History of Psychology The Making of a Science 1st Edition By Kardas - Test Bank

History of Psychology The Making of a Science 1st Edition By Kardas – Test Bank

 

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Chapter 5: From Philosophy to Faith

 

MULTIPLE CHOICE

 

1. Which philosophers were the first to develop alternatives to purely supernatural explanations of their religious beliefs?

a.	Christian	c.	Islamic
b.	Greek	d.	Jewish

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Zeitgeist: Religion

 

2. Jews circumcised their male children in order to ____.

a.	punish the parents whose faith was weak	c.	cleanse the children’s souls
b.	demonstrate their faith	d.	purify the physical body for the afterlife

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Application    REF:   Zeitgeist: Religion

 

3. The long-running conflict between Christianity and Islam led to the reemergence of ____.

a.	architecture	c.	public prayer
b.	philosophy	d.	medicine

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Conceptual     REF:   Introduction

 

4. The “jizya” was ____.

a.	a special type of clothing worn by non-Muslims
b.	the sacred book of Islam
c.	a special tax paid by Christians and Jews who did not convert to Islam
d.	a derogatory term that referred to Jews who did not convert to Christianity

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Introduction

 

5. Which conquerors showed little religious tolerance in giving pagans the option to convert or die?

a.	Christian	c.	Islamic
b.	Jewish	d.	Greek

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Introduction

 

6. Alcmaeon wrote a book in which he proposed that human beings and animals could both perceive the world but only humans could understand what they perceived. What is the title of this book?

a.	“City of God”	c.	“On Nature”
b.	“The Incoherence of Incoherence”	d.	“Confessions”

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Greek Medicine

 

7. Who called the brain the seat of intelligence?

a.	Alcmaeon	c.	Galen
b.	Hippocrates	d.	Philo

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Greek Medicine

 

 

 

 

 

8. Alcmaeon was the first to suggest that the soul ____.

a.	was immortal
b.	did not exist
c.	was another name for God
d.	could be reincarnated into different forms

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Greek Medicine

 

9. Hippocrates is known as the “father of medicine” because ____.

a.	he was the first medicinal herbalist
b.	he strongly rejected supernatural explanations of illness and disease
c.	he strongly believed that the body could not cure itself without medicinal support
d.	of the neuroanatomical discoveries he made by dissecting cadavers

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Greek Medicine

 

10. Hippocrates’ medical practice was dominated by humorism. Patients diagnosed with an excess of yellow bile were described as ____.

a.	apathetic and unemotional	c.	melancholic or depressed
b.	hopeful, cheerful, and spirited	d.	irritable and grumpy

 

 

ANS:  D                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Greek Medicine

 

11. According to Hippocrates, patients with personalities that were hopeful, cheerful, and spirited probably had an excess of blood. This humor was linked to which Greek element?

a.	air	c.	fire
b.	earth	d.	water

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Greek Medicine

 

12. Who was the first Greek physician to describe how muscles worked in opposing pairs?

a.	Alcmaeon	c.	Galen
b.	Hippocrates	d.	Pergamum

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Greek Medicine

 

13. Which Greek physician mistakenly assumed that humans possessed a “rete mirabile,” a complex vascular network associated with heat exchange in certain animals such as cows?

a.	Alcmaeon	c.	Galen
b.	Hippocrates	d.	Philo

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Greek Medicine

 

14. The word “pagan” comes from the Latin word “paganus,” which means ____.

a.	non-believer	c.	country dweller
b.	anti-Christ	d.	unenlightened one

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Neo-Platonism

 

15. Philo’s education included two traditions that he sought to reconcile in his later thoughts and writings. What were these?

a.	Christian and Greek	c.	Jewish and Islamic
b.	Christian and Islamic	d.	Jewish and Greek

 

 

ANS:  D                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Neo-Platonism

16. During the time of Philo, Judaism and Christianity disagreed on ____.

a.	the importance of the Eucharist
b.	whether Jesus was God or a God-made-man
c.	moral and ethical beliefs
d.	how pagans should be punished or ostracized for their beliefs

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Neo-Platonism

 

17. Plotinus’ goal was to create a new version of Greek philosophy that would preserve its search for virtue and, at the same time, offer people ____.

a.	a way to appreciate the teachings of Judaism
b.	the hope for personal salvation
c.	the philosophical tools they need to understand God
d.	a spiritual “roadmap” to receiving divine grace

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Neo-Platonism

 

18. In order to combine the Hebrew tradition of hearing the word of God with the Greek belief in a living, rational universe, Philo used ____.

a.	Plato’s Forms	c.	ideas from Christian philosophers
b.	the teachings of Aristotle	d.	the Neo-Platonists’ concept of dualism

