many Faces of Awareness OBJ: 5.1.1

KEY: Fact

We spend most of our lives in a state of consciousnes that is organized, meaningful, and clear and is referred to as

a.	a state of ASCs.
b.	waking consciousness.
c.	an altered state of consciousness.
d.	microsleeps.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: States of Consciousness-The Many Faces of Awareness OBJ: 5.1.2

KEY: Fact

When a person is in a state of clear, organized alertness and perceives times, places, and events as real, meaningful, and familiar, he or she is said to be

a.	in waking consciousness.
b.	experiencing a state similar to non-REM.
c.	experiencing sensory overload.
d.	in an altered state of consciousness.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: States of Consciousness-The Many Faces of Awareness OBJ: 5.1.2

KEY: Concept

Long-distance running, listening to music, sleep, and daydreaming are just some of the everyday ways to produce

a.	preconsciousness.
b.	altered states of consciousness.
c.	sensory enhancement.
d.	simulated information processing.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: States of Consciousness-The Many Faces of Awareness OBJ: 5.1.2

KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question)

The low levels of awareness associated with strokes and other forms of brain damage are examples of

a.	preconsciousness.
b.	altered states of consciousness.
c.	sensory gating.
d.	simulated states of consciousness.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: States of Consciousness-The Many Faces of Awareness OBJ: 5.1.2

KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question)

During an altered state of consciousness, changes occur in the quality of mental activity as well as in which other aspect of mental activity?

a.	assimilation
b.	length
c.	pattern
d.	sensory gating

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: States of Consciousness-The Many Faces of Awareness OBJ: 5.1.2

KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question)

Psychologists identify marked changes in both the quality and pattern of mental functioning as

a.	preconsciousness.
b.	simulated information processing.
c.	altered states of consciousness.
d.	sensory enhancement.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: States of Consciousness-The Many Faces of Awareness OBJ: 5.1.2

KEY: Fact

Regarding altered states of consciousness (ASC), which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	During an altered state of consciousness, there are distinct shifts in our memories, time sense, emotions, and suggestibility.
b.	“Highway hypnotism” on long drives is an example of an altered state.
c.	Most people do not know when they have experienced an altered state of consciousness.
d.	Heightened self-awareness is an important feature of many ASCs.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: States of Consciousness-The Many Faces of Awareness OBJ: 5.1.2

KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question)

An important feature of many altered states of consciousness (ASCs) is

a.	a clarity of waking consciousness.
b.	heightened self-awareness.
c.	cataplexy.
d.	amnesia for the period of time that one is in this state.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: States of Consciousness-The Many Faces of Awareness OBJ: 5.1.2

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

One thing that cocaine, “highway hypnosis,” high fever, and meditation all have in common is that they produce

a.	hypnagogic images.
b.	relaxation.
c.	euphoria.
d.	ASCs.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: States of Consciousness-The Many Faces of Awareness OBJ: 5.1.2

KEY: Concept

Regarding altered states of consciousness (ASCs), which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	An unconscious person will die without constant care.
b.	Recently, scientists have been able to explain specifically how consciousness occurs.
c.	Most people do know when they have experienced an altered state of consciousness.
d.	It is possible to identify various states of consciousness and to explore the role they play in our lives.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: States of Consciousness-The Many Faces of Awareness OBJ: 5.1.2

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

During which ritual do several men sit in total darkness inside a small chamber heated by coals and chant rhythmically?

a.	Sioux sweat lodge ceremony
b.	Hindu mystics yoga practices
c.	ceremonies of the Whirling Dervishes of Turkey
d.	nightlong ritual of the Maori Tohunga in New Zealand

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: States of Consciousness-The Many Faces of Awareness OBJ: 5.1.3

KEY: Fact

Which of the following statements does NOT describe the sweat lodge ceremony of the Sioux Indians?

a.	It is meant to cleanse the body and mind.
b.	It is performed in a dark coal-heated chamber.
c.	It often brings about an altered state of consciousness.
d.	It often causes a sensory overload that can lead to cataplexy.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: States of Consciousness-The Many Faces of Awareness OBJ: 5.1.3

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

What do the Yoga practices of Hindu mystics, the dances of the Whirling Dervishes of Turkey, and the sweat lodge ceremony of the Sioux Indians all have in common?

a.	They are used as a rite of passage for the young men in each culture.
b.	They are all meant to cleanse the mind and body and bring about altered awareness and personal revelation.
c.	They are all considered illegal practices in most Western cultures.
d.	They have all of these in common.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: States of Consciousness-The Many Faces of Awareness OBJ: 5.1.3

KEY: Fact

Regarding altered states of consciousness, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Cultural conditioning affects what altered states we seek and attain.
b.	The meanings given to altered states have included signs of madness, spirit possession, and life-enhancing breakthroughs.
c.	Very few cultures or religions recognize and accept alterations of consciousness.
d.	Some people seek various altered states of pleasure, while others see altered states of consciousness as pathways to enlightenment.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: States of Consciousness-The Many Faces of Awareness OBJ: 5.1.3

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Each of us will spend approximately how many years of life asleep?

a.	five
b.	15
c.	20
d.	25

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.1 KEY: Fact

Regarding the state of sleep in humans, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	We are totally unresponsive while asleep.
b.	We can perform very simple tasks while asleep.
c.	We cannot learn complex skills while asleep.
d.	We can respond to familiar sounds and words, such as our names, while asleep.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.1 KEY: Concept

Regarding sleep, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	A good sleep helps people to remember what they learned the day before.
b.	Some people can learn very complex tasks while asleep, such as learning a foreign language.
c.	You are more likely to awaken if you hear your own name spoken instead of another name.
d.	Humans will spend approximately 25 years of their life asleep.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.1 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question)

Which of the following could you learn to do in your sleep?

a.	math
b.	foreign language
c.	touch a switch on cue
d.	dream analysis

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.1 KEY: Application

Regarding sleep, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Humans are unable to respond to environmental cues when asleep since sleep involves a complete loss of consciousness.
b.	Not all animals sleep.
c.	Dolphins are able to voluntarily breathe air and sleep without drowning by sleeping on just one side of the brain at a time.
d.	Sleep is an innate biological rhythm.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.1 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Dolphins are able to sleep without drowning because they

a.	have gills, like fish do.
b.	have a special opening that allows air in but not water.
c.	sleep on just one side of their brain at a time.
d.	inflate their bodies before sleep, which maintains them floating upright so they can breathe without taking in any water.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.1 KEY: Fact

Sleep is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT for

a.	being an innate biological rhythm.
b.	being necessary for life in humans.
c.	giving way temporarily in times of great danger.
d.	being a total loss of consciousness.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.1 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question)

Any repeating cycle of biological activity, such as sleep and waking cycles or changes in body temperature, is known as a(n)

a.	ASC.
b.	biological rhythm.
c.	condensation.
d.	REM rebound.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.1 KEY: Fact

A rare disease that prevents sleep

a.	often causes the person to develop manic-depression.
b.	usually occurs in two-week intervals.
c.	usually occurs in combination with Alzheimer’s disease.
d.	always ends with stupor, coma, and death.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.2 KEY: Concept

Being prevented from getting desired or needed amounts of sleep is known as

a.	hypersomnia.
b.	insomnia.
c.	sleep deprivation.
d.	sleep apnea.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.2 KEY: Fact

Regarding people who have experienced extreme sleep deprivation, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Randy Gardner at age 17 holds the official Guinness Book record for sleep deprivation.
b.	After Randy Gardner went 264 hours without sleep, he needed three days of sleep to get over this 11-day sleep loss.
c.	Sleep deprivation competitions are no longer recognized by the Guinness Book due to possible health risks.
d.	With few exceptions, most people after four or more days of sleep loss would show hypersomnia, slurred speech, and increased pain sensitivity.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.2 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Most symptoms of sleep deprivation

a.	are reversed by a single night’s rest.
b.	require a long period of bed rest for recovery.
c.	are irreversible.
d.	can be prevented by consuming caffeine.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.2 KEY: Concept

After prolonged sleep deprivation, a person getting his or her first night of sleep will

a.	have difficulty sleeping.
b.	feel compelled to replace lost sleep by sleeping late for several days.
c.	find that most symptoms are reversed by a single night’s sleep.
d.	still feel badly for at least five days until the effect of sleep loss wears off.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.2 KEY: Concept

Sleep loss can cause all of the following EXCEPT for

a.	slurred speech and inability to name common objects.
b.	decreased pain sensitivity.
c.	inability to concentrate or remember clearly.
d.	trembling hands, irritability, and staring.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.2 KEY: Concept

After even a few hours of sleep loss, most people experience excessive daytime sleepiness known as

a.	hypersomnia.
b.	somnambulism.
c.	insomnia.
d.	sleep apnea.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.2 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Because 15-year-old Lisa stays up late texting her friends and then gets up early for school, she tends to be very sleepy in class, a condition common to teenagers known as

a.	insomnia.
b.	narcolepsy.
c.	hypersomnia.
d.	hypnopompic conditioning.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.2 KEY: Application MSC: * (New Question)

Rapid physical changes during puberty have what effect on the adolescent’s need for sleep?

a.	increases the adolescent’s need for sleep
b.	slightly decreases the adolescent’s need for sleep
c.	significantly decreases the sdolescent’s need for sleep
d.	has no effect on the adolescent’s need for sleep

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.2 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question)

Regarding teenagers and sleep, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Rapid physical changes during puberty decrease the adolescent’s need for sleep.
b.	The quality of sleep time tends to decrease during the teen years.
c.	Excessive daytime sleepiness is a common problem in adolescents.
d.	The quantity of sleep time tends to decrease during the teen years.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.2 KEY: Fact

During the teen years, the quality and quantity of sleep time tends to

a.	increase.
b.	decrease.
c.	become more stable.
d.	show no change from childhood.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.2 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

You are studying for a string of five finals in a row, and you haven’t slept in the last two days. You will probably

a.	have trouble paying attention and have drooping eyelids.
b.	have trouble doing interesting and complex mental tasks.
c.	have increased pain tolerance.
d.	exhibit all of these characteristics.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.2 KEY: Application MSC: * (New Question)

If you suffered a couple of days of sleep deprivation, which of the following would most likely occur?

a.	hallucinations and delusions
b.	loss of ability to pay attention and perform simple routine tasks
c.	loss of ability to do interesting and complex mental tasks
d.	decreased pain sensitivity

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.2 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question)

Which of the following is NOT a common reaction to a sleep loss of two days?

a.	trouble doing interesting and complex mental tasks.
b.	trouble doing simple or boring routines
c.	increased pain sensitivity
d.	more susceptible to microsleeps

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.2|5.2.3 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

A momentary shift in brain wave activity to the pattern normally recorded during sleep is called

a.	REM sleep.
b.	NREM sleep.
c.	microsleep.
d.	waking sleep.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.3 KEY: Fact

Microsleep would most likely occur

a.	during Stage 3 sleep.
b.	just before one awakens in the morning.
c.	during sensory restriction treatment.
d.	due to sleep deprivation.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.3 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question)

Regarding sleep loss and microsleeps, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	If a task is monotonous, no amount of sleep loss is safe from the occurrence of microsleeps.
b.	A hundred thousand automobile crashses every year are caused by sleepiness.
c.	Even if your eyes are open, you can fall asleep for a few seconds.
d.	Lower animals, such as dogs, cats, and rats do not experience microsleep, only humans do.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.3 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Many automobile accidents are thought to occur during momentary shifts in brain activity called

a.	REM sleep.
b.	non-REM sleep.
c.	microsleep.
d.	sleep spindles.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.3 KEY: Application

You are struggling to stay awake while driving and realize that you may have “dozed off” for a few seconds. This shift in your brain activity is called

a.	a sleep spindle.
b.	a microsleep.
c.	somnambulism.
d.	a sensory deprivation.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.3 KEY: Application

Regarding the function of sleep and the effects of sleep loss, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Sleep helps keep the brain healthy by regulating its temperature, conserving energy, and aiding brain development and repair.
b.	Most people who have not slept for a day or two can still do interesting or complex mental tasks.
c.	Brief shifts in brain activity to the pattern normally recorded during sleep are called sleep apneas.
d.	Coffee can help sleepiness, but if one is struggling to stay awake while driving, it is best to stop and take a short nap.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.3|5.2.4 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Lowering body and brain activity and metabolism during sleep may help conserve energy and lengthen life, according to the __________ theory of sleep.

a.	activation-synthesis
b.	repair/restorative
c.	sensory gating
d.	neurocognitive

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.4 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

According to the repair/restorative theory, sleep does all of the following EXCEPT

a.	regulating the immune system.
b.	regulating body temperature.
c.	increasing metabolism.
d.	aiding in the development and repair of brain.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.4 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Regarding the repair/restorative theory of sleep, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Sleep helps keep the body and brain healthy by regulating its temperature and immune system.
b.	Lowering body and brain activity and metabolism during sleep may help conserve energy and lengthen life.
c.	If you lose just one hour of sleep a night, it can affect your mood, memory, ability to pay attention, and even your health.
d.	Biologically, sleep is considered a luxury, not a necessity.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.4 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

The symptoms of a temporary sleep-deprivation psychosis include

a.	sudden, irresistible, daytime sleep attacks.
b.	hallucinations, delusions, and disorientation.
c.	episodes of sleep walking and sleep talking.
d.	narcolepsy and/or cataplexy.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.5 KEY: Fact MSC: www

With extended periods of sleep deprivation (more than 60 hours), one would expect

a.	irreversible psychological damage.
b.	to experience hallucination, delusions, and disorientation.
c.	difficulty in getting to sleep.
d.	minor but lasting changes in mood and personality.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.5 KEY: Concept

Prolonged sleep loss can cause a major disruption of mental and emotional functioning characterized by hallucinations, delusions, and confusion called temporary

a.	sleep apnea.
b.	chronic insomnia.
c.	sleep deprivation psychosis.
d.	narcolepsy.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.5 KEY: Fact

Concerning temporary sleep deprivation psychosis, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Going without sleep for even 24 hours can lead to temporary sleep-deprivation psychosis.
b.	If you go without sleep for 32 hours, it usually only takes one good night of sleep (8 to 14 hours) to erase the effects.
c.	Hallucinations and delusions rarely appear before 60 hours of wakefulness.
d.	Temporary sleep-deprivation psychosis involves a temporary loss of contact with reality.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.5 KEY: Fact

Under pressure to meet a deadline, a truck driver has just gone three days without sleep. In the last twelve hours, he has begun to experience sensations of movement in stationary objects. He apparently has

a.	damaged the retinas of his eyes due to eye strain.
b.	undergone a change in muscle tension affection his kinesthetic sense.
c.	reached the first stages of sleep-deprivation psychosis.
d.	upset the vestibular system through excessive exposure to road vibration.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.5 KEY: Application

One’s natural sleep need

a.	changes with one’s mood and physical activity.
b.	is indicated when one can wake without an alarm clock and feel rested.
c.	is really nine hours for all adults.
d.	is really six hours for all adults.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.6 KEY: Concept

If you are sleeping fewer hours than your natural sleep need, then you

a.	are at risk for developing chronic sleep deprivation psychosis.
b.	have trained yourself to be a short sleeper.
c.	are building a sleep debt.
d.	most likely have chronic insomnia that needs to be treated.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.6 KEY: Concept

Which of the following best describes the stability of sleep cycles?

a.	They are innate so they cannot be modified.
b.	They are innate but can be modified somewhat.
c.	They are entirely learned, but once set are difficult to modify.
d.	They are entirely learned and therefore easily modified.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.6 KEY: Concept

Making the sleep-waking cycles shorter is not recommended because sleep

a.	cycles cannot be altered by external factors.
b.	is an innate biological rhythm.
c.	is set by a number of unchanging external markers.
d.	must match a three to one ratio of time awake and time asleep.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.6|5.2.7 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question)

Sleep is sometimes referred to as “a gentle tyrant” because

a.	it is an innate biological rhythm that can be modified only slightly.
b.	sleep patterns are innate and cannot be changed.
c.	sleep patterns vary from culture to culture.
d.	one requires more and more sleep as they age.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.6|5.2.7 KEY: Concept

The ordering and duration of daily sleep and waking periods are known as

a.	meridian rhythms.
b.	sleep patterns.
c.	REM cycles.
d.	sleep stages.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.7 KEY: Fact

The rhythms of sleep and waking

a.	coincide with cycles of the moon.
b.	are considerably shorter than 24 hours.
c.	are a little over 24 hours long.
d.	average around 36 hours.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.7 KEY: Fact

Our sleep rhythms tend to follow an exact 24-hour day because

a.	the time of peak activity is invariant from person to person.
b.	they are tied to external time markers like light and dark.
c.	they have adapted to technological improvements made in the last century.
d.	everyone needs at least eight hours of sleep every night.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.7 KEY: Concept

Which of the following is an external marker that helps us set up 24-hour sleep rhythms?

a.	hunger
b.	physical activity
c.	light and darkness
d.	lunar patterns

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.7 KEY: Fact

If external time markers, such as clocks or light and darkness, are removed, the human sleep-wake cycle will

a.	become slightly shorter.
b.	become slightly longer.
c.	remain exactly the same.
d.	be unpredictable.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.7 KEY: Concept

When a person is shut off from the world, such that he or she cannot even tell what time it is by light or dark for several days, this person’s sleep-waking cycle will

a.	stay exactly as it was since this cycle is innate and cannot be modified.
b.	shorten to an average of about 20 hours.
c.	lengthen to almost 25 hours.
d.	become completely disrupted.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.7 KEY: Application

Regarding sleep patterns, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Short sleepers average five hours or less of sleep per night, while long sleepers sleep nine hours or more.
b.	A few rare individuals can get by on an hour or two of sleep a night and feel perfectly fine.
c.	Infants spend up to 20 hours a day sleeping, usually in two- to four-hour cycles.
d.	Those over the age of 50 average about nine hours of sleep a night.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.7 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

When you were in high school, you used to sleep 14 hours per night on the weekends. If you did this every night, you would be appropriately called a(n)

a.	lucid sleeper
b.	insomniac.
c.	short sleeper.
d.	long sleeper.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.7 KEY: Application

A middle-aged man tells his physician that he has always slept nine to ten hours a night and wonders if something is wrong with him. He should be

a.	urged to reduce his sleep time to six hours, which is normal for adults.
b.	urged to reduce his sleep time to eight hours, which is normal for adults.
c.	assured that this sleep pattern is within acceptable, normal limits.
d.	given medication to improve the quality of his sleep and thus reduce the amount of time he spends in sleep.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.7 KEY: Application

How many hours of sleep do the majority of adults get per night?

a.	five hours
b.	seven to eight hours
c.	ten hours
d.	twelve hours

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.7 KEY: Fact

Compared to young adults, adults over 50 get

a.	more sleep.
b.	less sleep.
c.	about the same amount of sleep.
d.	a consistent average of eight hours of sleep per night rather than six or seven hours.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.7 KEY: Fact

How many hours of sleep do adults over the age of 50 average?

a.	four
b.	six
c.	eight
d.	ten

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.7 KEY: Fact

Throughout the lifespan, total sleep time

a.	decreases as we get older.
b.	increases as we get older.
c.	decreases then increases after age 50
d.	remains the same throughout life.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.7 KEY: Fact

Infants sleep

a.	in six to eight-hour blocks of time.
b.	12 hours a day.
c.	in two to four-hour blocks of time.
d.	in totally irregular patterns.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.7 KEY: Fact

For a newborn infant, one could expect total sleep time each day to approach

a.	24 hours.
b.	20 hours.
c.	12 hours.
d.	eight hours.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.7 KEY: Fact

Taking a midafternoon nap

a.	is indicative of a person with hypersomnia.
b.	are not really restful.
c.	can help people in occupations that require long periods of alertness.
d.	are only beneficial to the very young and the very old.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.7 KEY: Concept

Midafternoon sleepiness

a.	is a natural part of the sleep cycle.
b.	should not occur after infancy.
c.	is only common among the elderly.
d.	indicates that the person is getting poor quality of sleep at night.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.7 KEY: Concept

