Human Development 11th Edition by Diane Papalia – Test bank

 

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Sample Questions Are Posted Below

 

5                          COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

DURING THE FIRST THREE YEARS

 

 

Guideposts

 

1. What are six approaches to the study of cognitive development?
2. How do infants learn, and how long can they remember?
3. Can infants’ and toddlers’ intelligence be measured, and can it be improved?
4. How did Piaget explain early cognitive development, and how well have his claims stood up?
5. How can we measure infants’ ability to process information, and when do infants begin to understand characteristics of the physical world?
6. What can brain research reveal about the development of cognitive skills?
7. How does social interaction with adults advance cognitive competence?
8. How do babies develop language, and what influences contribute to linguistic progress?

 

 

Multiple-Choice Questions

 

1. Which approach attempts to measure intelligence quantitatively?
2. psychometric
3. Piagetian
4. information-processing
5. cognitive

Answer: A

Page: 144

Guidepost: 1

Type: Knowledge

 

2. Which approach looks at the quality of cognitive functioning at different stages of life?
3. psychometric
4. Piagetian
5. information-processing
6. behaviorist

Answer: B

Page: 144

Guidepost: 1

Type: Comprehension

 

3. Little Mark plays with a balloon that pops in his face and frightens him. The next time he sees a balloon, he starts to cry. The type of learning illustrated in this example is called
4. habituation.
5. operant conditioning.
6. classical conditioning.
7. latent learning.

Answer: C

Page: 145

Guidepost: 1

Type: Application

 

4. When an infant is classically conditioned, he or she learns
5. a relationship between two stimulus events.
6. to stop responding to an unimportant, repetitive stimulus.
7. to associate a certain behavior with a reward.
8. to avoid punishment by crying.

Answer: A

Page: 145

Guidepost: 1

Type: Knowledge

 

5. Classically conditioned learning will fade or become extinct if it is not
6. punished.
7. reinforced.
8. ignored.
9. dishabituated.

Answer: B

Page: 145

Guidepost: 1

Type: Knowledge

 

6. When a child learns to behave in a specific way in order to obtain a specific result, what is occurring?
7. habituation
8. classical conditioning
9. operant conditioning
10. social learning

Answer: C

Page: 145

Guidepost: 1

Type: Knowledge

 

7. Susie learned to sit on the floor and cry until she is given a piece of candy. This is an example of
8. habituation.
9. classical conditioning.
10. operant conditioning.
11. social learning.

Answer: C

Page: 145

Guidepost: 1

Type: Application

 

8. Lucy has no memories about her early life. Her first memories are of preschool when she was 3 years old. This inability to recall early events is called
9. information-processing.
10. infantile amnesia.
11. infantile literacy stage.
12. a learning opportunity.

Answer: B

Page: 145

Guidepost: 1

Type: Knowledge

 

9. At Tiny Tots day care, the caregivers have found that if the infants in their care repeat an action over and over again they will
10. not repeat the action in several weeks.
11. always repeat the action several weeks later.
12. often repeat the action several weeks later.
13. repeat the action if it was practiced with their mother.

Answer: C

Page: 146

Guidepost: 2

Type: Application

 

10. Young infants’ memory is specifically linked to a particular cue. At what age will children repeat a learned behavior without the original cue being available?
11. 3 to 4 months
12. 4 to 6 months
13. 9 to 12 months
14. after the first year

Answer: C

Page: 146

Guidepost: 2

Type: Knowledge

 

11. The Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development produce a(n)
12. IQ score.
13. report of mental, motor, and behavioral development.
14. developmental assessment that correlates with adult abilities.
15. measure of reflex development.

