Human Development A Cultural Approach 2nd Edition By Jeffrey Jensen Arnett – Test Bank

 

Instant Download – Complete Test Bank With Answers

 

 

Sample Questions Are Posted Below

 

Chapter 5 Toddlerhood

 

Section 1 Physical Development……………………………………………………………………….. 431

Test Item File……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 431

Multiple Choice Questions………………………………………………………………………….. 431

Short Answer Questions……………………………………………………………………………… 456

Essay Questions…………………………………………………………………………………………. 457

Section 2 Cognitive Development…………………………………………………………………….. 460

Test Item File……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 460

Multiple Choice Questions………………………………………………………………………….. 460

Short Answer Questions……………………………………………………………………………… 485

Essay Questions…………………………………………………………………………………………. 486

Section 3 Emotional and Social Development…………………………………………………… 488

Test Item File……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 488

Multiple Choice Questions………………………………………………………………………….. 488

Short Answer Questions……………………………………………………………………………… 519

Essay Questions…………………………………………………………………………………………. 521

Section 4 Revel Multiple Choice Assessment Questions…………………………………….. 523

 

 

 

 

 

	Learning Objective   Remember Understand Apply Learning Objective 5.1 Multiple Choice 1,6,7,9,10,11,12,13,14, 16,19 3,4,8,15,18 2, 5, 17 Short Answer       Essay   92,93   Learning Objective 5.2 Multiple Choice 20,22,23,24,25,26,29 31,32,34 21,27,30,33,35 28,36 Short Answer   87   Essay       Learning Objective 5.3 Multiple Choice 37,41,45,47,48 38,40,42,44,46 39,43 Short Answer       Essay   94   Learning Objective 5.4 Multiple Choice 52,54,58,59,61,63 49,51,57,60,62,64,65,66 67 50,53,55,56 Short Answer 88   89 Essay     95 Learning Objective 5.5 Multiple Choice 68,69,70,72,73,74,76, 77,78,79 71 75,80 Short Answer 90     Essay       Learning Objective 5.6 Multiple Choice 81,82,83,84,85   86 Short Answer 91     Essay       Revel Multiple Choice Assessment Questions Multiple Choice

Section 1 Physical Development

 

Test Item File

 

Multiple Choice Questions

 

1. During toddlerhood, children do not need as much of this to maintain a constant body temperature.
2. warm clothes
3. mother’s body
4. body hair
5. body fat

Answer: D

Difficulty: 2

Page: 182

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

2. Your sister is very concerned about your toddler nephew. When they were at the pediatrician’s office, the doctor measured your nephew’s head circumference and his head is not growing as quickly as his body. What should you tell your sister?
3. She should find a good surgeon. The fontanels must have closed too soon.
4. You suggest that your nephew must have microcephaly.

Incorrect. During toddlerhood, the body grows faster than the head.

1. This is to be expected, as the body grows faster than the head during toddlerhood.

Correct. A neonate’s head is one-fourth of its length; by age 2 the head is one-fifth of its length.

1. You should remind her that she also has a very small head.

Answer: C

Difficulty: 3

Page: 182

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

 

3. Infants in developing and developed countries grow at about the same rate from birth to six months. Why are they similar?
4. Infants from developed and developing countries consume breast milk.

Correct. Typically, at birth and for the first six months of life, rates of growth are similar in developed countries and developing countries, because during the early months infants in most cultures rely mainly on breast milk or infant formula and eat little solid food.

1. Infants from developed and developing countries start eating solid foods at birth.
2. Infants from developed and developing countries do very little to expend calories.
3. All infants have access to nutritious and well-balanced foods.

Incorrect. Typically, at birth and for the first six months of life, rates of growth are similar in developed countries and developing countries, because during the early months infants in most cultures rely mainly on breast milk or infant formula and eat little solid food.

Answer: A

Difficulty: 3

Page: 183

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

4. Why do infants from developing countries lag behind in their growth compared to infants from developed countries?
5. They have reduced access to medical care.

Incorrect. Starting around six months of age, children in developing countries begin eating solid food as a larger part of their diet and, thus, receive less protein and begin to lag in their growth.

1. Their mothers carry them more, which thwarts their growth.
2. Their fathers help the infants to walk as soon as they begin crawling.
3. They begin eating more solid food, but it is protein deficient.

Correct. Starting around six months of age, children in developing countries begin eating solid food as a larger part of their diet and, thus, receive less protein than babies who continue to receive breast milk.

Answer: D

Difficulty: 2

Page: 183

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

5. You and your roommate are watching a documentary on developing countries and your roommate notices that children in developing countries seem to be small for their ages. What would you tell him about this situation?
6. The differences are just in his imagination.

Incorrect. About one-fourth of children worldwide have diets that are deficient in protein, nearly all of them in developing countries.

1. Most children in developing countries eat a diet that is deficient in protein.

Correct. About one-fourth of children worldwide have diets that are deficient in protein, nearly all of them in developing countries.

1. Most children in developing countries work so hard that they do not grow as fast as children from developed countries.
2. Being on television makes everyone look thinner; the children’s weights are actually fine

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 183

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

% correct 90    a= 10  b= 90  c= 0  d= 0   r = .21

 

6. According to the World Health Organization, what percentage of children worldwide have diets that are deficient in protein?
7. 10%
8. 25%
9. 50%
10. 75%

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 183

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

7. By the time infants in developing countries reach their first birthday, their height and weight is as low as the bottom ____ of infants of the same age in developed countries.
8. 2%
9. 5%
10. 10%
11. 15%

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 177–178

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

8. Children who do not eat a balanced diet with enough protein are _________.
9. likely to develop the same as other children
10. more likely to have poorly functioning immune systems
11. always getting enough food
12. likely to have only temporary damage to their physical development

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 183–184

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Comprehension

 

9. Protein deficiency not only limits the growth of children in developing countries, but also makes them vulnerable to ____.
10. anorexia and food addictions
11. disease and early death
12. low intelligence and behavior disorders
13. autism spectrum disorder and Asperger’s syndrome

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 183

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

10. Which of the following is a protein deficiency that primarily affects toddlers in developing nations and leads to a range of symptoms such as lethargy, irritability, and thinning of hair?
11. kwashiorkor
12. micronutrients
13. eczema
14. tuberculosis

Answer: A

Difficulty: 1

Page: 183

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

% correct 80    a= 80  b= 20  c= 0  d= 0   r = .44

 

11. What disease caused by a protein deficiency lowers the effectiveness of the immune system, making toddlers more vulnerable to disease and, over time, can lead to coma and death?
12. marasmus
13. cachexia
14. kwashiorkor
15. anemia

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 183

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

12. Iron, zinc, and vitamins A, B–12, C, and D are referred to as ____.
13. vitamins
14. micronutrients
15. macrovitamins
16. essential chemicals

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 184

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

13. Perhaps the most crucial micronutrient deficiency worldwide is ____.
14. vitamin C
15. fluoride
16. iodine
17. folic acid

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 184

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

14. Approximately one-third of the world’s population has a dietary deficiency of ____.
15. salt
16. iodine
17. iron
18. B-complex vitamins

Answer: B

Difficulty: 1

Page: 184

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

15. For young children who lack iodine, what difficulties can be seen in their cognitive development?
16. They actually outperform developed countries due to their work ethic.
17. There are no differences in IQ.

Incorrect. There can be IQ deficiencies of 10 to 15 points.

1. They show IQ deficiencies of 10 to 15 points.

Correct. This is a substantial margin.

1. They show IQ gains of 5 to 10 points.

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 184

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

16. In young children, a lack of iodine inhibits cognitive development, resulting in an estimated IQ deficiency of ____ points.
17. 0–5
18. 5–10
19. 10–15
20. 15–20

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 184

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

17. Your roommate’s brother has a child who is 9 months old. He was watching a documentary concerning iodine deficiency. He was very concerned and was talking about what he could do to help his son. What did you tell your roommate to tell his brother?
18. There are injections that can retroactively help with iodine deficiency.
19. Provide the child with iodized salt.

Correct. Adding iodine to a diet through iodized salt is simple and cheap, costing only a few cents per person per year.

1. Iodine deficiency is not that big of a deal and there is nothing that can be done.

Incorrect. Adding iodine to a diet, such as providing iodized salt, is simple and cheap.

1. Many infants who have iodine deficiencies have very high IQ scores later in life.

Answer: B

Difficulty: 3

Page: 184

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

 

18. What is the solution to the dilemma of iodine deficiency in children?
19. adding iodine to meat, which is a very costly process
20. adding iodine to salt, which costs a few cents per person per year

Correct. Adding iodine to a diet through iodized salt is simple and cheap, costing only a few cents per person per year.

1. adding iodine to the local drinking supply

Incorrect. Adding iodine to a diet through iodized salt is simple and cheap, costing only a few cents per person per year.

1. injecting iodine into children subcutaneously every two months

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 184

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

19. In the United States, ________ toddlers have the highest rates of iron deficiency prevalence rates.
20. African American
21. White
22. Latino
23. Asian

Answer: C

Difficulty: 1

Page: 184

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

20. How many neurons does the brain contain when the toddler is 2 years old?
21. twice as many as at birth
22. four times as many as at birth
23. half as many as at birth
24. the same total number of neurons

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 184

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

21. Comparing the human brain at age two to the human brain at birth, it is clear that ____.
22. there are 50% more neurons

Incorrect. The brain has only about one-half as many neurons at age two as it did at birth.

1. there are 50% fewer neurons

Correct. The brain has only about one-half as many neurons at age two as it did at birth.

1. the number of neurons has not changed
2. there is no way to determine that change in the brain has occurred

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 184

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

22. Early brain development is distinguished by the steep increase in ____.
23. synaptic density
24. neuronal density
25. neuropathways
26. neuronal lipids

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 184

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

23. According to the text, ___________ is the number of synaptic connections among neurons.
24. synaptic pruning
25. synaptic density
26. synaptic space
27. synaptic network

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 184

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

24. During toddlerhood, where is the peak production of new synapses?
25. temporal lobes
26. occipital lobes
27. frontal lobes
28. parietal lobes

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 184

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

25. The ____ is the part of the brain that is the location of our most distinctively human qualities, such as reasoning, planning, and creativity.
26. frontal lobe
27. parietal lobe
28. occipital lobe
29. temporal lobe

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 184

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

% correct 100   a= 100  b= 0  c= 0  d= 0   r = .00

 

26. During toddlerhood, new synapses in the frontal cortex are produced at a rate of ____ per second.
27. 2 thousand
28. 2 million
29. 2 billion
30. 2 trillion

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 184

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

27. Synaptic density reaches its peak during which stage of development?
28. toddlerhood

Correct. The peak of synaptic density comes right at the end of toddlerhood, around the third birthday.

1. childhood

Incorrect. The peak of synaptic density comes right at the end of toddlerhood, around the third birthday.

1. infancy
2. early adulthood

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 184

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

28. Sophia’s grandmother is always saying that her 2-year-old granddaughter soaks up new information like a sponge. This statement is ______________.
29. just an old wives’ tale
30. true due to synaptic pruning
31. true due to an increase in synaptic density
32. not true because Sophia doesn’t even like water

Answer: C

Difficulty: 3

Page: 184

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Application

 

29. About how many synapses will be removed in the frontal cortex from early childhood to adolescence?
30. 1/3
31. 1/4
32. 1/8
33. 1/20

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 184

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

30. The process of synaptic pruning occurs most often __________.
31. during early childhood into adolescence
32. during mid-late adolescence and into adulthood
33. after steep increases in synaptic density during toddlerhood and early adolescence
34. during toddlerhood and in late adulthood

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 184

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

31. An electroencephalograph (EEG) measures the electrical activity of the ____.
32. brain
33. heart
34. pancreas
35. liver

Answer: A

Difficulty: 1

Page: 184

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

32. Every time a synapse fires, it emits a tiny burst of electricity. What technology measures this phenomenon?
33. electrocardiogram
34. electroencephalogram
35. echocardiogram
36. electromyogram

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 184

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

33. What have researchers found in measuring brain activity in toddlers?
34. sharp decrease in cortical activity from 18 to 24 months
35. steady decline in cortical activity after 12 months
36. steady increase in cortical activity after 12 months

Incorrect. EEG research on toddlers has found a sharp increase in overall cortical activity from 18 to 24 months, reflecting important advances in cognitive and language development.

1. sharp increase in cortical activity from 18 to 24 months

Correct. This reflects important advances in cognitive and language development.

Answer: D

Difficulty: 2

Page: 184

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

34. What technique of measuring brain responses requires that the individual lay still inside a machine that uses a magnetic field to record changes in blood flow and oxygen use?
35. EEG
36. fMRI
37. EKG
38. CBF

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 185

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

35. A(n) ____ is to electrical activity as a(n) ____ is to magnetic field.
36. PET; ECG
37. ECG; PET
38. EEG; fMRI

Correct. The EEG (electroencephalogram) measures the electrical activity of the cerebral cortex, whereas fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) requires a person to lie still inside a machine that uses a magnetic field to record changes in blood flow and oxygen use in the brain in response to different kinds of stimulation.

1. fMRI; EEG

Incorrect. The EEG (electroencephalogram) measures the electrical activity of the cerebral cortex, whereas fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) requires a person to lie still inside a machine that uses a magnetic field to record changes in blood flow and oxygen use in the brain in response to different kinds of stimulation.

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 184–185

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

36. Dr. Syndai wants to assess real-time activity of lower brain structures and not just the cerebral cortex. Her patient is a girl in middle childhood who is old enough to understand that she must remain still for the test. Which of the following devices would Dr. Syndai use?
37. ECG
38. EEG

Incorrect. Unlike the EEG, an FMRI can detect activity in any part of the brain, not just the cerebral cortex.

1. fMRI

Correct. Unlike the EEG, an FMRI can detect activity in any part of the brain, not just the cerebral cortex.

1. CT

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 184–185

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

 

37. On average, a toddler sleeps ____ hours per day.
38. 13–14
39. 12–13
40. 10–11
41. 8–9

Answer: B

Difficulty: 3

Page: 185

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

38. Compared to neonates, toddlers sleep ____ fewer hours per day.
39. 6–7
40. 5–6

Incorrect. Sleep declines from 16 to 18 hours a day in the neonate to about 15 hours a day by the first birthday, and further to about 12 to 13 hours by the second birthday.

1. 4–5

Correct. Sleep declines from 16 to 18 hours a day in the neonate to about 15 hours a day by the first birthday, and further to about 12 to 13 hours by the second birthday.

1. 3–4

Answer: C

Difficulty: 3

Page: 185

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

39. After watching a news report that stated American children do not get enough sleep, you become worried because your son, who is 2 years old, is only sleeping 13 hours a day—12 at night and a one-hour nap. Which of the following statements is supported by research?
40. Your son sleeps less than the average amount and he needs more sleep.

Incorrect. Sleep declines from 16 to 18 hours a day in the neonate to about 15 hours a day by the first birthday, and further to about 12 to 13 hours by the second birthday.

1. Your son sleeps more than the average amount and you should speak to your pediatrician.
2. Your son sleeps the average amount and you should not be worried.

Correct. Sleep declines from 16 to 18 hours a day in the neonate to about 15 hours a day by the first birthday, and further to about 12 to 13 hours by the second birthday.

1. Sleep research is inconsistent; therefore, this news story is invalid.

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 185

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 5.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

 

40. According to the text, toddlers not only sleep less than infants, but they tend to ____.
41. sleep more during the day

Incorrect. The toddler not only sleeps less than the infant but also has more of a night-sleeping, day-waking arousal schedule.

1. sleep more at night

Correct. The toddler not only sleeps less than the infant but also has more of a night-sleeping, day-waking arousal schedule.

1. have more nightmares
2. have more REM sleep

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 185

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

41. The average infant takes ____ nap(s) per day, whereas the average toddler takes ____ nap(s) per day.
42. 2; 3
43. 3; 2
44. 2; 1
45. 1; 2

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 185

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

42. What is one of the reasons that toddlers who have been sleeping through the night start waking up again when they are between 18 and 24 months old?
43. They have more difficulties with digestion.
44. They begin having difficulties with insomnia.

Incorrect. There is a resurgence of teething that begins between 13 and 19 months of age.

1. They have a resurgence of teething.

Correct. There is a resurgence of teething that begins between 13 and 19 months of age.

1. They have a huge growth spurt that tends to be painful.

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 185

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

% correct 30    a= 0  b= 10  c= 30  d= 50   r = .62

 

43. Your 18-month-old son has been sleeping through the night for the past two months. You and your spouse were very happy with this new development and were looking forward to many more months of it. But he has started waking up at night again and has been pretty fussy during the day. What is the likely reason that he is waking up now?
44. He has been drinking too much before bedtime.
45. His molars are coming in and he is teething.

Correct. There is a resurgence of teething that begins between 13 and 19 months of age.

1. He has been eating too much.

Incorrect. The molars are erupting and the teething pain is waking him up.

1. He is going through a growth spurt.

Answer: B

Difficulty: 3

Page: 185

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 5.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

 

44. What is one reason that infants who have been sleeping through the night start waking up again when they are between 18 and 24 months old?
45. They become more aware that they are sleeping by themselves.

Correct. Toddlers develop a more definite sense of themselves and others as they approach age 2, and if they sleep in a bed separate from their parents, they become more aware of this separation and more intentional about relieving it by summoning a parent or going into the parents’ room.

1. They have more nightmares.

Incorrect. Toddlers develop a more definite sense of themselves and others as they approach age 2, and if they sleep in a bed separate from their parents, they become more aware of this separation and more intentional about relieving it by summoning a parent or going into the parents’ room.