Most studies of sleep patterns show

a.	a consistent ratio of three to one between time awake and time asleep.
b.	that it is unhealthy for anyone to sleep less than six hours a day.
c.	that midafternoon sleepiness is a natural part of the wake-sleep cycle.
d.	that these sleep patterns are innate and unchangeable.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.7 KEY: Fact

A person on a cycle of three hours of sleep to six hours awake

a.	is exhibiting the natural sleep pattern.
b.	has adapted to a longer-than-normal sleep pattern.
c.	will have difficulty getting to sleep when the cycle calls for it.
d.	would be characterized by all of these.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.7 KEY: Concept

What is the natural sleep pattern ratio regarding time awake to time asleep?

a.	one to one
b.	two to one
c.	three to one
d.	undetermined

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.7 KEY: Fact

Regarding sleep patterns, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	One study showed that 28-hour “days” work for some people.
b.	Astronauts continue to sleep on their normal earth schedule while in space.
c.	The natural sleep pattern has a ratio of two to one between time awake and time asleep.
d.	Adapting to shorter-than-normal days is more promising than adapting to longer-than- normal days.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.7 KEY: Fact

Which of the following is the most important in the physiological control of sleep?

a.	brain circuits and brain chemicals
b.	the somatic nervous system
c.	external markers for sleep and wakefulness
d.	sleep-promoting substances in the blood stream

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Whether you are awake or asleep right now depends on

a.	the number of hours since one’s last intake of food.
b.	sleep-promoting substances in the blood stream.
c.	external markers for sleep and wakefulness.
d.	the balance between separate sleep and waking systems.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Regarding sleep, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

a.	Sleep is caused by the accumulation of chemicals in the blood.
b.	Whether one is awake or asleep depends on the balance between separate sleep and waking systems.
c.	The brain tends to “shut down” during sleep, with brain activity decreasing dramatically.
d.	All of these statements are true.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1

KEY: Concept

EEG records indicate that during sleep the brain

a.	increases its activity.
b.	changes its pattern of activity.
c.	shows only slow-wave activity.
d.	shuts down.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1

KEY: Fact

Sleep activity is usually measured using a(n)

a.	EEG.
b.	MRI.
c.	PET scanner.
d.	fetoscope.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1

KEY: Fact

In sleep labs, changes in tiny electrical signals generated by the brain are usually amplified and recorded with

a.	electroencephalography.
b.	magnetic resonance imaging.
c.	positron emission tomography.
d.	computed tomographic scanning.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

The pattern of EEG waves present when one is awake and alert is characterized by __________ waves.

a.	alpha
b.	beta
c.	delta
d.	theta

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1

KEY: Fact

Beta waves are characteristic in the EEG of a person who is

a.	dreaming.
b.	asleep but not dreaming.
c.	awake and alert.
d.	in Stage 2 sleep.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1

KEY: Fact

John’s EEG pattern as he reads his textbook indicates that he’s alert and awake. This means that his brain is generating __________ waves.

a.	alpha
b.	beta
c.	theta
d.	delta

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1

KEY: Application

The drowsiness one feels immediately before sleep would be characterized by somewhat larger and slower waves than when one was awake and alert. These slower waves are called __________ waves.

a.	alpha
b.	beta
c.	delta
d.	spindle

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1

KEY: Fact

Casey finds Dr. Madison’s psychology lecture to be boring and uninteresting. Gradually, his muscles relax and drowsiness occurs. This drowsy but wakeful state is associated with __________ brain waves.

a.	alpha
b.	beta
c.	theta
d.	delta

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1

KEY: Application

Relaxation exercises, recommended for stress management, produce a very relaxed, though still awake state, characterized by __________ waves.

a.	omega
b.	beta
c.	delta
d.	alpha

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1

KEY: Application

Levels of sleep identified by brain-wave patterns and behavioral changes are referred to as

a.	sleep stages.
b.	sleep rhythms.
c.	semi-conscious patterns.
d.	ASCs.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1

KEY: Fact

Which waves are characteristic of Stage 1 or light sleep?

a.	beta waves
b.	large regular waves with some sleep spindles
c.	small irregular waves with some alpha waves
d.	delta waves

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1

KEY: Fact

While you are watching TV, your mind begins to drift and you become increasingly drowsy. You know the television is on, but you cannot distinguish which program is on. Then, your friend says, “You’re asleep.” You quickly state, “No, I’m not,” but you really were. The sleep stage described would be

a.	REM sleep.
b.	Stage 1 of NREM sleep.
c.	Stage 2 of NREM sleep.
d.	Stage 3 of NREM sleep.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1

KEY: Application

As the muscles in your body relax during Stage 1 sleep, the reflex muscle contraction that may happen is called

a.	an autonomic cramp.
b.	a hypnic jerk.
c.	the restless leg syndrome.
d.	the hypnogogic image syndrome.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1

KEY: Fact

A hypnic jerk usually occurs during

a.	light sleep.
b.	deep sleep.
c.	episodes of hypersomnia.
d.	episodes of sleep apnea.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

You have gotten into bed, and your muscles begin to relax when you “jump” in this light sleep and awaken. You have most likely experienced

a.	cataplexy.
b.	a hypnogogic image episode.
c.	somnambulism.
d.	a hypnic jerk.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1

KEY: Application MSC: * (New Question)

Which of the following is a correct match?

a.	Stage 1 – delta waves
b.	Stage 2 – sleep spindles
c.	Stage 3 – beta waves
d.	Stage 4 – alpha waves

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1

KEY: Fact

Short bursts of brain activity in Stage 2 sleep are called

a.	delta waves.
b.	recurrent beta waves.
c.	sleep spindles.
d.	cortical waves.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1

KEY: Fact

Sleep spindles are short bursts of brain activity generated by the

a.	amygdala.
b.	thalamus.
c.	reticular formation.
d.	corpus callosum.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Which of the following may prevent the sleeping brain from being aroused by external stimuli, thus, marking the true boundary of sleep?

a.	alpha waves
b.	beta waves
c.	sleep spindles
d.	a hypnic jerk

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Most people will say they were asleep within four minutes after which of the following appear?

a.	alpha waves
b.	beta waves
c.	a hypnic jerk
d.	sleep spindles

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1

KEY: Fact

Carla’s sleep is being monitored in a research lab. The assistant notices that Carla’s EEG shows a high presence of sleep spindles. It can be concluded that Carla is in

a.	REM.
b.	Stage 1 of NREM.
c.	Stage 2 of NREM.
d.	Stage 3 of NREM.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1

KEY: Application MSC: www

Sleep spindles usually first appear in Stage __________ sleep.

a.	1
b.	2
c.	3
d.	4

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Delta waves will first appear in

a.	NREM stage 1.
b.	NREM stage 2.
c.	NREM stage 3.
d.	REM.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

During Stage 3 NREM,

a.	delta waves first begin to appear.
b.	sleep spindles occur.
c.	people tend to experience hypnic jerks.
d.	people tend to experience nightmares.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1

KEY: Concept

Stage 3 NREM and Stage 4 NREM

a.	show delta waves.
b.	are called paradoxical sleep.
c.	consist of mostly beta waves and a few sleep spindles.
d.	occur only during the last half of the night.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1

KEY: Concept

An hour after you go to sleep, a loud noise awakens you. You emerge from sleep confused and do not remember the noise. You were in which stage of sleep?

a.	Stage 1
b.	Stage 2
c.	Stage 3
d.	Stage 4

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1

KEY: Application

Most people reach deep sleep (Stage 4) in about

a.	10 minutes.
b.	25 minutes.
c.	40 minutes.
d.	one hour.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

As a sleep researcher is monitoring you, he notices that your brain waves are showing almost all delta waves. He awakens you at this point, and you awaken in a complete state of confusion. You are most likely in which stage of sleep?

a.	Stage 4 of NREM
b.	REM sleep
c.	Stage 2 of NREM
d.	Stage 1 of NREM

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1

KEY: Application

Which of the following is a correct match?

a.	Stage 1 – sleep spindles
b.	Stage 2 – beta waves
c.	Stage 3 – hypnic jerk
d.	Stage 4 – delta waves

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1

KEY: Fact

Regarding the stages of sleep, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Most wave types are present at all times, but they occur more or less frequently in various sleep stages.
b.	In Stage 3, a new brainwave called beta waves begins to appear.
c.	Most people reach deep sleep in about one hour.
d.	Fluctuations in sleep hormones cause recurring cycles of deeper and lighter sleep throughout the night.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1

KEY: Concept

After spending some time in Stage 4, the sleeper

a.	returns to Stage 3, then Stage 2, then Stage 1.
b.	returns directly to Stage 2.
c.	returns directly to Stage 1.
d.	awakens directly from Stage 4.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1

KEY: Fact

Shifts between deeper and lighter sleep

a.	skip sleep stages.
b.	occur just once per night unless the sleeper is suddenly awakened.
c.	occur throughout the night.
d.	are the first sign of sleep deprivation.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1

KEY: Fact

Concerning the nature of sleep, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	A sleeper upon reaching Stage 4 sleep will remain in this stage for the duration of the night.
b.	A sleeper’s EEG patterns in REM sleep are similar to Stage 1 EEG patterns.
c.	A person will shift between deeper and lighter sleep throughout the night.
d.	A person’s REM sleep is associated with dreaming.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1|5.3.2

KEY: Concept

REM is the acronym that stands for

a.	retinal equilibrium motion.
b.	random eye movement.
c.	rapid eye movement.
d.	retinal eye motion.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.2

KEY: Fact

Gretchen is watching her infant McKenzie sleep. Gretchen notes that McKenzie’s eyes dart back and forth beneath her eyelids. This suggests that McKenzie is

a.	experiencing sleep spindles.
b.	dreaming.
c.	in Stage 4 sleep.
d.	experiencing delta waves.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.2

KEY: Application

During a sleep lab session, Miguel’s EEG patterns show that his brain is so active that he looks like he is awake, but the sleep lab attendant verifies that Miguel is indeed asleep. Miguel is exhibiting

a.	sleep spindles.
b.	REM sleep.
c.	night terrors.
d.	somnambulism.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.2

KEY: Application

Which of the following sleep phenomena could be detected without the aid of an EEG machine?

a.	Stage 2 sleep
b.	REM sleep
c.	Stage 3 sleep
d.	sleep spindles

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.2

KEY: Fact

Research suggests that the two most basic states of sleep are

a.	alpha sleep and beta sleep.
b.	light sleep and deep sleep.
c.	REM sleep and non-REM sleep.
d.	REM sleep and paradoxical sleep.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.2

KEY: Fact

NREM sleep consists of

a.	Stages 1 and 2 sleep.
b.	Stages 3 and 4 sleep.
c.	Stage 1, 2, and 3 sleep only.
d.	Stages 1, 2, 3 and 4 sleep.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.2

KEY: Fact

Which theory/hypothesis states that NREM sleep “calms” the brain, while REM sleep “sharpens” our memories of the previous day’s more important experiences?

a.	activation-synthesis hypothesis
b.	neurocognition theory
c.	dual process hypothesis
d.	biological biasing theory

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.2

KEY: Concept MSC: www

Throughout the day, our neural networks become more and more active, requiring more and more energy. Then, slow wave sleep early in the night brings overall brain activation levels back down so the brain is refreshed and less important memories fade, according to which theory/hypothesis?

a.	activation-synthesis hypothesis
b.	neurocognitive theory
c.	dual process hypothesis
d.	biological biasing theory

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.2

KEY: Concept

The dual process hypothesis of sleep describes

a.	how the slow wave sleep early in the night brings activation levels down so the brain can be refreshed and less important memories can fade.
b.	how random activity in lower brain centers results in the manufacture of relatively bizarre dreams by higher brain centers.
c.	how dreams reflect everyday waking thoughts and emotions.
d.	why a dreamer feels awake and capable of normal thoughts and actions.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.2

KEY: Concept

According to the dual process theory of sleep, which of the following “calms” the brain during the earlier part of a night’s sleep?

a.	NREM sleep
b.	REM sleep
c.	beta waves
d.	alpha waves

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.2

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

According to the dual process theory of sleep, which of the following “sharpens” our memories of the previous day’s more important experiences?

a.	NREM sleep
b.	REM sleep
c.	delta waves
d.	somnambulism

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.2

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Regarding NREM sleep, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Dreamless slow-wave NREM sleep increases after physical exertion.
b.	NREM sleep is dream free about 90 percent of the time.
c.	NREM sleep occurs during stages 1, 2, 3, and 4.
d.	NREM is deepest late in the night during the last stage-4 periods.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.3

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Physical exertion tends to increase

a.	REM sleep.
b.	NREM sleep.
c.	hypersomnia.
d.	nightmares.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.3

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Which of the following is likely to increase NREM sleep?

a.	physical exertion
b.	taking a test
c.	studying for a test
d.	none of these

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.3

KEY: Fact

Dreams can occur in

a.	REM sleep.
b.	NREM sleep.
c.	both REM and NREM sleep.
d.	none of these.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.3|5.3.4

KEY: Fact

Compared to REM, dreams in NREM tend to be

a.	longer.
b.	more bizarre and “dream-like.”
c.	clearer and more detailed.
d.	have none of these characteristics.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.3|5.3.4

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Compared to NREM, dreams in REM tend to be

a.	shorter.
b.	more rational and reality-based.
c.	clearer and more detailed.
d.	characterized by all of these.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.3|5.3.4

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Regarding REM and NREM sleep, which of the following statements is TRUE?

a.	Daytime stress can increase NREM sleep.
b.	Physical exertion can increase REM sleep.
c.	NREM sleep is deepest early in the night during the first few state 4 periods.
d.	Mammals, such as dogs and cats, and newborn babies do not show REM sleep.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.3|5.3.4

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Concerning REM and NREM sleep, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	NREM sleep is dream-free about 90 percent of the time.
b.	Your first period of Stage 1 sleep usually lacks REMs and dreams.
c.	Brain areas associated with imagery and emotion become significantly less active during REM sleep.
d.	REM sleep may stimulate the developing brain in newborn babies.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.3|5.3.4

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Regarding REM sleep, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	After studying for a long period, you will remember more if you pull an all-nighter studying than if you go to sleep.
b.	Brain areas associated with imagery and emotion become significantly more active during REM sleep.
c.	All mammals show REM sleep, but reptiles show no signs of REM sleep.
d.	For adults, REM periods add up to about 20 percent of total sleep time.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.4

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Regarding REM sleep, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	REM sleep has a fast, irregular EEG pattern similar to Stage 1 sleep.
b.	When measured by an EEG, the brain during REM sleep looks as if the person is awake.
c.	Physical exertion tends to increase REM sleep.
d.	Newborn babies spend eight or nine hours a day in REM sleep, which is 50 percent of their total sleep time.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.4

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Daytime stress tends to increase __________ sleep.

a.	REM
b.	NREM stage 2
c.	NREM stage 3
d.	NREM stage 4

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.4

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

A very stressful day is likely to increase the amount of

a.	episodes of sleep apnea.
b.	hypersomnia.
c.	NREM sleep.
d.	REM sleep.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.4

KEY: Fact

Carrie is extremely worried about her job. There are rumors of the company planning to downsize, and Carrie’s boss has been fussing at everyone she encounters. With this situation, we can expect Carrie to be experiencing

a.	less REM sleep.
b.	more REM sleep.
c.	more NREM sleep.
d.	more sleep spindles.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.4

KEY: Application

Which of the following dramatically increases when there is a death in the family, trouble at work, a marital conflict, or other emotionally-charged events?

a.	deep sleep delta waves
b.	beta waves and sleep spindles
c.	NREM sleep
d.	REM sleep

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.4

KEY: Concept

Concerning REM sleep, which of the following statements is TRUE?

a.	People who are born blind do not experience REM sleep.
b.	Dreams during REM sleep tend to be longer, clearer, more detailed, more bizarre, and more “dream-like” than thoughts and images than occur in NREM sleep.
c.	Roughly 85 percent of the time, people who are awakened during REM sleep report having no dreams.
d.	REM sleep is shown in reptiles, such as snakes and iguanas.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.4

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Concerning REM sleep, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Roughly 85 percent of the time, people awakened during REM sleep report having vivid dreams.
b.	After studying for a long period, you will remember more if you go to sleep than if you pull an all-nighter.
c.	REM sleep is a combination of sleep spindles and very deep delta waves.
d.	People who are born blind experience REM sleep.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.4

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Which of the following occurs during REM sleep?

a.	irregular heart rate and blood pressure
b.	delta waves
c.	increased voluntary muscle movement
d.	sleepwalking

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.4

KEY: Fact

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of REM sleep?

a.	irregular heart rate and blood pressure
b.	sexual arousal
c.	increased voluntary muscle movement
d.	rapid eye movements

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.4

KEY: Fact

Regarding REM sleep, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Major muscles appear paralyzed during REM sleep.
b.	Males and females display sexual arousal during REM sleep.
c.	You usually dream as soon as you enter Stage 1 sleep.
d.	Some eye movements during REM sleep correspond to the activities occurring in the dreams.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.4

KEY: Concept

Observing a subject who is in REM sleep, a researcher can conclude that the subject will exhibit all of the following characteristics EXCEPT

a.	vivid dreaming.
b.	sexual arousal.
c.	voluntary muscle paralysis.
d.	delta waves.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.4

KEY: Concept

A person in a sleep lab is showing emotional arousal, blood pressure changes, and sexual arousal, which all primarily occur during

a.	REM sleep.
b.	NREM sleep.
c.	delta sleep.
d.	Stage 4 sleep.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.4

KEY: Application MSC: * (New Question)

During sleep, which of the following prevents you from acting out your dreams?

a.	lucid dreaming
b.	REM sleep paralysis
c.	REM behavior disorder
d.	somnambulism

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.4

KEY: Concept

The disorder that is characterized by a failure of normal muscle paralysis, leading to violent actions during REM sleep, is called

a.	periodic limb movement syndrome.
b.	restless legs syndrome.
c.	REM behavior disorder.
d.	sleep terror disorder.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.4

KEY: Fact

While dreaming, your roommate jumps up and thrashes around violently, acting out his dream. Your roommate is suffering from

a.	restless legs syndrome.
b.	REM behavior disorder.
c.	narcolepsy.
d.	sleep apnea.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.4

KEY: Application

Carlos suffers from REM behavior disorder, which means that Carlos

a.	experiences REM rebound with vivid nightmares.
b.	snores loudly, holding his breath, and then gasping for air.
c.	lacks muscle paralysis, which allows him to thrash about and act out his dreams.
d.	is having sudden, irresistible, daytime sleep attacks.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.4

KEY: Application

Sleep paralysis that occurs just as we begin to wake up may produce bizarre episodes in which people may feel something pressing on their chests or think there are space aliens, angels, or demons in the room with them. This describes what is referred to as

a.	hypnopompic hallucinations.
b.	narcolepsy.
c.	lucid dreaming.
d.	a nightmare disorder.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.4

KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question)

Barnard tells his therapist that upon awakening from sleep, he could not move or call out for help. As he struggled to move, he felt alien presences standing over him whispering. Within a few seconds, he is able to move and realizes that the frightening “whispering” was probably from his clock radio as it went off. However, this frightening episode has occurred several times this month. Barnard most likely experienced

a.	REM rebound.
b.	paradoxical delusions.
c.	hypnopompic hallucinations.
d.	lucid dreaming.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.4

KEY: Application MSC: * (New Question)

Carrie tells a tabloid news reporter that she had been abducted by aliens. She relates how she awoke in the morning only to find herself paralyzed, hearing buzzing sounds, and feeling electrical sensations throughout her body. She then became aware of figures lurking in her room and then saw vague images of alien beings. When she was a young child, she thought they were angels or fairies. Carrie is most likely experiencing

a.	REM behavior disorder.
b.	hypnopompic hallucinations.
c.	REM rebound.
d.	narcolepsy.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.4