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Neo-Platonism

 

19. According to ____, human happiness comes from contemplation of the intellect.

a.	Philo	c.	Plotinus
b.	Alcmaeon	d.	Porphyry

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Neo-Platonism

 

20. Due to the ideas of Plotinus, Christian thinkers found it easy to appropriate much of Neo-Platonism and rework it into their own religious framework. Why was this?

a.	Plotinus’ beliefs about the One, or the Good, were similar to Christian beliefs about God
b.	Plotinus’ concept of “nous” was similar to the Christian concept of divine forgiveness.
c.	Neo-Platonist and Christian thinkers believed that, because humans had to live in the real world, earthly rewards were the gateway to happiness and revelation.
d.	Neo-Platonist and Christian thinkers both believe that, following death, and individual’s soul went to Heaven or Hell.

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Conceptual     REF:   Neo-Platonism

 

21. Which religious sect taught that those who committed sins were not at fault because their actions were beyond their control?

a.	Judaism	c.	Manichaeism
b.	Christianity	d.	Islam

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   The Rise of Christian Faith

 

22. Which Christian philosopher believed that the goal of life on earth was to prepare to know God?

a.	Plotinus	c.	Adeodatus
b.	Augustine	d.	Aristotle

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   The Rise of Christian Faith

 

23. Augustine’s beliefs diverged from Neo-Platonist thinking when he equated God with the Platonic Forms. In other words, by trying to understand the Forms, ____.

a.	he was actually denouncing the existence of God
b.	he was trying to understand God, who cannot be studied or understood directly
c.	he was suggesting that the soul was unimportant and did not exist outside of the physical body
d.	he indirectly suggested that paganism was the result of a physiological imbalance

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Conceptual     REF:   The Rise of Christian Faith

 

24. Dualism is the philosophical idea that ____.

a.	Heaven differs from Hell	c.	God differs from man
b.	the soul differs from the body	d.	Christianity differs from Judaism

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Conceptual     REF:   The Rise of Christian Faith

 

25. What is the philosophical system that examines conscious experience itself directly, intentionally, and from one’s own point of view?

a.	Introspection	c.	Dualism
b.	Divine illumination	d.	Phenomenology

 

 

ANS:  D                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   The Rise of Christian Faith

 

26. Augustine struggled with the problem of human conduct and forced himself to introspect about his own behavior rather than attributing it to the external world. This approach may have the first to “open the door” for ____.

a.	counseling psychology	c.	developmental psychology
b.	physiological psychology	d.	cognitive psychology

 

 

ANS:  D                    DIF:    Conceptual     REF:   The Rise of Christian Faith

 

27. Augustine’s ideas differed from nearly all Greek philosophers because he believed that ____.

a.	all humans are equals
b.	free will is a figment of the human imagination
c.	God is not all-knowing
d.	God’s grace, or forgiveness, was given freely to everyone

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   The Rise of Christian Faith

 

28. The Roman Church formalized and promoted Augustine’s views. Therefore, the Church believed that war is ____.

a.	always a punishable offense in the eyes of God
b.	justified if used to convert unbelievers
c.	necessary to attain the material wealth needed for the Church to represent the heavenly city on Earth.
d.	only started by sinners

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Conceptual     REF:   The Rise of Christian Faith

 

 

 

 

 

 

29. Augustine rejected the notion of natural cycles, such as phases of the moon, and supported the concept of linearity. Accepting the notion of cycles would have required him to admit that ____.

a.	humans do not have free will, and the events in our lives are beyond our control
b.	we humans are doomed to repeat in the afterlife our “failings” on earth
c.	Jesus’ birth was not a unique and transformative event
d.	numerous Gods and heavenly cities exist

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Conceptual     REF:   The Rise of Christian Faith

 

30. Which angel commanded Muhammad to recite the verses of what eventually became the Qur’an?

a.	Ramadan	c.	Raphael
b.	Medina	d.	Gabriel

 

 

ANS:  D                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Muhammad and the Rise of Islam

 

31. Which of the following is one of the five pillars of Islam?

a.	Weekly prayers in homage to Muhammad
b.	Profession of faith to the five Islamic gods
c.	Giving money or material goods to the poor
d.	Pilgrimage to Medina

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Muhammad and the Rise of Islam

 

32. After Muhammed’s death, the Qur’an, Muhammad’s revelations in written form, along with the ____, the sayings of Muhammad, became the guides for Islamic life.

a.	“Hajj”	c.	“Ka’aba”
b.	“Hadiths”	d.	“Hijira”

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Muhammad and the Rise of Islam