Answer: B

Page: 148

Guidepost: 3

Type: Knowledge

 

12. Which of the following is NOT one of the Bayley III test scales of infant and toddler development?
13. alertness
14. motor
15. mental
16. behavior rating

Answer: A

Page: 148

Guidepost: 3

Type: Knowledge

 

13. Which of the following children would be MOST likely to be assessed with the Bayley III Scales of Infant and Toddler Development?
14. a newborn who suffered anoxia during delivery
15. a 4 1/2-year-old who shows high intelligence
16. a 2-year-old who has not yet spoken any words
17. a 3-year-old who developed language at an early age

Answer: C

Page: 148

Guidepost: 3

Type: Comprehension

 

14. Developmental test scores obtained during infancy are
15. very reliable.
16. strong predictors of adult IQ.
17. good predictors of childhood IQ.
18. None of these.

Answer: D

Page: 148

Guidepost: 3

Type: Comprehension

 

15. Developmental tests measure mostly sensory and motor abilities, whereas intelligence tests used for older children also measure __________ abilities.
16. behavioral
17. mental
18. verbal
19. cognitive

Answer: C

Page: 148

Guidepost: 3

Type: Knowledge

 

16. Which of the following is NOT a concern of the HOME items assessment?
17. It may be less culturally relevant in non-Western homes.
18. It is correlational data and may not have a direct effect on intelligence.
19. There may be a genetic influence at work in the highly rated homes.
20. Examiners may bias the results by the way they ask the questions.

Answer: D

Page: 148

Guidepost: 3

Type: Comprehension

 

17. HOME is an instrument for evaluating the impact of a child’s home environment on
18. socioeconomic status.
19. emotional health.
20. intellectual development.
21. future career success.

Answer: C

Page: 148

Guidepost: 3

Type: Knowledge

 

18. HOME examiners rate parents on all of the following EXCEPT
19. expressions of affection.
20. number of books in the home.
21. parent’s involvement in children’s play.
22. feeding methods.

Answer: D

Page: 148

Guidepost: 3

Type: Knowledge

 

19. HOME scores demonstrated that all of the following were positively related to high intelligence in children EXCEPT
20. mother’s ability to create an environment that fostered learning.
21. responsiveness of parents to children.
22. access to stimulating play materials.
23. number of children in the family.

Answer: D

Page: 149

Guidepost: 3

Type: Application

 

20. A systematic process of providing therapeutic and educational services to families that need help in meeting young children’s developmental needs is called
21. natural child-rearing.
22. infant support.
23. early intervention.
24. developmental priming.

Answer: C

Page: 149

Guidepost: 3

Type: Knowledge

 

21. The Piagetian approach focuses on
22. qualitative changes in cognition.
23. quantitative differences in intelligence.
24. establishing norms for intelligence tests.
25. the relationship of brain development to sensorimotor function.

Answer: A

Page: 151

Guidepost: 3

Type: Knowledge

 

22. The first stage in Piaget’s cognitive theory is
23. sensorimotor.
24. preoperational .
25. concrete operational.
26. formal operational.

Answer: A

Page: 151

Guidepost: 4

Type: Knowledge

 

23. Piaget called organized patterns of behavior
24. operations.
25. schemes.
26. gestalts.
27. circular reactions.

Answer: B

Page: 151

Guidepost: 4

Type: Knowledge

 

24. Which of the following defines Piaget’s concept of circular reactions?
25. They are primitive reflexes in infants.
26. Circular reactions set up continuous cycles of waking and sleeping.
27. They occur as a result of operant conditioning.
28. Circular reactions are another form of habituation.

Answer: C

Page: 151

Guidepost: 4

Type: Comprehension

 

25. Which of the following do infants do during the first month of life according to Piaget?
26. behave only reflexively
27. begin to initiate activity
28. develop primary circular reactions
29. make acquired adaptations

Answer: B

Page: 151

Guidepost: 4

Type: Knowledge

 

26. Marla finds that rubbing her face against the satin edge of her blanket feels good. She learns to repeat this action to get a pleasurable sensation. According to Piaget, she has acquired a(n)
27. adaptation.
28. circular reaction.
29. unconditioned response.
30. symbolic representation.

