Health Psychology 10th Edition by Taylor - Test Bank

Health Psychology 10th Edition by Taylor – Test Bank

 

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Sample Questions Are Posted Below

 

Chapter 05

Health-Compromising Behaviors

 

1. In any kind of intervention, the _____ is the best predictor of success.
2. physician
3. spouse
4. C. patient
5. family

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2. According to Fradklin et al., 2015, problem behaviors such as obesity, smoking, and alcoholism are:
3. A. more prevalent in adolescents from low social classes than adolescents from high social classes.
4. more prevalent in young men than young women.
5. easier to treat medically than through social interventions.
6. easier to quit for people low in socioeconomic status than people high in socioeconomic status.

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3. An excessive accumulation of fat in the body is known as
4. A.
5. bulimia.
6. anorexia.
7. diabetes.

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4. Fat should ideally constitute about _____ percent of body tissue in women.
5. 30–35
6. 6–13
7. 15–19
8. D. 20–27

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5. Obesity is a chief cause of
6. lung cancer.
7. memory loss.
8. C.
9. drug abuse.

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6. _____ is an especially potent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases.
7. A. Abdominally localized fat
8. Localized fat in the hips
9. Fat in the thighs
10. Fat in the buttocks

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7. Fat tissue produces _____ that exacerbate diseases related to inflammatory processes.
8. immunomodulatory proteins
9. B. proinflammatory cytokines
10. inflammatory smears
11. epidermal keratins

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8. Which of the following statements is true of obesity?
9. A. Often overlooked risks of obesity are psychological distress and depression.
10. Heightened levels of cytokines in obese people reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease.
11. Women in high socioeconomic statuses are prone to obesity due to their consumption of high-fat foods.
12. Surgical procedures, such as liposuction, are the best way to control obesity.

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9. The protein secreted by fat cells to signal neurons in the hypothalamus about the energy stores of fat in the body is called
10. dopamine.
11. albumin.
12. C.
13. ghrelin.

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10. _____, a hunger-stimulating hormone, is secreted by specialized cells in the stomach.
11. A. Ghrelin
12. Leptin
13. Albumin
14. Dopamine

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11. Obesity depends on both the number and size of fat cells, and moderately obese people are said to have
12. a large number of small fat cells.
13. an average number of small fat cells.
14. a large number of large fat cells.
15. D. an average number of large fat cells.

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12. Many obese people have high levels of _____, which promotes overeating due to increased hunger.
13. dopamine
14. serotonin
15. C. basal insulin
16. prenatal estrogen

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13. _____ is a method of enhancing the efficiency of food use and lowering the metabolic rate of the body through successive cycles of dieting and weight gain.
14. A. Yo-yo dieting
15. Nutrition cycling
16. Paleolithic dieting
17. Controlled bingeing

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14. In a _____ surgery, an adjustable gastric band is inserted surgically around the top of the stomach to create a small pouch in the upper stomach to reduce the stomach’s capacity to take in food.
15. lumbar fusion
16. B. lap band
17. lobectomy
18. mastectomy

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15. Cognitive-behavioral techniques can produce weight losses of two pounds every week for up to _____ weeks, maintained over a two-year period.
16. ten
17. B. twenty
18. five
19. thirty

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16. Women in which of the following age groups are most likely to practice behaviors related to eating disorders?
17. 45–54 years of age
18. 35–44 years of age
19. 25–34 years of age
20. D. 15–24 years of age

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17. _____ is a condition that arises from an individual’s obsessive dieting and exercising in the pursuit of a body weight well below optimum level.
18. A. Anorexia nervosa
19. Bulimia
20. Muscle dysmorphia
21. Ischemia

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18. Monica is obsessed with developing a figure like the idealized women’s bodies she sees in advertising, magazines, and other media. As a result, she eats very little. She wants to reduce her body weight to a level well below the ideal weight of a woman of her age, height, and body proportions. Monica’s behavior is characteristic of
19. obsessive–compulsive disorder.
20. binge eating.
21. C. anorexia nervosa.
22. muscle dysmorphia.