 

33. What was one of the three major centers, or caliphates, in which an enormous amount of Greek works were translated into Arabic?

a.	Islamic Spain	c.	Basra
b.	Rome	d.	Turkestan

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Islamic Scholars

 

34. Who was known as the “first philosopher” in the Arabic world?

a.	Muhammad	c.	Al-Farabi
b.	Al-Kindi	d.	Avicenna

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Islamic Scholars

 

35. Today, in which language is the Qur’an primarily memorized and recited, even by those believers unable to read or speak that language?

a.	English	c.	Greek
b.	Latin	d.	Arabic

 

 

ANS:  D                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Then and Now

 

36. Al-Kindi’s approach to metaphysics placed ____ as the most important quest.

a.	finding Truth	c.	understanding God
b.	divine revelation	d.	achieving divine grace

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Islamic Scholars

 

37. Who believed that the universe must have had a beginning and attempted to prove that the concept of infinity could not exist in the real world?

a.	Augustine	c.	Muhammad
b.	Plotinus	d.	Al-Kindi

 

 

ANS:  D                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Islamic Scholars

 

38. Al-Farabi is credited with systematizing three disparate fields: psychology, education, and ____.

a.	cosmology	c.	mathematics
b.	physics	d.	astronomy

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Islamic Scholars

 

39. Al-Farabi and Plotinus both believed that human ____ could not be attained alone.

a.	purity	c.	spirituality
b.	happiness	d.	tranquility

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Conceptual     REF:   Islamic Scholars

 

40. Al-Farabi’s psychology was similar to Aristotle’s in that it included ____.

a.	a soul that is infinite and unknowable
b.	introspection of one’s own behavior
c.	true happiness, which is achieved only through isolation and reflection
d.	characteristics that humans share with animals

 

 

ANS:  D                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Islamic Scholars

 

41. The Brethren of Purity believed ____.

a.	that self-knowledge will lead to knowledge of God
b.	that God and the world are eternal
c.	God thought in exactly the same way as humans did
d.	God and the soul are one and the same

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Conceptual     REF:   Islamic Scholars

 

42. Islamic theologian Abu Hamid al Ghazali disagreed with Avicenna’s contention that ____.

a.	the body, but not the soul, was eternal	c.	the soul dies with the body
b.	both God and the world were eternal	d.	God was all-knowing

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Conceptual     REF:   Islamic Scholars

 

43. The “Canon of Medicine” lists drugs, diseases, and treatments, even sections on psychosomatic medicine, and eventually became the main textbook for Western medicine. Who was the author?

a.	Hippocrates	c.	Avicenna
b.	Galen	d.	Alcmaeon

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Islamic Scholars

 

44. Avicenna expanded on Aristotle’s five external senses by adding interior senses coordinated by ____.

a.	the “common sense”	c.	imagination
b.	rational thought	d.	instinct

 

 

ANS:  A                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Islamic Scholars

 

45. Following Al Ghazali’s critiques of Avicenna’s three metaphysical arguments, Averroës wrote his own book in which he tried to counter the viewpoints of Al Ghazali. What is the title of this book?

a.	“The Incoherence of the Philosophers”
b.	“The Incoherence of Incoherence”
c.	“Prior Analytics”
d.	“On First Philosophy”

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Islamic Scholars

 

46. The practice of later thinkers to closely re-examine the work of pioneer thinkers is called ____.

a.	empiricism	c.	exegesis
b.	humorism	d.	falsafa

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Islamic Scholars

 

47. Which Islamic scholar became known as “The Commentator” after his commentaries on Aristotle spread across Christian Europe?

a.	Al-Kindi	c.	Avicenna
b.	Al-Farabi	d.	Averroës

 

 

ANS:  D                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Islamic Scholars

 

48. Averroës’ commentaries on Aristotle eventually led to the ____.

a.	Dark Ages	c.	Common Era
b.	Renaissance	d.	Middle Ages

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   Islamic Scholars

 

49. From the time of the early Greek philosophers through Plato, men and women were viewed as essentially similar, especially when thinking about them in the ideal. Allen (1985) called this way of thinking ____.

a.	sex equality	c.	sex polarity
b.	sex unity	d.	sex neutrality

 

 

ANS:  B                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   The Role of Women

 

50. According to Plato, a male being reincarnated into a female body ____.

a.	was considered to be much worse than being reincarnated into the body of a horse
b.	was being rewarded for his generosity in a previous life
c.	was evidence that the man had lived a previous life that lacked virtue
d.	occurred only so that childless men could bear children in a later life

 

 

ANS:  C                    DIF:    Factual           REF:   The Role of Women