Answer: B

Page: 151

Guidepost: 4

Type: Application

 

27. Cody is 3 months old and has been given a pacifier to suck on for the first time. Since he finds sucking on the pacifier to be pleasurable, Cody repeats this activity whenever possible. According to Piaget, Cody is in the __________ substage of the sensorimotor period.
28. first
29. second
30. third
31. tertiary

Answer: B

Page: 151

Guidepost: 4

Type: Application

 

28. According to Piaget, infants who repeat actions in order to get results outside their own bodies are engaging in
29. primary circular reactions.
30. secondary circular reactions.
31. deferred imitation.
32. sensorimotor conditioning.

Answer: B

Page: 151-152

Guidepost: 4

Type: Knowledge

 

29. Erica, who is 10 months old, is trying to solve the problem of obtaining a toy on a high shelf. According to Piaget, if she has reached the fourth substage of the sensorimotor stage, which of the following is most likely to occur?
30. She will quickly lose interest in the problem and forget the toy.
31. She will choose a strategy to attempt to get the toy and persist with that strategy even if it fails repeatedly.
32. She will become frustrated and simply cry until she falls asleep.
33. She will attempt a strategy that was successful in obtaining a book on a high shelf in the past.

Answer: D

Page: 151-152

Guidepost: 4

Type: Application

 

30. Tertiary circular reactions involve
31. doing three things at once.
32. varying an action to see what will happen.
33. repeating a behavior at least three times.
34. manipulating symbols.

Answer: B

Page: 152

Guidepost:4

Type: Knowledge

 

31. A child hits a drum with different kinds of objects in order to make different sounds. According to Piaget, this child is exhibiting
32. a variability scheme.
33. classical conditioning.
34. a tertiary circular reaction.
35. object permanence.

Answer: C

Page: 152

Guidepost: 4

Type: Knowledge

 

32. When Piaget’s daughter, Lucienne, figured out how to remove a watch chain from a box by widening the opening and opened and closed her mouth to signify this, she had reached what substage?
33. substage 2
34. substage 4
35. substage 5
36. substage 6

Answer: D

Page: 152

Guidepost: 4

Type: Knowledge

 

33. At 21 months of age, Pierre has acquired a symbolic thinking system. Which substage of the sensorimotor stage is he in?
34. substage 3
35. substage 4
36. substage 5
37. substage 6

Answer: D

Page: 152-153

Guidepost: 4

Type: Comprehension

 

34. Sensorimotor substage six is noted for the acquisition of
35. adaptations.
36. causality.
37. symbols.
38. schemes.

Answer: C

Page: 152-153

Guidepost: 4

Type: F

 

35. Jake has developed the ability to put his actions into memory. This ability is called
36. permanence.
37. representational ability.
38. maturity.
39. imitation.

Answer: B

Page: 152-153

Guidepost: 4

Type: Comprehension

 

36. Meredith watches her mother pour water out of a glass into the sink. The next day, at the beach, Meredith pours water from a cup into a pail. Meredith is engaging in
37. invisible imitation.
38. visible imitation.
39. deferred imitation.
40. conservation.

Answer: C

Page: 154

Guidepost: 4

Type: Application

 

37. Diane loves to play peek-a-boo. Peek-a-boo is played in many diverse cultures using similar routines. Which of the following is NOT an important purpose of the game?
38. It helps babies master anxiety when their mothers are not around.
39. The game helps babies develop object permanence.
40. It creates anxiety that makes babies stronger.
41. It provides a social skill—the ability to take turns.

Answer: C

Page: 155-156

Guidepost: 4

Type: Knowledge

 

38. According to research cited in the text, children become capable of deferred imitation
39. only at an older age than Piaget suggested.
40. at a much younger age than Piaget suggested.
41. at the age Piaget suggested.
42. minutes after birth.

Answer: B

Page: 154-155

Guidepost: 4

Type: Knowledge

 

39. According to some research, a newborn who smiles at a smiling adult is engaging in
40. invisible imitation.
41. visible imitation.
42. deferred imitation.
43. circular reaction.