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19. Binge eating is usually triggered by
20. A. negative emotions produced by stressful experiences.
21. excessive exercise.
22. hunger splurges in anorexic individuals.
23. collagen that is produced in the cells of the stomach.

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20. _____ is a process by which the body increasingly adapts to the use of a substance, requiring larger and larger doses of it to obtain the same effects, and eventually reaching a plateau.
21. Withdrawal
22. B. Tolerance
23. Metacognition
24. Relapse

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21. John was a chain smoker for ten years. He quit recently, and he has constantly fought against the urge to smoke again. This urge is especially strong when he is around other smokers. John’s recurring urge to smoke is an example of
22. bulimia.
23. tolerance.
24. C.
25. anorexia.

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22. Individuals usually begin drinking to
23. decrease their self-esteem.
24. improve their cognitive functioning.
25. avoid social occasions.
26. D. enhance positive emotions.

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23. Which of the following is a temporary effect of consuming alcohol?
24. lowered self-esteem
25. increased cognitive functioning
26. C. reduced anxiety
27. increased metabolism

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24. Compared to people with long-term drinking problems, late-onset problem drinkers are
25. less likely to experience alcohol-related depression.
26. less likely to be successfully treated.
27. C. more likely to control their drinking on their own.
28. more likely to relapse within the first three months after treatment for alcoholism.

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25. The first phase of treatment programs for hard-core alcoholics is
26. self-monitoring.
27. relapse prevention.
28. C.
29. rehabilitation.

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26. _____ are used in the second stage of most treatment programs for alcoholism to address biological and environmental factors that cause alcoholism.
27. Anti-alcoholic medications
28. Independent therapy sessions
29. C. Cognitive-behavioral techniques
30. Mindfulness meditation techniques

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27. The occurrence of a major stressful event within the first _____ days after treatment can trigger relapse among apparently recovered alcoholics.
28. 30
29. 60
30. C. 90
31. 120

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28. A meta-analysis of alcohol treatment outcome studies estimates that more than _____ percent of treated patients relapse within the first three months after treatment.
29. 10
30. 25
31. C. 50
32. 75

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29. Alcohol treatment programs are more successful with
30. people who have previously fought addictions to other substances.
31. B. people who are high in socioeconomic status.
32. female clients with histories of anorexia nervosa.
33. male clients who are in their early twenties.

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30. Alcoholics Anonymous was one of the earliest _____ for people suffering from alcohol-related health problems.
31. out-groups
32. B. self-help groups
33. for-profit organizations
34. government-funded organizations

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31. Which of the following describes placebo drinking?
32. An individual limits the number of alcoholic drinks he or she consumes to three drinks a day.
33. An individual takes anti-alcohol medication to reduce his or her drinking habits.
34. C. An individual substitutes or alternates alcoholic drinks with nonalcoholic beverages.
35. An individual alternates periods of binge drinking with periods of total abstinence.

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32. Which of the following components, if included, can produce up to a 40 percent treatment success rate for alcoholism?
33. excluding relatives and employers from the treatment process
34. increasing the length of treatment by several months
35. gradually reducing alcohol consumption over a period of time
36. D. instilling coping skills to manage environmental pressures

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33. _____ is required to complement formal alcohol intervention efforts so more people can receive formal treatment.
34. Collaborative therapy
35. B. Social engineering
36. Transactional analysis
37. Therapy

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34. Evaluations of alcohol prevention programs for adolescents suggest that such programs
35. are expensive and ineffective.
36. B. enhance participants’ sense of self-efficacy.
37. have little influence on participants’ ability to resist peer pressure.
38. encourage participants to enroll in self-help programs such as Alcoholics Anonymous.

