Infants and Children Prenatal through Middle Childhood 8th Edition - Test Bank

Infants and Children Prenatal through Middle Childhood 8th Edition – Test Bank

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CHAPTER 5
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
IN INFANCY AND TODDLERHOOD
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1) Which of the following statements about changes in body size over the first two years of life is true?
A) Infants and toddlers have remarkably similar physical capabilities.
B) By the end of the second year, a typical infant’s height is about 36 inches.
C) Typically, by five months of age, birth weight has tripled.
D) An average 1-year-old’s height is 75 percent greater than at birth.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 159
Skill: Remember
Objective: 5.1
2) Infants and toddlers grow
A) by making steady gains over time.
B) slower than at any other time during childhood.
C) in little spurts.
D) in dramatic leaps.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 160
Skill: Understand
Objective: 5.1
3) “Baby fat”
A) helps the infant maintain a constant body temperature.
B) peaks at about 6 months.
C) increases very slowly during infancy.
D) helps the infant gain strength and physical coordination.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 160
Skill: Remember
Objective: 5.1
4) Which of the following statements demonstrates the cephalocaudal trend?
A) During infancy and childhood, the legs and arms grow somewhat ahead of the hands and feet.
B) At birth, the head takes up one-fourth of total body length, the legs only one-third.
C) In the prenatal period, the head, chest, and trunk grow first; then the arms and legs; and finally the hands and feet.
D) During infancy and childhood, the hands and feet grow somewhat ahead of the fingers and toes.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 161
Skill: Understand
Objective: 5.1
5) Which of the following statements is consistent with the proximodistal trend of body growth?
A) During the prenatal period, the head develops more rapidly than the lower part of the body.
B) During infancy and childhood, the body grows from “head to tail.”
C) During the prenatal period, the trunk grows first, followed by the chest and the head.
D) During infancy and childhood, the arms and legs grow somewhat ahead of the hands and feet.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 161
Skill: Understand
Objective: 5.1
6) Throughout childhood and adolescence, girls
A) are slightly taller than boys.
B) are slightly heavier than boys.
C) have a higher ratio of fat to muscle than boys.
D) have more “baby fat” than boys.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 161
Skill: Remember
Objective: 5.1
7) Which of the following children is most likely to be above North American growth norms?
A) Timmy, a Caucasian-American boy
B) June, an Asian girl
C) Freddy, an African-American boy
D) Kim, an Asian boy
Answer: C
Page Ref: 161
Skill: Apply
Objective: 5.1
8) The best estimate of a child’s physical maturity is
A) height.
B) weight.
C) skeletal age.
D) chronological age.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 161
Skill: Remember
Objective: 5.1
9) Skeletal age is determined by __________ to see the extent to which soft, pliable cartilage has hardened into bone.
A) X-raying the long bones of the body
B) measuring the circumference of the skull
C) X-raying the spinal cord and teeth
D) measuring the length of the arms and legs
Answer: A
Page Ref: 161
Skill: Remember
Objective: 5.1
10) At age 2, which of the following children is most likely to be ahead of the others in skeletal age?
A) Randy, a Caucasian-American boy
B) Ruby, an African-American girl
C) Armand, an African-American boy
D) Nguyen, an Asian boy
Answer: B
Page Ref: 161
Skill: Apply
Objective: 5.1
11) At birth, the __________ is nearer to its adult size than any other physical structure.
A) heart
B) liver
C) brain
D) skull
Answer: C
Page Ref: 161
Skill: Remember
Objective: 5.2
12) Neurons
A) store and transmit information.
B) are tightly packed together.
C) do not directly connect with each other.
D) that are stimulated too soon lose their synapses.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 161
Skill: Remember
Objective: 5.2
13) A surprising aspect of brain growth is that
A) the neural tube produces far less neurons than the brain will need.
B) as synapses form, 20 to 80 percent of the surrounding neurons die.
C) during infancy and toddlerhood, neural fibers stagnate.