1. They watch too much television.
2. They drink too many liquids before bedtime.

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 185–186

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

45. Two possible reasons why toddlers have an increased frequency of waking at night are ____.
46. teething and an increased sense of self
47. increased physiological response and increased hormone production
48. nocturnal enuresis and increased fidgeting
49. decreased autonomic nervous system and increased parasympathetic response

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 185–186

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

% correct 94   a= 94  b= 6  c= 0  d= 0   r = .42

 

46. During toddlerhood, as a sense of self and the separation with others increase, one may see a higher rate of ____.
47. narcolepsy
48. waking at night

Correct. Toddlers develop a more definite sense of themselves and others as they approach age 2, and if they sleep in a bed separate from their parents, they become more aware of this separation and more intentional about relieving it by summoning a parent or going into the parents’ room.

1. napping

Incorrect. Toddlers develop a more definite sense of themselves and others as they approach age 2, and if they sleep in a bed separate from their parents, they become more aware of this separation and more intentional about relieving it by summoning a parent or going into the parents’ room.

1. enuresis

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 186

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

47. In many traditional cultures, when a mother becomes pregnant with another child, the toddler who is accustomed to sleeping with her may ____.
48. continue to sleep with their mother but be placed at the foot of the bed
49. continue to sleep with their mother until the birth of their sibling
50. be ousted from her bed to sleep with siblings or father
51. be ousted from her bed to sleep with grandmother and grandfather

Answer: C

Difficulty: 3

Page: 186

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

48. In traditional cultures, sleeping alone is ____.
49. rare
50. common
51. common until age 2
52. common until adulthood

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 186

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

% correct 60    a= 60  b= 10  c= 10  d= 20   r = .21

 

49. An infant who climbs up a set of stairs is displaying an example of ____.
50. gross motor movement

Correct. Walking, running, climbing, and jumping are all examples of gross motor development.

1. fine motor movement

Incorrect. Walking, running, climbing, and jumping are all examples of gross motor development.

1. ambidextrous motor movement
2. outward motor movement

Answer: A

Difficulty: 1

Page: 186

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

50. Zachary loves to play with his little sister, Dayla. Zachary kicks a ball hoping Dayla will kick it back, but she is too young. She just started walking without support. How old are Zachary and Dayla?
51. at least 9 months and 15 months
52. about 10 months and at least 24 months
53. about 9 months and at least 18 months
54. at least 24 months and 36 months

Answer: B

Difficulty: 3

Page: 186–187

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 5.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

 

51. When children first begin to walk, they spread their feet apart and take small, stiff-legged steps, shifting their weight from one leg to the other. These movements are where the ____ stage of development gets its name.
52. infancy

Incorrect. Toddlers “toddle” when they walk.

1. toddlerhood

Correct. Toddlers “toddle” when they walk.

1. adolescence
2. old age

Answer: B

Difficulty: 1

Page: 186

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

52. On average, children begin to walk without the support of others around what age?
53. 9 months
54. 11 months
55. 13 months
56. 15 months

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 186–187

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

53. Your brother was hoping that his daughter would grow up to be a gifted soccer player. She is still not making much progress in learning to walk and she is 14 months old. What would you tell your brother?
54. He should probably give up on the notion that she will ever play soccer.

Incorrect. Children who walk at 9 months are no more likely than children who walk at 17 months to become athletes some day, they simply have different biological time lines for learning to walk.

1. That there is considerable variation when children begin walking and it has nothing to do with later development of athletic ability.

Correct. Children who walk at 9 months are no more likely than children who walk at 17 months to become athletes some day, they simply have different biological time lines for learning to walk.

1. Not to worry, children do not start walking until they are 18 months old.
2. The age when a toddler begins walking is negatively correlated with intelligence, so she is most likely gifted.

Answer: B

Difficulty: 3

Page: 186

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 5.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

 

54. When can the average toddler first kick a ball or throw a small object?
55. 6 months
56. 12 months
57. 18 months
58. 24 months

Answer: D

Difficulty: 2

Page: 186

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

55. You come from a family that is very athletic. You and several other family members had athletic scholarships in college and an uncle who played professional baseball. You have tried to get your 18-month-old interested in kicking a small soccer ball. Although he wants to play with you and approaches the ball, he has not been able to kick it. After taking a developmental course, you find that ____.
56. your son is very far behind in motor development

Incorrect. Toddlers do not learn to kick a ball until around 24 months of age.

1. he is actually too young to be expected to kick a ball

Correct. Toddlers do not learn to kick a ball until around 24 months of age.

1. if you work with him and make it fun, he will be able to kick the ball
2. your son is likely disabled

Answer: B

Difficulty: 3

Page: 186

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 5.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

 

56. Mikael is a toddler who can stand on one leg, run with stiff legs, and kick a ball. Mikael is at least ____.
57. 6 months old
58. 12 months old
59. 18 months old

Incorrect. Toddlers do not learn to kick a ball until around 24 months of age.

1. 24 months old

Correct. Toddlers do not learn to kick a ball until around 24 months of age.

Answer: D

Difficulty: 3

Page: 186–187

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 5.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

 

57. Which of the following is a proper sequencing of gross motor development during toddlerhood?
58. running with stiff legs, standing on one leg, kicking a ball, walking without support
59. walking without support, standing on one leg, running with stiff legs, kicking a ball

Correct. Children begin to walk without support at about 11 months. By 15 months, most toddlers can stand on one leg. By 18 months, most can run, although at first they run with the same stiff-legged, wide-stance posture as they use for walking. By 24 months, they can kick a ball.

1. standing on one leg, walking without support, kicking a ball, running with stiff legs

Incorrect. Children begin to walk without support at about 11 months. By 15 months, most toddlers can stand on one leg. By 18 months, most can run, although at first they run with the same stiff-legged, wide-stance posture as they use for walking. By 24 months, they can kick a ball.

1. kicking a ball, standing on one leg, walking without support, running with stiff legs

Answer: B

Difficulty: 3

Page: 187

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

58. Toddlers become better at using what perceptual system to adjust their walking and running in response to changes in surfaces?
59. auditory system
60. visual system
61. tactile system
62. vestibular system

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 187

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

59. In regards to gross motor development, toddlers in traditional cultures are allowed ____.
60. slightly more mobility
61. slightly less mobility
62. much more mobility
63. much less mobility

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 187

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

60. Toddlers in traditional cultures are still held and carried for about half their waking hours. What effect does this have on the development of their motor skills? Toddlers in traditional cultures ____.
61. are considerably behind toddlers in developed countries

Incorrect. Even though toddlers in traditional cultures are held and carried for about half their waking hours, they are equal to toddlers in developed countries in the development of their gross motor skills.

1. are only slightly delayed compared to toddlers in developed countries
2. are equal to toddlers in developed countries

Correct. Even though toddlers in traditional cultures are held and carried for about half their waking hours, they are equal to toddlers in developed countries in the development of their gross motor skills.

1. are actually more advanced than toddlers in developed countries because they experience fewer injuries associated with walking earlier

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 187

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

61. Many parents in developed countries remove sharp objects and other potentially harmful items when their toddlers become mobile. What is this called?
62. baby safety
63. baby proofing
64. object protection
65. compulsive behavior

Answer: B

Difficulty: 1

Page: 187

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

62. At 12 months, an infant will be able to ____.
63. hold a container while placing rocks into it

Correct. At 12 months, toddlers can hold an object in one hand while performing an action on it with the other.

1. kick a ball while running

Incorrect. At 12 months, toddlers can hold an object in one hand while performing an action on it with the other.

1. write their name with a crayon
2. brush their teeth

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 187

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

63. At what age do children show a definite handedness preference during self-feeding?
64. 24 months
65. 18 months
66. 12 months
67. 6 months

Answer: C

Difficulty: 1

Page: 188

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

64. During the first year of toddlerhood, one would expect a toddler to be able to ____.
65. hold a cup and scribble with a crayon

Correct. During the first year of toddlerhood, toddlers learn to hold a cup, scribble with a pencil or crayon, build a tower of 3 to 4 blocks, and turn the pages of a book.

1. use a fork and knife with coordination

Incorrect. During the first year of toddlerhood, toddlers learn to hold a cup, scribble with a pencil or crayon, build a tower of 3 to 4 blocks, and turn the pages of a book.

1. stand on one foot, run, and kick a ball
2. be potty-trained and able to brush their teeth

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 187–188

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

65. In regards to fine motor development, an infant who is 1 year old can ____, and a toddler who is 3 years old can ____.
66. tie their shoes; draw a circle with a crayon
67. draw a circle with a crayon; tie their shoes

Incorrect. During the first year of toddlerhood, toddlers learn to hold a cup, while they can draw a semi-straight line during the second year of toddlerhood.

1. draw a semi-straight line; hold a cup
2. hold a cup; draw a semi-straight line

Correct. During the first year of toddlerhood, toddlers learn to hold a cup, while they can draw a semi-straight line during the second year of toddlerhood.

Answer: D

Difficulty: 2

Page: 188

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

66. What is one fine motor skill that toddlers can do during their third year of life?
67. climb a rope

Incorrect. Toddlers in their third year of life can begin to brush their teeth, with a little assistance.

1. brush their teeth

Correct. Toddlers in their third year of life can begin to brush their teeth, with a little assistance.

1. button their shirts
2. tie their shoes

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 188

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

67. One would not expect a toddler to brush their own teeth, with a little assistance, until what age?
68. second year of life

Incorrect. Toddlers in their third year of life can begin to brush their teeth, with a little assistance.

1. third year of life

Correct. Toddlers between 24 and 36 months can brush their teeth, with a little assistance.

1. fourth year of life
2. fifth year of life

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 188

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

68. What percentage of American toddlers were toilet trained by 18 months, according to a study completed in 1957?
69. 2%
70. 42%
71. 62%
72. 92%

Answer: D

Difficulty: 2

Page: 189

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

69. A study from 1957 of American children reported that 92% were toilet trained by the time they were ____.
70. 3 months old
71. 6 months old
72. 12 months old
73. 18 months old

Answer: D

Difficulty: 2

Page: 189

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

70. What percentage of toddlers are currently toilet trained in the United States by their third birthday?
71. 20%
72. 40%
73. 60%
74. 80%

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 189

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

71. Today, most American pediatricians believe that it is best to be patient with toddlers and their progress toward toilet training. When do they recommend toilet training now?
72. when the toddler is 20 months old

Incorrect. Today, most American pediatricians believe it is best to be patient with toddlers’ progress toward toilet training, and to time it according to when the toddler seems ready.

1. when the toddler seems ready

Correct. One sign of readiness is that the child directly asks to use the toilet or to wear underwear instead of a diaper.

1. anytime before kindergarten
2. when the cost of diapers gets too expensive

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 189

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

72. Most toddlers show signs of readiness to begin the process of toilet training between what ages?
73. 6­–18 months
74. 12–24 months
75. 18–30 months
76. 24–48 months

Answer: C

Difficulty: 1

Page: 189

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

73. Which of the following are signs that a toddler might be ready to begin toilet training?
74. increased regular sleep-wake cycles, staying dry during naps, and increased motions to remove a diaper
75. staying awake during nap time, increased motions to remove a diaper, and increased temper tantrums at bedtime
76. increased motions to remove a diaper, increased crying when a diaper put on, and increased regular feeding patterns
77. staying dry for a few hours during the day, having regular bowel movements, and increased anticipation of urine or bowel movement

Answer: D

Difficulty: 2

Page: 189

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

74. What is a sign that your toddler is ready to be toilet trained?
75. She shows her dolly how to go “potty.”
76. She can hold her urine but has no control over bowel movements.
77. She asks for a dry diaper.
78. She is able to anticipate when she needs to use the toilet.

Answer: D

Difficulty: 2

Page: 189

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

75. Your friend is frustrated because she has tried to toilet train her 24-month-old son for the past week, but progress is slow and taking longer than she would like. Which of the following statements is a proper response to your friend?
76. “I’m surprised he’s not potty trained yet. You might want to see a pediatrician.”
77. “Be patient, it is not going to happen overnight. Some children take months or even years to become potty trained.”

Correct. Also, the earlier toilet training begins, the longer it takes to complete it.

1. “Most toddlers learn how to use the potty in two weeks, so you’re almost there.”
2. “You really shouldn’t toilet train until the child stays dry throughout the night. So I don’t think he’s ready just yet.”

Incorrect. Typically, toilet training is a process that continues over several weeks, months, or even years.

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 189

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 5.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

 

76. Children are likely to wear what garment at night for a period after learning toilet training?
77. regular underwear and pajamas
78. diapers
79. plastic underwear
80. training pants

Answer: D

Difficulty: 2

Page: 189

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

77. What percentage of five year olds has an occasional accident in toilet training, usually at night?
78. 10%
79. 25%
80. 50%
81. 80%

Answer: B

Difficulty: 1

Page: 189

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

78. At age 5, about one-fourth of toddlers may occasionally ____.
79. refuse to wear a diaper
80. have delays in fine motor movement
81. wet their bed at night
82. have delays in gross motor movement

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 189

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

79. Who is likely to toilet train toddlers in traditional countries?
80. parents
81. grandparents
82. older siblings
83. no one

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 190

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

80. In Kenya, Makena, who is 2 years old, is learning to control her elimination. Who is probably guiding her in this process?
81. her mother
82. her father
83. her aunt
84. her older sister

Answer: D

Difficulty: 2

Page: 190

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 5.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

 

81. Based on what we know of human history and practices today in traditional culture, most infants are breast-fed until ____ year(s) of age.
82. 1
83. 1–2
84. 2–3
85. 3–4

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 190

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

82. Based on what we currently know of human history and what we know of traditional cultures, what has been the typical human custom regarding breast-feeding? Infants were weaned ____.
83. before 12 months
84. by 18 months
85. by 24 months
86. between 24 and 36 months

Answer: D

Difficulty: 2

Page: 190

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

83. ____ is the term that describes when the mother decides the time has come for the child to stop breast-feeding.
84. Colicking
85. Weaning
86. Lactating
87. Latching

Answer: B

Difficulty: 1

Page: 190

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

84. It is a greater challenge to wean a toddler from breast milk than to wean an infant because ____.
85. breast-feeding a toddler is more socially acceptable in many cultures
86. the toddler is more socially aware and has a greater capacity to exercise intentional behavior

Correct. The toddler can also speak up, in a way the infant cannot, to make demands and protest prohibitions.

1. the toddler has developed teeth and might resist unconsciously with negative behaviors
2. the toddler has greater emotional instability an infant

Incorrect. The toddler is much more socially aware than the infant, and much more capable of exercising intentional behavior. The toddler can also speak up, in a way the infant cannot, to make demands and protest prohibitions.

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 190

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

85. For most cultures, initially weaning from breast milk is ____.
86. sudden and abrupt
87. gentle and gradual
88. harsh and punitive
89. nonexistent and or absent

Answer: B

Difficulty: 1

Page: 190

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

86. Your sister breast-fed for 14 months and is now interested in weaning her daughter. It is obvious that your niece does not want to stop breast-feeding. She toddles around your sister holding her arms up and crying. Nothing seems to soothe her. Remembering your developmental course and what traditional cultures do, you suggest that your sister ____.
87. rub tomato paste on her nipples before breastfeeding

Correct. In Turkey, mothers sometimes rub tomato paste on their nipples, which the children do not like, and this technique aids in weaning.

1. simply ignore your niece

Incorrect. In Turkey, mothers sometimes rub tomato paste on their nipples, which the children do not like, and this technique aids in weaning.

1. shut your niece in her room between meals
2. give her a pacifier

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 190

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 5.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

 

Short Answer Questions

 

87. What is synaptic pruning and is it normal?

Answer: Synaptic pruning is a process where the synapses that are used become more efficient, and those that are not used die off. The result is fewer, but more efficient, synaptic connections. This is a normal process.

Page: 184

Learning Objective: 5.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

88. Describe two milestones of gross motor development in toddlerhood.

Answer: Varies. Most toddlers start to walk by about one year, but there is quite a bit of variation that is still considered “normal.” By about 18 months they can run, but it is an awkward run with stiff legs.

Page: 186–187

Learning Objective: 5.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

89. Describe a fine motor skill that a three-year-old can do that a one-year old would not yet be able to do.

Answer: Varies. Three-year-olds gain more control over their hand movements and can start to draw a straight line and copy circles. They can even brush their teeth, although they will need help. One-year-olds are already showing hand preference and can hold a pencil and scribble, but it is not as controlled as it will be by the time they are three.

Page: 187–188

Learning Objective: 5.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

 

90. What does Arnett mean by “controlled elimination”?

Answer: Arnett uses this as an alternative to “toilet training” because in traditional cultures, toilets as we know them in the U.S. are nonexistent. Children learn controlled elimination by watching others, such as older siblings or other children, and they may go in a hole or a lagoon.

Page: 190

Learning Objective: 5.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

91. Give an example of how toddlers are weaned in traditional cultures if the gradual approach does not work.

Answer: The mother may coat her nipple with something the toddler will find unappealing, such as bitter herbs or tomato paste.

Page: 190

Learning Objective: 5.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

Essay Questions

 

92. Describe common nutritional problems of toddlers in developing countries and consequences that are likely to result.

Answer:

– Kwashiorkor is a protein deficiency that makes children vulnerable to illness and death. Although the belly is large, it is a result of swelling and their hair is thin and brittle.

– These children are lethargic and irritable.

– Iodine deficiency is the most common micronutrient deficiency in the world. This leads to deficits in cognitive development. This is most common in Africa and S. Asia, and even though adding iodine to foods is simple and cheap (in the form of iodized salt, for example), many children still lack this micronutrient.