KEY: Application

Regarding episodes that occur during sleep paralysis, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	During these episodes, some people who have sleep-related hallucinations believe they have been abducted by space aliens or sexually abused.
b.	Earlier in history, people interpreted the hallucinated intruders in these episodes as angels, demons, or witches.
c.	A person who experiences the hallucinations, bizarre suffocating, or “out-of-body” experiences while in sleep paralysis have a condition known as REM behavior disorder.
d.	By studying these hallucinations that accompany sleep paralysis, psychologists hope to offer natural explanations for many experiences that might otherwise seem supernatural or paranormal.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.4

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Artificial lighting, hectic schedules, smoking, and drinking are factors that have

a.	led to the development of narcolepsy in younger people.
b.	led to an increase in lucid dreaming.
c.	contributed to a near epidemic of sleep problems.
d.	resulted in the abnormal occurrence of hypnic jerks during sleep.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.1

KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question)

Regarding sleep disturbances, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Sleep disturbances have been shown to pose a serious risk to one’s physical health.
b.	Sleep disturbances have not been shown to have a significant effect on one’s emotional well-being.
c.	Sleep clinics treat thousands of people each year who suffer from sleep disorders or sleep complaints.
d.	Artificial lighting, exciting pastimes, and hectic schedules have contributed to a near epidemic of sleep problems.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.1

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Sharon seems depressed and just wants to nap all the time during the day. She is exhibiting symptoms of the sleep disturbance known as

a.	sleep drunkeness.
b.	sleep apnea.
c.	hypersomnia.
d.	sleep-wake schedule disorder.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.1

KEY: Application

Which of the following refers to excessive daytime sleepiness and can result from depression, insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, and drug abuse?

a.	somnambulism
b.	REM behavior disorder
c.	hypersomnia
d.	sleep-wake schedule disorder

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.1

KEY: Fact

A person suffering from insomnia has a sleep problem characterized by

a.	difficulty in going and staying asleep.
b.	sudden, irresistible attacks of sleepiness.
c.	night terrors and sleep talking.
d.	a failure of normal muscle paralysis during REM sleep.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.1

KEY: Concept

A sleep disturbance in which one awakens several times during the night and has difficulty returning to sleep is

a.	narcolepsy.
b.	sleep apnea.
c.	somnambulism.
d.	insomnia.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.1

KEY: Fact

Narcolepsy refers to

a.	sudden sleep attacks.
b.	excessive daytime sleepiness.
c.	vivid, recurrent nightmares.
d.	a breathing problem during sleep.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.1

KEY: Fact

Which of the following sleep disturbances is characterized by a sudden, irresistible urge to sleep, which lasts a few minutes to half an hour with victims falling asleep while standing, talking, or even driving?

a.	narcolepsy
b.	hypersomnia
c.	sleep apnea
d.	somnambulism

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.1

KEY: Fact

At least twice a week, Deanna has recurring “bad dreams” during REM sleep that are so real and terrifying that they significantly disturb her sleep. Deanna has which sleep disturbance?

a.	sleep terror disorder
b.	narcolepsy
c.	somnambulism
d.	nightmare disorder

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.1

KEY: Application

In which sleep disturbance does the person suffer from muscle twitches, primarily in the legs, that occur every 20 to 40 seconds, severely interrupting his or her sleep?

a.	narcolepsy
b.	somnambulism
c.	hypnic jerk syndrome
d.	periodic limb movement syndrome

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.1

KEY: Fact

Jorge has trouble sleeping at night because his leg muscles seem to twitch every 20 to 40 seconds, severely disturbing his sleep. His doctor diagnosed

a.	REM behavior disorder.
b.	somnambulism.
c.	hypnic jerk syndrome.
d.	periodic limb movement syndrome.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.1

KEY: Application

While dreaming, your partner acts out his dream and physically attacks you. Your partner is suffering from

a.	hypersomnia.
b.	REM behavior disorder.
c.	narcolepsy.
d.	sleep apnea.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.1

KEY: Application

In which sleep disturbance do people have an irresistible urge to move their legs to relieve sensations of creeping, tingling, prickling, aching, or tension?

a.	hypnic jerk syndrome
b.	somnambulism
c.	restless legs syndrome
d.	narcolepsy

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.1

KEY: Fact

As Ed is falling asleep, his legs begin to tingle and then to ache. In order to relieve this painful prickly sensation, he begins to move his legs. This happens several times during the night, dramatically disturbing his sleep. Ed’s sleep problem is most likely

a.	hypnic jerk syndrome.
b.	somnambulism.
c.	restless legs syndrome.
d.	REM behavior disorder.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.1

KEY: Application

Sleep apnea refers to

a.	vivid recurrent nightmares.
b.	a breathing problem during sleep.
c.	excessive daytime sleepiness.
d.	sudden sleep attacks.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.1

KEY: Fact

A sleep disturbance characterized by snoring, short silences, and gasps is called

a.	sleep apnea.
b.	narcolepsy.
c.	somnambulism.
d.	insomnia.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.1

KEY: Fact

Sleep drunkenness is associated with

a.	alcohol use.
b.	drug-dependency insomnia.
c.	excessive daytime sleepiness.
d.	being slow to wake up and displaying irritability or aggressiveness.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.1

KEY: Fact

Ivan has always been very slow to wake up in the morning, and you really want to stay out of his way until he has time to pull himself together, drink his morning coffee, and read the newspaper. This is characteristic of someone with

a.	sleep-wake schedule disorder.
b.	sleep drunkenness.
c.	hypersomnia.
d.	narcolepsy.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.1

KEY: Application

Sleep terror disorder involves the repeated occurrence of

a.	nightmares.
b.	narcolepsy episodes.
c.	sleep apnea episodes.
d.	none of these.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.1

KEY: Fact

Which sleep disturbance involves a state of panic during NREM sleep that occurs repeatedly over a period of several months?

a.	nightmare disorder
b.	narcolepsy
c.	sleep terror disorder
d.	hypersomnia

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.1

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

A mismatch between a person’s circadian rhythm and the demands of the environment result in

a.	sleep-wake schedule disorder.
b.	narcolepsy.
c.	nightmares.
d.	sleep apnea.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.1

KEY: Fact

Jet lag and changes in shift work would most likely precipitate which sleep disturbance?

a.	narcolepsy
b.	sleep apnea
c.	sleep drunkenness
d.	sleep-wake schedule disorder

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.1

KEY: Concept

The scientific name for the sleep disturbance of sleepwalking is

a.	somnambulism.
b.	narcolepsy.
c.	periodic limb movement disorder.
d.	sleep drunkenness.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.1

KEY: Fact

Regarding insomnia, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	About 60 million Americans have frequent or chronic insomnia.
b.	Insomnia can harm people’s work, health, and relationships.
c.	If sleep problems last for more than one week, then a diagnosis of chronic insomnia can be made.
d.	If you have insomnia, it is usually best to get up and do something useful or satisfying until you feel that you are struggling to stay awake.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Concept

According to your textbook, the three types of insomnia are

a.	temporary, chronic, drug-dependency.
b.	temporary, transient, long-term.
c.	acute, chronic, and crucial.
d.	organic, functional, and chronic.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Fact

Which type of insomnia is caused by worry, stress, or excitement; is characterized by excess mental activity and heightened arousal leading to frustration; and is best dealt with by getting up and doing something useful or satisfying?

a.	cyclic insomnia
b.	temporary insomnia
c.	chronic insomnia
d.	drug-dependency insomnia

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question)

Temporary insomnia is most often caused by

a.	the use of non-prescription sleeping pills.
b.	worry, stress, and excitement.
c.	the use of prescribed sedatives.
d.	eating starchy foods before going to bed.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Fact

Getting up and doing something useful works best in combating __________ insomnia.

a.	temporary
b.	chronic
c.	cyclic
d.	drug-dependency

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question)

When a person has sleeping difficulties that last for more than three weeks, this person’s insomnia is referred to as __________ insomnia.

a.	temporary
b.	chronic
c.	drug-dependency
d.	stimulus-control

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Fact

Ever since Agnes lost her husband six months ago, she has been unable to sleep through the night even though she is tired when she goes to bed. This type of insomnia is called __________ insomnia.

a.	rebound
b.	chronic
c.	transient
d.	temporary

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Application

Which of the following conditions involves sleep loss caused by a withdrawal from sleeping pills, resulting in terrible nightmares and “rebound insomnia” unless the person starts taking the sleeping pills again?

a.	narcolepsy
b.	drug-dependency insomnia
c.	sleep narcosis
d.	sleep drunkenness

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Fact

Taking non-prescription drugs to fight insomnia is probably not a good idea because they

a.	have little or no sleep-inducing effect.
b.	suppress Stage 4 and dream sleep.
c.	interfere with normal sleep cycles.
d.	increase the frequency of microsleeps.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Concept

Prescription sedatives tend to reduce the quality of sleep because they

a.	create paradoxical sleep.
b.	suppress peripheral neurological activity.
c.	decrease Stage 4 and REM sleep.
d.	eliminate Stage 2 sleep.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Concept

According to research on the use of sleeping pills to treat insomnia, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Nonprescription sleeping pills have little sleep-inducing effects.
b.	Prescription sedatives increase Stage 4 sleep and REM sleep.
c.	The use of prescription sedatives can lead to drug-dependency insomnia.
d.	Newer drugs, such as Ambien and Lunesta can induce sleep but can also cause amnesia, depression, and sleepwalking.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Your friend tells you that his doctor has just prescribed a sedative to combat persistent insomnia. He asks for your opinion about taking the sedative. You should advise him to

a.	take non-prescription sleeping pills instead.
b.	be aware of the danger of drug-dependency insomnia.
c.	expect occasional paradoxical sleep if he takes the sedative for an extended period.
d.	tell him to expect to act out some very bizarre dreams since sedatives can cause REM behavior disorder.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.1

KEY: Application

The continued use of barbiturates to treat insomnia tends to cause

a.	a reduction in insomnia episodes.
b.	an increase in narcolepsy.
c.	a dependency on the barbiturates.
d.	an increase in nocturnal enuresis.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Concept

Your friend Anna is suffering from insomnia. Which of the following would help Anna get a good night’s sleep?

a.	nonprescription sleeping pills
b.	barbiturates
c.	alcohol
d.	none of these

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Application

Side effects of the newer sleep medications, such as Ambien and Lunesta, include all of the following EXCEPT for

a.	amnesia and impaired judgment.
b.	depression, increased appetite, and decreased sex drive.
c.	sleepwalking and rebound insomnia.
d.	sleep apnea and restless legs.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

The newer sleep medications, such as Ambien and Lunesta, should be considered

a.	ineffective in the treatment of insomnia.
b.	very effective in the treatment of insomnia with only minor side effects.
c.	a temporary remedy for insomnia.
d.	very effective but with potential life-threatening side effects, such as reduced red blood cell production.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Concept

A treatment based on weaning someone off their sleeping pills is designed for persons having which type of insomnia?

a.	temporary insomnia
b.	chronic insomnia
c.	somatic insomnia
d.	drug-dependency insomnia

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Concept

Establishing a regular sleep schedule, eliminating caffeine, and treating depression (if present) would most likely be used to combat

a.	temporary insomnia.
b.	chronic insomnia.
c.	narcolepsy.
d.	cataplexy.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Concept

At a sleep lab, you learn to utilize sleep restriction and stimulus control techniques. You are most likely being treated for

a.	insomnia.
b.	somnambulism.
c.	narcolepsy.
d.	REM behavior disorder.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Application MSC: * (New Question)

Using your bedroom for sleeping (instead of for studying, paying bills, etc.) is an example of the use of which of the following methods for combating combat insomnia?

a.	sleep restriction
b.	relaxation
c.	stimulus control
d.	paradoxical intention

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Concept

Insisting on a regular schedule for sleep helps establish a firm body rhythm. This is best achieved by linking a response, such as sleeping with a specific stimulus, such as going to bed at a specific time, a technique known as

a.	sleep restriction.
b.	the relaxation response.
c.	stimulus control.
d.	the paradoxical intention.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Concept

Mandy has chronic insomnia. She has been told that it is important to get up and go to sleep at the same time each day, including weekends. She was also told to avoid studying, watching TV, reading, or doing anything but sleeping when she goes to bed. To treat insomnia, Mandy will be using

a.	stimulus control.
b.	the relaxation response.
c.	sleep restriction.
d.	the paradoxical intention.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Application

According to research done on sleep restriction, if one misses an entire night’s sleep, it is best to

a.	sleep late the next morning.
b.	nap during the day for more than an hour.
c.	restrict sleep to normal bedtime hours.
d.	go to bed early the following night.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Concept

Which of the following helps to avoid the fragmenting of sleep rhythms?

a.	using sleep restriction
b.	using the paradoxical intention
c.	exercising strenuously an hour before going to bed
d.	drinking a glass of wine before bed

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Concept

The best advice to give a fellow student who is having problems falling asleep is to

a.	avoid getting upset about this temporary insomnia and go in another room and do something useful, such as reading.
b.	lower arousal levels by engaging in vigorous exercise before going to bed.
c.	fast before going to bed.
d.	take a non-prescription sleeping pill.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Application

The best advice to give a fellow student who has problems falling asleep is to

a.	try to make up for lost sleep the next day by napping or going to bed early.
b.	have a glass of wine before trying to go to sleep.
c.	schedule time in the early evening to write down worries or concerns and what you will do about them the next day.
d.	do aerobics or calisthenics right before going to bed so you will be tired.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Application

If your friend is using paradoxical intention to help overcome a problem, most likely he is contending with

a.	somnambulism.
b.	sleepwalking.
c.	inattention problems.
d.	insomnia.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Application

A technique for dealing with insomnia that involves a deliberate attempt to stay awake, which actually leads to producing sleep, is called

a.	the paradoxical intention.
b.	stimulus control.
c.	progressive relaxation.
d.	cataplexy control.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Fact

Jacob is trying to go to sleep. So, he tries to keep his eyes open (in the dark) and stay awake as long as possible. This allows sleep to overtake him unexpectedly and lowers performance anxiety. This technique is known as

a.	stimulus control.
b.	sleep restriction.
c.	the paradoxical intention.
d.	the tryptophan effect.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Application

People with insomnia can lower their arousal level before sleep by using all of the following EXCEPT

a.	progressive muscle relaxation.
b.	meditation or blotting out worries with calming images.
c.	writing down worries or concerns and planning what to do about them the next day.
d.	exercising an hour before bedtime.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question)

Exercise can promote sleep in all of the following situations EXCEPT when engaging in

a.	strenuous exercise more than six hours before bedtime.
b.	strenuous exercise three hours before bedtime.
c.	light exercise three hours before bedtime.
d.	light exercise six hours before bedtime.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

It has been found that what you eat can affect how easily you go to sleep. For example, eating which of the following types of foods increases the amount of tryptophan that reaches the brain and causes sleepiness?

a.	proteins
b.	citrus fruit juices
c.	starchy foods
d.	leafy green vegetables

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Eating cookies, bread, pasta, oatmeal, or dry cereal as a snack before bed can increase sleepiness because it increases the amount of

a.	dopamine.
b.	norepinephrine.
c.	acetylcholine.
d.	tryptophan.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Relaxation, a positive mood, and sleepiness occurs when we eat starchy foods because these foods increase the amount of tryptophan and, in turn, increase

a.	epinephrine.
b.	glutamate.
c.	acetylcholine.
d.	serotonin.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

If Jamie has trouble sleeping, he usually gets up and munches on some cookies, pretzels, or dry cereal; and this seems to help him sleep. This sleep-inducing technique

a.	precipitates a placebo effect only.
b.	increases the amount of tryptophan reaching his brain and increases serotonin levels.
c.	is known as the paradoxical intention, since eating should prevent sleep.
d.	decreases the norepinephrine and dopamine levels in the brain, resulting in sleep.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Application

Lindsay is having trouble going to sleep. Which food would be recommended for her to eat or drink if she wanted to increase her intake of tryptophan?

a.	a baked potato
b.	a hamburger
c.	orange juice
d.	a glass of red wine

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Application

Larry is having trouble going to sleep. Which food would NOT be recommended for him to eat or drink if he wanted to increase his intake of tryptophan?

a.	a baked potato
b.	pasta
c.	orange juice
d.	cookies

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Application

Which of the following is NOT a behavioral remedy to treat insomnia?

a.	avoiding stimulants, such as caffeine and cigarettes
b.	drinking a glass of wine an hour before bedtime each night
c.	using progressive muscle relaxation
d.	engaging in light exercise six hours before bedtime

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question)

Which of the following would NOT be good advice for treating insomnia?

a.	Exercise in the evening is helpful in going to sleep only if the exercise is very light.
b.	Eat a starchy snack, such as pretzels or cookies before going to bed.
c.	Read a book, watch TV, or play a video game while in bed.
d.	Use the paradoxical intention by trying to keep your eyes open in the dark and stay awake as long as possible.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Concept

Which of the following behaviors have somnambulists exhibited during sleep?

a.	cooking and eating
b.	driving a car and handling a weapon
c.	playing a musical instrument
d.	all of these

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.3

KEY: Fact

Somnambulists are individuals who

a.	are potential victims of sleep apnea.
b.	experience insomnia.
c.	have taken too many sleeping pills.
d.	walk in their sleep.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.3

KEY: Fact

Regarding sleepwalkers, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	The sleepwalker’s eyes are usually closed.
b.	The sleepwalker usually has a blank face and shuffles his or her feet.
c.	Awakening a sleepwalker does no harm, but it is not necessary.
d.	Sleepwalkers have been known to play a musical instrument, drive a car, or cook while asleep.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.3

KEY: Fact

It is late at night, and David is studying for an exam. David looks up and sees his older brother Jeff standing in his doorway. David speaks to him but gets no response. Jeff’s eyes are open but he has a blank expression on his face, and Jeff shuffles his feet rather than walking normally. David follows him back to his room, and Jeff gets back into bed. David has just witnessed an episode of

a.	narcolepsy.
b.	somnambulism.
c.	REM behavior disorder.
d.	sleep terror disorder.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.3

KEY: Application

Regarding sleepwalkers, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

a.	Sleepwalking occurs most often in association with narcolepsy.
b.	Sleepwalking is the outward expression of dream content.
c.	Sleepwalking occurs during NREM stages 3 and 4 sleep.
d.	All of these statements are true.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.3

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

EEGs have shown that sleepwalking occurs during

a.	NREM stage 1 or stage 2.
b.	NREM stage 3 or stage 4.
c.	sleep spindles.
d.	REM sleep.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.3

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Regarding sleeptalking, which of the following statements is TRUE?

a.	Sleeptalking occurs only during light (Stage 1) sleep.
b.	Sleeptalking is the outward expression of dream content.
c.	Sleeptalking generally makes little sense.
d.	Sleeptalking occurs most often during REM sleep.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.3

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

The reason that sleeptalking makes little sense and why sleepwalkers are confused and remember little when awakened is that both sleep disturbances occur during

a.	deep NREM sleep.
b.	cataplexic episodes.
c.	REM sleep.
d.	hypnopompic episodes.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.3

KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question)

The official name for sleep sex is

a.	sexsomnia.
b.	cataplexic sex.
c.	somnambulism.
d.	hypnopompic sensuality.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.3

KEY: Fact

Which of the following involves someone who is actually sleeping attempting to have sex with another person?

a.	sexsomnia
b.	somnambulism
c.	hypnopompic sexuality
d.	cataplexic sex

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.3

KEY: Fact

What do somnambulism, sleeptalking, and night terrors all have in common?

a.	All occur in Stage 1 (light sleep).
b.	All are closely related to dreaming.
c.	Each is a cause of microsleep.
d.	All occur during NREM sleep.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.3|5.4.4

KEY: Concept

Lynn sleepwalks, while her younger brother has night terrors. Both of these sleep disturbances occur during

a.	Stage 1 NREM.
b.	REM sleep.
c.	Stage 4 NREM.
d.	REM rebound.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.3|5.4.4

KEY: Application MSC: * (New Question)

Which of the following occurs during REM sleep?