Answer: A

Page: 153-154

Guidepost: 4

Type: Knowledge

 

40. The ability to mentally represent and remember objects and events is
41. object permanence.
42. representational ability.
43. developed early in infancy.
44. not developed until Piaget’s concrete operations stage.

Answer: B

Page: 152-153

Guidepost: 4

Type: Knowledge

 

41. The realization that a person or object continues to exist even when out of sight is called
42. representational ability.
43. primary circular reaction.
44. coordination of secondary schemes.
45. object permanence.

Answer: D

Page: 155

Guidepost: 4

Type: Knowledge

 

42. Lenny searches for a toy that he saw his mother hide, first behind her back and then under a pillow. Lenny has acquired
43. object permanence.
44. sharp vision.
45. persistence.
46. symbolic thought.

Answer: A

Page: 155

Guidepost: 4

Type: Comprehension

 

43. Which of the following describes the correct status of Piaget’s theory?
44. It has continued to be accepted with modifications.
45. Later research has revealed this theory to be deeply flawed.
46. Piaget’s theory has stimulated little research.
47. Piaget’s theory was influential only in the early 1950s.

Answer: A

Page: 158-159

Guidepost: 4

Type: Knowledge

 

44. Infants and toddlers seem to be __________ cognitively competent and to show signs of conceptual thought earlier than Piaget thought.
45. less
46. more
47. far more
48. far less

Answer: C

Page: 158

Guidepost: 4

Type: Knowledge

 

45. Which of the following is NOT one of the newer approaches to studying cognitive development?
46. the information-processing approach
47. the psychometric approach
48. the cognitive neuroscience approach
49. the social-contextual approach

Answer: B

Page: 159

Guidepost: 5

Type: Comprehension

 

46. An important function of habituation seems to be
47. to increase attention to repetitive stimuli.
48. the conservation of energy.
49. to prevent important stimuli from overstimulating a baby.
50. to increase the rate of sucking responses.

Answer: B

Page: 159

Guidepost: 5

Type: Knowledge

 

47. A baby stops sucking to listen to a tone. Later, after the tone has been repeated frequently, the infant ignores it. This is an example of
48. operant conditioning.
49. classical conditioning.
50. habituation.
51. boredom.

Answer: C

Page: 159

Guidepost: 5

Type: Application

 

48. A baby, who has been given 100 presentations of a high-pitched tone, no longer reacts to the sound by stopping the sucking response. When a low-pitched tone is presented, the baby does stop sucking. This cessation of sucking caused by the new tone is called
49. dishabituation.
50. disinhibition.
51. nonadaptation.
52. a conditioned response.

Answer: A

Page: 159

Guidepost: 5

Type: Application

 

49. Habituation studies provide information on all of the following EXCEPT
50. intelligence.
51. preference for complexity.
52. sophisticated play.
53. strength of sucking reflex.

Answer: D

Page: 159

Guidepost: 5

Type: Knowledge

 

50. Babies who habituate rapidly are
51. highly distractible.
52. likely to be more intelligent.
53. stronger in nonverbal than verbal abilities.
54. perceptually differentiated.

Answer: B

Page: 159

Guidepost: 5

Type: Knowledge

 

51. In an experiment, an infant hears a particular sound. The next day, the infant is less likely to respond to that sound than is another infant who has never heard it before. The results of this experiment suggest that infants possess the capacity for
52. cross-modal transference.
53. tertiary circular reactions.
54. representational ability.
55. habituation.

Answer: D

Page: 159

Guidepost: 5

Type: Application

 

52. The amount of time a baby spends looking at different sights is a measure of visual preference that is based on the ability to
53. make visual distinctions.
54. have vision loss.
55. visually habituate.
56. have visual distortions.

Answer: A

Page: 159-160

Guidepost: 5

Type: Knowledge

 

53. Research on visual-tasks memory demonstrates that very young infants
54. pay more attention to familiar patterns than to new ones.
55. pay more attention to new patterns than to familiar ones.
56. cannot discriminate new patterns from familiar patterns.
57. show no consistency in the attention they give to new and familiar patterns.