Page: 183–184

Learning Objective: 5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

93. Compare and contrast the methods used to assess brain activity.

Answer: Doctors use the electroencephalogram (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to assess brain activity. The EEG only measures activity in the cerebral cortex, but the fMRI measures in both the cerebral cortex and other areas of the brain. The EEG measures brain activity by detecting electrical activity, but fMRIs detect changes in blood flow and oxygen using a magnetic field. fMRIs are more difficult to use than the EEGs with toddlers and young children because with fMRIs they have to lie still in a machine for a long period of time.

Page: 184–185

Learning Objective: 5.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

94. Explain how sleeping patterns differ between infancy and toddlerhood.

Answer: Infants begin by sleeping 16–18 hours per day, but only about 15 hours a day by the end of infancy, whereas toddlers’ sleep needs decrease to only 12–13 hours per day by their second birthday. Sleep patterns change also. Infants sleep less at night and take more naps than toddlers. However, when toddlers are teething and develop a sense of self, then their sleep tends to be more disrupted for a period of time.

Page: 185–186

Learning Objective: 5.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

95. Is motor development more or less restricted in traditional cultures/developing countries as compared to developed countries? Why? How does this difference impact the growth of motor skills?

Answer: Infants and toddlers in traditional cultures spend less of their waking hours on the ground crawling and walking. They are often swaddled on their mothers’ backs and carried around for much of the day as she works. The main reason is that there are more dangers in traditional cultures, such as open fires used for cooking, cliffs, or livestock that could injure them. They still achieve their motor milestones at about the same time as their counterparts from OECD countries; a finding that suggests that nature may be more influential than nurture in shaping motor development.

Page: 187

Learning Objective: 5.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

 

 

 

Section 2 Cognitive Development

Test Item File

Multiple Choice Questions

 

1. Piaget’s theory of cognitive development proposes that individuals move through ____ sensorimotor stages.
2. 4
3. 5
4. 6
5. 7

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 192

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

2. Piaget’s fifth sensorimotor stage is ____.
3. simple reflexes
4. secondary circular reactions
5. tertiary circular reactions
6. mental representations

Answer: C

Difficulty: 1

Page: 192

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

3. In this Piagetian stage, toddlers intentionally try out different behaviors to see what the effects will be.
4. simple reflexes
5. first habits and primary circular reactions
6. secondary circular reactions
7. tertiary circular reactions

Answer: D

Difficulty: 2

Page: 192

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

% correct 63   a= 38  b= 0  c= 0  d= 62  r = .30

 

4. Actions in tertiary circular reactions are ____.
5. intentional from the beginning

Correct. Unlike secondary circular reactions, the action in tertiary circular reactions is intentional from the beginning.

1. reflexive from the beginning

Incorrect. Unlike secondary circular reactions, the action in tertiary circular reactions is intentional from the beginning.

1. unconscious from the beginning
2. autonomic from the beginning

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 192

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

5. After work, you drive home to find that your toddler is pushing the garage door opener so that the garage door opens and then shuts. At first you were a little unhappy that she was doing this, but you remembered your training in development and realized that your daughter was engaged in what Piaget referred to as ____.
6. tertiary circular reactions

Correct. Pushing the garage door opener to watch the garage door open and shut is a tertiary circular reaction because it is intentional.

1. secondary circular reactions

Incorrect. Pushing the garage door opener to watch the garage door open and shut is a tertiary circular reaction because it is intentional.

1. primary circular reactions
2. reflexes

Answer: A

Difficulty: 3

Page: 192–193

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 5.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

% correct 56   a= 56  b= 25  c= 13  d= 6  r = .38

 

6. When toddlers think about the range of possibilities of an action before they perform the behavior, they are engaging in what substage of sensorimotor development?
7. primary circular reactions
8. secondary circular reactions
9. tertiary circular reactions

Incorrect. They are engaging in mental representations.

1. mental representations

Correct. In this stage, toddlers think about the possibilities and select the action most likely to achieve the desired outcome.

Answer: D

Difficulty: 2

Page: 193

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

% correct 44   a= 19  b= 13  c= 19  d= 44   r = .27

 

7. ____ is the basis of human language.
8. Deferred imitation
9. Mental representation
10. Unconscious symbolism
11. Object permanence

Answer: B

Difficulty: 1

Page: 193

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

8. When can we say that toddlers have attained object permanence?
9. when they generally avoid the A-not-B error

Correct. However, this error can still happen occasionally even into early childhood.

1. when they remember where the object is
2. when they look for the object under sheet A

Incorrect. Toddlers have attained object permanence once they generally avoid the A-not-B error.

1. when they get irritated when they do not find the object

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 193

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

9. One-year-old Cindy was playing a hiding game with her father. He hid her toy under a blanket and then Cindy would try to find it. Later, he added a second blanket and she watched him hide the toy under it. Interestingly, Cindy still looked under the first blanket. She was _____________.
10. engaging in mental representation
11. making the A-not-B error
12. engaging in deferred imitation
13. making an categorization error

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 193

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 5.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

 

10. Avoiding the A-not-B error is an indicator of whether a toddler has overcome ____.
11. categorization
12. deferred imitation

Incorrect. Toddlers have attained object permanence once they generally avoid the A-not-B error.

1. object permanence

Correct. This is, the child generally understands that an object hidden under another object is still there.

1. egocentrism

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 193

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

11. Interestingly, object permanence is not a uniquely human achievement. Who else can acquire object permanence?
12. chimpanzees at two years of age
13. dogs at one year of age
14. cats at two years of age
15. nearly all reptiles at any age

Answer: A

Difficulty: 1

Page: 193

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

12. Object permanence is a mechanism that fosters attachment because ____.
13. it includes the realization that the person you see on one occasion is the same person you saw on a previous occasion

Correct. This allows you to begin to form attachments to others.

1. it allows for a greater psychosocial bond

Incorrect. Object permanence is critical to functioning in the social world, because it includes the realization that the person you see on one occasion is the same person you saw on a previous occasion, which allows you to begin to form attachments to others.

1. it mellows the temperament of both child and caregiver
2. attachment makes up Piaget’s final stage of sensorimotor development

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: various pages in Chapter 5

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.7, 5.16

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

13. The ability to repeat actions observed at an earlier time is ____.
14. secondary circular reactions
15. object permanence
16. action memory
17. deferred imitation

Answer: D

Difficulty: 2

Page: 193–194

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

14. Deferred imitation is the ability to ____.
15. sort objects into categories
16. repeat actions observed at an earlier time
17. accomplish a task with little assistance
18. encode and decode social situations

Answer: B

Difficulty: 1

Page: 193–194

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

15. You have been a lifelong smoker, but you quit at the end of last week because you know how damaging it is to your health and you do not want to be a bad influence on your son, who is a toddler. You walk into your son’s room and find him acting like he is smoking with a crayon. According to Piaget, what is your son doing?
16. secondary circular reactions
17. deferred imitation

Correct. Piaget would say that the son is engaging in deferred imitation, which is the ability to repeat actions observed at an earlier time.

1. object permanence
2. action memory

Incorrect. Piaget would say that the son is engaging in deferred imitation, which is the ability to repeat actions observed at an earlier time.

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 193–194

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 5.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

 

16. What part of the brain is especially important in long-term memory encoding and recall?
17. the corpus callosum
18. the amygdala
19. the hippocampus
20. the thalamus

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 194

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

17. Piaget believed that ____ in toddlerhood is the basis of categorization.
18. object permanence
19. deferred imitation
20. mental representation
21. hindsight bias

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 194

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

 

18. At a recent birthday party that your daughter attended, she received a bag of colorful plastic toys. There were several animals, a few cars, and people. After you opened the bag, your daughter started playing with them. After a few minutes, you noticed that she was putting them into groups (e.g., animals, cars, people, etc.). What was she doing?
19. sorting

Incorrect. Placing the toys into groups is an example of categorization.

1. categorizing

Correct. Piaget believed that mental representation in toddlerhood is the basis of categorization.

1. memorizing
2. practicing fine motor skills

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 194

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 5.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

 

19. What can be said regarding Piaget’s understanding of children’s early abilities?
20. He underestimated their abilities.

Correct. Recent experiments seem to indicate that Piaget underestimated children’s early abilities, as children are able to do more than he had thought.

1. He overestimated their abilities.

Incorrect. Recent experiments seem to indicate that Piaget underestimated children’s early abilities, as children are able to do more than he had thought.

1. He was completely wrong about their abilities.
2. He was exactly accurate about their abilities.

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 194

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

20. Quinn et al. (1993) examined the abilities of 3- and 4-month-old infants. After they looked at a series of photographs of cats, the infants were shown two new photos, one of a cat and one of a dog. They looked longer at the photograph of the dog. This indicated that infants this age ____.
21. like dogs better than cats

Incorrect. This indicated that the infants had been using a category for “cat,” and looked longer at the dog photo because it did not fit.

1. were bored with the cat photos
2. could categorize

Correct. This indicated that the infants had been using a category for “cat,” and looked longer at the dog photo because it did not fit.

1. were not sure what dogs were

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 194

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

% correct 75   a= 0  b= 19  c= 75  d= 6   r = .25

 

21. You have a friend who has a 12-month-old son and you have an 18-month-old son. You have been getting together each week for a couple of months for them to socialize and so that you can talk. Your friend is concerned that his son is not very advanced because your son systematically and deliberately separates his various toys into categories while he plays and his son is oblivious to any categories. What would you tell your friend?
22. that his son should probably start going to a high-quality day care
23. that his son will most likely also categorize when he is 18 months old

Correct. A study found that only some 12-month-old children placed objects into categories, while nearly all 18-month-old children placed objects into categories.

1. that your son is very advanced since children generally do not categorize until they are at least 24 months old
2. that infants are very different in their development

Incorrect. A study found that only some 12-month-old children placed objects into categories, while nearly all 18-month-old children placed objects into categories.

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 194–195

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 5.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

 

22. Who was the psychologist who first began examining cognitive development within a cultural emphasis?
23. Jean Piaget
24. Lev Vygotsky
25. B. F. Skinner
26. R. J. Sternberg

Answer: B

Difficulty: 1

Page: 195

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

23. Whose theory of cognitive development is often referred to as a sociocultural theory?
24. R. J. Sternberg
25. Jean Piaget
26. Lev Vygotsky
27. B. F. Skinner

Answer: C

Difficulty: 1

Page: 195

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

24. Vygotsky’s view of cognitive development is very different from Piaget’s view of cognitive development in that Vygotsky’s emphasizes ____.
25. the child’s interactions with the physical environment

Incorrect. Vygotsky’s theory is often referred to as a sociocultural theory, because in his view, cognitive development is always both a social and a cultural process.

1. genetic inheritance from one’s parents
2. cognitive development as both a social and cultural process

Correct. Vygotsky’s theory is often referred to as a sociocultural theory, because in his view, cognitive development is always both a social and a cultural process.

1. neural plasticity

Answer: C

Difficulty: 3

Page:195

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

25. ____ is the difference between skills or tasks that children can accomplish alone and those they are capable of performing if guided by an adult or a more competent peer.
26. Self efficacy
27. Animism
28. Zone of proximal development
29. Deferred imitation

Answer: C

Difficulty: 1

Page: 195–196

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

26. According to Vygotsky, children learn best if the instruction they are provided is ____.
27. developed by an educational specialist
28. just beyond their ability to immediately grasp it
29. within the zone of proximal development
30. concrete in nature

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 195

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

% correct 100   a= 0  b= 0  c= 100  d= 0   r = .00

 

27. ____ refers to the degree of assistance provided to children in the zone of proximal development.
28. Deferred imitation
29. Animism
30. Scaffolding
31. Object permanence

Answer: C

Difficulty: 1

Page: 196

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

28. What refers to the degree of assistance provided to the learner in the zone of proximal development, gradually decreasing as the learner’s skills develop?
29. guided instruction
30. framing
31. scaffolding
32. guided participation

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 196

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

29. What concept would accurately describe teaching your daughter how to dress herself? You first dressed her, indicating what you were doing and why, then you had her help as you dressed her, and lastly allowed her to dress herself as you watched and helped if needed.
30. scaffolding

Correct. Scaffolding can occur at any age, whenever there is someone who is learning a skill or gaining knowledge from someone else.

1. framing
2. guided instruction

Incorrect. Scaffolding is the degree of assistance provided to the learner in the zone of proximal development, gradually decreasing as the learner’s skills develop.

1. zone of proximal development

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 196

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 5.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

 

30. ____ underscore the social nature of learning in Vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development.
31. Chromosome and genetic lineage
32. Maturation and neurological development

Incorrect. Scaffolding and the zone of proximal development underscore the social nature of learning in Vygotsky’s theory. In his view, learning always takes place via a social process, through the interactions between someone who possesses knowledge and someone who is in the process of obtaining knowledge.

1. Scaffolding and the zone of proximal development

Correct. In Vygotsky’s view, learning always takes place via a social process, through the interactions between someone who possesses knowledge and someone who is in the process of obtaining knowledge.

1. Equilibrium, disequilibrium, and schemas

Answer: C

Difficulty: 3

Page:195–196

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

31. Vygotsky referred to the comments that children make to themselves while learning as _________.
32. private speech
33. private instruction
34. scaffolding
35. guided participation

Answer: A

Difficulty: 1

Page: 197

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

32. After telling your 3-year-old to clean his playroom, then you overhear him talking to himself. He said, “First, I have to put the toys in the box and then I have to put the box back on the shelf.” This is an example of __________.
33. scaffolding
34. the zone of proximal development
35. guided participation
36. private speech

Answer: D

Difficulty: 3

Page: 196

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

33. Barbara Rogoff extended Vygotsky’s theory. She discussed the teaching interaction between two people as they participate in a culturally valued activity. What did she call this concept?
34. scaffolding
35. cultural sensitivity
36. zone of proximal development
37. guided participation

Answer: D

Difficulty: 3

Page: 197

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

34. Guided participation refers to ____.
35. the degree of assistance provided to children in the zone of proximal development
36. the teaching interaction between two people as they participate in a culturally valued activity
37. the difference between skills or tasks that a child can accomplish alone and those they are capable of performing if guided by an adult or a more competent peer
38. the ability to take word symbols of language and combine them in a variety of infinite ways

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page:197

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

35. Gavin’s aunt enjoys playing school with him. He likes to pretend he is an older, school aged child and she likes it because he is learning about school routines and how to be respectful to authority figures. This method of instruction is called _________.
36. the zone of proximal development
37. scaffolding
38. guided participation
39. private speech

Answer: C

Difficulty: 3

Page: 197

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

36. What allows humans to communicate about not just what is observable in the present, but about an infinite range of things beyond the present moment?
37. gestures
38. thinking
39. cognition
40. language

Answer: D

Difficulty: 2

Page: 197

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.9

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

37. When does language development have its most rapid and important advances?
38. infancy
39. toddlerhood
40. early childhood
41. adolescence

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 198

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.9

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

38. What famous chimpanzee learned to use approximately 100 signs, mostly involving requests for food?
39. Nim Chimpsky
40. Washoe
41. Ayumu
42. Viki

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 198

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.9

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

39. Chimpanzees lack the most important and distinctive feature of human language. What is that?
40. a pharynx
41. Broca’s area

Incorrect. Primates lack infinite generativity, the ability to take the word symbols of a language and combine them in a virtually infinite number of new ways.

1. abstract word knowledge
2. infinite generativity

Correct. Primates lack infinite generativity, the ability to take the word symbols of a language and combine them in a virtually infinite number of new ways.

Answer: D

Difficulty: 1

Page: 198

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.9

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

40. ____ involve(s) the ability to take the word symbols of a language and combine them in a virtually infinite number of new ways.
41. Endless combinations
42. Unobstructed creativity
43. Unlimited possibility
44. Infinite generativity

Answer: D

Difficulty: 1

Page: 198

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.9

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

41. Humans can produce a much wider range of sounds than other primates because the larynx is located lower in the throat. As a result, humans have a large sound-chamber known as the ____.
42. vocal folds
43. sublarynx
44. pharynx
45. voice box

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 198

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.9

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

42. Which area of the brain in the left frontal lobe is specialized for language production?
43. Broca’s area
44. Wernicke’s area
45. Lashley’s area
46. Gazzaniga’s area

Answer: A

Difficulty: 1

Page: 198–199

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.9

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

43. Which area of the brain is specialized for language comprehension?
44. Broca’s area
45. Wernicke’s area
46. Lashley’s area
47. Gazzaniga’s area

Answer: B

Difficulty: 1

Page: 199

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.9

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

44. ____ is specialized for language production, whereas ____ is specialized for language comprehension.
45. Piaget’s area; Vygotsky’s area
46. Vygotsky’s area; Piaget’s area
47. Broca’s area; Wernicke’s area
48. Wernicke’s area; Broca’s area

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 198–199

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.9

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

% correct 88   a= 0  b= 0  c= 88  d= 13   r = .53

 

45. Some linguists argue that the extraordinary size of the human brain in comparison to other species is largely due to the evolution of ____.
46. the human species
47. language

Correct. This is because many regions of the brain, in addition to Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas, contribute to language use.

1. cognition
2. memory

Incorrect. Some linguists argue that the extraordinary size of the human brain in comparison to other species is due mainly to the evolution of language.

Answer: B

Difficulty: 1

Page: 199

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.9

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

46. ___________ is located in the left temporal lobe of the brain.
47. Broca’s area

Incorrect. Wernicke’s area is in the left temporal lobe.

1. Wernicke’s area

Correct. Wernicke’s area is in the left temporal lobe.