a.	nightmares
b.	night terrors
c.	sleepwalking
d.	all of these

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.4

KEY: Fact

Differences between nightmares and night terrors include

a.	that nightmares occur during REM sleep; night terrors occur during NREM sleep.
b.	that nightmares are difficult to remember; night terrors are easy to remember.
c.	that nightmares involve hallucinations; night terrors are just bad dreams.
d.	all of these.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.4

KEY: Concept

A person having a nightmare will

a.	perspire heavily during the nightmare and upon awakening.
b.	be incoherent and inconsolable upon awakening.
c.	show slight or no movement while having the nightmare.
d.	have amnesia for the episode.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.4

KEY: Concept

Regarding night terrors, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Night terrors occur during REM rebound.
b.	Night terrors may last for 15 to 20 minutes
c.	Person awakens drenched in sweat but only vaguely remembers the terror.
d.	Night terrors involve total panic and may include the hallucination of frightening dream images.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.4

KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question)

Frequently occurring nightmares of one a week or more are associated with

a.	the occurrence of night terrors.
b.	children and adolescents.
c.	adults who are middle-aged or older.
d.	higher levels of psychological distress.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.4

KEY: Fact

Jeanie has had the same very vivid bad dream twice in the last couple of weeks. In the dream, she is being chased through a dense forest. In this dream, she tries to run fast but she feels like she is “running through molasses,” and when she tries to scream within this dream, she cannot seem to open her mouth. Jeanie then wakes up with a start and has a great deal of trouble going back to sleep. Jeanie is most likely experiencing

a.	a nightmare.
b.	a night terror.
c.	somnambulism.
d.	hypersomnia.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.4

KEY: Application

Four-year-old Aaron has been asleep for a little over an hour when his mother hears him scream out. When she gets to his bedroom, little Aaron is sitting up in bed in a state of panic. When his mother attempts to console him, she notes that his pajamas are drenched in sweat, and he is only semi-awake. After this episode, Aaron goes back to sleep. His mother is surprised the next morning that Aaron only vaguely remembers his mother coming into the room. Aaron most likely experienced

a.	a nightmare.
b.	a night terror.
c.	sleep apnea.
d.	narcolepsy.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.4

KEY: Application

Four-year-old Terrence awakened the whole household last night. He sat up in bed, kicking and screaming, while he was still asleep. When his parents got to him, he was in a state of panic, mumbling about the “monsters all around the room.” It took his parents about 20 minutes to console Terrence, and his mother had to change his pajamas because he was covered in sweat. The next morning, his older sister told Terrence that he really scared her when he screamed the night before, but Terrence does not remember anything, except his mother helping him change his pajamas. Terrence most likely experienced

a.	a nightmare.
b.	a night terror.
c.	sleep apnea.
d.	narcolepsy.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.4

KEY: Application

Which Stage 4 disturbance involves a person suffering total panic for up to 20 minutes, and may include hallucinations of frightening dream images with the person awakening drenched in sweat, and only vaguely remembering the episode in the morning?

a.	lucid nightmare
b.	night terror
c.	REM rebound episode
d.	somnambulism episode

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.4

KEY: Fact

People who have a night terror

a.	have them during REM sleep in the middle of the night.
b.	are usually middle-age to older adults.
c.	show only slight or no movement during the night terror.
d.	rarely remember in the morning that they even had them.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.4

KEY: Fact

Regarding night terrors, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Night terrors occur during NREM sleep, usually Stage 4.
b.	People who have night terrors vividly remember the frightening images.
c.	During a night terror, the person may sit up, scream, or run around the room.
d.	Night terrors are most common in childhood, but plague about two out of every 100 adults.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.4

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Imagery rehearsal is a

a.	technique to alter consciousness.
b.	state of REM sleep.
c.	technique for eliminating nightmares.
d.	technique for avoiding sleep attacks.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.4

KEY: Fact

Which of the following is a technique for eliminating nightmares that involves making the upsetting dream familiar while the person is awake as well as “mentally re-programming” future dream content?

a.	imagery rehearsal
b.	stimulus control
c.	the paradoxical intention
d.	activation-synthesis

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.4

KEY: Fact

Which of the following has NOT been found helpful in eliminating nightmares?

a.	writing down the nightmare
b.	changing the dream the way you wish
c.	mentally rehearsing the dream you want
d.	decreasing your amount of sleep time

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.4

KEY: Fact

According to your text, if you want to eliminate a nightmare, you should

a.	decrease your sleeping time.
b.	increase your sleeping time.
c.	mentally rehearse the dream you want.
d.	change your eating habits.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.4

KEY: Concept

Kyanna sometimes stops breathing for more than 20 seconds while sleeping. This can happen hundreds of times per night. She has

a.	a sleep terror disorder.
b.	narcolepsy.
c.	sleep apnea.
d.	a nightmare disorder.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.5

KEY: Application

Chapter 5c—Types Of Awareness

MULTIPLE CHOICE

People who take drugs intravenously are at high risk for

a.	addiction.
b.	hepatitis.
c.	HIV.
d.	all of these conditions.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Drug-Altered Consciousness-The High and Low of It OBJ: 5.8.4

KEY: Fact

Which of the following is NOT one of the patterns of drug abuse listed in your textbook?

a.	social-recreational
b.	experimental
c.	regressive
d.	compulsive

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Drug-Altered Consciousness-The High and Low of It OBJ: 5.8.5

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Cara tried marijuana because she was curious about what effects this drug would have on her. Cara’s pattern of drug-taking behavior would be classified as

a.	experimental.
b.	compulsive.
c.	situational.
d.	social-recreational.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Drug-Altered Consciousness-The High and Low of It OBJ: 5.8.5

KEY: Application

Kim only has one or two alcoholic drinks when she goes out to a restaurant with her friends a few times a month. Kim’s pattern of drug-taking behavior would be classified as

a.	experimental.
b.	compulsive.
c.	situational.
d.	social-recreational.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Drug-Altered Consciousness-The High and Low of It OBJ: 5.8.5

KEY: Application

Sam drinks alcohol only on the days that work has been extremely stressful so that he can relax and “try to forget.” Sam’s pattern of drug-taking behavior would be classified as

a.	intensive.
b.	compulsive.
c.	situational.
d.	social-recreational.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Drug-Altered Consciousness-The High and Low of It OBJ: 5.8.5

KEY: Application MSC: * (New Question)

David is a truck driver that usually drives within the state, but he uses amphetamines when he is having trouble staying awake on the cross-country haul he has to make once a month. David’s pattern of drug-taking behavior would be classified as

a.	intensive.
b.	compulsive.
c.	situational.
d.	social-recreational.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Drug-Altered Consciousness-The High and Low of It OBJ: 5.8.5

KEY: Application

Four months ago, Randi started drinking one alcoholic beverage to relax enough to go to sleep. Soon she was having two drinks each night; and recently, she has increased to three drinks. So far, this drinking has not significantly affected her work, although she does not feel very alert when she awakens each morning. Randi’s pattern of drug-taking behavior, at this point, would be classified as

a.	intensive.
b.	compulsive.
c.	situational.
d.	social-recreational.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Drug-Altered Consciousness-The High and Low of It OBJ: 5.8.5

KEY: Application

Gene has been using crystal meth everyday for the last six months. He has lost his part-time job and is flunking out of college. He has pawned many of his possessions and even stolen money from his family to “take care of his habit.” Gene’s drug-taking behavior, at this point, would be classified as

a.	intensive.
b.	compulsive.
c.	situational.
d.	recreational.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Drug-Altered Consciousness-The High and Low of It OBJ: 5.8.5

KEY: Application

The most damaging patterns of drug taking are

a.	recreational, situational, experimental.
b.	social, experimental, recreational.
c.	situational, intensive, compulsive.
d.	social, situational, intensive.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Drug-Altered Consciousness-The High and Low of It OBJ: 5.8.5

KEY: Fact

Regarding drug-taking behavior, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Some drugs, of course, have a higher potential for abuse than others.
b.	Short-term drug use based on curiosity is classified as social-recreational use.
c.	The abuse of more than one drug at the same time is referred to as polydrug use.
d.	Some people remain social drinkers for life, whereas others become alcoholics within weeks of taking their first drink.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Drug-Altered Consciousness-The High and Low of It OBJ: 5.8.5

KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question)

According to the Florida Medical Examiners Commission in 2008, which of the following accounted for the “vast majority” of deaths due to drug overdose?

a.	situational abuse
b.	polydrug abuse
c.	crystal meth abuse
d.	alcohol poisoning

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Drug-Altered Consciousness-The High and Low of It OBJ: 5.8.5

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Thousands of fatal drug overdoses occur each year due to drug interactions of legally or illegally obtained frugs. This pattern of abuse is called __________ abuse.

a.	multi-situational
b.	compound
c.	compulsive-recreational
d.	polydrug

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Drug-Altered Consciousness-The High and Low of It OBJ: 5.8.5

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

The combined effect of two drugs that exceeds what would be expected from the mere addition of one drug to the other is known as

a.	a drug interaction.
b.	stimulus control.
c.	amphetamine psychosis.
d.	the paradoxical intention.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Drug-Altered Consciousness-The High and Low of It OBJ: 5.8.5

KEY: Fact

When drugs like barbiturates or tranquilizers are mixed with alcohol, their effects are multiplied, due to a

a.	binge effect.
b.	drug interaction.
c.	drug overload.
d.	lethal side effects.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Drug-Altered Consciousness-The High and Low of It OBJ: 5.8.5

KEY: Concept

Which of the following are synthetic stimulants that go by the common street names of “speed,” “bennies,” and “uppers”?

a.	amphetamines
b.	barbiturates
c.	tranquilizers
d.	Rohypnol and GHB

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

The most legitimate medical uses of amphetamines include which of the following?

a.	to treat depression
b.	to treat childhood hyperactivity and overdoes of depressant drugs
c.	to help people stay awake and to improve mental or physical performance
d.	for weight loss

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.5 KEY: Fact

Which of the following were once widely prescribed for weight loss or depression, but today, their main legitimate medical uses are to treat childhood hyperactivity and overdoses of depressant drugs?

a.	amphetamines
b.	tranquilizers
c.	barbiturates
d.	sedative-hypnotics

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Fact

Illicit use of which of the following drugs has become widespread, especially by people seeking to stay awake and by those who think these drugs can improve their mental or physical performance?

a.	mescaline and psilocybin
b.	GHB and Rohypnol
c.	amphetamines
d.	sedative-hypnotics

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question)

Adderall and Ritalin are both mixes of amphetamines and are used to treat

a.	hypersomnia and sleep apnea.
b.	obsessive compulsive disorer.
c.	schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders.
d.	attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Adderall and Ritalin are used to treat attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with both drugs being mixes of

a.	amphetamines.
b.	barbiturates.
c.	sedative-hypnotics.
d.	tranquilizers.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Increasing numbers of normal college students are illegally taking which of the following drugs in the hopes these drugs will help them to focus better while doing their school work?

a.	Adderall and Ritalin
b.	GHB and Xanax
c.	mescaline and marijuana
d.	benzodiazepine and Rohypnol

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Terrence has three term papers due and four major tests in the next three weeks. His friends suggest that he take a “study drug” to help him stay awake and focus better. The “study drug” that his friends have suggested that he take illegally is most likely

a.	GHB.
b.	Ritalin.
c.	Xanax.
d.	Rohypnol.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Application MSC: * (New Question)

Regarding amphetamines, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Taking amphetamines as “study drugs” has been shown to produce slight improvements in problem-solving performance.
b.	Taking amphetamines to improve college performance has been shown to result in a significant gain in creativity.
c.	Amphetamines have been shown to be physically addicting.
d.	Amphetamines speed up the use of the body’s resources and do not magically supply energy.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

A long-distance truck driver who abuses a drug in order to stay awake for long hours would probably be an abuser of

a.	PCP.
b.	amphetamines.
c.	benzodiazepines.
d.	GHB.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Application

Which of the following can be smoked, snorted, injected, or eaten; is known by the street names of “bergs” and “glass;” is made cheaply in backyard labs; and has fueled a violent criminal subculture?

a.	GHB
b.	marijuana
c.	methamphetamine
d.	MDMA

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Regarding amphetamine use, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Amphetamines rapidly produce a drug tolerance.
b.	Amphetamines can cause amphetamine psychosis with repeated use damaging the brain.
c.	Amphetamine abusers typically go on binges lasting several days, after which they “crash” from a lack of sleep and food.
d.	The effects of amphetamines are due to their ability to supply the body with extra energy.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Which of the following statements about amphetamine usage is FALSE?

a.	Crystal methamphetamine leads very rapidly to compulsive abuse and severe drug dependence.
b.	Large doses of amphetamines can cause nausea, vomiting, extremely high blood pressure, fatal heart attacks, and disabling strokes.
c.	Amphetamines speed up the use of the body’s resources and do not magically supply energy.
d.	Amphetamines are classified as hallucinogenic narcotics.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Jermaine has been binging on a stimulant drug for several days and is suffering from paranoid delusions and a loss of contact with reality. In the past when he has binged on this drug, he has become violent toward himself and others. Jermaine is most likely suffering from

a.	disorganized schizophrenia.
b.	amphetamine psychosis.
c.	alcohol poisoning.
d.	generalized anxiety.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Application MSC: * (New Question)

For several weeks, Garrett has been taking increasing amounts of “crystal meth.” If Garrett continues taking this drug, he is at risk for developing

a.	delirium tremors.
b.	hypnogogic delusions.
c.	amphetamine psychosis.
d.	panic attacks.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Application

Jacob is suffering from amphetamine psychosis. When in this state, Jacob’s most prominent symptom will be

a.	severe depression.
b.	panic attacks.
c.	paranoid delusions.
d.	auditory hallucinations.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Application

Smoked forms of methamphetamine are commonly called

a.	goof balls.
b.	ice.
c.	crack.
d.	scoop.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Cocaine is very similar in its effects to

a.	tranquilizers.
b.	alcohol.
c.	codeine.
d.	methamphetamine.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question)

Smoked forms of cocaine are commonly called

a.	ice.
b.	crack.
c.	goof balls.
d.	scoop.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Which of the following is a powerful central nervous stimulant that produces feelings of alertness, euphoria, well-being, power, boundless energy, and pleasure and goes by the street names of “snow,” “blow,” and “snuff”?

a.	GHB
b.	LSD
c.	cocaine
d.	heroin

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Fact

From 1886 to 1906, Coca-Cola contained small amounts of

a.	alcohol.
b.	marijuana.
c.	cocaine.
d.	morphine.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

From 1886 to 1906, Coca-Cola contained small amounts of cocaine, which were replaced with

a.	chocolate flavoring.
b.	non-hypnotic spices and herbs.
c.	caffeine.
d.	nicotine.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

The main difference between cocaine and amphetamines is that cocaine

a.	is a depressant.
b.	is a shorter acting drug.
c.	is not associated with binging.
d.	produces more permanent brain damage.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Concept

Cocaine increases which two chemical messengers?

a.	noradrenaline and dopamine
b.	acetylcholine and THC
c.	histamine and phosphene
d.	RNA and serotonin

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Fact

With cocaine use, the chemical messenger called noradrenaline is increased leading to brain arousal, while the “rush” of pleasure results from the increase in

a.	dopamine.
b.	acetylcholine.
c.	histamine.
d.	THC.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

When Miguel stopped using a particular drug, he did not experience heroin-like withdrawal symptoms; but he did experience a jarring “crash” of his mood and energy, and, within a few days, a long period of fatigue, anxiety, paranoia, boredom, and anhedonia. Miguel most likely stopped using which drug?

a.	alcohol
b.	GHB
c.	cocaine
d.	LSD

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Application MSC: * (New Question)

Regarding cocaine, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	When rats and monkeys are given free access to cocaine, many end up dying of convulsions from self-administered overdoses of the drug.
b.	Even a person who gets through withdrawal may crave cocaine months or years later.
c.	Cocaine increases the chemical messengers acetylcholine and serotonin.
d.	Cocaine when snorted is quickly metabolized, so its effects last only 15 to 30 minutes.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Fact

Concerning cocaine, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Coca-Colas once contained a small amount of cocaine.
b.	The effects of cocaine administration usually last several hours.
c.	First-time users of cocaine risk having convulsions, a heart attack, or a stroke.
d.	Three out of four cocaine abusers who remain in treatment do succeed in breaking their coke dependence.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Fact

Ian is withdrawing from cocaine. He can expect all of the following to occur EXCEPT

a.	a jarring “crash” of mood and energy.
b.	a long period of fatigue, anxiety, paranoia, and boredom.
c.	anhedonia.
d.	heroin-like withdrawal symptoms.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Application

Mona has been abusing cocaine and now suffers from an inability to feel pleasure. This condition is called

a.	hypomania.
b.	anhedonia.
c.	affective neurosis.
d.	cyclothymia.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Application

Concerning cocaine use, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	If cocaine were cheaper, nine out of 10 users would progress to compulsive abuse.
b.	Withdrawal from cocaine produces symptoms similar to that of heroin.
c.	Cocaine increases the chemical messengers dopamine and noradrenaline.
d.	A vaccine that prevents cocaine from stimulating the nervous system is currently undergoing clinical trials.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Which of the following is NOT a sign of cocaine abuse?

a.	disregarding consequences of cocaine abuse
b.	compulsive use of cocaine
c.	loss of control when cocaine is available
d.	heroin-like withdrawal symptoms from cocaine

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

The drug MDMA is also known as

a.	scoop.
b.	Ecstasy.
c.	crack.
d.	ice.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Fact

Which of the following is chemically similar to amphetamine, causes brain cells to release extra amounts of serotonin, and produces a rush of energy with users saying that it makes them feel closer to others and heightens sensory experiences?

a.	GHB
b.	Rohypnol
c.	LSD
d.	MDMA

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Fact

The physical effects of which drug include a rush of energy, dilated pupils, elevated blood pressure, jaw clenching, loss of appetite, and elevated body temperature?

a.	GHB
b.	Rohypnol
c.	valium
d.	Ecstasy

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Fact

Ecstasy causes brain cells to release extra amounts of

a.	acetylcholine.
b.	serotonin.
c.	histamine.
d.	dopamine.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Fact

At a “rave” party, Marilyn used ecstasy. The physical effects of this drug include

a.	low blood pressure.
b.	increased appetite.
c.	elevated body temperature.
d.	all of these symptoms.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Application

Regarding Ecstasy use, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Ecstasy causes brain cells to release extra amounts of acetylcholine.
b.	Ecstasy diminishes sexual performance, impairing erections and retarding orgasms.
c.	Ecstasy intensifies the impact of the music at “rave” parties, overstimulating the brain and resulting in a “rebound” depression.
d.	Ecstasy use in North America has declined slightly from a peak around 2002.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Fact

Regarding Ecstasy use, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Ecstasy use can lead to fatal heat exhaustion even if the person drinks water to cool themselves.
b.	Ecstasy users are more likely to abuse alcohol and other drugs, to party excessively, and to engage in risky sex.
c.	Heavy users of Ecstasy typically do not perform well in tests of learning and memory and show some signs of underlying brain damage.
d.	Ecstasy has not been shown to intensify the impact of the music for users.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Serious problems related to MDMA use include

a.	heart arrhythmias.
b.	fatal heat exhaustion.
c.	severe liver damage.
d.	all of these.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Fact

Regarding the research on MDMA, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	When a person stops taking MDMA, they tend to experience long-term feelings of anxiety and depression that can persist for months
b.	MDMA has been shown to increase sexual performance in both men and women.
c.	MDMA has been shown to intensify the impact of music for the user.
d.	MDMA users have sufferred fatal heat exhaustion and severe liver damage.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Greg is using the most frequently used psychoactive drug in the United States, which is

a.	marijuana.
b.	cocaine.
c.	alcohol.
d.	caffeine.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Application MSC: * (New Question)

Caffeine does NOT produce which of the following symptoms?

a.	decreased alertness
b.	sweating
c.	tinnitus (ringing in the ears)
d.	talkativeness

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

The effects of caffeine become apparent with doses as small as the amount found in about one-half cup of brewed coffee, which is __________ milligrams.