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35. _____ is the single greatest cause of preventable death in developed countries by itself and in interaction with other risk factors.
36. Obesity
37. Alcoholism
38. Anorexia
39. D. Smoking

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36. Smoking accounts for more than _____ deaths every year in the United States.
37. 400,000
38. 553,000
39. 500,000
40. D. 443,000

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37. In the United States, the most common cause of smoking-related mortality is
38. liver cirrhosis.
39. heart disease.
40. C. lung cancer.
41. stroke.

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38. Maxwell is a smoker. He works long hours for a low pay and has a considerable amount of stress at work. He suffers from high cholesterol and blood pressure. The doctor suspects that Maxwell’s problems may be related to his smoking habit. This is called the _____ effects of smoking.
39. instantaneous
40. extraneous
41. converse
42. D. synergistic

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39. Which dangerous health behavior was highlighted by the first surgeon general’s report that was published in 1964?
40. binge eating
41. drinking
42. C. smoking
43. drug abuse

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40. It is estimated that by 2050, three million men in _____ will die every year from the effects of tobacco.
41. America
42. India
43. C. China
44. Argentina

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41. Individuals who possess genes that regulate the functioning of _____ are likely candidates for inheriting smoking influences.
42. pentose
43. B. dopamine
44. nucleophile
45. allele

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42. Identifying oneself as a smoker
43. reduces the chances of getting addicted to any other substance.
44. increases an individual’s self-esteem.
45. increases the chances of being a quitter.
46. D. impedes the ability to quit smoking.

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43. _____ is used to engage neuroregulators that produce temporary improvements in performance.
44. Heroin
45. Bromide
46. Alcohol
47. D. Nicotine

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44. Which among the following is reported to be the hardest addiction to stop?
45. A. smoking
46. alcoholism
47. heroine addiction
48. cocaine addiction

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45. Which of the following is a long-term effect of abstaining from smoking?
46. reduced energy levels
47. increased muscle mass and stamina
48. reduced self-esteem
49. D. increased sense of mastery

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46. Group interventions may not address the motives underlying smoking habits because
47. smokers are already aware of the benefits of remaining abstinent.
48. previous interventions have proven to be unsuccessful.
49. C. smoking patterns are highly individualized.
50. smokers prefer solitude.

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47. Which of the following statements best describes nicotine replacement therapy?
48. A. A nicotine patch steadily releases doses of nicotine into the bloodstream to increase the chances of smoking cessation.
49. A technique that teaches positive methods of communicating emotion, and handling conflict is used to avoid relapse.
50. A combination of medication and cognitive-behavioral techniques are applied to inculcate self-monitoring habits.
51. A treatment designed to restore and rehabilitate an individual’s level of functioning is employed to promote health and wellness.

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48. Mass media has dramatically changed attitudes toward smoking because it
49. provides information to smokers about health effects, although it has little effect on their habit.
50. promotes smoking as a habit adopted by people from high-class societies.
51. promotes stress management programs that seem to have a great impact on reducing smoking habits.
52. D. provides information about health habits that discourage nonsmokers from beginning to smoke.

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49. Ex-smokers are more likely to be successful over the short term if they
50. reduce contact with their family.
51. discourage their friends from smoking.
52. have supportive friends who smoke.
53. D. have a supportive partner.

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50. Adult smokers benefit from cognitive-behavioral interventions that
51. include maintenance of the stimuli that elicit and maintain smoking.
52. B. include self-monitoring techniques.
53. undermine successful smoking cessation.
54. expel alternative coping techniques.

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51. Brief interventions by _____ can bring about smoking cessation and control relapse.
52. motivational speakers
53. B. physicians
54. employers
55. government authorities

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52. Which of the following is a component of social influence interventions?
53. Materials are developed to convey a positive image of a smoker.
54. A peer group is asked to debar a smoker until the frequency of smoking is reduced.
55. C. Information on the effects of smoking is carefully constructed to appeal to adolescents.
56. New experimental methods such as cognitive recalibration is used to reduce smoking.