1. Parietal’s area
2. Vygotsky’s area

Answer: B

Difficulty: 1

Page: 198–199

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.9

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

47. What are biological characteristics that humans possess that allow for language?
48. strong facial muscles, predatory eyes, and bilateral ears
49. vocal apparatus, a specialized brain, and genes

Correct. A variety of human biological characteristics shows that we are a species uniquely built for language. First, humans have a unique vocal apparatus. Second, two areas in the left hemisphere of the human brain are specifically devoted to language functions. Third, genes specifically devoted to language development have recently been identified.

1. lungs with elasticity, a strong visual cortex, and a high need for social affiliation

Incorrect. A variety of human biological characteristics shows that we are a species uniquely built for language. First, humans have a unique vocal apparatus. Second, two areas in the left hemisphere of the human brain are specifically devoted to language functions. Third, genes specifically devoted to language development have recently been identified.

1. a strong sense of smell, bipedal motion, and a strong temporal lobe

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 198–199

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.9

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

48. Homo sapiens 200,000 years ago had a vocal apparatus that was not notably different from ____.
49. chimpanzees
50. ours
51. baboons
52. gorillas

Answer: B

Difficulty: 1

Page: 199

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.9

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

49. Which of the following gave Homo sapiens a clear evolutionary advantage?
50. sense of smell
51. language

Correct. Language would have made it easier to communicate about the location of food sources and about how to make tools, which would in turn enhance survival.

1. keen vision

Incorrect. Language would have made it easier to communicate about the location of food sources and about how to make tools, which would in turn enhance survival.

1. strong hearing

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 199

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.9

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

50. Chomsky believed that children were born with a ___________ because they all seem to learn the basic rules of grammar in their language between 2 and 3 years of age.
51. learning acquisition device
52. language acquisition device
53. language ability device
54. learning ability device

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 199

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.9

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

51. During the time period of 12–18 months of age, a toddler learns to speak ____ new words per week.
52. 1–3
53. 6–9
54. 12–15
55. 18–24

Answer: A

Difficulty: 1

Page: 200

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.10

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

52. On average, how many words does an 18-month-old toddler know?
53. 10
54. 50
55. 100
56. 200

Answer: B

Difficulty: 1

Page: 200

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.10

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

53. Language development in the first 6 months of toddlerhood, between 12 and 18 months old, is best described as ____.
54. non-existent
55. a rapid explosion

Incorrect. From 12 to 18 months, toddlers learn to speak one to three new words a week.

1. slow to expand

Correct. Language would have made it easier to communicate about the location of food sources and about how to make tools, which would in turn enhance survival.

1. infinitely generative

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 200

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.10

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

54. Your sister is worried that her 18-month-old toddler, who knows about 20 words, is way behind in learning new words. What should you tell her?
55. She should get a tutor for her toddler.

Incorrect. There is a wide variability on when toddlers learn to speak new words. Just as the timing of taking first steps has no relation to later athletic ability, the timing of speaking new words has no relation to later verbal ability.

1. Her toddler will probably be language delayed.
2. There is a wide variability on when toddlers learn to speak new words and her child falls in the normal range.

Correct. Just as the timing of taking first steps has no relation to later athletic ability, the timing of speaking new words has no relation to later verbal ability.

1. Her toddler will most likely have reading problems, too.

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 200

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 5.10

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

 

55. When toddlers say “meh” for milk, “na-na” for banana and “dah” for dog, they are using ____.
56. poor speech
57. partial words
58. holophrases
59. telegraphic speech

Answer: B

Difficulty: 1

Page: 200

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.10

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

56. ____ are single words that a toddler uses that can represent different forms of whole sentences.
57. Underextension
58. Overextension
59. Holophrases
60. Fast mapping

Answer: C

Difficulty: 1

Page: 200

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.10

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

57. Your neighbor’s 14-month-old toddler says things like “cup!” when he means that he would like a cup of milk. Your neighbor thinks that his toddler is very lazy. What is happening? The toddler is ____.
58. language delayed and needs professional assistance

Incorrect. The toddler is using holophrases, which is consistent with being a toddler.

1. using holophrases, which is developmentally appropriate

Correct. Holophrases are single words that a toddler uses that can be used to represent different forms of whole sentences.

1. trying to manipulate his father and needs to be disciplined
2. cognitively impaired and might have a genetic disorder

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 200

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 5.10

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

% correct 100   a= 0  b= 100  c= 0  d= 0   r = .00

 

58. Your nephew loves cats. You have a large black cat that you named “Midnight.” Your nephew readily learned your cat’s name, but now calls all cats “Midnight.” Surely your nephew does not think that every cat’s name is “Midnight.” Why is this happening? Your nephew’s behavior is an example of ____.
59. overextension

Correct. Overextension is the use of a single word to represent a variety of related objects.

1. underextension

Incorrect. Overextension is the use of a single word to represent a variety of related objects.

1. telegraphic speech
2. holophrases

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 200

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 5.10

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

% correct 69   a= 69  b= 13  c= 13  d= 6   r = .59

 

59. When Ming, who is 18 months old, uses the word “kitty” to describe any small furry animal regardless of whether or not it is a cat is an example of ____.
60. underapplication
61. overextension

Correct. Overextension is the use of a single word to represent a variety of related objects.

1. underextension

Incorrect. Overextension is the use of a single word to represent a variety of related objects.

1. overregulation

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 200

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 5.10

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

 

60. Underextension is ____.
61. learning language at a slower than normal pace
62. having a single word represent a variety of objects
63. applying a general word to a specific object
64. using a single word to represent different forms of whole sentences

Answer: C

Difficulty: 1

Page: 200–201

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.10

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

61. During toddlerhood, as at all ages, ____ in language development.
62. comprehension lags behind production

Incorrect. Production (speaking) lags behind comprehension (understanding) in language development. For example, although toddlers do not reach the 50-word milestone in production until about 18 months old, they usually achieve 50-word comprehension by about 13 months old.

1. production lags behind comprehension

Correct. Production (speaking) lags behind comprehension (understanding) in language development. For example, although toddlers do not reach the 50-word milestone in production until about 18 months old, they usually achieve 50-word comprehension by about 13 months old.

1. comprehension and production are similar
2. comprehension and production improve similarly

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 201

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.10

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

% correct 31   a= 19  b= 31  c= 6  d= 44   r = .25

 

62. During toddlerhood, what is a good predictor of later verbal intelligence?
63. quantitative intelligence
64. number of words spoken
65. production
66. comprehension

Answer: D

Difficulty: 2

Page: 201

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.10

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

63. ____ is the process where toddlers learn and remember a word for an object after being told what the object is called just one time.
64. Overregulation
65. Fast mapping
66. Super quick learning
67. Exponential encoding

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 201

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.10

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

64. By what age do toddlers usually have a vocabulary of about 200 words?
65. 12 months
66. 15 months
67. 24 months
68. 30 months

Answer: C

Difficulty: 1

Page: 201

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.10

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

65. By the age of 2, most toddlers will have a vocabulary of about ____.
66. 100 words
67. 200 words
68. 300 words
69. 400 words

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 201

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.10

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

66. What are two of the most notable words that toddlers between 18 and 24 months learn and use?
67. no and gone

Correct. This indicates a growing awareness of object permanence and also their budding sense of self.

1. bye-bye and hi

Incorrect. Two of the most notable words toddlers learn between 18 and 24 months are “gone” and “no.”

1. mommy and daddy
2. here and go

Answer: A

Difficulty: 3

Page: 201

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.10

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

67. You notice that your daughter, who is 22 months old, uses the word “no!” fairly emphatically quite a lot. You were first concerned that your daughter might have oppositional-defiant disorder until you remembered that in your developmental class you learned that toddlers this age ____.
68. are actually trying to say “go”

Incorrect. Using “no” reflects their budding sense of self.

1. like to see how irritated they can get their parents
2. say “no” a lot because it reflects their budding sense of self

Correct. “Me,” “mine,” and “my” also begin to be used at this age.

1. have no idea what the word “no” means

Answer: C

Difficulty: 3

Page: 201

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 5.10

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

% correct 47    a= 47  b= 26  c= 21  d= 0   r = .22

 

68. At around 24 months of age, toddlers begin to combine spoken words into two word phrases for the first time. These combinations are called ____.
69. short sentences
70. instrumental speech
71. holophrases
72. telegraphic speech

Answer: D

Difficulty: 2

Page: 201

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.10

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

69. Your neighbor’s daughter Kelley, who just turned 2, used to yell “doggie” whenever you walked by with your golden retriever. Now when she sees you, she yells “doggie walk!” According to linguists, what type of speech production has Kelley begun to use?
70. holophrases
71. telegraphic speech

Correct. Telegraphic speech is two-word phrases that strip away connecting words.

1. declarative speech

Incorrect. Telegraphic speech is two-word phrases that strip away connecting words.

1. short sentences

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 201

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 5.10

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

 

70. Syntax is also known as ____.
71. word order
72. language development
73. unlimited usage
74. sounds of speech

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 201

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.10

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

71. At what age do children generally learn to use prepositions?
72. 12–18 months
73. 18–24 months
74. 24–36 months
75. 36–48 months

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 202

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.10

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

72. Although their pronunciation of words is not as precise as it will become later, at what age can most toddlers speak clearly enough to make themselves understood about nearly anything they wish?
73. 1 year
74. 2 years
75. 3 years
76. 4 years

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 202

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.10

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

73. What is the term that indicates that toddlers apply grammatical rules even to words that are an exception to the rule, such as “mouses” for mice and “foots” for feet?
74. overregularization
75. underregularization
76. hypergeneralization
77. hypogeneralization

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 202

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.10

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

74. “Throwed,” “runned,” and “sleeped” are examples of ____.
75. overusage
76. overregularization

Correct. Overregularization is the application of grammatical rules even to words that are exceptions to the rule.

1. overextension

Incorrect. Overregularization is the application of grammatical rules even to words that are exceptions to the rule.

1. overapplication

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 202

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.10

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

75. Cameron is a toddler and describes his time on the playground to his mother: “I runned fast and throwed the ball.” Cameron’s uses of runned and throwed are examples of ____.
76. overusage
77. overregularization

Correct. Overregularization is the application of grammatical rules even to words that are the exception to the rule.

1. overextension

Incorrect. Overregularization is the application of grammatical rules even to words that are the exception to the rule.

1. overapplied

Answer: B

Difficulty: 1

Page: 202

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 5.10

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

 

76. How many different languages are there in the world?
77. 60
78. 600
79. 6,000
80. 60,000+

Answer: D

Difficulty: 2

Page: 203

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.11

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

77. The concept that humans are built for learning language is a(n) ____ base, whereas the specific language they learn is a(n) ____ base.
78. conscious; unconscious
79. unconscious; conscious
80. sociocultural; biological

Incorrect. Humans are biologically built for learning language, but whatever language we learn must come from our social and cultural environment.

1. biological; sociocultural

Correct. Humans are biologically built for learning language, but whatever language we learn must come from our social and cultural environment.

Answer: D

Difficulty: 2

Page: 203

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.11

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

78. It is clear that humans are built for learning language, but not for learning a specific language. The language that is learned is dependent upon ____.
79. the social and cultural environment
80. biological preparedness
81. genetic programming
82. chromosomal and anatomical differences

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 203

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.11

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

79. The Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II was interested in determining what language babies would learn to speak spontaneously if no one influenced them. He instructed caregivers not to speak to neonates in orphanages so that it could be determined which language was the “natural” language. What was found?
80. German was the spontaneous language.
81. All of the infants died.

Correct. The infants needed language for social development.

1. The infants grew up to speak a combination of all languages, which was reported to be gibberish.
2. No language emerged, just hand gestures.

Incorrect. Tragically, all of the infants died.

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 203

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.11

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

% correct 19   a= 0  b= 19  c= 38  d= 44   r = .28

 

80. As compared to other families, high-income parents talk to their children ____.
81. more words per minute

Correct. Parents in high-income families talk the most to their children, averaging about 35 words a minute; parents in middle-income families talk to their children an average of about 20 words a minute; and parents of low-income families provide the least language stimulation, just 10 words per minute.

1. fewer words per minute
2. an equal amount of words per minute

Incorrect. Parents in high-income families talk the most to their children, averaging about 35 words a minute; parents in middle-income families talk to their children an average of about 20 words a minute; and parents of low-income families provide the least language stimulation, just 10 words per minute.

1. more words per minute, but only in the afternoon hours

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 204

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.11

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

81. When variables are closely related and difficult to separate, they are known as ____.
82. confused variables
83. conflicted variables
84. confounded variables
85. compounded variables

Answer: C

Difficulty: 3

Page: 204

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.11

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

82. The Gusii people of Kenya do not speak with their children directly, but it is clear that their children reach the same language milestones as American children. It has been demonstrated that Gusii children learn language from ____.
83. their DNA and biological preparedness
84. being in social groups where others are using language

Correct. Gusii children learn their language from frequently being in social groups where adults and older children are using language, not from having their language development stimulated directly in frequent daily interactions with their parents.

1. the unfolding of their chromosomal and genetic lineage
2. having their language directly stimulated by their parents

Incorrect. Gusii children learn their language from frequently being in social groups where adults and older children are using language, not from having their language development stimulated directly in frequent daily interactions with their parents.

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 204

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.11

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

83. A family from Japan moved into your neighborhood a couple of months ago. The parents are working on a project and are only here for a short time before they move back to Japan. You were talking to another neighbor who was very upset with the Japanese family and was considering filing abuse charges. The mother would very rarely let the male toddler speak and rarely encouraged him to speak. What did you tell your neighbor?
84. She should call the authorities immediately.

Incorrect. In Japanese culture, being talkative is considered impolite and undesirable, especially for males, because the Japanese believe it is better to blend in harmoniously with the group than to call attention to yourself. Consequently, Japanese mothers often discourage their children from talking, especially their boys.

1. The boy is probably mute, so there is no reason to encourage him to speak.
2. The boy’s mother is probably hoping that he will learn English while they are living here and is trying not to confuse him by also speaking Japanese.
3. This is a culturally based difference in parenting and is not abuse.

Correct. In Japanese culture, being talkative is considered impolite and undesirable, especially for males, because the Japanese believe it is better to blend in harmoniously with the group than to call attention to yourself. Consequently, Japanese mothers often discourage their children from talking, especially their boys.

Answer: D

Difficulty: 3

Page: 204

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 5.11

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

% correct 90    a= 10  b= 0  c= 0  d= 90   r = .21

 

84. Japanese mothers often ____ their children to talk, whereas Canadian mothers often ____ their children to talk.
85. prepare; do not prepare
86. do not prepare; prepare
87. discourage; encourage
88. encourage; discourage

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 204

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.11

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

Short Answer Questions

 

85. Define object permanence and give an example of how a child’s behavior might be affected if s/he has acquired this ability.

Answer: Object permanence is the understanding that an object exists even though it is no longer present. A child who could crawl or walk would go looking for a ball that rolled under the couch if s/he had object permanence.

Page: 193

Learning Objective: 5.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

 

86. How have researchers tested categorization among infants, proving that Piaget underestimated children’s early abilities?

Answer: Researchers presented babies with a series of pictures of different kinds of cats. Next, they were shown two new pictures: one of a cat and one of a dog. The babies looked longer at the dog, suggesting that it was novel and did not fit with the category of cats that they had just constructed.

Page: 194–195

Learning Objective: 5.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

87. Define and give an example of scaffolding.

Answer: Scaffolding refers to the process of helping a child to accomplish a task. The person who scaffolds is more skilled in that particular area than the child, and as the child’s skills develop, s/he is given less help so that the task can be done on his/her own. When doing a puzzle, for example, a parent might help to sort the pieces that are the same color and that have flat edges to begin to form the frame. Over time, the parent would do this less and simply suggest a piece if the child got frustrated.

Page: 196

Learning Objective: 5.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

 

88. Which hemisphere (side) and lobes of the brain contain Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area? What is the function of each?

Answer: Both are contained in the left hemisphere of the brain. Broca’s area is located in the left frontal lobe and is involved in language production and Wernicke’s area is located in the left temporal lobe and is involved in language comprehension.

Page: 198–199

Learning Objective: 5.9

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

89. Describe the language environment of a country other than the U.S.

Answer: In Japan, a collectivist culture, being talkative is considered impolite and undesirable because it is considered best to blend in and preserve group harmony than to stand out in the crowd. Therefore, Japanese mothers discourage their children, especially their sons, from talking.

Page: 204

Learning Objective: 5.11

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

 

Essay Questions

 

90. How is Vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development different from Piaget’s theory?

Answer: Vygotsky proposed a sociocultural theory of cognitive development which posited that children learn from interactions with others in their environment, and what they learn is different from one culture to another. Piaget emphasized children’s interactions with the physical environment and assumed that cognitive development is the same across cultures.

Page: 192–197

Learning Objective: 5.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

91. Outline how language develops from approximately one year of age to two years of age.

Answer: By one year, even though babies have a limited vocabulary, they can use one-word holophrases to mean a variety of things. For example, the word mommy can mean “Mommy pick me up” or it can mean “Where is my mommy?” if uttered with a rising intonation. By about two years, they use telegraphic speech, which are two-word utterances that leave out articles such as a, an, the. They might say, “Mommy gone” to protest that their mother has left and they are not very happy about it. If uttered with a rising intonation, they may be asking the question, “Is my mommy gone? Because she was here before I took my nap and now I can’t find her.”

Page: 200–202

Learning Objective: 5.10

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

 

 

Section 3 Emotional and Social Development

Test Item File

Multiple Choice Questions

 

1. A toddler being comforted by a blanket or stuffed animal is an example of which of the following emotional regulation techniques?
2. behavioral regulation of emotions

Correct. This is one of the first ways in which a toddler learns to regulate his or her        emotions.