a.	five
b.	25
c.	50
d.	100

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Fact

Regarding caffeine, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Caffeine blocks chemicals that normally inhibit or slow nerve activity.
b.	Less than ten percent of all caffeine users show signs of dependence.
c.	Physically, caffeine causes sweating, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), and hand tremors.
d.	Caffeine suppresses drowsiness and increases alertness, especially when combined with sugar.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Caffeine stimulates the brain

a.	by causing more neurotransmitters to be released.
b.	through the mimicry of specific neurotransmitters in the brain.
c.	by blocking chemicals that normally inhibit or slow nerve activity.
d.	by prolonging the action of certain neurotransmitters.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Cola soft drinks, tea, chocolate, cold remedies, and many name-brand aspirin products all contain the psychoactive drug

a.	caffeine.
b.	GHB.
c.	alcohol.
d.	nicotine.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Helen is suffering from caffeinism. Her symptoms may include all of the following EXCEPT

a.	an elevated body temperature.
b.	insomnia.
c.	increased appetite.
d.	increased heart rate.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Application

Insomnia, irritability, loss of appetite, chills, racing heart, and elevated body temperature are all signs of

a.	caffeinism.
b.	valium addiction.
c.	GHB use.
d.	cocaine withdrawal.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Concept

Regarding caffeine, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Pregnant women who consume as little as two cups coffee a day increase the risk of having a miscarriage.
b.	A person would have to drink between 15 and 20 cups of coffee a day to experience withdrawal symptoms from caffeine.
c.	About half of all caffeine users show some signs of dependence.
d.	Withdrawal from caffeine includes anxiety, depression, fatigue, headaches, and flu-like symptoms.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Caffeine use has NOT been linked to which of the following conditions?

a.	narcolepsy
b.	bladder cancer
c.	birth defects and miscarriages
d.	the increased growth of breast cysts in women

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Drug use associated with which of the following drugs has been linked to the growth of breast cysts, birth defects and miscarriages, bladder cancer, heart problems, and high blood pressure?

a.	caffeine
b.	cocaine
c.	nicotine
d.	heroin

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Fact

Regarding caffeine, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	People who drink 15 to 20 cups of coffee a day show symptoms of caffeinism.
b.	A person drinking as little as 2.5 cups of coffee a day may experience withdrawal symptoms.
c.	Caffeine is the most frequently used psychoactive drug in North America.
d.	Caffeine stimulates the brain by causing more neurotransmitters to be released, thus, increasing the activity of the brain cells.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

The three most widely used psychoactive drugs are

a.	prozac, alcohol, and marijuana.
b.	caffeine, alcohol, and nicotine.
c.	alcohol, marijuana, and crystal meth.
d.	valium, nicotine, and alcohol.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Fact

Nicotine is classified as a

a.	narcotic.
b.	depressant.
c.	sedative.
d.	stimulant.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Fact

According to the research on nicotine and cigarette smoking, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Nicotine is classified as a depressant.
b.	Nicotine is so toxic that it is sometimes used to kill insects.
c.	Sixty percent of the smokers between 15 and 24 years of age are addicted to nicotine.
d.	Up to 90 percent of people who quit smoking relapse within a year.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Fact MSC: www

According to the research on nicotine and cigarette smoking, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	For a non-smoker, the nicotine in 17 to 25 cigarettes taken in a single dose could be lethal.
b.	A 30-minute exposure to one pinch of smokeless tobacco is equivalent to smoking three or four cigarettes.
c.	The average age for the first use of nicotine is 15, and it usually takes about a year before dependence sets in.
d.	Second-hand smoke can lead to minor respiratory problems, but has not resulted in any deaths.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

According to the research on nicotine and cigarette smoking, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Withdrawal symptoms from nicotine may last from two to six weeks and may be worse than heroin withdrawal.
b.	The health risks of smoking combine to reduce the life expectancy of the average smoker by 10 to 15 years.
c.	The average age for the first use of nicotine is 18, and it usually takes three years before dependence sets in.
d.	Smoking leads to an increased risk of many cancers, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, and reproductive disorders.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

The average age for the first use of nicotine is

a.	11 years of age, and it takes five years before dependence sets in.
b.	13 years of age, and it takes three years before dependence sets in.
c.	15 years of age, and it takes one year before dependence sets in.
d.	18 years of age, and it takes less than six months before dependence sets in.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Evidence that nicotine is addicting includes

a.	convulsions, respiratory failure and death at high dose rates.
b.	increased reliance on nicotine to the exclusion of other drugs.
c.	an increase in tolerance levels and withdrawal symptoms when discontinued.
d.	the early age at which people become addicted to nicotine..

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Concept

For most smokers, withdrawal from nicotine causes all of the following symptoms EXCEPT for

a.	excessive daytime sleepiness (hypersomnia).
b.	sweating.
c.	cramps and digestive upset.
d.	headaches and irritability.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Concept

Cigarettes release both nicotine and

a.	acetylcholine.
b.	carcinogens.
c.	tryptophan.
d.	noradrenaline.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Fact

In addition to nicotine, cigarettes release carcinogens. which are

a.	addictive substances.
b.	sedative-hypnotic drugs.
c.	cancer-causing substances.
d.	respiratory irritants.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Smoking puts people at risk for all of the following EXCEPT

a.	decreased fertility.
b.	stroke and lung cancer.
c.	chronic bronchitis.
d.	narcolepsy.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

According to the research on nicotine, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Users of smokeless tobacco run a higher risk of oral cancer.
b.	The “cold turkey” approach to quitting smoking is considered the most effective approach in producing permanent nonsmokers.
c.	Secondary smoke causes about 3,000 lung cancer deaths and as many as 70,000 heart disease deaths each year in the United States alone.
d.	Young children are especially vulnerable to secondhand smoke.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

A scheduled gradual approach to quitting smoking

a.	is not as effective as a cold turkey approach because smokers who smoke even one cigarette after “quitting” tend to feel they’ve failed.
b.	does not help people cope with the urge to smoke.
c.	works equally as well as the cold turkey approach.
d.	tends to create more permanent nonsmokers.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Concept

A therapist is working with someone who wants to quit smoking. The most effective strategy to help this person to quit smoking would be for the smoker to

a.	go “cold turkey.”
b.	switch to light cigarettes.
c.	gradually stretch the time periods between cigarettes.
d.	begin systematic desensitization therapy.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Application

Carmen, Jill, and Alexia are trying to quit smoking. Carmen delays when she has her first cigarette each morning and tries to delay it a little longer each day. Jill is gradually reducing the total number of cigarettes she smokes each day. Alexia quits smoking for one week, then quits again, a week at a time, continuing until she quits completely. Which of the following statements best describes these procedures?

a.	Carmen and Jill are each using a scheduled gradual reduction method that will most likely be successful, while Alexia is going “cold turkey” and will probably fail.
b.	Jill is using an effective step-down method, while Carmen and Alexia are using the a less successful scheduled method and “cold turkey,” respectively.
c.	Carmen, Jill, and Alexia are all using different types of the scheduled gradual reduction method that have all proven to be effective.
d.	Carmen, Jill, and Alexia are all using less effective methods and should switch to the more effective method of “cold turkey.”

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Application

According to your textbook, which of the following would NOT be classified as a scheduled gradual reduction technique?

a.	A person delays having the first cigarette in the morning and then tries to delay a little longer each day.
b.	A person gradually reduces the total number of cigarettes smoked each day.
c.	A person quits completely, but for just one week, then quits again, a week at a time, for as many times as necessary to make it stick.
d.	A person who smokes heavily one day and then goes “cold turkey” the next day, alternating every other day.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question)

Regarding the approaches used to quit smoking, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Nicotine patches or nicotine gum can help people get through the withdrawal period.
b.	The “cold turkey” approach is still considered the most effective approach in producing permanent nonsmokers.
c.	Scheduled smoking helps people to learn to cope with the urge to smoke.
d.	The gradual approach to quitting smoking allows the smoker to not feel like a “failure” if they smoke one cigarette.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Concept

Which of the following techniques can be useful for breaking habits, such as smoking?

a.	systematic desensitization
b.	behavioral self-management
c.	REBT
d.	EMDR

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Concept

You are writing a paper on depressants. Of the following drugs, which will you NOT discuss in your paper?

a.	alcohol
b.	benzodiazepine
c.	GHB
d.	nicotine

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Downers-Sedatives, Tranquilizers, and Alcohol OBJ: 5.8.7

KEY: Application

Alcohol, barbiturates, GHB, and benzodiazepine tranquilizers are all classified as

a.	stimulants.
b.	depressants.
c.	hallucinogens.
d.	containing THC.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Downers-Sedatives, Tranquilizers, and Alcohol OBJ: 5.8.7

KEY: Concept

Which of the following drugs are sometimes referred to as “solid alcohol”?

a.	marijuana and hashish
b.	barbiturates and tranquilizers
c.	“crystal meth” and cocaine
d.	amphetamines and heroin

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Downers-Sedatives, Tranquilizers, and Alcohol OBJ: 5.8.7

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Amobarbital, pentobarbital, secobarbital, and tuinal are examples of

a.	stimulants.
b.	hallucinogens.
c.	barbiturates.
d.	amphetamines.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Downers-Sedatives, Tranquilizers, and Alcohol OBJ: 5.8.7

KEY: Fact

“Blue heavens,” “yellow jackets,” “goof balls,” “reds,” “pink ladies,” “rainbows,” and “tooies” are street names for

a.	Ecstasy.
b.	barbiturates.
c.	hallucinogens.
d.	amphetamines.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Downers-Sedatives, Tranquilizers, and Alcohol OBJ: 5.8.7

KEY: Fact

In mild dosages, barbiturates have an effect similar to

a.	amphetamine psychosis.
b.	caffeinism.
c.	alcohol intoxication.
d.	sleep-deprivation psychosis.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Downers-Sedatives, Tranquilizers, and Alcohol OBJ: 5.8.7

KEY: Concept

Barbiturates are a class of sedative drugs that

a.	act by depressing the general activity in the brain.
b.	are useful in counteracting the effects of alcohol poisoning.
c.	are not physically addictive.
d.	are rarely associated with overdoses.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Downers-Sedatives, Tranquilizers, and Alcohol OBJ: 5.8.7

KEY: Fact

Barbiturate drugs are used to

a.	calm patients and to induce sleep.
b.	counteract alcohol intoxication.
c.	encourage weight loss.
d.	improve the attention span of children with attention-deficit disorder.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Downers-Sedatives, Tranquilizers, and Alcohol OBJ: 5.8.7

KEY: Fact

Regarding barbiturates, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Mild doses of barbiturates have an effect similar to caffeinism.
b.	High doses barbiturates cause severe mental confusion or even hallucinations.
c.	Barbiturates are often taken in excess amounts because the first dose may be followed by others as the user becomes uninhibited and forgetful.
d.	Overdoses first cause a loss of consciousness and then the brain centers that control heartbeat and breathing are severely depressed with the result being death.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Downers-Sedatives, Tranquilizers, and Alcohol OBJ: 5.8.7

KEY: Fact

Which central nervous system depressant is made from a mixture of degreasing solvent and drain cleaner and goes by the street names of “scoop” and “max”?

a.	crystal meth
b.	GHB
c.	MDMA
d.	LSD

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Downers-Sedatives, Tranquilizers, and Alcohol OBJ: 5.8.7

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Which of the following statements about GHB is FALSE?

a.	GHB inhibits the gag reflex.
b.	GHB is classified as a controlled substance.
c.	GHB is classified as a stimulant.
d.	GHB is addictive.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Downers-Sedatives, Tranquilizers, and Alcohol OBJ: 5.8.6

KEY: Fact

Regarding GHB, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	GHB’s intoxicating effects typically last three to four hours.
b.	Users of GHB describe its effects as being similar to amphetamines.
c.	Two out of three frequent users of GHB have lost consciousness after taking it.
d.	Potentially fatal doses of GHB are only three times the amount typically taken by users.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Downers-Sedatives, Tranquilizers, and Alcohol OBJ: 5.8.7

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Users of GHB describe its effects as being similar to

a.	cocaine.
b.	LSD.
c.	amphetamines.
d.	alcohol.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Downers-Sedatives, Tranquilizers, and Alcohol OBJ: 5.8.7

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Higher doses of GHB can result in any of the following EXCEPT

a.	violent, aggressive behaviors toward others.
b.	the inhibition of the gag reflex so that persons choke to death on their own vomit.
c.	loss of consciousness.
d.	coma or death.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Downers-Sedatives, Tranquilizers, and Alcohol OBJ: 5.8.7

KEY: Fact

Chandra is going to a nightclub and wants to overcome her shyness and meet new people, so a friend tells her about a drug that will make her relax and “feel good” and increase her desire to socialize. This drug is most likely

a.	LSD.
b.	mescaline.
c.	GHB.
d.	“crystal meth.”

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Downers-Sedatives, Tranquilizers, and Alcohol OBJ: 5.8.7

KEY: Application

Heavy users who stop taking GHB have withdrawal symptoms that include all of the following EXCEPT for

a.	anxiety and tremors.
b.	agitation and delirium.
c.	hallucinations.
d.	lethargy and depression.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Downers-Sedatives, Tranquilizers, and Alcohol OBJ: 5.8.7

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Drugs with names like Xanax, Halcion, and Valium are

a.	barbiturates.
b.	stimulants.
c.	hallucinogens.
d.	tranquilizers.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Downers-Sedatives, Tranquilizers, and Alcohol OBJ: 5.8.7

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Shawanda is suffering from panic attacks and has been prescribed a drug that will lower her anxiety and reduce tension. She has most likely been prescribed

a.	MDMA.
b.	benzodiazepines.
c.	amphetamines.
d.	Adderall.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Downers-Sedatives, Tranquilizers, and Alcohol OBJ: 5.8.7

KEY: Application MSC: * (New Question)

Which of the following is the tranquilizer that is odorless, tasteless, cheap, ten times more potent than Valium, and has been used as a date-rape drug?

a.	LSD
b.	MDMA
c.	Rohypnol
d.	Psilocybin

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Downers-Sedatives, Tranquilizers, and Alcohol OBJ: 5.8.7

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Regarding tranquilizers, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Benzodiazepine tranquilizers are used to lower anxiety and reduce tension.
b.	When tranquilizers are used at too high a dosage or for too long, addiction can occur.
c.	Large doses of Rohypnol induce short-term amnesia and sleep.
d.	Valium is ten times more potent than Rohypnol.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Downers-Sedatives, Tranquilizers, and Alcohol OBJ: 5.8.7

KEY: Fact

Which combination of drugs is most likely to produce a lethal drug interaction?

a.	alcohol and nicotine
b.	barbiturate and alcohol
c.	hallucinogen and amphetamine
d.	barbiturate and amphetamine

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Downers-Sedatives, Tranquilizers, and Alcohol OBJ: 5.8.7

KEY: Concept

Alcohol is classified as a(n)

a.	stimulant.
b.	depressant.
c.	hallucinogen.
d.	amphetamine.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Downers-Sedatives, Tranquilizers, and Alcohol OBJ: 5.8.8

KEY: Fact

Regarding alcohol, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

a.	Alcohol is classified as a stimulant drug.
b.	Alcohol reduces inhibitions and produces feelings of relaxation and euphoria.
c.	Alcohol is an aphrodisiac and improves sexual performance.
d.	All of these statements are true.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Downers-Sedatives, Tranquilizers, and Alcohol OBJ: 5.8.8

KEY: Concept

When a person is drunk, thinking and perception become dulled or shortsighted, a condition that has been called

a.	alcohol myopia.
b.	binge drinking.
c.	divergent thinking.
d.	alcohol psychosis.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Downers-Sedatives, Tranquilizers, and Alcohol OBJ: 5.8.8

KEY: Fact

When a person is drunk, only the most obvious and immediate stimuli tends to catch a drinker’s attention with normal restraint banished from the drinker’s mind. Thus, many behaviors become more extreme when a person is drunk due to this

a.	alcohol myopia.
b.	binge drinking.
c.	divergent thinking.
d.	alcohol psychosis.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Downers-Sedatives, Tranquilizers, and Alcohol OBJ: 5.8.8

KEY: Concept

Jonathan and his friends have been “bar hopping” all night and are drunk. They see a car with a sticker on it from a rival college. Without a second thought, they vandalize the car. This serious lack of thought and normal behavioral restraint is known as

a.	alcohol myopia.
b.	binge drinking.
c.	divergent thinking.
d.	alcohol psychosis.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Downers-Sedatives, Tranquilizers, and Alcohol OBJ: 5.8.8

KEY: Application

In terms of the number of people involved and the amount of damage done, America’s biggest drug problem is caused by

a.	cocaine.
b.	alcohol.
c.	Quaaludes.
d.	marijuana.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Downers-Sedatives, Tranquilizers, and Alcohol OBJ: 5.8.8

KEY: Concept

Regarding alcohol abuse, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Because the brain continues to develop into the early 20s, teenagers and young adults who drink too much may lose as much as ten percent of their brain power.
b.	More than 20 million people in the United States and Canada have serious drinking problems.
c.	The stimulant qualities of alcohol produce talkativeness and animated behavior.
d.	Binge drinking is considered a serious sign of alcohol abuse.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Downers-Sedatives, Tranquilizers, and Alcohol OBJ: 5.8.8

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Regarding abuse, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	One American dies every 20 minutes in an alcohol-related car crash.
b.	Research has shown that teenagers and young adults who drink too much may lose as much as 10 percent of their brain power, especially their memory capacity.
c.	Binge drinking is considered three or more drinks in a short time for men and two or more for women.
d.	Children of alcoholics and those who have other relatives who abuse alcohol are at greater risk for becoming alcohol abusers themselves.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Downers-Sedatives, Tranquilizers, and Alcohol OBJ: 5.8.8

KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question)

Regarding binge drinking, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Binge drinking is defined as downing five or more drinks in a short period of time for men and four or more drinks for women.
b.	Binge drinking is not considered a serious sign of alcohol abuse.
c.	Binge drinking has been shown to have an impact on one’s long-term memory capacity.
d.	Binge drinking is responsible for 1,800 college student deaths each year and thousands of trips to the ER.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Downers-Sedatives, Tranquilizers, and Alcohol OBJ: 5.8.8

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Downing five or more drinks in a short time is referred to as

a.	addictive behavior.
b.	binge drinking.
c.	alcohol-seeking behavior.
d.	social-situational drug-taking behavior.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Downers-Sedatives, Tranquilizers, and Alcohol OBJ: 5.8.8

KEY: Fact

Binge drinking is defined as downing how many drinks in a short time?

a.	five for men; four for women
b.	three for men; three for women
c.	three for men; two for women
d.	two for men; two for women

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Downers-Sedatives, Tranquilizers, and Alcohol OBJ: 5.8.8

KEY: Fact

Regarding alcohol abuse, which of the following is FALSE?

a.	Research shows that college students tend to underestimate how much their fellow students are drinking.
b.	People who drink to relieve bad feelings are at a great risk of becoming alcoholics.
c.	Alcoholism is partly genetic and is based on the fact that some people have stronger cravings for alcohol after they drink.
d.	Alcohol is absorbed faster and metabolized more slowly by women’s bodies.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Downers-Sedatives, Tranquilizers, and Alcohol OBJ: 5.8.8

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Regarding alcohol and women, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Alcohol is absorbed slower and metabolized more quickly by women’s bodies.
b.	Women get intoxicated from less alcohol than men do.
c.	Women who drink are more prone to liver disease, osteoporosis, and depression.
d.	Each extra drink per day adds seven percent to a woman’s risk of breast cancer.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Downers-Sedatives, Tranquilizers, and Alcohol OBJ: 5.8.8

KEY: Fact

Women who drink alcohol are more prone to having all of the following conditions EXCEPT for

a.	depression.
b.	osteoporosis.
c.	narcolepsy.
d.	breast cancer.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Downers-Sedatives, Tranquilizers, and Alcohol OBJ: 5.8.8

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Women get intoxicated from less alcohol than men do because

a.	the alcohol reacts with the estrogen levels in the women’s bodies.
b.	women tend to drink mixed drinks rather than beer.
c.	the alcohol is absorbed slower and metabolized faster by women’s bodies.
d.	the alcohol is absorbed faster and metabolized slower by women’s bodies.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Downers-Sedatives, Tranquilizers, and Alcohol OBJ: 5.8.8

KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question)

What sets alcohol abusers apart from other drinkers is that they drink

a.	for positive reinforcement.
b.	for pleasure.
c.	to cope with negative emotions.
d.	as a means of socializing and “being part of the crowd.”