Answer: B

Page: 159-160

Guidepost: 5

Type: Knowledge

 

54. Length of time spent looking at a new stimulus as compared with familiar stimuli is called
55. habituation.
56. visual-recognition memory.
57. visual preference.
58. attention recovery.

Answer: C

Page: 159

Guidepost: 5

Type: Knowledge

 

55. Lukas was shown two toys at the same time. He looked for a short time at one and then turned to look at the other. This quick shift in attention shows that Lucas has good
56. habituation.
57. visual-recognition memory.
58. cross-modal transfer.
59. attention recovery.

Answer: B

Page: 160

Guidepost: 5

Type: Knowledge

 

56. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in your textbook as one of the indicators of an infant’s ability to process information?
57. habituation/dishabituation
58. visual preference
59. cross-modal transfer
60. auditory preferences

Answer: D

Page: 160

Guidepost: 5

Type: Knowledge

 

57. A child is asked to reach into a box while blindfolded and hold a small rubber duck. Later, the child is shown several pictures of different toys, including the duck, and asked to choose the one that was handled earlier. If the duck picture is chosen, this would suggest that the child is capable of
58. polymodal attention.
59. habituation.
60. cross-model transference.
61. novelty avoidance.

Answer: C

Page: 160

Guidepost: 5

Type: Application

 

58. Researchers study infants’ information processing by considering all of the following EXCEPT
59. visual preferences.
60. habituation time.
61. cross-modal transference.
62. language development.

Answer: D

Page: 159-160

Guidepost: 5

Type: Knowledge

 

59. Which cognitive characteristic in infants seems to be generally associated with high intelligence in middle childhood?
60. low polymodal attention levels
61. the ability to devote more attention to familiar stimuli
62. early appearance of the sensorimotor stage
63. rapid processing of perceptual information

Answer: D

Page: 161

Guidepost: 5

Type: Knowledge

 

60. Michelle is shown a new mobile, and the amount of time she spends studying it is measured. This is a technique of which approach to intellectual development?
61. behaviorist
62. information processing
63. Piagetian
64. psychometric

Answer: B

Page: 161

Guidepost: 5

Type: Application

 

61. Predictions about an infant’s intelligence appear to be related to how infants process information but this information does not take into account the
62. physical health of the infant.
63. parents’ genetic background.
64. education of the infant’s parents.
65. All of these.

Answer: D

Page: 161

Guidepost: 5

Type: Knowledge

 

62. Some researchers propose that infants may be born with or acquire very early reasoning abilities that help them make sense of the information they encounter. These abilities are called
63. innate learning mechanisms.
64. at-birth learning abilities.
65. preprogrammed learning skills.
66. information-processing abilities.

Answer: A

Page: 165

Guidepost: 5

Type: Comprehension

 

63. __________ is the principle “that allows people to predict and control their world.”
64. Innate learning
65. Violation of expectations
66. Causality
67. Information-processing ability

Answer: C

Page: 163

Guidepost: 5

Type: Knowledge

 

64. The study of the brain structures that govern thinking and memory is called
65. assessment of brain stimulus.
66. cognitive neuroscience.
67. mental stimulus evaluation.
68. neurological assessment.

Answer: B

Page: 165-166

Guidepost: 6

Type: Knowledge

 

65. Which of the following is NOT a long-term memory system mentioned in the textbook?
66. episodic memory
67. implicit memory
68. explicit memory
69. None of these are mentioned.

Answer: A

Page: 166

Guidepost: 6

Type: Knowledge

 

66. Implicit memory seems to develop ________ explicit memory.
67. later than
68. earlier than
69. about the same time as
70. None of these.

Answer: B

Page: 166

Guidepost: 6

Type: Knowledge

 

67. Many aspects of cognition are believed to be under the control of or located in which area of the brain?
68. cerebellum
69. prefrontal cortex
70. medial temporal lobe
71. striatum

Answer: B

Page: 166

Guidepost: 6

Type: Knowledge

 

68. The concept of guided participation was inspired by the theory of the zone of proximal development, which was postulated by
69. Jean Piaget.
70. Lev Vygotsky.
71. Urie Bronfenbrenner.
72. Noam Chomsky.