1. language to regulate emotions
2. internal stimuli to regulate emotions

Incorrect. Being comforted by a blanket or stuffed animal is an example of toddlers developing behaviors to help them regulate their emotions.

1. sociomoral regulation of emotions

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 207

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

2. In toddlerhood, parents begin to convey and enforce rules that require emotional regulation. This is an example of using ____ to extend toddlers’ capacities for emotional regulation.
3. external requirements

Correct. When parents begin to convey and enforce rules that require emotional regulation, such as no hitting others no matter how angry you are or no jumping on the table no matter how happy you are, this is an example of using external requirements to extend a toddler’s capacities for emotional regulation.

1. communication

Incorrect. When parents begin to convey and enforce rules that require emotional regulation, such as no hitting others no matter how angry you are or no jumping on the table no matter how happy you are, this is an example of using external requirements to extend a toddler’s capacities for emotional regulation.

1. language
2. speech

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 207

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

3. Learning to regulate their ____ helps toddlers to regulate their ____.
4. explicit emotions; subjective emotions
5. subjective emotions; explicit emotions
6. primary emotions; sociomoral emotions
7. sociomoral emotions; primary emotions

Answer: C

Difficulty: 3

Page: 207

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

4. In Western countries it is widely accepted that toddlerhood tantrums are normal and even inevitable. What is the case for tantrums outside of Western countries?
5. Tantrums are much worse.

Incorrect. Outside of the West, toddler tantrums are rare.

1. Tantrums are rare.

Correct. This suggests that tantrums are not inevitable, but a consequence of a culture that values self-expression, which children have already learned by toddlerhood.

1. Children are severely punished if they have a tantrum.
2. Children are praised when then have tantrums, but they are still rare.

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 207–208

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

5. Tantrums during toddlerhood, also known as the “terrible twos,” are ____.
6. universal across the world

Incorrect. Outside the West, toddler tantrums are rare.

1. rarely seen in countries outside the West

Correct. This suggests that tantrums are not inevitable, but a consequence of a culture that values self-expression, which children have already learned by toddlerhood.

1. only seen in developing nations
2. rarely seen in the United States

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 207–208

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

6. Anger, fear, and happiness are examples of ____.
7. animal emotions
8. primary emotions
9. secondary emotions
10. tertiary emotions

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 208

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

7. Which of the following are primary emotions?
8. sympathy, surprise, and exhilaration
9. anger, fear, and happiness
10. shame, guilt, and embarrassment
11. pride, envy, and jealousy

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 208

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

8. In toddlerhood new emotions appear, such as guilt, shame, embarrassment, envy, and pride. These are examples of ____.
9. animal emotions
10. primary emotions
11. secondary emotions
12. tertiary emotions

Answer: C

Difficulty: 3

Page: 208

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

9. Which of the following are secondary emotions?
10. sadness, disgust, and joy
11. anger, fear, and happiness
12. shame, guilt, and embarrassment
13. surprise, sadness, and anger

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 208

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

% correct 100    a= 0  b= 0  c= 100  d= 0  r = .00

 

10. Ginny fell down while running at the park. She quickly looked around and noticed that some other kids saw her. She felt embarrassed. The youngest that Ginny could be is __________.
11. 1 year old
12. 2 years old
13. 3 years old
14. 4 years old

Answer: C

Difficulty: 3

Page: 208

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 5.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

11. Because they are evoked based on what the toddler has learned about culturally based standards of right and wrong, secondary emotions are called ____.
12. content emotions
13. sociomoral emotions
14. guided emotions
15. cultural emotions

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 208

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

% correct 69    a= 0  b= 69  c= 31  d= 0   r = .39

 

12. Secondary emotions are also known as sociomoral emotions because they ____.
13. are present for the lifespan, from birth to death, for many cultural groups
14. have been found to have universal meaning across cultures
15. are based upon cultural standards of right or wrong

Correct. These emotions develop because toddlers have learned to feel good when they conform to the expected standards and bad when they do not.

1. are present at birth for all infants regardless of culture

Incorrect. The secondary emotions are called sociomoral emotions because they are evoked based on what the toddler has learned about culturally based standards of right and wrong.

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 208

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

13. When do most toddlers develop the internalized set of moral standards that guide their emotions and behavior?
14. 18 months
15. 2 years
16. 3 years
17. 4 years

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 208

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

14. What is an internalized set of moral standards that guide toddlers’ emotions and behaviors?
15. a moral compass
16. an emotional dictum
17. a conscience
18. a cultural standard

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 208

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

15. ____ is the ability to understand and respond helpfully to another person’s distress.
16. Sadness
17. Thoughtfulness
18. Empathy
19. Apathy

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 208

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

16. Twenty-eight month old Nicole saw her friend crying and she responded by giving her friend a toy. Which emotion was Nicole expressing?
17. thoughtfulness
18. empathy
19. apathy
20. sadness

Answer: B

Difficulty: 3

Page: 208

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 5.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

 

17. Hoffman (2000) found that toddlers responded to a researcher’s feigned distress by offering a hug, a comforting remark, or a favorite stuffed animal or blanket. What concept describes this behavior?
18. socio-emotive balance
19. conscience

Incorrect. Empathy is the ability to understand and respond helpfully to another person’s distress.

1. empathy

Correct. Empathy is the ability to understand and respond helpfully to another person’s distress.

1. emotional intelligence

Answer: C

Difficulty: 3

Page: 208

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

18. What do Chinese mothers use to teach their toddlers to be considerate of others, which also prepares them for growing up in a collectivistic culture that emphasizes the value of consideration for others?
19. praise
20. admiration
21. reinforcement
22. shame

Answer: D

Difficulty: 3

Page: 209

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

% correct 63    a= 6  b= 6  c= 25  d= 63   r = .46

 

19. Within the first few days of life, infants begin to ____.
20. have a well-developed sense of self

Incorrect. Infants recognize the smell of their mother’s breast and the sound of her voice after just a few days of life.

1. lose the rooting reflex and begin to feed on their own
2. recognize the smell of their mother’s breast and the sound of her voice

Correct. This indicates an awareness of a difference between their own smells and sounds and those of others.

1. have regular sleep and wake cycles

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 209

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

20. Lewis and Brooks-Gunn (1979) put a red spot on the noses of children who were 9, 12, and 18 months old. The children then viewed themselves in mirrors. At what age did the children rub their noses, recognizing the image was their own?
21. 9 months
22. 12 months
23. 18 months
24. none of them did

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 209

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

% correct 88   a= 0  b= 13  c= 88  d= 0   r = .63

 

21. Most toddlers can self-recognize by ____.
22. 6 months
23. 12 months
24. 18 months
25. 24 months

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 209

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

22. When do children begin to use personal pronouns for the first time (e.g., “I,” “me,” etc.) and refer to themselves by their own names?
23. 9 months
24. 12 months
25. 18 months
26. 24 months

Answer: C

Difficulty: 3

Page: 209

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

23. What is the capacity to think about oneself as one would think of other persons and objects?
24. self-reflection
25. self-awareness
26. self-esteem
27. self-report

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 209

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

24. Self-reflection is ____.
25. the ability to understand and respond helpfully to another person’s distress
26. the capacity to think about oneself as one would think about other persons or objects
27. an emotional bond that promotes the protection and survival of children
28. an individual’s readiness or disposal to respond to their environment in a particular way

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 209

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

25. What cognitive ability helps toddlers to develop sociomoral emotions?
26. self-awareness
27. self-esteem
28. self-report
29. self-reflection

Answer: D

Difficulty: 1

Page: 209

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

26. Self-reflection enables toddlers to develop ____.
27. the social metric scale
28. biological awareness
29. sociomoral emotions
30. self-recognition

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 209

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

27. Between what ages are toddlers able to identify themselves and others as male or female?
28. 6 and 12 months
29. 13 and 17 months
30. 18 and 30 months
31. 32 and 36 months

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 210

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

28. At what age are toddlers able to apply gender terms like “boy,” “girl,” “woman,” and “man” to others?
29. 1 year
30. 2 years
31. 3 years
32. 4 years

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 210

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

29. What term refers to the biological status of being male or female?
30. femininity
31. masculinity
32. sex
33. gender

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 210

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

30. Sex refers to ____.
31. an individual’s emotional and sexual desire to be with another person
32. the cultural categories of “male” or “female”
33. the biological status of being male or female
34. an individual’s perception of oneself as being male or female

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 210

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

31. ____ refers to the cultural categories of “male” and “female.”
32. Self-recognition
33. Sex
34. Gender
35. Sexual orientation

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 210

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

32. The term “gender” implies that characteristics of males and females may be due to ____.
33. cultural and social beliefs

Correct. Use of the term “gender” implies that characteristics of males and females may be due to cultural and social beliefs, influences, and perceptions.

1. biological and genetic factors

Incorrect. Use of the term “gender” implies that characteristics of males and females may be due to cultural and social beliefs, influences, and perceptions.

1. physical and mental factors
2. density and weight factors

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 210

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

33. The term sex implies that the characteristics of males and females have ____; whereas, the term gender implies that characteristics of males and females may be due to ____.
34. a chromosomal basis; an individual’s genetics
35. an individual’s genetics; a chromosomal basis
36. a biological basis; cultural and social beliefs

Correct. For example, the fact that males are somewhat larger than females throughout life is a sex difference. However, the fact that girls in many cultures have longer hair than boys is a gender difference.

1. social and cultural beliefs; a biological basis

Incorrect. Use of term sex implies that the characteristics of males and females have a biological basis. Use of the term gender implies that characteristics of males and females may be due to cultural and social beliefs.

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 210

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

% correct 88   a= 0  b= 6  c= 88  d= 6  r = .27

 

34. Sidorowicz and Lunney (1980) asked adults to play with a 10-month-old infant they did not know. Some were told that the infant was female while others were told the infant was male. All were given a rubber football, a doll, and a teething ring to play with. What did the researchers find with regard to how the adults played with the infant?
35. Adults played with the child using all of the toys regardless of the sex of

the infant.

1. Adult males did not like to play with the infant.

Incorrect. When the adults thought the child was male, 50% of the men and 80% of the women played with the child using a rubber football. When they thought the child was female, 89% of the men and 73% of the women used a doll in play.

1. Adults played with the child using the toys they thought were appropriate            for their sex.

Correct. When the adults thought the child was male, 50% of the men and 80% of

            the women played with the child using a rubber football. When they thought the

            child was female, 89% of the men and 73% of the women used a doll in play.

1. Adult females only played with the doll regardless of the sex of the infant.

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 210

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

35. Which individuals primarily convey cultural gender messages to infants?
36. the media
37. the parents

Correct. In the early years, it is mainly parents who are the deliverers of cultural gender messages.

1. the preschool teachers
2. the infant’s siblings

Incorrect. In the early years, it is mainly parents who are the deliverers of cultural gender messages.

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 210

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

36. ____ is the study of animal behavior.
37. Ethnology
38. Ecology
39. Epidemiology
40. Ethology

Answer: D

Difficulty: 2

Page: 211

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

37. Sally is very physically active and she likes to play with trucks and airplanes and prefers males as playmates. Much of her play behavior is masculine. One explanation for this is that ___________.
38. she was exposed to high levels of estrogen in the womb during prenatal development
39. she was exposed to high levels of androgens in the womb during prenatal development
40. she was exposed to high levels of teratogens in the womb during prenatal development
41. she was exposed to high levels of cortisol in the womb during prenatal development

Answer: B

Difficulty: 3

Page: 211

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 5.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

 

38. Students of development should _________ all human gender differences are primarily due to biology.
39. believe that
40. accept that
41. know that
42. be skeptical of thinking that

Answer: D

Difficulty: 3

Page: 212

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 5.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

 

39. In terms of university enrollment across the world, Arnett (2015) found that __________.
40. the number of men exceed the number of women
41. the number of men and women enrolled is about equal
42. the number of non-traditional students exceeds the number of traditional students
43. the number of women usually exceeds the number of men

Answer: D

Difficulty: 3

Page: 212

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

40. Which of the following best describes the findings by French psychiatrist René Spitz on the subject of attachment?
41. Well-fed infants raised in institutions suffered in their physical and emotional development.

Correct. Despite adequate physical care, infants who entered an orphanage between the ages of 3 and 12 months lost weight and were listless and passive.

1. All well-fed infants were closely attached to their caregivers.
2. Attachment depended on the infants seeing their caregivers.
3. Attachment seemed to be present at birth.

Incorrect. Spitz found that well-fed infants raised in institutions suffered in their physical and emotional development.

Answer: A

Difficulty: 3

Page: 213

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

% correct 56   a= 56  b= 6  c= 13  d= 25  r = .36

 

41. In his studies on infants, Spitz used the term anaclitic depression to describe babies who seemed listless and passive because the infants were depressed as a function of ____.
42. being in very over-crowded nurseries
43. sharing a crib with opposite-sexed infants
44. too much attention

Incorrect. Spitz attributed the infants’ condition to the fact that one nurse had to care for seven infants and spent little time with each except for feeding them and changing their diapers. Anaclitic means “leaning upon,” and Spitz chose the term because the infants had no one to “lean on.”

1. having no one to help them or to “lean on”

Correct. Spitz attributed the infants’ condition to the fact that one nurse had to care for seven infants and spent little time with each except for feeding them and changing their diapers. Anaclitic means “leaning upon,” and Spitz chose the term because the infants had no one to “lean on.”

Answer: D

Difficulty: 3

Page: 213

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

42. In Harry Harlow’s (1958) classic study on attachment, which of the following “mothers” did the baby monkeys prefer?
43. terry cloth
44. wire mesh
45. cotton balls
46. wood

Answer: A

Difficulty: 1

Page: 213–214

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

43. According to the text, Harry Harlow placed baby monkeys in a cage with two types of artificial monkey “mothers.” Which type of “mother” did the baby monkeys prefer?
44. the wire mother who dispensed milk
45. the soft terry cloth mother
46. the mother who held the sliced bananas
47. the mother who hummed

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 213–214

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

44. A gosling bonding to the first moving object it sees is an example of ____.
45. imprinting

Correct. Konrad Lorenz, a German ethologist, showed that newborn goslings would bond to the first moving object they saw after hatching and follow it closely, a phenomenon he called “imprinting.”

1. engraining
2. attaching

Incorrect. Konrad Lorenz, a German ethologist, showed that newborn goslings would bond to the first moving object they saw after hatching and follow it closely, a phenomenon he called “imprinting.”

1. locking

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 214

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

45. Lorenz and other ethologists believed that the foundation of the bond between the young of the species and their mothers was ____.
46. protection
47. nourishment
48. entertainment
49. warmth

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 214

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

46. ____ is an emotional bond that promotes the protection and survival of children during the years in which they are most vulnerable.
47. A secure base
48. Imprinting
49. Attachment
50. Home base

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 207

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

47. Who is the person who is sought out when a child experiences some kind of distress or threat in the environment?
48. the figure of strength
49. the primary attachment figure
50. the ethological mother
51. the older sibling

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 214

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

48. According to Bowlby, what loss would be catastrophic for children’s development?
49. the father
50. the mother
51. the primary attachment figure
52. the siblings

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 214

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

49. Stranger anxiety first appears at what age?
50. 3 months
51. 6 months
52. 1 year
53. 2 years

Answer: B

Difficulty: 1

Page: 214–215

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

50. There is an evolutionary basis for the development of stranger anxiety. Learning to stay close to familiar persons helps infants to ____.
51. not be abducted by strangers
52. not follow unfamiliar people so that they become lost

Incorrect. Learning to stay close to familiar persons and avoid unfamiliar persons helps infants stay near those who will protect them and keep them safe.

1. be protected and safe

Correct. Stranger anxiety begins at about 6 months and grows stronger in the months that follow, peaking around 10 to 15 months depending on the culture.

1. learn object discrimination

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 215

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

51. Under normal conditions, young children use their primary attachment figure as a ____.
52. source of nutrition
53. secure base
54. source of entertainment
55. source of education

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 216

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

52. Mary Ainsworth is best known for her research on attachment and her use of ____.
53. rhesus monkeys
54. goslings and geese
55. the Strange Situation
56. the Visual Cliff

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 215–216

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

% correct 100   a= 0  b= 0  c= 100  d= 0   r = .00

 

53. What laboratory procedure did Mary Ainsworth develop to examine children’s attachment behaviors?
54. the attachment room
55. the Strange Situation
56. one-way mirrors
57. robotic puppets

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 215–216

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

54. _____ is a series of introductions, separations and reunions involving the child, the mother, and an unfamiliar person.
55. The Strange Situation
56. The Primary Attachment Figure
57. The Visual Cliff
58. The Stranger Anxiety Assessment Scale

Answer: A

Difficulty: 1

Page: 215–216

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

55. In this type of attachment, toddlers use the mother as a secure base from which to explore when the mother and toddler are together. When separated from his or her mother, the toddler cries and then is very happy when she returns.
56. secure attachment

Correct. Toddlers in the secure attachment category use the mother as a secure base from which to explore when only the mother and toddler are present. Upon separation, securely attached toddlers usually cry or vocalize in protest. When the mother returns, they greet her happily by smiling and perhaps going to her to be hugged and held.

1. insecure–avoidant attachment

Incorrect. Toddlers in the secure attachment category use the mother as a secure base from which to explore when only the mother and toddler are present. Upon separation, securely attached toddlers usually cry or vocalize in protest. When the mother returns, they greet her happily by smiling and perhaps going to her to be hugged and held.