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Downers-Sedatives, Tranquilizers, and Alcohol OBJ: 5.8.8

KEY: Concept

According to your textbook, which of the following is NOT a danger signal indicating that one may have a problem with alcohol?

a.	drinking alcohol for pleasure and to socialize with people
b.	not using protection when engaging in sex after drinking alcohol
c.	feeling bad about oneself after drinking alcohol
d.	problems with appetite and sleeping as a result of drinking alcohol

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Downers-Sedatives, Tranquilizers, and Alcohol OBJ: 5.8.8

KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question)

Regarding paced drinking, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Drinking makes you feel good while blood alcohol is rising and when it remains below a level of about 0.05.
b.	To pace one’s drinking, it is best to drink alcohol on an empty stomach and then eat later in the evening.
c.	To pace one’s drinking, one should make every other drink or more a nonalcoholic beverage.
d.	It is best to limit the drinking of alcohol primarily to the first hour of a social event or party.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Downers-Sedatives, Tranquilizers, and Alcohol OBJ: 5.8.8

KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question)

Which of the following is NOT one of the recommendations for social-recreational drinkers to “pace” their drinking?

a.	Drink slowly and eat while drinking.
b.	Limit drinking primarily to the first hour of a party.
c.	If drinking hard liquor, make every other drink a beer or a glass of wine.
d.	Practice how to politely but firmly refuse drinks.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Downers-Sedatives, Tranquilizers, and Alcohol OBJ: 5.8.8

KEY: Concept

Regarding alcohol abuse and paced drinking, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Research has shown that college students are more likely to overestimate how much their fellow students are drinking.
b.	Research showed that 86 percent of the people who said that they had had five drinks in one day within the last three months were found to be alcohol abusers.
c.	To pace your drinking, eat while drinking or drink on a full stomach and make every other drink or more a nonalcoholic beverage.
d.	To control your drinking, limit drinking primarily to the last hour of a party.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Downers-Sedatives, Tranquilizers, and Alcohol OBJ: 5.8.8

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Regarding paced drinking, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	To pace your drinking, you should keep your blood alcohol level at a level of 0.20 or below.
b.	When people are tempted to drink too much, their main reason for stopping is that “other people were quitting and deciding they’d had enough.”
c.	To pace your drinking, limit drinking primarily to the first hour of a social event or party.
d.	To pace your drinking, eat while drinking or drink on a full stomach, and make every other drink (or more) a nonalcoholic beverage.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Downers-Sedatives, Tranquilizers, and Alcohol OBJ: 5.8.8

KEY: Concept

Treatment for alcoholism generally begins with

a.	vitamin therapy.
b.	tranquilizers.
c.	psychotherapy.
d.	detoxification.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Downers-Sedatives, Tranquilizers, and Alcohol OBJ: 5.8.8

KEY: Fact

In the treatment of alcoholism, detoxification refers to

a.	the intensive counseling involved in the initial stages.
b.	sobering the person up and cutting off his supply.
c.	injection of chemicals into the blood to neutralize the effects of the alcohol.
d.	the use of sedatives to counter the effects of the alcohol.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Downers-Sedatives, Tranquilizers, and Alcohol OBJ: 5.8.8

KEY: Fact

Detoxification literally means to

a.	dry out.
b.	support and encourage.
c.	remove poison.
d.	restore health.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Downers-Sedatives, Tranquilizers, and Alcohol OBJ: 5.8.8

KEY: Fact

After detoxification, the next step in the treatment of alcoholism involves

a.	trying to restore the person’s health.
b.	aversion therapy.
c.	the injection of chemicals into the blood to neutralize the effects of the alcohol.
d.	requiring the alcoholic to make amends for the damage he or she has caused in their relationships.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Downers-Sedatives, Tranquilizers, and Alcohol OBJ: 5.8.8

KEY: Fact

The approach that has proven to be the most successful at helping alcoholics to stay sober is

a.	individual behavioral therapy.
b.	using antidepressants with individual counseling.
c.	mutual-help approaches, like Alcoholics Anonymous.
d.	the regular use of detoxification techniques.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Downers-Sedatives, Tranquilizers, and Alcohol OBJ: 5.8.8

KEY: Fact

Which of the following is a “12-step” program that takes a spiritual approach in which participants admit that they have a problem, share feelings, and resolve to stay “dry” one day at a time with other group members providing support for those struggling to end dependency?

a.	Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)
b.	Rational Recovery
c.	Secular Organizations for Sobriety (SOS)
d.	Gestalt Psychotherapy groups

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Downers-Sedatives, Tranquilizers, and Alcohol OBJ: 5.8.8

KEY: Fact

Regarding the treatment of alcoholism, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Eighty percent of those who remain in Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) for more than one year get through the following year without a drink.
b.	AA’s success rate may simply reflect the fact that members join voluntarily, meaning they have admitted they have a serious problem.
c.	Rational Recovery and SOS are rational, nonspiritual approaches to alcohol treatment.
d.	The regular use of detoxification techniques have been found to be more effective than AA in treating alcohol abuse.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Downers-Sedatives, Tranquilizers, and Alcohol OBJ: 5.8.8

KEY: Fact

Regarding the treatment of alcoholism, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Detoxification frequently produces all the symptoms of drug withdrawal and can be extremely painful.
b.	Cocaine Anonymous and Narcotics Anonymous use a similar spiritual “12-step” program like AA.
c.	After detoxification, the second step is usually individual behavior therapy using aversion techniques.
d.	Alcohol abusers will often not face their problems until they have “hit rock bottom.”

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Downers-Sedatives, Tranquilizers, and Alcohol OBJ: 5.8.8

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

The most popular illicit drug in America is

a.	marijuana.
b.	crystal meth.
c.	cocaine.
d.	Ecstasy.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Hallucinogens-Tripping the Light Fantastic OBJ: 5.8.9

KEY: Fact

The active ingredient in marijuana is

a.	serotonin.
b.	lysergic acid diethylamide.
c.	THC.
d.	psilocybin.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Hallucinogens-Tripping the Light Fantastic OBJ: 5.8.9

KEY: Fact

Jeffery has just taken a substance that alters his sensory impressions. Which type of drug did he most likely use?

a.	hallucinogen
b.	stimulant
c.	depressant
d.	sedative

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Hallucinogens-Tripping the Light Fantastic OBJ: 5.8.9

KEY: Application

Which of the following is considered a hallucinogen?

a.	GHB
b.	marijuana
c.	valium
d.	Rohypnol (“roofies”)

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Hallucinogens-Tripping the Light Fantastic OBJ: 5.8.9

KEY: Fact

Mescaline and psilocybin are classified as

a.	sedatives.
b.	tranquilizers.
c.	stimulants.
d.	hallucinogens.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Hallucinogens-Tripping the Light Fantastic OBJ: 5.8.9

KEY: Fact

Which of the following is the correct match between the hallucinogen and its street name?

a.	PCP————“acid”
b.	LSD————“angel dust”
c.	Mescaline—–“weed”
d.	Psilocybin—-“magic mushrooms”

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Hallucinogens-Tripping the Light Fantastic OBJ: 5.8.9

KEY: Fact

Which of the following is NOT the correct match between the hallucinogen and its street name?

a.	PCP————“angel dust”
b.	LSD————“blow”
c.	Mescaline—–“peyote”
d.	Psilocybin—–“shrooms”

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Hallucinogens-Tripping the Light Fantastic OBJ: 5.8.9

KEY: Fact

The drug PCP

a.	is classified as a hallucinogen.
b.	is an anesthetic.
c.	has stimulant and depressant effects.
d.	is characterized by all of these.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Hallucinogens-Tripping the Light Fantastic OBJ: 5.8.9

KEY: Fact

Marijuana, LSD, mescaline, and psilocybin cause their effects by

a.	slowing the removal of glutamate after it is released.
b.	depressing activity in the nervous system.
c.	simulating the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
d.	affecting neurotransmitter systems that carry messages between brain cells.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult

REF: Hallucinogens-Tripping the Light Fantastic OBJ: 5.8.9

KEY: Fact

The resinous material scraped from the Cannabis leaves is called

a.	psilocybin.
b.	marijuana.
c.	hashish.
d.	mescaline.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Hallucinogens-Tripping the Light Fantastic OBJ: 5.8.9

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

The dried leaves and flowers of the hemp plant make up the drug known as

a.	psilocybin.
b.	marijuana.
c.	hashish.
d.	mescaline.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Hallucinogens-Tripping the Light Fantastic OBJ: 5.8.9

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Regarding recent evidence on the active ingredient in marijuana, which of the following is a FALSE statement about THC?

a.	Overall, THC can be considered harmless.
b.	THC accumulates in fatty tissues, especially in the brain and reproductive organs.
c.	THC receptors are found in the brain areas that are involved in the control of skilled movement.
d.	THC may help the brain to cope with pain and stress.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Hallucinogens-Tripping the Light Fantastic OBJ: 5.8.9

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Regarding recent evidence on the active ingredient in marijuana, which of the following is a FALSE statement about THC?

a.	THC receptors have been found in the brain areas involved in the control of skilled movement.
b.	THC accumulates in the fatty tissues of the reproductive organs.
c.	THC receptor sites are found in large numbers in the cerebral cortex, which is the seat of human consciousness.
d.	THC and naturally-occurring chemicals similar to it have not been shown to help the brain to cope with pain or stress.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Hallucinogens-Tripping the Light Fantastic OBJ: 5.8.9

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Regarding marijuana, which of the following statements is TRUE?

a.	Numerous overdose deaths from marijuana have been reported.
b.	Experts agree that marijuana has little effect on one’s driving performance.
c.	Although a physical dependence is possible with marijuana, the potential for the abuse of marijuana lies primarily in the realm of psychological dependence.
d.	Marijuana smoke has significantly less cancer-causing hydrocarbons and less tar than tobacco smoke does.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Hallucinogens-Tripping the Light Fantastic OBJ: 5.8.9

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

The receptor sites where THC binds to produce its effect are found in large numbers in the brain area considered to be the seat of human consciousness, which is the

a.	reticular activating system.
b.	limbic system.
c.	cerebral cortex.
d.	medulla-pons region.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Hallucinogens-Tripping the Light Fantastic OBJ: 5.8.9

KEY: Fact

Regarding marijuana, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Marijuana’s immediate effects are euphoria, altered time sense, and perceptual distortions.
b.	Experts agree that marijuana has little effect on driving performance.
c.	Extreme dosages of marijuana can cause paranoia, hallucinations, and delusions.
d.	No overdose deaths from marijuana have been reported.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Hallucinogens-Tripping the Light Fantastic OBJ: 5.8.9

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Regarding marijuana, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	If a person smokes marijuana just once a week, the body is never entirely free of THC since it accumulates in fatty tissues.
b.	Marijuana use has been found to be associated with mental health problems.
c.	Activity levels in the cerebellum are higher than normal in marijuana abusers.
d.	People who smoke five or more “joints” a week score four points lower on IQ tests with the scores rebounding within a month after the person quits using marijuana.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Hallucinogens-Tripping the Light Fantastic OBJ: 5.8.9

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Below normal activity levels in which part of the brain were found in marijuana abusers and explains why chronic marijuana users tend to show some loss of coordination?

a.	reticular formation
b.	corpus callosum
c.	cerebellum
d.	hypothalamus

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Hallucinogens-Tripping the Light Fantastic OBJ: 5.8.9

KEY: Fact

After years of studying the harmfulness of marijuana, scientists have concluded that frequent marijuana use can cause all of the following EXCEPT

a.	a decrease in the brain’s ability to cope with pain and stress.
b.	some loss of coordination and concentration.
c.	an increased risk of prostate and cervical cancer.
d.	the lowering of sperm production in men and the production of more abnormal sperm.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Hallucinogens-Tripping the Light Fantastic OBJ: 5.8.9

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Regarding marijuana, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	When surveyed at age 29, nonusers of marijuana are healthier, earn more, and are more satisfied with their lives than people who smoke marijuana regularly.
b.	Marijuana is classified as a mild hallucinogen.
c.	Marijuana use has been found to be associated with mental health problems.
d.	Marijuana has not been found to create a physical dependence.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Hallucinogens-Tripping the Light Fantastic OBJ: 5.8.9

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Regarding marijuana, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Activity levels in the cerebellum are lower than normal in marijuana abusers.
b.	In experiments with female monkeys, the THC in marijuana caused abnormal menstrual cycles, disrupted ovulation, and increased the rate of miscarriages.
c.	Children whose mothers smoked marijuana during pregnancy showed a lowered ability to succeed in challenging, goal-oriented activities.
d.	Marijuana smoke has been found to contain less cancer-causing hydrocarbons and less tar than tobacco smoke does.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Hallucinogens-Tripping the Light Fantastic OBJ: 5.8.9

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Regarding marijuana, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Many people who have stopped using marijuana say they quit because they were bothered by short-term memory loss and concentration problems.
b.	Marijuana has not been shown to produce a physical dependence.
c.	In animal studies, marijuana has been shown to cause genetic damage within the cells of the body.
d.	THC can suppress the body’s immune system, increasing one’s risk of disease.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Hallucinogens-Tripping the Light Fantastic OBJ: 5.8.9

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Remembering them and writing them down, looking for messages they contain, and becoming acquainted with one’s individual symbol system are all part of understanding

a.	sensory restriction imagery.
b.	revelations gained from mindfulness meditation.
c.	understanding recovered memories from hypnosis.
d.	understanding one’s dreams.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: Exploring and Using Dreams

OBJ: 5.9.1 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question)

You only vaguely remember your dreams. To remember them better, which of the following should you do?

a.	Upon awakening, rise quickly and verbalize parts of the dream out loud.
b.	Set an alarm to go off every two hours during the night so you can catch the dreams.
c.	Keep a dream diary.
d.	Take sleeping pills that suppress REM sleep.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: Exploring and Using Dreams

OBJ: 5.9.1 KEY: Application

Which of the following would NOT be a preferred method of “catching” and understanding a dream?

a.	Keep a paper and pen or recorder next to your bed.
b.	Recall your dreams with your eyes open and staring at the ceiling or a fixed object.
c.	If possible, arrange to awaken gradually without an alarm.
d.	Put your dreams into a permanent dream diary, keep the dreams in chronological order, and review them periodically.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: Exploring and Using Dreams

OBJ: 5.9.1 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question)

In order to “catch a dream,” upon awakening, one should

a.	sit up and begin writing immediately since dreams disappear quickly.
b.	sit up and begin talking into a tape recorder immediately since this is faster than writing.
c.	lie still and review the dream images with your eyes closed.
d.	do none of these since dream analysis requires a therapist who can perform hypnosis.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Exploring and Using Dreams

OBJ: 5.9.1 KEY: Concept

Regarding “catching” and understanding dreams, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Natural awakening almost always follows soon after a REM period.
b.	Remember that drinking too much caffeine can decrease REM sleep.
c.	Opening your eyes will disrupt dream recall.
d.	Keep dreams in chronological order and review them periodically to reveal recurrent themes.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Exploring and Using Dreams

OBJ: 5.9.1 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question)

In catching a dream, it is important to remember that some drugs have an effect on REM sleep. Which of the following drug and effect matches is correct?

a.	barbiturates———decrease REM
b.	alcohol—————increases REM
c.	caffeine————–decreases REM
d.	marijuana————increases REM

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: Exploring and Using Dreams

OBJ: 5.9.1 KEY: Fact

In catching a dream, it is important to remember that some drugs have an effect on REM sleep. Which of the following drug and effect matches is correct?

a.	amphetamines———increase REM
b.	alcohol——————increases REM
c.	cocaine—————–decreases REM
d.	LSD——————–decreases REM

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: Exploring and Using Dreams

OBJ: 5.9.1 KEY: Fact

In catching a dream, it is important to remember that some drugs have an effect on REM sleep. Which of the following drug and effect matches is correct?

a.	valium———–increases REM
b.	caffeine———increases REM
c.	opiates———-slight increase in REM
d.	LSD————-slight increases in REM

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: Exploring and Using Dreams

OBJ: 5.9.1 KEY: Fact

Which of the following drugs has been shown NOT to increase or decrease REM sleep?

a.	valium
b.	caffeine
c.	alcohol
d.	LSD

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: Exploring and Using Dreams

OBJ: 5.9.1 KEY: Fact

Which of the following theorists identified four dream processes that were believed to disguise the hidden meanings of dream images?

a.	Sigmund Freud
b.	Ernest Hartmann
c.	Fritz Perls
d.	Otto Loewi

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Exploring and Using Dreams

OBJ: 5.9.2 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

According to Freud, the mental filters that disguise the meanings of dreams are called

a.	dream processes.
b.	ego defense mechanisms.
c.	fixations.
d.	archetypes.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Exploring and Using Dreams

OBJ: 5.9.2 KEY: Fact

Which of the following is NOT one of the dream processes described by Freud?

a.	condensation
b.	illumination
c.	displacement
d.	symbolization

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Exploring and Using Dreams

OBJ: 5.9.2 KEY: Fact

According to Freud, condensation, displacement, and secondary elaboration are types of

a.	dream processes.
b.	ego defense mechanisms.
c.	fixations.
d.	archetypes.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Exploring and Using Dreams

OBJ: 5.9.2 KEY: Fact

According to Freud, the dream process in which a single character in a dream may represent several people at once is

a.	secondary elaboration.
b.	condensation.
c.	displacement.
d.	symbolization.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Exploring and Using Dreams

OBJ: 5.9.2 KEY: Fact

If you have a dream in which one character in the dream looks like your teacher, acts like your father, talks like your mother, and is dressed like your employer, this one character is representing all the authority figures in your life and is an example of the dream process known as

a.	displacement.
b.	sublimation.
c.	condensation.
d.	secondary elaboration.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: Exploring and Using Dreams

OBJ: 5.9.2 KEY: Application

Sue dreams about a child sitting in her bedroom crying, while Sue runs around trying to console the child. According to Freud, this one child represents all the people in her life that Sue is attempting to care for, including her elderly mother, her husband, her children, and her students. Since this one dream character represents so many aspects of Sue’s life, the dream process being utilized is

a.	displacement.
b.	sublimation.
c.	condensation.
d.	secondary elaboration.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: Exploring and Using Dreams

OBJ: 5.9.2 KEY: Application

According to Freud, the dream process in which important emotions are redirected toward safe or seemingly unimportant images is

a.	secondary elaboration.
b.	condensation.
c.	displacement.
d.	symbolization.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Exploring and Using Dreams

OBJ: 5.9.2 KEY: Fact

Anna has an argument with her roommate and then dreams that she accidentally put a red towel in with her roommate’s white clothes in the washer. According to Freud, this could be an example of

a.	condensation.
b.	displacement.
c.	compensation.
d.	secondary elaboration.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: Exploring and Using Dreams

OBJ: 5.9.2 KEY: Application

A teenager angry with his parents might dream of accidentally wrecking their car instead of directly attacking them. According to Freud, this could be an example of

a.	condensation.
b.	displacement.
c.	compensation.
d.	secondary elaboration.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: Exploring and Using Dreams

OBJ: 5.9.2 KEY: Application

Eugene is angry at a teacher and that night dreams that the teacher falls down a flight of stairs, rather than dreaming that he hits the teacher. According to Freud, which dream process would explain this dream action substitution?

a.	condensation
b.	secondary elaboration
c.	compensation
d.	displacement

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: Exploring and Using Dreams

OBJ: 5.9.2 KEY: Application

According to Freud, the four dream processes include condensation, displacement, secondary elaboration, and

a.	symbolization.
b.	fixations.
c.	ego ideals.
d.	self-efficacies.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Exploring and Using Dreams