Answer: B

Page: 167

Guidepost: 7

Type: Knowledge

 

69. A communication system based on words and grammar is called
70. syntax.
71. linguistics.
72. language.
73. social referencing.

Answer: C

Page: 168

Guidepost: 8

Type: Knowledge

 

70. Babbling, cooing, and crying are known as
71. motherese.
72. prelinguistic speech.
73. linguistic speech.
74. nonsymbolic speech.

Answer: B

Page: 169

Guidepost: 8

Type: Knowledge

 

71. Infants first communicate their emotions at ______ by ______.
72. birth; crying
73. 6 months of age; babbling
74. 12 months of age; imitating sounds
75. 18 months of age; using words

Answer: A

Page: 169

Guidepost: 8

Type: Knowledge

 

72. Prelinguistic speech communicates
73. ideas.
74. emotions.
75. symbols.
76. words.

Answer: B

Page: 169

Guidepost: 8

Type: Knowledge

 

73. At about 3 months of age, infants
74. “try out” sounds from all human languages.
75. produce sounds that match the ones they hear.
76. babble strings of consonants.
77. deliberately imitate sounds with linguistic meaning.

Answer: B

Page: 169

Guidepost: 8

Type: Knowledge

 

74. A baby who says “da-da-da-da” is
75. babbling.
76. using telegraphic speech.
77. using a holophrase.
78. using a language acquisition device.

Answer: A

Page: 169

Guidepost: 8

Type: Comprehension

 

75. Steven is 8 months old and has begun to produce repetitive strings of vowel and consonant sounds such as “pa-pa-pa-pa.” According to the text, this stage of prespeech language development is called
76. cooing.
77. babbling.
78. intonation expression.
79. protolanguage.

Answer: B

Page: 169

Guidepost: 8

Type: Application

 

76. Rachel hears her father say “ouch!” when he accidentally hits his hand with a hammer. For the next several hours, Rachel deliberately tries to imitate the sound of the word ouch. According to the text, approximately how old is Rachel?
77. at least 24 to 28 months old
78. at least 16 to17 months old
79. at least 9 to10 months old
80. at least 4 to 6 months old

Answer: C

Page: 169

Guidepost: 8

Type: Application

 

77. According to research cited in the text, when do babies become able to distinguish different speech sounds?
78. before birth
79. 3 weeks after birth
80. 6 weeks after birth
81. 12 weeks after birth

Answer: A

Page: 169

Guidepost: 8

Type: Knowledge

 

78. The basic sounds of an infant’s native language are called
79. graphemes.
80. phonemes.
81. phonetics.
82. morphemes.

Answer: B

Page: 169

Guidepost: 8

Type: Knowledge

 

79. Symbolic gestures, such as blowing to mean hot, or sniffing to mean flower, emerge __________ babies say their first words.
80. before
81. about the same time
82. after
83. when

Answer: B

Page: 170

Guidepost: 8

Type: Knowledge

 

80. Ten-month-old Nathan has just been told goodbye by his grandparents who are now leaving in their car. Nathan waves bye-bye to them with his left arm. Nathan’s attempt to communicate with his grandparents is called a
81. conventional social gesture.
82. representational gesture.
83. symbolic gesture.
84. telegraphic gesture.

Answer: A

Page: 170

Guidepost: 8

Type: Comprehension

 

81. Which of the following is NOT a type of prelinguistic speech?
82. crying
83. cooing
84. babbling
85. gestures

Answer: D

Page: 169

Guidepost: 8

Type: Knowledge

 

82. A child’s first word appears at about what age?
83. 4 to 6 months
84. 7 to 9 months
85. 10 to 14 months
86. 16 to 18 months

Answer: C

Page: 171

Guidepost: 8

Type: Knowledge

 

83. Jackie says “milk,” meaning “I want some milk.” When his mother pours it, he says “milk,” meaning “This is milk.” After taking a sip, he pushes his cup toward his mother and says “milk,” meaning “Do you want my milk?” This is an example of
84. a monophrase.
85. a holophrase.
86. a synonym.
87. motherese.