1. insecure–resistant attachment
2. disorganized–disoriented attachment

Answer: A

Difficulty: 3

Page: 216

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

56. Which of the following best describes a toddler who securely attached during the Strange Situation test?
57. The toddler usually cries upon separation but when the mother returns they greet her happily and begin to smile.

Correct. Toddlers in the secure attachment category use the mother as a secure base from which to explore when only the mother and toddler are present. Upon separation, securely attached toddlers usually cry or vocalize in protest. When the mother returns, they greet her happily by smiling and perhaps going to her to be hugged and held.

1. The toddler shows little or no interaction when she is present and no response when she departs.

Incorrect. Toddlers in the secure attachment category use the mother as a secure base from which to explore, when only the mother and toddler are present. Upon separation, securely attached toddlers usually cry or vocalize in protest. When the mother returns, they greet her happily by smiling and perhaps going to her to be hugged and held.

1. The toddler is less likely than others to explore the room and shows greater than normal distress when she leaves.
2. The toddler seems dazed and detached when the mother leaves the room and remains fearful upon her return.

Answer: A

Difficulty: 3

Page: 216

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

% correct 81   a= 81  b= 0  c=13  d= 6   r = .45

 

57. In this type of attachment, toddlers show little or no interaction with the mother when she is present and no response to the mother’s departure or return.
58. secure attachment
59. insecure–avoidant attachment

Correct. When these toddlers are picked up in the last episode of the Strange Situation, they may immediately seek to get down.

1. insecure–resistant attachment

Incorrect. Toddlers in the insecure–avoidant attachment category show little or no interaction with the mother when she is present, and no response to the mother’s departure or return.

1. disorganized–disoriented attachment

Answer: B

Difficulty: 3

Page: 216

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

58. In this type of attachment, these toddlers are less likely to explore any toys when the mother is present and they show greater distress when she leaves the room. When she returns they run to greet her, but then push away when she attempts to comfort or pick them up.
59. secure attachment
60. insecure–avoidant attachment

Incorrect. Toddlers classified as insecure–resistant are less likely than others to explore toys when the mother is present, and they show greater distress when she leaves the room. When she returns, they show ambivalence, running to greet the mother in seeming relief but then pushing her away when she attempts to comfort or pick them up.

1. insecure–resistant attachment

Correct. These toddlers show little exploratory behavior when the parent is present, great distress when the parent leaves, and ambivalence when the parent returns.

1. disorganized–disoriented attachment

Answer: C

Difficulty: 3

Page: 216

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

59. In this type of attachment, toddlers show extremely unusual behavior. They seemed dazed and detached when the mother leaves the room, but with outbursts of anger. When the mother returns, they may seem fearful.
60. secure attachment
61. insecure–avoidant attachment
62. insecure–resistant attachment

Incorrect. Toddlers in the disorganized–disoriented attachment category may seem dazed and detached when the mother leaves the room, but with outbursts of anger, and when the mother returns, they may seem fearful.

1. disorganized–disoriented attachment

Correct. This kind of attachment is especially shown by toddlers who show other signs of serious problems, such as autism or Down syndrome.

Answer: D

Difficulty: 3

Page: 216

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

60. Toddlers with a disorganized–disoriented attachment most closely resemble which of the following?
61. When their mother returns, they greet her happily by smiling and going to her.
62. There is no response to their mother when she departs or when she returns.
63. When their mother returns, they show ambivalence by pushing her away when she attempts to comfort them.

Incorrect. Toddlers in the disorganized–disoriented attachment category may seem dazed and detached when the mother leaves the room, but with outbursts of anger, and when the mother returns they may seem fearful.

1. They seem dazed and detached when their mother leaves the room and remain fearful when she returns.

Correct. This kind of attachment is especially shown by toddlers who show other signs of serious problems, such as autism or Down syndrome.

Answer: D

Difficulty: 3

Page: 216

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

61. At what point during the experimental situations did Ainsworth believe the best indicator of the quality of attachment occurred?
62. when the mother was not present in the room
63. when the mother was still in the room, so that the toddler’s exploration behaviors could be assessed

Incorrect. Ainsworth viewed the toddler’s reunion behavior as the best indicator of the quality of attachment. Toddlers with secure attachments seemed delighted to see their mothers again after a separation and often sought physical contact with her; toddlers with insecure attachments either responded little to her return or seemed both relieved and angry with her.

1. when the mother returned and the reunion behavior could be assessed

Correct. Ainsworth viewed the toddler’s reunion behavior as the best indicator of the quality of attachment. Toddlers with secure attachments seemed delighted to see their mothers again after a separation and often sought physical contact with her; toddlers with insecure attachments either responded little to her return or seemed both relieved and angry with her.

1. before the assessment began; the experimenters could measure toddler-mother behaviors before the mothers knew they were being assessed

Answer: C

Difficulty: 3

Page: 216

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

% correct 89    a= 5  b= 0  c= 89  d= 0   r = .51

 

62. Based on Ainsworth’s early research, what percentage of toddlers were securely attached?
63. one-quarter
64. one-third
65. one-half
66. two-thirds

Answer: D

Difficulty: 2

Page: 216

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.16

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

63. ____ is the most common attachment style, whereas ____ is the most rare.
64. Insecure–avoidant; secure attachment
65. Secure; insecure–avoidant attachment

Incorrect. Ainsworth’s early research indicated that about two-thirds of toddlers had secure attachments to their mothers, with the remaining one-third either insecure–avoidant or insecure–resistant. Disorganized–disoriented attachment is rare.

1. Disorganized-disoriented; secure attachment
2. Secure; disorganized-disoriented attachment

Correct. Ainsworth’s early research indicated that about two-thirds of toddlers had secure attachments to their mothers, with the remaining one-third either insecure–avoidant or insecure–resistant. Disorganized–disoriented attachment is rare.

Answer: D

Difficulty: 2

Page: 216

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.16

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

64. Ainsworth concluded that the quality of attachment was based mainly on how ____ the mother was.
65. demanding and responsive
66. caring and tempered

Incorrect. When considering the mother–child interactions in the home in relation to their behavior as observed in the Strange Situation, Ainsworth concluded that the quality of attachment was based mainly on how sensitive and responsive the mother was.

1. emotionally mature and intelligent
2. sensitive and responsive

Correct. When considering the mother–child interactions in the home in relation to their behavior as observed in the Strange Situation, Ainsworth concluded that the quality of attachment was based mainly on how sensitive and responsive the mother was.

Answer: D

Difficulty: 2

Page: 217

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.16

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

65. To be ____ means to be good at judging what the child needs at any given time.
66. demanding
67. responsive
68. sensitive
69. fruitful

Answer: C

Difficulty: 1

Page: 217

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.16

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

66. To be ____ means to be quick to assist or soothe the child when they need it.
67. demanding
68. responsive
69. sensitive
70. fruitful

Answer: B

Difficulty: 1

Page: 217

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.16

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

67. According to attachment theory, based on the degree of their mother’s sensitive and responsive behavior over the first year of life, children develop ____.
68. a strong attachment

Incorrect. According to attachment theory, based on the degree of their mother’s sensitive and responsive behavior over the first year of life, children develop an internal working model of what to expect about her availability and supportiveness during times of need.

1. an internal working model

Correct. According to attachment theory, based on the degree of their mother’s sensitive and responsive behavior over the first year of life, children develop an internal working model of what to expect about her availability and supportiveness during times of need.

1. a sense of belongingness
2. a notion of what family is

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 217

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.16

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

% correct 38   a= 63  b= 38  c= 0  d= 0   r = .46

 

68. According to attachment theory, what type of attachment leads to children who are able to love and trust others?
69. secure attachment

Correct. Securely attached children are able to love and trust others because they could love and trust their primary caregiver in their early years.

1. insecure–avoidant attachment

Incorrect. Securely attached children are able to love and trust others because they could love and trust their primary caregiver in their early years.

1. insecure–resistant attachment
2. disorganized–disoriented attachment

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 217

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.16

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

% correct 50   a= 50  b= 44  c= 0  d= 6  r = .49

 

69. What attachment type was highly predictive of later problems and included toddlers who in early and middle childhood exhibited hostility and aggression?
70. secure attachment
71. insecure–avoidant attachment
72. insecure–resistant attachment

Incorrect. Only disorganized–disoriented attachment is highly predictive of later problems. Toddlers with this attachment classification exhibit high hostility and aggression in early and middle childhood, and are likely to have cognitive problems as well.

1. disorganized–disoriented attachment

Correct. Only disorganized–disoriented attachment is highly predictive of later problems. Toddlers with this attachment classification exhibit high hostility and aggression in early and middle childhood, and are likely to have cognitive problems as well.

Answer: D

Difficulty: 2

Page: 217

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.16

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

 

70. What type of attachment was believed to be due to underlying problems in neurological development, not to the behavior of the primary caregiver?
71. secure attachment
72. insecure–avoidant attachment
73. insecure–resistant attachment

Incorrect. Disorganized–disoriented attachment is believed to be due to underlying problems in neurological development, not to the behavior of the primary caregiver.

1. disorganized–disoriented attachment

Correct. This kind of attachment is especially shown by toddlers who show other signs of serious problems, such as autism or Down syndrome.

Answer: D

Difficulty: 2

Page: 217

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.16

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

71. Which of the following is a major criticism of attachment theory?
72. It overstates the mother’s influence and understates the child’s influence on the quality of attachment.

Correct. The “child effect” is one of the most common critiques of attachment theory. It claims the theory overstates the mother’s influence and understates the child’s influence on quality of attachment.

1. It places too much emphasis on unconscious awareness and too little emphasis on the conscious state.
2. It overstates cultural influence and does not recognize how different attachments are across cultures.
3. It places too much emphasis on temperament and too much emphasis on the parent–child relationship.

Incorrect. The “child effect” is one of the most common critiques of attachment theory. It claims the theory overstates the mother’s influence and understates the child’s influence on quality of attachment.

Answer: A

Difficulty: 3

Page: 219

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.16

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

72. There are two major criticisms of attachment theory. One of them has to do with ____.
73. expecting that toddlers want to play in a room with just a few toys
74. thinking that toddlers will become distressed if their mothers leave

Incorrect. The attachment theory fails to recognize that children are born with different temperaments. If, in the Strange Situation, a toddler is highly anxious when the mother leaves the room, then behaves aggressively by pushing her away when she returns, it could be due to a difficult temperament, not to the mother’s failure to be sufficiently sensitive and responsive.

1. failing to recognize that children are born with different temperaments

Correct. The attachment theory fails to recognize that children are born with different temperaments. If, in the Strange Situation, a toddler is highly anxious when the mother leaves the room, then behaves aggressively by pushing her away when she returns, it could be due to a difficult temperament, not to the mother’s failure to be sufficiently sensitive and responsive.

1. that the mother was not gone long enough from the room

Answer: C

Difficulty: 3

Page: 219

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.16

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

73. There are two major criticisms of attachment theory. One of them has to do with ____.
74. the assumption that the direction of influence is one-way, from parents to

children

Correct. In attachment theory, the direction of influence is one-way, from parents to children, but increasingly in recent decades, researchers of human development have emphasized that parent–child relations are reciprocal or bidirectional.

1. the fact that fathers were not considered

Incorrect. In attachment theory, the direction of influence is one-way, from parents to children, but increasingly in recent decades, researchers of human development have emphasized that parent–child relations are reciprocal or bidirectional.

1. the fact that the theory was simply too complex
2. the requirement that toddlers were required to spend time in a small room with their mothers, which they generally do not like

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 219

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.16

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

74. In recent decades, researchers on attachment have emphasized that the parent-child relationship is ____.
75. reciprocal or bidirectional

Correct. In attachment theory, the direction of influence is one-way, from parents to children, but increasingly in recent decades, researchers of human development have emphasized that parent–child relations are reciprocal or bidirectional.

1. only significant during toddlerhood
2. filled with storm and stress
3. unilateral or one way

Incorrect. In attachment theory, the direction of influence is one-way, from parents to children, but increasingly in recent decades, researchers of human development have emphasized that parent–child relations are reciprocal or bidirectional.

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 219

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.16

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

% correct 100   a= 100  b= 0  c= 0  d= 0   r = .00

 

75. Posada et al. (1995) examined mothers and toddlers from China, Columbia, Germany, Israel, Japan, and the United States on what constitutes a securely attached child. How did these mothers describe an “ideally secure” child?
76. in similar ways, particularly in how they viewed themselves as a secure base

Correct. Across cultures, mothers described an “ideally secure” child in similar ways, as relying on the mother in times of need but also being willing to explore the surrounding world—in short, using her as a secure base from which to explore, much as described in attachment theory.

1. from their mothers’ description, Japanese toddlers were more likely to be classified as insecure–avoidant rather than “ideally secure”
2. in different ways, as they differed in how they viewed themselves as secure bases

Incorrect. Across cultures, mothers described an “ideally secure” child in similar ways, as relying on the mother in times of need but also being willing to explore the surrounding world—in short, using her as a secure base from which to explore, much as described in attachment theory.

1. from their mothers’ description, Chinese toddlers were more likely to be classified as insecure–resistant rather than “ideally secure”

Answer: A

Difficulty: 3

Page: 219

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.16

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

76. What is the name of the Japanese concept that describes the very close, physical, indulgent relationship between the mother and her young child?
77. densah
78. namae
79. amae
80. konnichiwa

Answer: C

Difficulty: 3

Page: 220

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.16

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

77. The ability to provide ____ is a biological reason why mothers have historically been the primary caretaker.
78. breast milk
79. a secure attachment
80. co-sleeping
81. amae

Answer: A

Difficulty: 1

Page: 221–222

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.17

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

 

78. Which of the following are two reasons why mothers have historically been the primary caretakers of infants and toddlers?
79. racism and discrimination
80. biological and cultural bias

Correct. There are two reasons that mothers have historically been the primary caretakers of infants and toddlers. The first reason is biological, due to mothers being able to provide breast milk for their infants. The second reason has a cultural basis, due to the traditional gender roles of males and females.

1. gender oppression and social laws
2. genetics and family expectations

Incorrect. There are two reasons that mothers have historically been the primary caretakers of infants and toddlers. The first reason is biological, due to mothers being able to provide breast milk for their infants. The second reason has a cultural basis, due to the traditional gender roles of males and females.

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 221–222

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.17

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

79. In nearly all cultures, mothers play a central role in the care of infants and toddlers. What roles do fathers in traditional cultures play?
80. Fathers are heavily involved in the birth process and in early child care.
81. Fathers are heavily involved in the birth process, but do little in child care.
82. Fathers are often excluded entirely from the birth process, but are heavily involved in early child care.

Incorrect. In traditional cultures, fathers are often excluded entirely from the birth process and are rarely involved in daily child care.

1. Fathers are often excluded entirely form the birth process and are rarely involved in daily child care.

Correct. Fathers are often providers and disciplinarians or authority figures, although in some cultures this role coexists with warm, affectionate relations.

Answer: D

Difficulty: 2

Page: 222

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.17

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

80. How do fathers in China play a role in raising their children?
81. as the primary attachment figure
82. they do not interfere with the mother’s authority
83. as the provider and disciplinarian
84. as the main teacher and educator

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 222

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.17

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

81. Many cultures in Africa have a tradition of polygyny. What is polygyny?
82. men who have more than one wife
83. women who have more than one husband
84. parents who have children from more than one family
85. children who live alternatively live in more than one family

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 222

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.17

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

82. ____ is when men have more than one wife.
83. Polygyny
84. Polyandry
85. Monogamy
86. Polyamory

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 222

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.17

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

83. When fathers in industrialized societies interact with their infants and toddlers, it tends to be ____.
84. very negative and harsh
85. educational in nature
86. disciplined based
87. in highly stimulating rough-and-tumble play

Answer: D

Difficulty: 1

Page: 223

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.17

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

84. Recent studies have shown that American fathers spend what percentage of their time caring for their young children?
85. about 25% of what mothers do
86. about 50% of what mothers do
87. about 85% of what mothers do
88. the same as mothers

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 222

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.17

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

85. In traditional cultures, a(n) ____ sibling, usually a ____, often takes over the main responsibility for child care from the mother.
86. younger; brother
87. older; brother
88. younger; sister
89. older; sister

Answer: D

Difficulty: 2

Page: 223

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.18

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

86. Toddlers’ attachments to older siblings who care for them appear to be ____.
87. primary attachments

Incorrect. Toddlers’ attachments to older siblings appear to be secondary attachments rather than primary attachments. That is, under most conditions toddlers are content to be under the care of older siblings, but in times of crisis they want the care and comfort of their mothers.

1. secondary attachments

Correct. Toddlers’ attachments to older siblings appear to be secondary attachments rather than primary attachments. That is, under most conditions toddlers are content to be under the care of older siblings, but in times of crisis they want the care and comfort of their mothers.

1. tertiary attachments
2. primitive attachments

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 223

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.18

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

87. Much of the research on toddlers’ relations with siblings has focused on how they respond ____.
88. to a twin
89. to an older sister

Incorrect. A substantial amount of research on toddlers’ reactions with siblings has focused on how they respond to the birth of a younger sibling. Overall, their reaction tends to be negative.

1. to the birth of a younger sibling

Correct. A substantial amount of research on toddlers’ reactions with siblings has focused on how they respond to the birth of a younger sibling. Overall, their reaction tends to be negative.

1. to an older brother

Answer: C

Difficulty: 1

Page: 223

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.18

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

88. How do toddlers react to the birth of a younger sibling?
89. generally negatively
90. very excitedly
91. equivocally
92. with great anticipation

Answer: A

Difficulty: 1

Page: 223

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.18

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

89. When a younger sibling is born, what happens to the attachment between the toddler and his or her mother?
90. It remains the same.
91. It generally improves slightly.
92. It typically improves considerably.