OBJ: 5.9.2 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

If you feel vulnerable in your class, or are unprepared for a test, and dream that you came to class naked, then you are experiencing

a.	condensation.
b.	displacement.
c.	symbolization.
d.	secondary elaboration.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: Exploring and Using Dreams

OBJ: 5.9.2 KEY: Application

When a dreamer makes a dream more logical by adding details to the dream after awakening, the dream process being used is

a.	displacement.
b.	secondary elaboration.
c.	condensation.
d.	symbolization.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Exploring and Using Dreams

OBJ: 5.9.2 KEY: Fact

The fresher a dream memory is, the more useful it is likely to be. Nevertheless, the dreamer upon awakening often adds details that make the dream more logical and complete. According to Freud, this dream process is known as

a.	displacement.
b.	secondary elaboration.
c.	condensation.
d.	symbolization.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Exploring and Using Dreams

OBJ: 5.9.2 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question)

Perls believed that dreams are best interpreted as

a.	symbolic wishes.
b.	a rehash of the occurrences of the day.
c.	a message about what is missing in our lives.
d.	random brain activity with little meaning.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Exploring and Using Dreams

OBJ: 5.9.2 KEY: Fact

Which of the following was the originator of Gestalt therapy and encouraged people to speak to the characters in their dreams to better understand the dream content?

a.	Sigmund Freud
b.	Ernest Hartmann
c.	Stephen LaBerge
d.	Fritz Perls

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Exploring and Using Dreams

OBJ: 5.9.2 KEY: Fact

Which dream theorist believed that most dreams are special messages about what’s missing in our lives, what we avoid doing, or feelings that need to be “re-owned”?

a.	Ernest Hartmann
b.	Stephen LaBerge
c.	Otto Loewi
d.	Fritz Perls

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Exploring and Using Dreams

OBJ: 5.9.2 KEY: Fact

Eric is telling his dream to his therapist and describes walking through a forest with bats flying overhead and the moon over his shoulder. Eric’s therapist encourages him to speak aloud as each character in his story, the moon, the bats, and the trees. Eric’s therapist is using the dream analysis technique of

a.	Ernest Hartmann.
b.	Fritz Perls.
c.	Sigmund Freud.
d.	Stephen LaBerge.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: Exploring and Using Dreams

OBJ: 5.9.2 KEY: Application MSC: www

Marty dreams about a strange man standing behind a door. To interpret his dream, Marty speaks aloud to the man, then answers for him, and even speaks for the door, saying “I am a barrier. I keep you safe, but I also keep you locked inside. The stranger has something to tell you. You must risk opening me to learn it.” Mary is using the dream analysis technique of

a.	Ernest Hartmann.
b.	Fritz Perls.
c.	Sigmund Freud.
d.	Stephen LaBerge.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: Exploring and Using Dreams

OBJ: 5.9.2 KEY: Application

Which dream theorist suggests that dreams arise as our brains seek to make creative connections and that one should ignore the elements of a dream which merely replay a day’s events and focus instead on the unusual dream elements?

a.	Ernest Hartmann
b.	Fritz Perls
c.	Sigmund Freud
d.	Stephen LaBerge

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Exploring and Using Dreams

OBJ: 5.9.2 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

The overall emotional tone or underlying mood of a dream is a major clue to its meaning, according to

a.	Ernest Hartmann.
b.	Fritz Perls.
c.	Sigmund Freud.
d.	Stephen LaBerge.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Exploring and Using Dreams

OBJ: 5.9.2 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

According to Ernest Hartmann, the major clue to the meaning of a dream lies in the

a.	familiarity of the dream characters.
b.	emotional tone of the dream.
c.	setting of the dream.
d.	actions of the dream characers.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Exploring and Using Dreams

OBJ: 5.9.2 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question)

If you were to follow Ernest Hartmann’s approach to understanding your dreams, you would focus on

a.	how the dream processes of displacement and condensation are being utilized.
b.	the characters, their actions, and the setting of the dream.
c.	the unusual dream elements and the underlying emotion of the dream.
d.	the elements of a dream which replay a day’s events in a person’s life.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Exploring and Using Dreams

OBJ: 5.9.2 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question)

After Perry told his dream to his therapist, his therapist asked, “Did you find the dream comical, threatening, joyous, or depressing? Were you lonely, jealous, frightened, or angry?” Perry’s therapist is using whose technique for interpreting dreams?

a.	Sigmund Freud’s
b.	Stephen LaBerge’s
c.	Fritz Perls’
d.	Ernest Hartmann’s

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Exploring and Using Dreams

OBJ: 5.9.2 KEY: Application MSC: * (New Question)

Which of the following would NOT be good advice to aid in dream interpretation?

a.	Watch for verbal or visual puns and other playful elements in dreams.
b.	It is important to describe your dream so that you can relive some of the feelings in the dream.
c.	Avoid discussing your dreams with family members or friends since they may add interpretations that will confuse your more personal analysis.
d.	Remember that each dream has several possible meanings or levels of meaning with no fixed way to interpret it.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: Exploring and Using Dreams

OBJ: 5.9.2 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question)

According to your textbook, which of the following is NOT one of the questions that was suggested to ask yourself in probing a dream?

a.	Were there humans, animals, or mythical characters in your dreams?
b.	Was there striving in the dream and was it successful or not?
c.	What were the physical surroundings like and were any physical objects present?
d.	How long did the dream seem like it lasted?

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: Exploring and Using Dreams

OBJ: 5.9.2 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

In order to conclude or carry a dream on to a more meaningful ending, a person may use an interesting dream exercise

a.	called secondary displacement.
b.	involving the sublimation of dream imagery.
c.	in which one continues the dream as a waking fantasy.
d.	in which one dissects the dream and reconstitutes it in as many different forms as possible.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Exploring and Using Dreams

OBJ: 5.9.2 KEY: Concept

To modify their own nightmares, nightmare sufferers can use

a.	secondary displacement.
b.	imagery rehearsal.
c.	dream condensation.
d.	dream sublimation.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Exploring and Using Dreams

OBJ: 5.9.2 KEY: Concept

Dr. Otto Loewi, a winner of a Nobel prize, dreamed the same dream three nights in a row regarding his research. On the third night, he

a.	scribbled down on a pad what he had dreamed.
b.	went straight to his laboratory and performed the crucial experiment.
c.	rejected the experiment in the dream and was able to eventually solve the problem through waking fantasy.
d.	used Freud’s techniques involving symbolization to forecast the completion of his research and his own death one year later.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Exploring and Using Dreams

OBJ: 5.9.3 KEY: Fact

Reviewing and thinking about a problem before you go to sleep

a.	is of little value in problem-solving.
b.	helps only imaginative people to solve problems.
c.	is a way to tap the creativity of dreams.
d.	is a guaranteed way to solve problems.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Exploring and Using Dreams

OBJ: 5.9.3 KEY: Concept

Regarding the use of your dreams, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Nightmare sufferers can use imagery rehearsal to modify their nightmares.
b.	Using dreams is only helpful for imaginative people in solving problems.
c.	History is full of cases where dreams have been a pathway to creativity and discovery.
d.	If you “set” yourself (intently visualizing and thinking about a problem you wish to solve) before going to bed, you will improve your chances of solving the problem.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: Exploring and Using Dreams

OBJ: 5.9.3 KEY: Concept

One reason for dreams producing more creative solutions to problems is because which of the following occurs?

a.	Your expectations set up a self-fulfilling prophecy that will occur while dreaming.
b.	Brain waves remain more stable during dreaming than when one is awake.
c.	Your inhibitions are reduced during dreaming.
d.	Stimlus generalizations are more likely to occur when you are dreaming.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Exploring and Using Dreams

OBJ: 5.9.3 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question)

A procedure outlined in your textbook for using dreams in problem-solving involves which of the following?

a.	Use stimulus control and sleep restriction to tap into creativity during dreaming.
b.	Use prescription medication to increase your likelihood of dreaming.
c.	Concentrate on the problem just before going to bed and then use dream catching techniques.
d.	Increase your time spent in sleep, thus directly increasing the time for dreams to occur.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Exploring and Using Dreams

OBJ: 5.9.3 KEY: Fact

Regarding the use of dreams, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	About half of a group of college students who “set” their dreams before going to sleep for one week recalled a dream that helped them solve a personal problem.
b.	Your inhibitions tend to increase when you are dreaming.
c.	Even unimaginative people can use dreams to produce creative solutions.
d.	During a lucid dream, a person feels as if she or he is fully awake within the dream world and capable of normal thought and action.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Exploring and Using Dreams

OBJ: 5.9.3 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Which of the following dream researchers is best known for his work with lucid dreaming?

a.	Ernest Hartmann
b.	Stephen LaBerge
c.	Robert McCarley
d.	Fritz Perls

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Exploring and Using Dreams

OBJ: 5.9.3 KEY: Fact

While sleeping, you begin to feel as if you are awake during the dream and capable of normal thought. You are experiencing

a.	somnambulism.
b.	imagery rehearsal.
c.	lucid dreaming.
d.	daydreaming.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Exploring and Using Dreams

OBJ: 5.9.3 KEY: Application

If you ask yourself in your sleep, “Could this be a dream?” and answer “Yes,” you are probably experiencing

a.	somnambulism.
b.	imagery rehearsal.
c.	lucid dreaming.
d.	intense daydreaming.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Exploring and Using Dreams

OBJ: 5.9.3 KEY: Application

Stephen LaBerge and his colleagues at the Stanford University Sleep Research Center were able to show that lucid dreams are real and they occur

a.	during NREM sleep.
b.	during REM sleep.
c.	only when people are sleep deprived and are experiencing REM rebound.
d.	most often in children and adolescents, but rarely in adults.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Exploring and Using Dreams

OBJ: 5.9.3 KEY: Fact

Stephen LaBerge and his colleagues at the Stanford University Sleep Research Center were able to show that lucid dreams are real and that lucid dreamers were able to do all of the following EXCEPT

a.	utilize prearranged signals when they became aware they were dreaming.
b.	be able to look up abruptly in a dream, causing a distinct upward eye movement.
c.	verbally mumble “awake.”
d.	clench their right and left fists in a prearranged pattern.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Exploring and Using Dreams

OBJ: 5.9.3 KEY: Fact

Researchers have found that stimulation from which sensory system tends to increase lucid dreaming?

a.	kinesthetic
b.	vestibular
c.	tactile
d.	auditory

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Exploring and Using Dreams

OBJ: 5.9.3 KEY: Fact

Your accuracy in recalling lucid dreams and their usefulness in problem-solving is improved by

a.	deliberately rehearsing your intention of becoming aware that you are dreaming.
b.	engaging in strenuous physical exercise just before going to bed.
c.	asking someone to wake you frequently during the night.
d.	taking careful notes during your dream experience.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Exploring and Using Dreams

OBJ: 5.9.3 KEY: Concept

Jared has awakened spontaneously from a dream. He takes a few minutes to try to memorize the dream. Next, he engages in 10 to 15 minutes of reading that requires his full wakefulness. Then, while lying in bed and returning to sleep, he says to himself, “Next time I’m dreaming, I want to remember I’m dreaming.” Finally, he visualizes himself lying in bed asleep while in the dream he just rehearsed. At the same time, he pictures himself realizing that he is dreaming. Jared is trying to learn how to use

a.	the paradoxical intention.
b.	secondary elaboration.
c.	lucid dreaming.
d.	the basic suggestion effect.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Exploring and Using Dreams

OBJ: 5.9.3 KEY: Application

Regarding lucid dreaming, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Lucid dreaming is a relatively rare experience.
b.	Sleeping in a hammock, on a boat, or on a waterbed may increase the number of lucid dreams a person has.
c.	Stimulation of the auditory system has been shown to increase lucid dreaming.
d.	In lucid dreaming, a person can partially overcome REM sleep paralysis.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Exploring and Using Dreams

OBJ: 5.9.3 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Regarding lucid dreaming, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Lucid dreaming tends to increase REM sleep paralysis.
b.	People who have lucid dreams tend to feel a sense of emotional well-being.
c.	Lucid dreaming is a way to voluntarily enter altered states of consciousness without the risks of taking mind-altering drugs.
d.	A person can revise nightmares during lucid dreaming to make them less fearful or to solve problems.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Exploring and Using Dreams

OBJ: 5.9.3 KEY: Fact

Chapter 5d—Types Of Awareness

TRUE/FALSE

In their studies of the brain and behavior, psychologists adopt an objective, third-person point of view.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: States of Consciousness-The Many Faces of Awareness OBJ: 5.1.1

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Everyone experiences some altered state of consciousness every day.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: States of Consciousness-The Many Faces of Awareness OBJ: 5.1.2

KEY: Fact

Each of us will spend approximately 25 years of our life asleep.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.1 KEY: Fact

Some people can learn very complex tasks while asleep, such as learning a foreign language.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.1 KEY: Fact

If you go without sleep for 32 hours, you will need to sleep 32 hours straight to recover completely.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.2 KEY: Fact

Humans as well as other animals, such as dogs, cats, and rats, all experience microsleeps.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.3 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

A sleep researcher is monitoring you and notices that your brain waves are showing almost all delta waves, which means you are in REM sleep.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.1

KEY: Application

Dreamless slow-wave NREM sleep increases after physical exertion, while REM sleep increases with daytime emotional stresses.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.2

KEY: Concept

Having bizarre experiences upon awakening, such as sensing an alien being is in one’s bedroom, is characteristic of the condition known as REM behavior disorder.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster OBJ: 5.3.4

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Eating starchy foods tends to decrease one’s levels of tryptophan, thus, increasing one’s tendency toward insomnia.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.2

KEY: Concept

Sleepwalkers have been known to play a musical instrument, drive a car, or cook while asleep.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.3

KEY: Fact

Night terrors and sleepwalking occur during REM sleep.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.3|5.4.4

KEY: Fact

The safest sleep position for most infants in order to prevent SIDS is on their backs.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.6

KEY: Fact

People with narcolepsy tend to fall directly into Stage 4 NREM sleep.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult

REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues OBJ: 5.4.7

KEY: Fact

Most people dream about four or five times a night, with the dreams spaced 90 minutes apart.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Dreams-A Separate Reality?

OBJ: 5.5.1 KEY: Fact

According to the activation-synthesis hypothesis, the cortex of the brain combines random brain activity into stories and visual images that form your dreams.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Dreams-A Separate Reality?

OBJ: 5.5.3 KEY: Fact

Dream actions of flying, floating, or falling are more frequent than the dream actions of running, sitting, or talking.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Dreams-A Separate Reality?

OBJ: 5.5.5 KEY: Fact

Current research shows that the EEG patterns recorded during hypnosis are deep sleep patterns consisting of delta waves.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Hypnosis-Look into My Eyes OBJ: 5.6.1 KEY: Fact

Stage hypnotists often create a simulation of hypnotic effects, not actual hypnosis.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Hypnosis-Look into My Eyes OBJ: 5.6.3 KEY: Fact

Concentrative meditation is more difficult to attain than mindfulness meditation.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Meditation and Sensory Deprivation-Chilling, the Healthy Way

OBJ: 5.7.1 KEY: Fact

Restricted Environmental Stimulation Therapy (REST) has been shown to enhance the performance in skilled sports, such as gymnastics, tennis, basketball, and marksmanship.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Meditation and Sensory Deprivation-Chilling, the Healthy Way

OBJ: 5.7.3 KEY: Fact

Addictive drugs stimulate a brain region called the reticular formation causing it to release the neurotransmitter serotonin.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult

REF: Drug-Altered Consciousness-The High and Low of It OBJ: 5.8.2

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Sara tried marijuana because she was curious about what effects this drug would have on her; thus, Sara’s pattern of drug-taking behavior would be classified as situational.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult

REF: Drug-Altered Consciousness-The High and Low of It OBJ: 5.8.5

KEY: Application

From 1886 until 1906, Coca-Cola contained small amounts of cocaine, which were later replaced with caffeine.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Fact

GHB is a mixture of degreasing solvent and drain cleaner.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Downers-Sedatives, Tranquilizers, and Alcohol OBJ: 5.8.7

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Alcohol is classified as a stimulant, while nicotine is classified as a depressant.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Downers-Sedatives, Tranquilizers, and Alcohol | Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine OBJ: 5.8.8|5.8.6 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

The THC in marijuana can suppress the body’s immune system, increasing the risk of disease.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Hallucinogens-Tripping the Light Fantastic OBJ: 5.8.9

KEY: Fact

LSD tends to decrease REM sleep slightly, while alcohol increases REM sleep.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Exploring and Using Dreams

OBJ: 5.9.1 KEY: Fact

According to Freud, when several people, objects, or events are combined into a single dream image, the dream process of secondary elaboration has taken place.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Exploring and Using Dreams

OBJ: 5.9.2 KEY: Concept

Sleeping in a hammock, a boat, or on a waterbed tends to increase the number of lucid dreams one has by stimulating the vestibular system.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Exploring and Using Dreams

OBJ: 5.9.3 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question)

COMPLETION

One thing that cocaine, “highway hypnosis,” high fever, and meditation all have in common is that they produce __________ of consciousness.

ANS: altered states

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: States of Consciousness-The Many Faces of Awareness OBJ: 5.1.2

KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question)

Several men are chanting rhythmically while sitting in darkness inside a small chamber heated by coals, and they will periodically throw the door open and allow cooling night breezes to rush in. These men are taking part in a ritual of the Sioux Indians known as the __________ ceremony.

ANS: sweat lodge

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: States of Consciousness-The Many Faces of Awareness OBJ: 5.1.3

KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

During the teen years, rapid physical changes during puberty increase the need for sleep, while overall sleep time decreases, resulting in most adolescents experiencing excessive daytime sleepiness known as __________.

ANS: hypersomnia

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.2 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question)

Arthur has been driving for almost ten hours straight, and he is tired and drowsy. He momentarily falls asleep for a few seconds. Arthur has experienced a(n) __________.

ANS: microsleep

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.3 KEY: Application

Lowering body and brain activity and metabolism during sleep may help conserve energy and lengthen life, according to the __________ theories of sleep.

ANS: repair/restorative

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep-Catching a Few ZZZ’s

OBJ: 5.2.4 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

The pattern of EEG waves present when one is awake and alert is characterized by __________ waves.

ANS: beta

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster

OBJ: 5.3.1 KEY: Fact

Sleep paralysis, which normally prevents us from moving during REM sleep, can also occur just as we are beginning to wake up. During these episodes, people sometimes experience __________ hallucinations.

ANS: hypnopompic

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster

OBJ: 5.3.4 KEY: Concept

Aaron is trying to go to sleep, so he keeps his eyes wide open (in the dark) and stays awake as long as possible. This will allow sleep to overtake him unexpectedly and lowers his performance anxiety through a technique known as the __________.

ANS: paradoxical intention

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues

OBJ: 5.4.2 KEY: Application MSC: * (New Question)

About an hour and a half after Ned’s parents put Ned to bed, they find him in a total state of panic, sitting up in bed screaming, and drenched in sweat. They change his pajamas and put him back to bed. The next morning they ask him about what happened. Ned remembers very little about the night before. Ned was exhibiting the sleep disturbance known as a(n) night __________.

ANS: terror

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues

OBJ: 5.4.4 KEY: Application

One way to eliminate nightmares involves making the upsetting dream familiar while the person is awake and “mentally re-programming” future dream content, a technique known as __________.

ANS: imagery rehearsal

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues

OBJ: 5.4.4 KEY: Concept

Some physicians believe that SIDS, or crib death, may be caused by the sleep disorder known as __________.

ANS: sleep apnea

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues

OBJ: 5.4.6 KEY: Concept

Abby seems to fall asleep in the middle of a conversation. She has even suffered one of these sleep attacks while standing. She appears to be suffering from the sleep disturbance called __________.

ANS: narcolepsy

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues

OBJ: 5.4.7 KEY: Application

The tendency to dream more than usual after a period of REM sleep deprivation is called __________.