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53. Social influence programs are known to reduce smoking rates for as long as _____ years.
54. thirteen
55. seven
56. ten
57. D. four

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54. _____ is a common outcome of prenatal exposure to secondhand smoke.
55. Yellow nail syndrome
56. Asperger syndrome
57. Fetal alcohol syndrome
58. D. Sudden infant death syndrome

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55. Cognitive-behavioral therapy programs include training in eliciting effective support from families, friends, and coworkers.

TRUE

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56. Often, merely monitoring drinking leads to a reduction in drinking.

TRUE

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57. Restricting smoking to a particular place is an example of social engineering.

TRUE

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58. Research shows that most alcoholics eventually receive some formal treatment for their addiction to alcohol.

FALSE

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59. Alcohol interventions are increasingly being incorporated into freshman orientation programs in colleges.

TRUE

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60. AlcoholEdu® is an on-campus alcohol prevention program used by more than 500 college and university campuses.

FALSE

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61. MADD (Mothers Against Drunk Driving) was founded and is staffed by the families and friends of those killed by drunk drivers.

TRUE

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62. Trying cigarettes make a person significantly more likely to use other drugs in the future.

TRUE

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63. It is well established that commercial smoking cessation programs have higher cure rates.

FALSE

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64. Passive smoking or secondhand smoke is a documented health risk.

TRUE

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65. Describe the major characteristics of health-compromising behaviors.

Many health-compromising behaviors share similar characteristics. Unhealthy behaviors such as drinking to excess, smoking, using illicit drugs, practicing unsafe sex, and taking dangerous risks begin in early adolescence and sometimes cluster together as part of a problem behavior syndrome. Many of these behaviors are tied to peer culture. These behaviors also tend to be pleasurable and provide relief from stress. Adolescents with a penchant for deviant behavior and with low self-esteem also show these behaviors. Socioeconomic status also has a big impact on the likelihood of an individual engaging in health-compromising behaviors.

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66. Describe the biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors implicated in alcohol abuse.

Alcohol abuse is a great health risk. High blood pressure, stroke, cirrhosis of the liver, and some forms of cancer are a few significant biological risk factors. Psychologically, excessive alcohol consumption can lead to brain atrophy and, consequently, the deterioration of cognitive functioning. Socioculturally, alcohol abuse deteriorates the general health standards of a nation, and it costs billions of dollars every year due to lack of productivity. It also increases the use of health care resources to treat alcoholism.

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67. Explain the problem of relapse in the treatment of alcohol abuse. Which intervention strategies address this problem most effectively?

Relapse occurs when an individual who has quit an addictive substance begins to reuse it by giving in to environmental temptations. Therefore, relapse prevention is a major concern in most intervention programs. Relapse prevention techniques help clients restructure their environment to remove temptation and develop coping strategies to deal with high-risk situations. Cognitive-behavioral techniques and relaxation techniques have proven to be successful intervention strategies to address alcohol abuse.

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68. Identify and discuss the synergistic effects of smoking on other health risk factors.

Smoking enhances the detrimental effects of other health risk factors. Smoking and cholesterol interact to produce high rates of heart disease. Stress and smoking can also interact in dangerous ways. For example, nicotine can increase heart rate reactivity to stress in men and increase blood pressure responses to stress in women. Weight and smoking can also interact to increase mortality. Cigarette smokers who are thin are at an increased risk of mortality, compared with average-weight smokers. Smoking is a more likely habit among people who are depressed, and it interacts synergistically with depression to substantially increase risks of cancer. Smoking is also related to anxiety in adolescence.

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69. What are the factors associated with smoking in adolescents?

Adolescents are more likely to start smoking if their parents smoke or if they are from a lower social class. Most adolescents begin smoking due to social pressures and if there is a major stressor in the family, such as parental separation or job loss. Once adolescents begin to smoke, the risks they perceive from smoking decline, and so smoking itself reduces perceptions of risk. Teenagers whose ideal self-image is close to that of a typical smoker is most likely to smoke. Low self-esteem, dependency, feelings of powerlessness, and social isolation increase the tendency to imitate others and begin smoking.

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