Incorrect. The attachment changes from secure to insecure, as they feel threatened by all the attention given to the new baby.

1. It often changes from secure to insecure.

Correct. The attachment changes from secure to insecure, as they feel threatened by all the attention given to the new baby.

Answer: D

Difficulty: 3

Page: 223

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.18

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

90. Gino is 3 years old and his mother just gave birth to another child. Just recently Gino has become increasingly aggressive toward the baby, and increasingly whiny, demanding, and disobedient. To help the situation, Gino’s mother should ____.
91. use positive and negative punishment to condition Gino’s negative behaviors

Incorrect. Studies indicate that if mothers pay special attention to the toddler before the new baby arrives and explain the feelings and needs of the baby after the birth, toddlers respond more positively to their new sibling.

1. explain the feelings and needs of the baby to him

Correct. Studies indicate that if mothers pay special attention to the toddler before the new baby arrives and explain the feelings and needs of the baby after the birth, toddlers respond more positively to their new sibling.

1. separate Gino from the baby for a time of 2 weeks as a means to buffer the negative feelings
2. take Gino to see a child psychologist because his behaviors are extremely rare and disturbing

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 223

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 5.18

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

 

91. When the infant becomes a toddler, the relationship between the younger and older sibling changes. On the positive side, the relationship improves because ____.
92. the older sibling becomes interested in playing with the younger sibling

Correct. Older siblings generally show much less resentment to a sibling who is old enough to walk, talk, and share in pretend play.

1. the toddler passively watches the older sibling play

Incorrect. The older sibling becomes interested in playing with the younger sibling.

1. the older sibling becomes the babysitter
2. the toddler does whatever the older sibling wants

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 223–224

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.18

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

92. When the infant becomes a toddler, the relationship between the younger and older sibling changes. On the negative side, the relationship gets worse because ____.
93. the mother always takes the side of the toddler

Incorrect. Toddlers become good at learning how to annoy their older siblings.

1. the father is more interested in playing with the toddler
2. the toddler becomes good at annoying their older siblings

Correct. In Dunn’s (1988) study, toddlers showed remarkably advanced abilities to annoy their older siblings.

1. the toddler prefers to play with their younger siblings

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Page: 224

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.18

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

93. Recent research has found that toddlers engage not only in solitary and parallel play, but in ____.
94. complicated interpersonal play
95. scaffolded play
96. communal pretend play
97. simple social play

Answer: D

Difficulty: 1

Page: 225

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.18

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

94. Nadia and Sasha are friends who are playing a skit and pretend to be superheroes. Nadia pretends to transform into a lion and Sasha pretends to transform into an icicle. These toddlers are engaging in what type of play?
95. solitary play
96. parallel play

Incorrect. Cooperative pretend play involves a shared fantasy such as pretending to be animals.

1. simple social play
2. cooperative pretend play

Correct. Cooperative pretend play involves a shared fantasy such as pretending to be animals.

Answer: D

Difficulty: 1

Page: 224

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 5.18

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

 

95. Toddlers choose friends based ____.
96. solely on height
97. partly on similarities such as activity level and social skills

Correct. Like older children and even adults, toddlers choose each other as friends based partly on similarities, such as activity level and social skills.

1. on same gender

Incorrect. Like older children and even adults, toddlers choose each other as friends based partly on similarities, such as activity level and social skills.

1. on family income

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Page: 225

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.18

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

96. ____ is a developmental disorder marked by a lack of interest in social relations, abnormal language development, and repetitive behavior.
97. Autism
98. Turner syndrome
99. Down syndrome
100. Fragile X syndrome

Answer: A

Difficulty: 1

Page: 225

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.19

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

97. What is the approximate incidence of autism spectrum disorder?
98. 1 in 6,000
99. 1 in 600
100. 1 in 100
101. 1 in 68

Answer: D

Difficulty: 1

Page: 226

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.19

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

98. When Aidan was 2 ½ years old, his parents became concerned about his frequent repetitive behaviors, his unusual use of language, and his lack of social interest, including having no interest in interacting with them. Based on your knowledge of development, you explain that _________.
99. they have nothing to worry about with Aidan
100. Aidan may need to be around other children more
101. Aidan may need to be evaluated for autism
102. Aidan is just quirky and going through a phase

Answer: C

Difficulty: 3

Page: 225

Skill: A

Learning Objective: 5.19

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

 

99. When is autism or ASD usually diagnosed?
100. during infancy
101. during toddlerhood
102. during early childhood
103. during middle childhood

Answer: B

Difficulty: 1

Page: 226

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.19

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

100. When children with autism become adults, what percentage of them continue to live with their parents?
101. 30%
102. 45%
103. 60%
104. 85%

Answer: D

Difficulty: 1

Page: 227

Skill: F

Learning Objective: 5.19

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

 

101. With regard to television, in 2001 the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended that children under 2 years old ____.
102. should not watch television at all

Correct. In 2001, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended that children under 2 years old should not watch television at all.

1. watch television for only 1 to 2 hours per day

Incorrect. In 2001, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended that children under 2 years old should not watch television at all.

1. watch television for only 5 to 10 hours per day
2. watch television for as long as they want as long as their parents are watching it with them

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Page: 228

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.20

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

% correct 94   a= 94  b= 6  c= 0  d= 0   r = .29

 

102. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommended children under the age of 2 ____, and children 2 years or older ____.
103. should not watch TV at all; watch no more than 2 hours per day

Correct. The basis for this recommendation was not that television content is damaging, but that young children would benefit more from active learning through experiences such as play and conversations with others.

1. watch no more than 2 hours per day; should not watch TV at all
2. should watch as much TV as they like; watch no more than 4 hours per day
3. watch no more than 4 hours per day; should watch as much TV as they like

Incorrect. In 2001, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended that children under 2 years old should not watch television at all, and children 2 years and older should be limited to no more than 2 hours of TV a day.

Answer: A

Difficulty: 3

Page: 228

Skill: C

Learning Objective: 5.20

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

MDL Parallel Question ID: N/A

 

Short Answer Questions

 

103. What are two reasons for the increase in emotional regulation that occurs in toddlerhood?

Answer:

– Toddlers have learned coping behaviors that help them to regulate their emotions, such as sucking their thumb when they are anxious or finding a trusted adult who will cuddle with them.

– Toddlers also develop secondary (sociomoral) emotions such as guilt, shame or embarrassment that motivate them to do what is right and also to avoid engaging in behaviors that will get them in trouble.

Page: 207

Learning Objective: 5.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

 

104. Give a specific example of a sociomoral emotion that you might see a toddler display.

Answer: Empathy is an example of a sociomoral emotion. A toddler who notices that her mother does not feel good by the sad look on her face might bring her his favorite blankie. Even though he may not realize that the blankie doesn’t have the same effect on his mother that it does for him, he realizes that his mother is distressed.

Page: 208

Learning Objective: 5.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

 

105. Current research suggests that the claim that “early attachments are the foundation of later love relationships” was overstated. Which of the four attachment types is most predictive of later outcomes? Name one outcome.

Answer: The disorganized-disoriented attachment type is highly predictive of later problems. For example, these individuals tend to be hostile, aggressive and are at higher risk for psychological disorders.

Page: 216–217

Learning Objective: 5.16

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

106. Why is attachment not assessed using the Strange Situation during infancy?

Answer: Attachment is not assessed in infancy using the Strange Situation because infants lack the cognitive maturity of toddlers. Attachment requires the ability to mentally represent their primary attachment figure.

Page: 217

Learning Objective: 5.16

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

 

107. Briefly describe one factor that is correlated with fathers providing near-equal care of their children as mothers do in developed countries?

Answer:

– If fathers and mothers work about the same number of hours outside the home, fathers are almost equal in the amount of time they spend on childcare. They are expected to do the same tasks because gender roles are likely more flexible and both parents need to pitch in to manage the multiple demands of home and work life.

– If the couple is happily married, fathers spend almost the same amount of time as mothers in childcare tasks. He may want to spend more time together as a family if he is happy, and therefore takes a more active role in childcare.

Page: 222–223

Learning Objective: 5.17

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

108. Although the diagnosis of autism is often not made until toddlerhood (between 18–30 months of age), there are often signs in infancy that the disorder is already present. What are two signs of autism that a caregiver might see in an infant as young as 8–10 months of age?

Answer: They do not engage in joint attention with parents, or point to objects to show to others, or look at others or respond to their own name.

Page: 226

Learning Objective: 5.19

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

 

Essay Questions

 

109. Briefly explain the red-nose test and what researchers were measuring when they gave this test to toddlers. What were the findings?

Answer: Researchers secretly put a red dot on the noses of toddlers of various ages and then placed them in front of a mirror to see if they would touch the dot, noticing that this was not usually there. It was a measure of self-recognition. Younger toddlers (under 18 months) seemed interested in the reflection, because they reached out as though it was someone else, but they did not rub their nose. By 18 months, most toddlers rubbed their noses, showing that they realized that their appearance had changed. This is also the time when toddlers use personal pronouns in their speech.

Page: 209

Learning Objective: 5.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

110. Describe at least one research finding that refuted the claim that the reason babies were attached to their mothers was because she provided food.

Answer:

– Spitz’s research with institutionalized babies found that even though nurses provided them with food, the babies were not attached to them (and developed anaclitic depression) because there were too many babies to care for and not enough time to develop an emotional bond.

– Harlow’s research with monkeys showed that contact comfort was more important than food.

Page: 213

Learning Objective: 5.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

 

 

 

Revel Multiple Choice Assessment Questions

 

EOM_Q5.1.1

 

_______________ is a condition specific to toddlerhood in which protein deficiencies lead to varied symptoms such as swollen bellies and feet, hair loss, and lack of energy.

1. Marasmus
2. SIDS
3. Kwashiorkor
4. Hydrocephalus

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Kwashiorkor

Skill: FACTUAL

LO 5.1 Describe the typical changes in physical growth that take place in toddlerhood and explain the harmful effects of nutritional deficiencies on growth.

 

EOM_Q5.1.2

 

What most distinguishes early brain development in toddlerhood is __________.

1. the steep increase in the density of synaptic connections among neurons
2. Increased activity in the amygdala
3. the formation of the cerebral cortex
4. the production of new brain cells, most notably in the temporal lobe

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Brain development in toddlerhood

Skill: ANALYTICAL

LO 5.2 Describe the changes in brain development that take place during toddlerhood, and identify the two most common methods of measuring brain activity.

 

EOM_Q5.1.3

 

Which statement best represents sleep during toddlerhood?

1. The increased sense of self results in most toddlers wanting to sleep alone.
2. Children sleep consistently through the night.
3. Increased activity results in children sleeping more than they did in infancy.
4. Sleeping alone is rare in traditional cultures.

Answer: D

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Changes in sleeping patterns in toddlerhood

Skill: CONCEPTUAL

LO 5.3 Describe the changes in sleeping patterns and sleeping arrangements that take place during toddlerhood.

 

EOM_Q5.1.4

 

Last week, your neighbors told you their 18-month-old son has been sleeping through the night for the past two months. They were very happy about this new development and were looking forward to many more months of a good night’s sleep. This week, however, they say their son has started waking up at night and has been pretty fussy during the day. What is the likely reason for this waking and fussing?

1. He has been drinking too much before bedtime.
2. His increased activity makes it harder for him to slow down and soothe himself.
3. His molars are coming in, and he is teething.
4. He is going through a growth spurt.

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Changes in sleeping patterns in toddlerhood

Skill: APPLICATION

LO 5.3 Describe the changes in sleeping patterns and sleeping arrangements that take place during toddlerhood.

 

EOM_Q5.1.5

 

Garret is approaching toddlerhood. During the next year he should be able to ______.

1. hold a cup and scribble with crayons
2. use a fork and knife with coordination
3. walk up and down stairs without holding on to anything
4. be able to brush his teeth

Answer: A

Difficulty: 3

Topic: Motor development in toddlerhood

Skill: APPLICATION

LO 5.4 Describe the advances in motor development that take place during toddlerhood.

 

EOM_Q5.2.1

 

Which of the following variables has been shown to be correlated with the timing of toilet training in the United States?

1. Number of children in the family
2. Location of the toilet within the house
3. Education level of the parents
4. Marital status of the primary caregiver

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Toilet training

Skill: FACTUAL

LO 5.5 Compare and contrast the process and timing of toilet training in developed countries and traditional cultures.

 

EOM_Q5.2.2

 

In Western cultures _____________________.

1. most children show signs of readiness for toilet training by their first birthday
2. a sign of being ready to begin toilet training is when the child can stay “dry” for an hour or two during the day
3. views about toilet training have stayed the same over the last several decades
4. children are toilet trained in a nearly identical way as their counterparts in traditional cultures

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Toilet training

Skill: CONCEPTUAL

LO 5.5 Compare and contrast the process and timing of toilet training in developed countries and traditional cultures.

 

EOM_Q5.2.3

 

You have been trying to toilet train your son, but you are not having much luck. Based on the research, what is most likely to be holding up the process?

1. Some children simply take months or potentially years to become fully toilet trained.
2. You are not rewarding him consistently enough when he shows interest.
3. There must be a physical difficulty that will require a medical exam.
4. Most females learn to potty train in a week, but almost all boys take several months.

Answer: A

Difficulty: 3

Topic: Toilet training

Skill: ANALYTICAL

LO 5.5 Compare and contrast the process and timing of toilet training in developed countries and traditional cultures.

 

EOM_Q5.2.4

 

You are interested in weaning your toddler. Why is it more of a challenge to wean a toddler than an infant?

1. Breast feeding a toddler is more socially acceptable in many cultures.
2. The toddler has developed teeth and might unconsciously resist with negative biting behaviors.
3. Toddlers are naturally opposed to anything their parents want them to do.
4. The toddler is more socially aware and has a greater capacity to exercise intentional behavior.

Answer: D

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Weaning

Skill: APPLICATION

LO 5.6 Distinguish the weaning process early in infancy from weaning later in toddlerhood.

 

EOM_Q5.2.5

 

Nandranie is a toddler from a traditional culture; she would likely ____________________.

1. have experienced some customary practice for being weaned
2. be abruptly weaned at age 1
3. be given formula instead of breast milk
4. still be breast feeding at age 5

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Weaning

Skill: APPLICATION

LO 5.6 Distinguish the weaning process early in infancy from weaning later in toddlerhood.

 

EOM_Q5.3.1

 

Shareef’s parents bought him a high chair and he intentionally tipped over his water in the tray over and over again. According to Piaget, Shareef is at the ________ stage.

1. simple reflexes
2. primary circular reactions
3. secondary circular reactions
4. tertiary circular reactions

Answer: D

Difficulty: 3

Topic: Cognitive achievements of toddlerhood in Piaget’s theory

Skill: APPLICATION

LO 5.7 Outline the cognitive achievements of toddlerhood in Piaget’s theory.

 

EOM_Q5.3.2

 

Eighteen-month-old Omar saw his father stirring a pot on the stove and the next day, picks up his bowl and spoon and begins “stirring” an imaginary substance. This is an example of____________.

1. deferred imitation
2. sorting objects into categories
3. tertiary circular reactions
4. the A-not-B error

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Deferred imitation

Skill: CONCEPTUAL

LO 5.7 Outline the cognitive achievements of toddlerhood in Piaget’s theory.

 

EOM_Q5.3.3

 

When children generally avoid making the A-not-B error, they __________.

1. show the ability to categorize
2. have attained object permanence
3. are in the stage of tertiary circular reactions
4. understand scaffolding

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Object permanence in toddlerhood

Skill: CONCEPTUAL

LO 5.7 Outline the cognitive achievements of toddlerhood in Piaget’s theory.

 

EOM_Q5.3.4

 

According to Vygotsky, _______________ is required for cognitive development.

1. formal education
2. a strong caregiver-child attachment
3. social interaction
4. a good genetic background

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory of cognitive development

Skill: CONCEPTUAL

LO 5.8 Explain Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory of cognitive development and contrast it with Piaget’s theory.

 

EOM_Q5.3.5

 

According to Vygotsky, children learn best if the instruction they are provided is ______.

1. within the zone of proximal development
2. concrete in nature
3. a good fit with their learning style
4. developed by an educational specialist

Answer: A

Difficulty: 3

Topic: Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory of cognitive development

Skill: CONCEPTUAL

LO 5.8 Explain Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory of cognitive development and contrast it with Piaget’s theory.

 

EOM_Q5.4.1

 

When it comes to learning what we consider language, the most significant difference between apes and humans is _____________.

1. the inability of apes to make requests
2. the inability of apes to generate word symbols in an infinite number of ways
3. the inability of apes to learn motor movements and signs from humans
4. the faster pace of humans’ sign language

Answer: B

Difficulty: 3

Topic: The biological and evolutionary bases of sign language

Skill: ANALYTICAL

LO 5.9 Summarize the evidence for the biological and evolutionary bases of language.

 

EOM_Q5.4.2

 

Nona was in a serious car accident and suffered damage to her Broca’s area. Which of the following is likely to result?

1. She will have difficulty producing speech.
2. She will show no emotion.
3. She will have difficulty with speech comprehension.
4. She will no longer be able to form short-term memories.

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Topic: The biological and evolutionary bases of sign language

Skill: APPLICATION

LO 5.9 Summarize the evidence for the biological and evolutionary bases of language.

 

EOM_Q5.4.3

 

Which is an example of overextension?

1. A child saying, “Mommy goed to the store.”
2. A child saying “The sun is smiling at me.”
3. A child calling all men “Dada.”
4. A child saying, “Mommy gone!”