ANS: REM rebound

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Dreams-A Separate Reality?

OBJ: 5.5.1 KEY: Fact

In order for Freud to analyze the hidden, symbolic meaning of his patients’ dreams, he would have his patients remember and retell the obvious, visible parts of their dreams known as the __________ content.

ANS: manifest

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Dreams-A Separate Reality?

OBJ: 5.5.2 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question)

Most dreams reflect ordinary waking concerns because the brain areas that are active when we are awake remain active during dreaming, according to the __________ dream theory.

ANS: neurocognitive

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Dreams-A Separate Reality?

OBJ: 5.5.4 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question)

The detached part of the hypnotized person’s awareness that silently views the events occurring during hypnosis is called the __________.

ANS: hidden observer

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Hypnosis-Look into My Eyes

OBJ: 5.6.1 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

You tie a short length of string to a small ring and hold this ring at eye level, about a foot from your face. By focusing on the ring, you are able to make the ring swing back and forth. You are surprised by this automatic micromovement of your fingers. You most likely have experienced a(n) __________.

ANS: autosuggestion

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Hypnosis-Look into My Eyes

OBJ: 5.6.1 KEY: Application

A test in which a person is given a series of suggestions, such as being told that his or her “left arm is becoming more and more rigid and that it will not bend,” is most likely taking the Stanford __________ Scale.

ANS: Hypnotic Susceptibility

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Hypnosis-Look into My Eyes

OBJ: 5.6.2 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question)

While meditating, Bradley tries to achieve a total non-judgmental awareness of the world. Bradley is using __________ meditation.

ANS: mindfulness

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Meditation and Sensory Deprivation-Chilling, the Healthy Way

OBJ: 5.7.1 KEY: Application

Medical researcher Herbert Benson believed that the core of meditation involved an innate physiological pattern that opposes your body’s fight-or-flight mechanisms and is called the __________ response.

ANS: relaxation

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Meditation and Sensory Deprivation-Chilling, the Healthy Way

OBJ: 5.7.2 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

By using small isolation tanks in which a participant floats in shallow body-temperature water containing hundreds of pounds of Epsom salts, psychologists have explored the possible benefits of __________.

ANS:

sensory restriction or mild sensory deprivation or REST

sensory restriction

mild sensory deprivation

REST

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Meditation and Sensory Deprivation-Chilling, the Healthy Way

OBJ: 5.7.3 KEY: Concept

The reduction in the body’s response to a drug which may accompany drug use is called __________.

ANS: drug tolerance

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Drug-Altered Consciousness-The High and Low of It OBJ: 5.8.4

KEY: Fact

Adderall and Ritalin, two popular “study drugs,” that are used to treat attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are both mixtures of __________.

ANS: amphetamines

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Maria has been abusing cocaine and now suffers from an inability to feel pleasure, a condition known as __________.

ANS: anhedonia

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult

REF: Uppers-Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine

OBJ: 5.8.6 KEY: Application

Valium, Xanax, Halcion, and Librium are examples of the depressant drug class known as __________.

ANS: tranquilizers

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Downers-Sedatives, Tranquilizers, and Alcohol

OBJ: 5.8.7 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Downing five or more drinks in a short period of time for men and four or more drinks for women is referred to as __________.

ANS: binge drinking

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Downers-Sedatives, Tranquilizers, and Alcohol

OBJ: 5.8.8 KEY: Fact

Marijuana, LSD, mescaline, and psilocybin are classified as __________.

ANS: hallucinogens

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Hallucinogens-Tripping the Light Fantastic

OBJ: 5.8.9 KEY: Fact

Jana has an argument with her husband and then dreams that she accidentally backs into his motorcycle, damaging it slightly. According to Freud, this is an example of the dream process called __________.

ANS: displacement

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: Exploring and Using Dreams

OBJ: 5.9.2 KEY: Application

The Gestalt psychologist who proposed that most dreams are special messages about what’s missing in our lives, what we tend to avoid doing, or feelings that need to be “re-owned” was __________.

ANS:

Fritz Perls

Perls

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Exploring and Using Dreams

OBJ: 5.9.2 KEY: Fact

A dreamer wakes within the dream and feels capable of normal thought and action during the state known as __________ dreaming.

ANS: lucid

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: Exploring and Using Dreams

OBJ: 5.9.3 KEY: Concept

ESSAY

Concerning altered states of consciousness, (a) describe characteristics of an altered state of consciousness, (b) describe four everyday situations in which people experience these altered states, and (c) describe the intentional uses and meanings of the altered states within another culture.

ANS:

Answer will include that during an altered state of consciousness (ASC) changes occur in the quality and pattern of mental activity. Typically, there are distinct shifts in perceptions, emotions, memories, time sense, thoughts, feelings of self-control, and suggestibility. Some everyday situations in which people experience ASCs are sleep, dreaming, daydreaming, highway hypnotism, high fever, sleep loss, drug intoxication, and hyperventilation. All cultures and most religions recognize and accept some alterations of consciousness. Many cultures regard ASCs as a pathway to personal enlightenment. Examples are the Yoga practice of Hindu mystics, the dances of the Whirling Dervishes of Turkey, and the sweat lodges of the Sioux.

PTS: 6 DIF: Moderate

REF: States of Consciousness-The Many Faces of Awareness OBJ: 5.1.2|5.1.3

KEY: Concept

Concerning the need for sleep, (a) describe the average range and the differences in short

and long sleepers’ total hours of sleep per night, (b) explain why adolescents need more sleep

and why they tend to show hypersomnia, and (c) describe how aging affects the sleep

patterns of adults.

ANS:

Answer (a) will include that the average number of hours of sleep is seven to eight hours with short sleepers showing an average of five hours and long sleepers averaging nine hours. Answer (b) will include that the rapid growth and physical changes during puberty increase the need for sleep but the quality and quantity of sleep time tends to decrease during the teen years as they try to stay up late and then become excessively sleepy at school. Answer (c) will include that older people rarely get the sleep they need with those over age 50 averaging only 6 hours.

PTS: 6 DIF: Moderate

REF: States of Consciousness-The Many Faces of Awareness OBJ: 5.2.2|5.2.7

KEY: Concept

Your psychology instructor states that during a night of sleep, a person goes through cycles

of light and deep sleep, while also experiencing bodily changes. Using a description of the

stages of NREM and REM, describe a night of sleep, including the type of brain waves

present and the characteristics of each NREM and the characteristics of REM sleep.

ANS:

Answer will include that as the eyes close, breathing becomes slow and regular, the pulse rate slows, and body temperature drops. Soon after, four separate sleep stages occur. NREM Stage 1: As you enter light sleep, your heart rate slows even more. Breathing becomes more irregular. The muscles of your body relax. This may trigger a reflex muscle twitch called a hypnic jerk. In Stage 1 sleep the EEG is made up mainly of small, irregular waves with some alpha. Persons awakened at this time may or may not say they were asleep. NREM Stage 2: As sleep deepens, body temperature drops further. Also, the EEG begins to include sleep spindles, which are short burst of distinctive brain-wave activity. Spindles seem to mark the true boundary of sleep. Within four minutes after spindles appear, most people will say they were asleep. NREM Stage 3: In Stage 3, a new brain wave called delta begins to appear. Delta waves are very large and slow. They signal a move to deeper sleep and a further loss of consciousness. NREM Sage 4: Most people reach deep sleep in about an hour. Stage 4 brain waves are almost pure delta and the sleeper is in a state of oblivion. If awakened in this stage, the sleeper will wake up in a state of confusion and may not remember what awakened them. After spending some time in Stage 4, the sleep returns through Stages 3 and 2 to stage 1. This return to Stage 1 is usually accompanied by rapid eye movement and REM dream sleep. Then, the sleeper will descend back through Stages 2, 3, 4, then back through 3, 2, and 1 with a second REM sleep state occurring. This pattern will repeat four to five times during a normal night of sleep. REM sleep (dream sleep) is a time of high emotion. The heart beats irregularly. Blood pressure and breathing waver. Both males and females appear to be sexually aroused with males usually having an erection and genital blood flow increasing in women. During REM sleep the body becomes quite still, as if you were paralyzed, which keeps one from acting out their dreams.

PTS: 10 DIF: Moderate REF: Stages of Sleep-The Nightly Roller-Coaster

OBJ: 5.3.1|5.3.4 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question)

Your college roommate is experiencing insomnia. Explain some changes she could make in her life as well as some techniques she could use to get a “good night’s sleep.”

ANS:

Answer will include a description of some of the following behavioral remedies:

(1) Stimulus control, that is, associating the bed with sleeping, not studying or watching TV, will help to establish a regular schedule for sleeping.

(2) Sleep restriction, that is, restricting sleep to normal bedtime hours, helps avoid fragmenting sleep rhythms.

(3) Paradoxical intention, that is, trying to keep the eyes open (in the dark) and stay awake as long as possible, will allow sleep to come unexpectedly and lower performance anxiety.

(4) Relaxation through progressive muscle relaxation will help lower arousal before sleep.

(5) Strenuous exercise during the day (not before bedtime) promotes sleep.

(6) Eating starchy foods increases the amount of tryptophan, which increases serotonin, which is associated with relaxation and sleepiness.

(7) Avoid stimulants, especially close to bedtime.

PTS: 10 DIF: Moderate REF: Sleep Disturbances-The Sleepy Time Blues

OBJ: 5.4.2 KEY: Application

Contrast the activation-synthesis hypothesis with the neurocognitive dream theory and

include the names of the theorists who proposed each theory.

ANS:

Answer will include that according to Hobson and McCarley’s activation-synthesis hypothesis, several parts of the brain are activated during REM sleep. This triggers sensations, motor commands, and memories. The cortex of the brain, which also becomes more active during REM sleep, synthesizes this activity into stories and visual images. However, frontal areas of the cortex, which control higher mental abilities, are mostly shut down during REM sleep. This explains why dreams are more primitive and more bizarre than daytime thoughts. Viewed this way, dreams are merely a different type of thinking that occurs during sleep. According to William Domhoff’s neurocognitive dream theory, dreams actually have much in common with waking thoughts and emotions. Domhoff believed that most dreams reflect ordinary waking concerns because many brain areas that are active when we are awake remain active during dreaming. From this perspective, dreams are a conscious expression of REM sleep processes that are sorting and storing daily experiences.

PTS: 8 DIF: Moderate REF: Dreams-A Separate Reality?

OBJ: 5.5.3|5.5.4 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question)

Describe what effect(s) hypnosis has on the following areas: physical strength; memory;

amnesia; pain relief; age regression, and sensory changes; and explain the techniques used

by stage hypnotists that make people believe they are seeing a demonstration of hypnosis

when they are not.

ANS:

Answer will include that hypnosis has no more effect on physical strength than instructions that encourage a person to make his or her best effort. There is some evidence that hypnosis can enhance memory. However, it frequently increases the number of false memories as well. For this reason, many states now bar persons from testifying in court if they were hypnotized to improve their memory of a crime they witnessed. A person told not to remember something heard during hypnosis may claim not to remember but may be nothing more than a deliberate attempt to avoid thinking about specific ideas. However, brief memory loss of this type actually does seem to occur. Hypnosis can relieve pain and is especially useful when chemical painkillers are ineffective, such as with phantom limb pain. Given the proper suggestions, some hypnotized people appear to “regress” to childhood. However, most theories now believe that “age-regressed” subjects are only acting out a suggested role. Hypnotic suggestions concerning sensations are among the most effective. It is possible to alter color vision, hearing sensitivity, time sense, perception of illusions, and smell. Stage hypnosis is about 50 percent taking advantage of the situation and 50 percent deception. Stage hypnotists make use of several features of the stage setting to perform their acts. (1) Waking suggestibility: On stage people are unusually cooperative because they don’t want to “spoil the act.” (2) Selection of responsive subjects: Participants in stage hypnotism are first “hypnotized” as a group, but then, anyone who doesn’t yield to instructions is eliminated. (3) The “hypnosis label” disinhibits: On stage, being “hypnotized” takes away personal responsibility for one’s actions, so one can act silly without fear or embarrassment. (4) The hypnotist acts as a “director” with the responses of the audience bringing out the “ham” in many people. (5) The stage hypnotists uses tricks.

PTS: 10 DIF: Moderate REF: Hypnosis-Look into My Eyes

OBJ: 5.62|5.6.3 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question)

Describe the two major forms of meditation and the technique known as REST and its uses.

ANS:

Answer will include that meditation takes two major forms. In concentrative meditation, you attend to a single focal point, such as an object, a thought, or your own breathing. (Often, a mantra, which is a smooth word like “om,” is used as the focal point.) In contrast, mindfulness meditation is “open,” or expansive. In this case, you widen your attention to embrace a total, non-judgmental awareness of the world. An example is losing all self-consciousness while walking in the wilderness with a quiet and receptive mind. Mindfulness meditation is more difficult to attain than concentrative meditation. REST stands for Restricted Environmental Stimulation Therapy, which is the use of sensory restriction, such as having the individual spend an hour or two in a floatation tank. This mild sensory deprivation causes a large drop in blood pressure, muscle tension, and other signs of stress. Deep relaxation makes people more open to suggestion and interrupts habitual behavior patterns. As a result, REST can “loosen” belief systems and make it easier to change bad habits. Mild sensory deprivation can help people quit smoking, lose weight, and reduce their use of alcohol and drugs. It has also shown promise in stimulating creative thinking and enhancing performance in skilled sports, such as gymnastics, tennis, basketball, darts, and marksmanship. There is also evidence that REST can relieve chronic pain and reduce stress.

PTS: 5 DIF: Moderate

REF: Meditation and Sensory Deprivation-Chilling, the Healthy Way

OBJ: 5.7.1|5.7.3 KEY: Concept MSC: * (New Question)

You have graduated from college and have a new job. At several of the events related to your

job, alcohol is being served. According to your textbook, it is possible to pace your drinking so

that you will not get drunk and embarrass yourself in front of your boss and colleagues. List

these guidelines for paced drinking. Then, explain what differentiates a social drinker from one

who is abusing alcohol, and list the danger signs of alcohol abuse.

ANS:

Answer will include that paced drinking involves the following: (1) Think about your drinking beforehand and plan how you will manage it; (2) Drink slowly, eat while drinking or drink on a full stomach, making every other drink (or more) a nonalcoholic beverage; (3) Limit drinking primarily to the first hour of a social event or party; (4) Practice how you will politely but firmly refuse drinks; and (5) Learn how to relax, meet people, and socialize without relying on alcohol. What sets alcohol abusers apart from social drinkers is that alcohol abusers don’t just drink for pleasure but to cope with negative emotions, such as anxiety and depression. That’s why alcohol abuse increases with the level of stress in people’s lives. People who drink to relieve bad feelings are at great risk of becoming alcoholics. Because alcohol abuse is such a common problem, it is important to recognize the following danger signals: As a result of drinking alcoholic beverages, the person (1) engaged in unplanned sexual activity; (2) did not use protection when engaging in sex; (3) drove under the influence; (4) engaged in illegal activities associated with drug use; (5) felt sad, blue, or depressed; (6) was nervous or irritable; (7) felt bad about him or herself; and (8) had problems with appetite or sleeping.

PTS: 15 DIF: Moderate REF: Downers-Sedatives, Tranquilizers, and Alcohol

OBJ: 5.8.8 KEY: Application MSC: * (New Question)

Discuss the drug marijuana, how it differs from hashish, its drug classification, the effects of

its active ingredient, and the dangers of short- and long-term use of marijuana on the mind

and body.

ANS:

Answer will include that marijuana and hashish are derived from the hemp plant Cannabis sativa. Marijuana (“pot,” “grass,” “Ganja,” “MJ”) consists of the dried leaves and flowers of the hemp plant. Hashish is a resinous material scraped from cannabis leaves. Marijuana’s psychological effects include a sense of euphoria or well-being, relaxation, altered time sense, and perceptual distortions. At high dosages, paranoia, hallucinations, and delusions can occur. All considered, marijuana intoxication is relatively subtle by comparison to drugs such as LSD or alcohol. Despite this, driving a car while high on marijuana can be extremely hazardous. No overdose deaths from marijuana have been reported, but marijuana cannot be considered harmless. The active ingredient THC accumulates in the body’s fatty tissues, especially in the brain and reproductive organs. Even if a person smokes marijuana just once a week, the body is never entirely free of THC. Scientists have located a specific receptor site on the surface of brain cells where THC binds to produce its effects. These receptor sites are found in large numbers in the cerebral cortex, which is the seat of human consciousness. THC receptors are also found in areas involved in the control of skilled movement. Naturally occurring chemicals similar to THC may help the brain cope with pain and stress. However, when THC is used as a drug, high dosages can cause paranoia, hallucinations, and dizziness. Frequent users of marijuana find it very difficult to quit, so physical dependence is a risk. But marijuana’s potential for abuse lies primarily in the realm of psychological dependence, not physical addiction. For about a day after a person smokes marijuana, his or her attention, coordination, and short-term memory are impaired. Frequent marijuana users show small declines in learning, memory, attention, and thinking abilities. When surveyed at age 29, nonusers are healthier, earn more, and are more satisfied with their lives than people who smoke marijuana regularly. People who smoke five or more “joints” a week score 4 points lower on IQ tests. Fortunately, IQ scores and other cognitive measures rebound in about a month after a person quits using marijuana. Marijuana’s long-term effects include the following health risks: (1) Marijuana smoke contains 50 percent more cancer-causing hydrocarbons and 16 times more tar than tobacco smoke does. Thus, smoking several “joints” a week may be the equivalent of smoking a dozen cigarettes a day. In regular users, marijuana increases the risk of a variety of cancers, including prostate and cervical cancer. (2) Marijuana temporarily lowers sperm production in males, and users produce more abnormal sperm. This could be a problem for a man who is marginally fertile and wants to have a family. (3) In experiments with female monkeys, THC causes abnormal menstrual cycles and disrupts ovulation. Other animal studies show that THC causes a higher rate of miscarriages and that it can reach the developing fetus. As is true for so many other drugs, it appears that marijuana should be avoided during pregnancy. (4) THC can suppress the body’s immune system, increasing the risk of disease. (5) In animals, marijuana causes genetic damage within cells of the body. It is not known to what extent this happens in humans, but it does suggest that marijuana can be detrimental to health. (6) Activity levels in the cerebellum are lower than normal in marijuana abusers. This may explain why chronic marijuana users tend to show some loss of coordination. (7) There is some evidence that THC damages parts of the brain important for memory. (8) Children whose mothers smoked marijuana during pregnancy show lowered ability to succeed in challenging, goal-oriented activities.

PTS: 20 DIF: Moderate REF: Hallucinogens-Tripping the Light Fantastic

OBJ: 5.8.9 KEY: Fact MSC: * (New Question)

Describe Sigmund Freud’s four dream processes and give an example of each.

ANS:

Answer will include the following, although dream examples will vary. To unlock dreams, Freud identified four dream processes, or mental filters, that disguise the meanings of dreams. The first is condensation, in which several people, objects, or events are combined into a single dream image. A dream character that looks like your teacher, acts like your father, talks like your mother, and is dressed like your employer might be a condensation of authority figures in your life. Displacement is a second way of disguising dream content. Displacement may cause important emotions or actions of a dream to be redirected toward safe or seemingly unimportant images. Thus, a student angry at his parents might dream of accidentally wrecking their car instead of directly attacking them. A third dream process is symbolization. Freud believed that dreams are often expressed in images that are symbolic rather than literal. For example, a student dreams of coming to class naked. A symbolic meaning is that the student feels vulnerable or unprepared for class. Secondary elaboration is the fourth method by which dream meanings are disguised. Secondary elaboration is the tendency to make a dream more logical and to add details when remembering it. For example, if one dreamed he or she was in bed, one might add the detail that the time period was night when it might not have been in the dream.

PTS: 10 DIF: Moderate REF: Exploring and Using Dreams

OBJ: 5.9.2 KEY: Concept

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Gateways to Psychology An Introduction to Mind & Behavior, International Edition 13th Edition by Dennis Coon - Test Bank

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