Answer: B

Page: 171

Guidepost: 8

Type: Comprehension

 

84. The process by which a toddler demonstrates rapid vocabulary development is called
85. vocabulary development.
86. a naming explosion.
87. the naming process.
88. word multiplication.

Answer: B

Page: 171

Guidepost: 8

Type: Knowledge

 

85. Juan’s vocabulary suddenly jumps from 50 words to 400 words. He is probably at least how old?
86. 11 months
87. 16 months
88. 30 months
89. 3 ½ years

Answer: B

Page: 171

Guidepost: 8

Type: Knowledge

 

86. Most children speak in two-word sentences by about what age?
87. 8 months
88. 10 months
89. 14 months
90. 24 months

Answer: D

Page: 172

Guidepost: 8

Type: Knowledge

 

87. An example of telegraphic speech is
88. “Cookie.”
89. “Want cookie.”
90. “I want a cookie.”
91. “I want a chocolate chip cookie.”

Answer: B

Page: 172

Guidepost: 8

Type: Comprehension

 

88. Mindy, who is 24 months old, is beginning to speak sentences with articles and prepositions. She is developing
89. holophrases.
90. syntax.
91. overextensive speech.
92. telegraphic speech.

Answer: B

Page: 172

Guidepost: 8

Type: Comprehension

 

89. Characteristics of early speech include all of the following EXCEPT
90. simplification.
91. overextension.
92. understanding grammar without being able to express it.
93. use of motherese.

Answer: D

Page: 172-173

Guidepost: 8

Type: Knowledge

 

90. A child who calls a dog a “bow-wow” and also calls a cat a “bow-wow” is
91. overextending.
92. overregularizing.
93. using a monophrase.
94. using syntax.

Answer: A

Page: 172-173

Guidepost: 8

Type: Comprehension

 

91. Fran says, “Yesterday, I sitted on the floor.” This is an example of __________ grammatical rules.
92. underextending
93. hyperextending
94. overregularizing
95. paraphrasing

Answer: C

Page: 173

Guidepost: 8

Type: Comprehension

 

92. According to which of the following theories is language acquired by imitation and reinforcement of specific sounds?
93. Piagetian theory
94. psychometric theory
95. nativism theory
96. learning theory

Answer: D

Page: 173

Guidepost: 8

Type: Knowledge

 

93. Learning theory implies that
94. newborns should be able to distinguish between sounds.
95. children acquire language the same way they learn to walk.
96. children living with deaf parents are likely to experience delay in acquiring language.
97. children learn language by classical conditioning.

Answer: C

Page: 173

Guidepost: 8

Type: Comprehension

 

94. The proponent of learning theory who maintained that language development is based on experience is
95. Ivan Pavlov.
96. B. F. Skinner.
97. Noam Chomsky.
98. John Watson.

Answer: B

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Type: Knowledge

 

95. According to which of the following theories do humans have an innate capacity to acquire language?
96. behaviorism
97. operant conditioning
98. nativism
99. learning theory

Answer: C

Page: 173

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Type: Knowledge

 

96. According to Noam Chomsky, a language acquisition device is a(n)
97. perceptual mechanism that allows reinforcement to strengthen commonly used words in a language.
98. mechanism that enables the brain to infer linguistic rules from the language they hear.
99. inborn mechanism that helps children to understand the meanings of words.
100. something that helps a child learn to read.

Answer: B

Page: 173

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Type: Knowledge

 

97. Chomsky’s proposal that humans possess a language acquisition device is MOST consistent with a(n) __________ view of language acquisition.
98. learning theory
99. nativist
100. empiricist
101. prelinguistic

Answer: B

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Type: Knowledge

 

98. Nativists would cite all of the following evidence to support their view EXCEPT
99. the human brain is larger on the left side than on the right.
100. children learn their own language in an age-related sequence without formal teaching.
101. children vary widely in grammatical skills and fluency.
102. deaf children make up their own sign language without models.