Answer: C

Difficulty: 3

Topic: Overextension

Skill: CONCEPTUAL

LO 5.10 Describe the milestones in language development that take place during the toddler years.

 

EOM_Q5.4.4

 

Joquain was thirsty, so he looked at his mother and pointed to the glass on the counter and said, “juice.” This is an example of ________.

1. fast mapping
2. underextension
3. overregularization
4. a holophrase

Answer: D

Difficulty: 3

Topic: Holophrases

Skill: APPLICATION

LO 5.10 Describe the milestones in language development that take place during the toddler years.

 

EOM_Q5.4.5

 

Research has shown that _____________________.

1. direct stimulation of language development is discouraged in some cultures
2. language development is dependent upon the environment rather than genes or biology
3. in the United States, language development occurs at the same rate across children from different socioeconomic statuses
4. maternal responsiveness to American children’s vocalizations had no impact on when children reached language milestones

Answer: A

Difficulty: 3

Topic: Language development across cultures

Skill: ANALYTICAL

LO 5.11 Identify how parents’ stimulation of toddlers’ language varies across cultures and evaluate how these variations relate to language development.

 

EOM_Q5.5.1

 

Which of the following is a sociomoral emotion?

1. anger
2. guilt
3. fear
4. happiness

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Toddlers’ emotions

Skill: FACTUAL

LO 5.12 Describe how emotional development advances during toddlerhood and identify the impact of culture on these changes.

 

EOM_Q5.5.2

 

1. was playing in a group of children and showed pride in his ability to fit the right shape piece into the container. This display of pride would most likely be discouraged by parents in _______.
2. the United States
3. Canada
4. China
5. New Zealand

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Toddlers’ emotions

Skill: APPLICATION

LO 5.12 Describe how emotional development advances during toddlerhood and identify the impact of culture on these changes.

 

EOM_Q5.5.3

 

Researchers secretly dabbed a red spot on the nose of babies of different ages and then placed them in front of a mirror. They were testing ______________________.

1. expressive language ability
2. short-term memory
3. self-recognition
4. gender identity

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Self-development in toddlerhood

Skill: CONCEPTUAL

LO 5.13 Describe the changes in self-development that take place during toddlerhood.

 

EOM_Q5.5.4

 

Gender identity ______________________________.

1. refers to the biological status of being male or female
2. develops much more quickly in females than males
3. refers to the ability of children to identify themselves as male or female
4. develops around age 5

Answer: C

Difficulty: 3

Topic: Gender identity

Skill: CONCEPTUAL

LO 5.14 Distinguish between sex and gender and summarize the evidence for the biological basis of gender development.

 

EOM_Q5.5.5

 

Which of the following statements about gender is TRUE?

1. Before toddlerhood, it is only in Western cultures that people communicate gender expectations to boys and girls.
2. In the early years, it is mainly siblings who convey cultural gender messages.
3. Gender development has a biological basis, as well as an environmental basis.
4. Many of the differences that exist among male and female humans are not true of our closest primate and mammalian relatives.

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Evidence for the biological basis of gender development

Skill: ANALYTICAL

LO 5.14 Distinguish between sex and gender and summarize the evidence for the biological basis of gender development.

 

EOM_Q5.6.1

 

Secure attachment is characterized by _______________________.

1. the child looking to the mother for approval of gender appropriate behavior
2. a willingness of the child to use the caregiver as a secure base to explore the environment
3. the child acting both relieved and angry at the caregiver after seeing her again after separation
4. the child not crying when the mother leaves the room because she or he knows she will return

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Attachment

Skill: ANALYTICAL

LO 5.15 Describe the essential features of attachment theory and identify the four classifications of attachment.

 

EOM_Q5.6.2

 

Which of the following best describes Morton, a toddler who is considered securely attached based on the strange situation test?

1. The toddler usually cries upon separation, but when the mother returns he greets her happily and begins to smile.
2. The toddler shows little or no interaction with the mother when she is present and no response when she departs.
3. The toddler is less likely than others to explore the room and pushes the mother away when she attempts to comfort the child or pick her up.
4. The toddler seems dazed and detached when the mother leaves the room and remains fearful upon her return.

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Attachment

Skill: APPLICATION

LO 5.15 Describe the essential features of attachment theory and identify the four classifications of attachment.

 

EOM_Q5.6.3

 

In elementary and secondary school Brice showed problems, such as hostility and cognitive deficits. Later on in college he was diagnosed with various types of psychopathology. Based on the research he most likely had a _______________ attachment classification.

1. insecure-avoidant
2. insecure-resistant
3. disorganized-disoriented
4. difficult

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Quality of attachment

Skill: APPLICATION

LO 5.16 Identify the key factors influencing the quality of toddlers’ attachment to their mothers, and explain what effect attachment quality has on development.

 

EOM_Q5.6.4

 

When it comes to attachment ____________________________.

1. children develop an internal working model of what to expect about their mother’s availability and supportiveness in times of need based on how sensitive and responsive she was over the first year of life
2. Ainsworth’s early research found that the majority of toddlers had insecure-resistant attachments to their mothers
3. studies involving multiple cultures have found that insecure-avoidant attachment is the most common classification
4. studies using the Strange Situation have found no differences in attachment status among children from the United States and Japan

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Quality of attachment

Skill: ANALYTICAL

LO 5.16 Identify the key factors influencing the quality of toddlers’ attachment to their mothers, and explain what effect attachment quality has on development.

 

EOM_Q5.6.5

 

In traditional cultures such as Uganda, _________ can be a major event in the lives of toddlers and it may have an influence on the security of attachment.

1. beginning to eat solid food
2. weaning
3. learning to walk
4. being away from siblings who are working or at school

Answer: B

Difficulty: 3

Topic: Determinants of attachment quality

Skill: ANALYTICAL

LO 5.16 Identify the key factors influencing the quality of toddlers’ attachment to their mothers, and explain what effect attachment quality has on development.

 

EOM_Q5.7.1

 

Josh is a toddler who lives in New Zealand. His father would most likely be observed in which of the following activities with him?

1. Bathing him
2. Feeding him
3. Teaching him to read
4. Playing with him

Answer: D

Difficulty: 2

Topic: The social world of the toddler

Skill: APPLICATION

LO 5.17 Compare and contrast the typical patterns of father involvement with infants and toddlers in traditional cultures and developed countries.

 

EOM_Q5.7.2

 

During toddlerhood _________________________.

1. those who know each other well usually engage in solitary play rather than other forms of play
2. friendships seem to have many of the same features of friendships at other ages
3. there seems to be no preference for play partners; they play equally with whatever children are present
4. children are not yet capable of engaging in simply social play or cooperative pretend play

Answer: B

Difficulty: 3

Topic: The social world of the toddler

Skill: CONCEPTUAL

LO 5.18 Describe relationships with siblings, peers, and friends during toddlerhood.

 

EOM_Q5.7.3

 

Research on sibling relationships during the toddler years has found that ____________________.

1. they tend to have a positive reaction to the birth of a younger sibling
2. in developed countries, but not in traditional cultures, toddlers have attachments to their siblings
3. toddlers’ attachments to their siblings tend to be secondary attachments rather than primary attachments
4. only in individualistic cultures is conflict more common with siblings than in any other relationship throughout childhood and adolescence

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Sibling relationships in toddlerhood

Skill: ANALYTICAL

LO 5.18 Describe relationships with siblings, peers, and friends during toddlerhood.

 

EOM_Q5.7.4

 

Marcelle was diagnosed with autism at the age of 3. Which behavior would you be most likely to see if you observed him in his day care classroom?

1. A preoccupation with talking to adults
2. A preoccupation with repetitive movements
3. A preoccupation with staring at faces because that is what most interests them
4. A tendency to interrupt others until they look at him and include him in the conversation

Answer: B

Difficulty: 3

Topic: Autism

Skill: APPLICATION

LO 5.19 Identify the characteristics of autism and recognize how autism affects prospects for children as they grow to adulthood.

 

EOM_Q5.7.5

 

Research has shown that _____________________________________.

1. children are only able to learn to model aggressive behaviors during toddlerhood because prosocial behaviors require more advanced cognitive development
2. in the United States it is rare to have a TV in a young child’s room
3. the displacement effect is no longer considered a problem because of all the media options available
4. the effects of television and other media depend on the content

Answer: D

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Media use in toddlerhood

Skill: ANALYTICAL

LO 5.20 Identify the typical rates of television use in toddlerhood and explain some consequences of toddlers’ TV watching.

 

EOC_Q5.1

 

________ is a potentially fatal condition specific to toddlerhood in which protein deficiency leads to varied symptoms such as swollen bellies, thinning hair, and lethargy.

1. Marasmus
2. Dysentery
3. Sudden infant death syndrome
4. Kwashiorkor

Answer: D

Difficulty: 1

Topic: Bodily growth

Skill: FACTUAL

LO 5.1 Describe the typical changes in physical growth that take place in toddlerhood and explain the harmful effects of nutritional deficiencies on growth.

 

EOC_Q5.2

 

What most characterizes early brain development in toddlerhood is ________________________.

1. the formation of the cerebral cortex
2. the steep increase in synaptic density
3. activity in the amygdala
4. the production of new brain cells

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Brain development

Skill: CONCEPTUAL

LO 5.2 Describe the changes in brain development that take place during toddlerhood, and identify the two most common methods of measuring brain activity.

 

EOC_Q5.3

 

During toddlerhood, _______________________________.

1. sleeping alone is rare in traditional cultures
2. children sleep more than they did in infancy, because they are much more active
3. naps are no longer needed
4. children sleep consistently throughout the night

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Changes in sleep

Skill: CONCEPTUAL

LO 5.3 Describe the changes in sleeping patterns and sleeping arrangements that take place during toddlerhood.

 

EOC_Q5.4

 

Toddlers _______________________________.

1. who do not walk by 1 year are likely to have a gross motor problem
2. in traditional cultures are equal to toddlers from Western cultures in the development of their gross motor skills
3. can usually run before they can stand briefly on one leg
4. show the same pace of gross motor development as fine motor development

Answer: B

Difficulty: 3

Topic: Motor development

Skill: CONCEPTUAL

LO 5.4 Describe the advances in motor development that take place during toddlerhood.

 

EOC_Q5.5

 

In the West, __________________________.

1. most children show signs of readiness for toilet training by their first birthday
2. views on toilet training have remained the same over the last several decades
3. children are toilet trained in a way that is nearly identical to their counterparts in traditional cultures
4. a sign of being ready to begin toilet training is when the child can stay “dry” for an hour or two during the day

Answer: D

Difficulty: 1

Topic: Toilet training

Skill: FACTUAL

LO 5.5 Compare and contrast the process and timing of toilet training in developed countries and traditional cultures.

 

EOC_Q5.6

 

A toddler from a traditional culture would likely _________________________.

1. experience some customary practice for being weaned
2. be abruptly be weaned at age 1
3. be given formula instead of breast milk
4. still be breast feeding at age 5

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Weaning

Skill: CONCEPTUAL

LO 5.6 Distinguish the weaning process early in infancy from weaning later in toddlerhood.

 

EOC_Q5.7

 

When children generally avoid making the A-not-B error, they _________________________.

1. show the ability to categorize
2. have attained object permanence
3. understand scaffolding
4. use tertiary circular reactions

Answer: B

Difficulty: 3

Topic: Cognitive development in toddlerhood: Piaget’s theory

Skill: APPLICATION

LO 5.7 Outline the cognitive achievements of toddlerhood in Piaget’s theory.

 

EOC_Q5.8

 

According to Vygotsky, ________ is required for cognitive development.

1. social interaction
2. formal education
3. strong parent-child attachment
4. emotional self-regulation

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Vygotsky’s cultural theory of cognitive development

Skill: CONCEPTUAL

LO 5.8 Explain Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory of cognitive development and contrast it with Piaget’s theory.

 

EOC_Q5.9

 

When it comes to learning language, the most significant difference between apes and humans is _________________________.

1. the inability for apes to learn more than a few signs
2. the faster pace of humans’ sign language
3. the inability of apes to generate word symbols in an infinite number of ways
4. the inability of apes to make requests

Answer: C

Difficulty: 3

Topic: The biological and evolutionary bases of language

Skill: CONCEPTUAL

LO 5.9 Summarize the evidence for the biological and evolutionary bases of language.

 

EOC_Q5.10

 

Which is an example of overextension?

1. A child saying, “He hitted me with a stick”
2. A child saying, “The moon looks happy tonight”
3. A child calling all dogs “Spot”
4. A child saying “I no like peas”

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Milestones of toddler language: from first words to fluency

Skill: CONCEPTUAL

LO 5.10 Describe the milestones in language development that take place during the toddler years.

 

EOC_Q5.11

 

Research on language development has shown that _________________________.

1. social status is correlated with how much parents speak to their young children
2. genetics plays very little role in verbal ability
3. language development in American children is not linked to income level of parents
4. maternal responsiveness to American children’s verbalizations has no impact on when children reach language milestones

Answer: A

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Learning language in a social and cultural context

Skill: CONCEPTUAL

LO 5.11 Identify how parents’ stimulation of toddlers’ language varies across cultures and evaluate how these variations relate to language development.

 

EOC_Q5.12

 

Which emotion doesn’t appear until toddlerhood?

1. Anger
2. Pride
3. Fear
4. Happiness

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Toddlers’ emotions

Skill: FACTUAL

LO 5.12 Describe how emotional development advances during toddlerhood and identify the impact of culture on these changes.

 

EOC_Q5.13

 

The capacity of toddlers to think about themselves as they would about other persons and objects is _________________________.

1. gender identity
2. sex roles
3. stranger anxiety
4. self-reflection

Answer: D

Difficulty: 2

Topic: The birth of the self

Skill: FACTUAL

LO 5.13 Describe the changes in self-development that take place during toddlerhood.

 

EOC_Q5.14

 

When children can identify themselves and others as either male or female they have developed ______________________________.

1. custom complexes
2. gender identity
3. gender stereotypes
4. gender expectations

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Gender identity and the biology of gender development

Skill: CONCEPTUAL

LO 5.14 Distinguish between sex and gender and summarize the evidence for the biological basis of gender development.

 

EOC_Q5.15

 

Which of the following best characterizes insecure-resistant attachment?

1. A willingness to use the caregiver as a secure base to explore the environment
2. A tendency to be self-centered
3. Acting both relieved and angry at a caregiver after seeing him or her again after separation
4. A dependency on the mother for approval of all activities

Answer: C

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Attachment theory

Skill: CONCEPTUAL

LO 5.15 Describe the essential features of attachment theory and identify the four classifications of attachment.

 

EOC_Q5.16

 

Research has shown that a child with a(n) ________ attachment is most likely to have later problems such as hostility, psychopathology, and cognitive deficits.

1. insecure-resistant
2. insecure-avoidant
3. disorganized-disoriented
4. goal-corrected

Answer: C

Difficulty: 3

Topic: Quality of attachment

Skill: APPLICATION

LO 5.16 Identify the key factors influencing the quality of toddlers’ attachment to their mothers, and explain what effect attachment quality has on development.

 

EOC_Q5.17

 

Which of the following best describes attachment across cultures?

1. Autonomy and independence are encouraged from an early age across cultures.
2. In all cultures, infants and toddlers develop attachments to the people around them who provide loving, protective care.
3. Insecure-resistant attachment is the most common classification in all cultures because many children find the Strange Situation to be very stressful.
4. Children from the United States and Japan tend to be classified the same way in studies employing the Strange Situation paradigm.

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Topic: Quality of attachment

Skill: FACTUAL

LO 5.16 Identify the key factors influencing the quality of toddlers’ attachment to their mothers, and explain what effect attachment quality has on development.

 

EOC_Q5.18

 

In developed countries, fathers would most likely be observed in which of the following activities with their infants or toddlers?

1. Bathing
2. Feeding
3. Soothing
4. Playing

Answer: D

Difficulty: 2

Topic: The role of fathers

Skill: FACTUAL

LO 5.17 Compare and contrast the typical patterns of father involvement with infants and toddlers in traditional cultures and developed countries.

 

EOC_Q5.19

 

During toddlerhood, ______________________________.

1. those who know each other well usually engage in solitary play rather than other forms of play
2. friendships are based on companionship, mutual affection, and emotional closeness
3. there seems to be no preference for play partners; they play equally with whatever children are present
4. children are not yet capable of engaging in simply social play or cooperative pretend play

Answer: B

Difficulty: 2

Topic: The wider social world: siblings, peers, and friends

Skill: FACTUAL

LO 5.18 Describe relationships with siblings, peers, and friends during toddlerhood.

 

EOC_Q5.20

 

Which behavior would be most characteristic of a child who has been diagnosed with autism?

1. preoccupation with talking to strangers
2. preoccupation with repetitive movements
3. preoccupation with looking at faces
4. preoccupation with pointing at objects until others look at them

Answer: B

Difficulty: 3

Topic: Autism: a disruption in social development

Skill: FACTUAL

LO 5.19 Identify the characteristics of autism and recognize how autism affects prospects for children as they grow to adulthood.

 

EOC_Q5.21

 

Research on media has shown that __________________________________.

1. in the United States, it is rare to have a TV in a young child’s bedroom
2. children are only able to learn to model aggressive behaviors at this age because prosocial behaviors require more advanced cognitive development
3. TV can inspire imaginative play among toddlers
4. the displacement effect is no longer considered a major problem because of all the media options available

Answer: C

Difficulty: 3

Topic: Media use in toddlerhood

Skill: FACTUAL

LO 5.20 Identify the typical rates of television use in toddlerhood and explain some consequences of toddlers’ TV watching.