Answer: C

Page: 173

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Type: Comprehension

 

99. The activity of stringing together meaningless motions and repeating them over and over, a process performed by __________, has been called hand-babbling.
100. deaf children
101. hearing children
102. both hearing and deaf children
103. neither hearing nor deaf children

Answer: A

Page: 174

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Type: Knowledge

 

100. With regard to language development, most developmentalists currently favor
101. nativism.
102. learning theory.
103. a combination of nativism and learning theory.
104. rejection of both nativism and learning theory.

Answer: C

Page: 175

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Type: Knowledge

 

101. The organization of linguistic processes in the brain may depend heavily on __________ during maturation.
102. genetics
103. experience
104. nutrition
105. lateralization

Answer: B

Page: 175

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Type: Knowledge

 

102. An important predictor of a baby’s language comprehension is the mother’s __________.
103. relationship with the baby.
104. verbal sensitivity.
105. emotional stability.
106. social sensitivity.

Answer: B

Page: 175-176

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Type: Knowledge

 

103. The amount and quality of verbal interaction between parents and children seems to be affected by the
104. socioeconomic status.
105. IQ level of parents.
106. psychological identity of parents.
107. mental level of parents.

Answer: A

Page: 175-176

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Type: Comprehension

 

104. Infants __________ simplified speech, or child-directed speech.
105. avoid
106. like
107. don’t like
108. None of these.

Answer: B

Page: 176-177

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Type: Knowledge

 

105. The use of parentese includes which of the following?
106. use of short words and simple sentences
107. low-pitched speech
108. rapid speech
109. None of these.

Answer: A

Page: 176-177

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Type: Knowledge

 

106. The best way for babies to learn speech is from
107. television.
108. recordings.
109. practice in overextension.
110. communication with someone.

Answer: D

Page: 177

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Type: Knowledge

 

107. When she reads to him, Louis’s mother focuses on what is going on in every picture and tries to engage him to do so also. She uses the ______ style.
108. describer
109. performance-oriented
110. comprehender
111. linquistic

Answer: A

Page: 177

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Type: Comprehension

 

108. Reading orally to a child affects all of the following EXCEPT
109. how well children speak.
110. how well children read.
111. how soon children read.
112. how soon children speak.

Answer: D

Page: 177-178

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Type: Knowledge

 

109. When Martin and his dad sit down to read at the end of the day, Martin’s dad encourages him to think deeply about the story, and to make predictions and inferences. Martin’s dad uses the ______ style.
110. describer
111. performance-oriented
112. comprehender
113. linquistic

Answer: C

Page: 177

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Type: Comprehension

 

110. Toni’s Grandpa Sully was a schoolteacher for 40 years. When they sit down to read, Toni’s grandpa first introduces the main themes, then reads the story all the way through, and finally ends by asking questions. Her grandpa uses the ______ style.
111. describer
112. performance-oriented
113. comprehender
114. linquistic

Answer: B

Page: 177

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Type: Comprehension

 

111. When children are learning to be storytellers themselves while parents become active listeners, they are engaging in a __________ style of reading.
112. describer
113. dialogic
114. comprehender
115. linquistic

Answer: B

Page: 178

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Type: Comprehension

 

 

Essay Questions

112.   The Millers are concerned about their baby girl. She has no notable physical defects, but she is the Millers’ third child and even though she is only three weeks old, they feel things are just “not right.” List two tests available to the Millers that will help them to evaluate their daughter’s cognitive development. Describe how each of the measures assesses different qualities that we define as important in cognitive functioning. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of each measure and explain their predictive value and  how well the assessment predicts later intelligence scores.

 

113. Summarize what research that has been revealed about brain development and its relationship to cognitive skills in infants. Give five examples of how social interaction with parents and caregivers contributes to infants’ cognitive development.