D) once neurons are in place, they cannot differentiate.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 162
Skill: Understand
Objective: 5.2
14) When Samer was born, stimulation in his brain resulted in a massive overabundance of synapses. Neurons that were
seldom stimulated soon lost their synapses. This process is known as
A) myelination.
B) synaptic pruning.
C) neuroimaging.
D) neurotransmission.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 162
Skill: Apply
Objective: 5.2
15) __________ are responsible for coating neural fibers with an insulating fatty sheath.
A) Glial cells
B) Neurotransmitters
C) Brain waves
D) Synapses
Answer: A
Page Ref: 162
Skill: Remember
Objective: 5.2
16) __________ improves the efficiency of message transfer.
A) Stimulation
B) Synaptic pruning
C) Tomography
D) Myelination
Answer: D
Page Ref: 162
Skill: Remember
Objective: 5.2
17) Which of the following statements about brain development is true?
A) At birth, the brain is nearly 70 percent of its adult weight.
B) By age 2, the brain is approximately 50 percent of its adult weight.
C) Brain growth is especially rapid in the first year, when the brain more than doubles in size.
D) Brain development is complete by the end of the first year.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 163
Skill: Remember
Objective: 5.2
18) When measuring Avery’s brain functioning with __________, researchers use a tool called a geodesic sensor net (GSN)
to hold up to 128 interconnected electrodes in place.
A) an electroencephalogram (EEG)
B) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
C) positron emission tomography (PET)
D) near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)
Answer: A
Page Ref: 163
Skill: Apply
Objective: 5.2
19) Damon is injected with a radioactive substance and then lies on an apparatus with a scanner that emits fine streams of X-
rays, which detect increased blood flow and oxygen metabolism in areas of the brain as Damon processes particular
stimuli. Damon’s brain functioning is being measured using
A) an electroencephalogram (EEG).
B) event-related potentials (ERPs).
C) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).
D) position emission tomography (PET).
Answer: D
Page Ref: 163
Skill: Apply
Objective: 5.2
20) Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)
A) enables identification of general regions of stimulus-induced activity.
B) detects changes in electrical brain-wave activity in the cerebral cortex.
C) is appropriate for infants and young children, who can move within limited range during testing.
D) records the frequency and amplitude of brain waves in response to particular stimuli using the EEG.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 163
Skill: Understand
Objective: 5.2
21) The cerebral cortex
A) contains the greatest number of neurons and synapses in the brain.
B) is the first part of the brain to stop growing.
C) is less sensitive to environmental influences than other parts of the brain.
D) fully develops during the third trimester of pregnancy.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 164
Skill: Understand
Objective: 5.2
22) The cortical regions with the most extended period of development are the __________ lobes.
A) occipital
B) frontal
C) temporal
D) parietal
Answer: B
Page Ref: 165
Skill: Remember
Objective: 5.2
23) The prefrontal cortex
A) reaches an adult level of synaptic connections during the first two months of life.
B) undergoes especially rapid pruning of synapses during the preschool and school years.
C) is responsible for body movement over the first year of life.
D) fully develops before any of the other cortical regions.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 165
Skill: Understand
Objective: 5.2
24) For most people, the left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex is largely responsible for
A) judging distances.
B) negative emotion.
C) verbal abilities.
D) recognizing geometric shapes.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 165
Skill: Understand
Objective: 5.2
25) Studies using fMRI reveal that the right hemisphere is specialized for processing information in a(n) __________
manner.
A) sequential
B) analytical
C) piece-by-piece
D) holistic, integrative
Answer: D
Page Ref: 165
Skill: Understand
Objective: 5.2
26) In a highly plastic cerebral cortex,
A) the areas of the brain are strongly committed to specific functions, and there is a high capacity for learning.
B) if a part of the cortex is damaged, other parts can take over the tasks it would have handled.
C) spatial skills develop more rapidly than language skills and are easier to recover after injury.
D) the right and left hemispheres of the brain have become strongly lateralized.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 165
Skill: Understand
Objective: 5.2
27) Newborn Will is likely to show greater activation in the left hemisphere while
A) displaying a positive state of arousal.
B) listening to nonspeech sounds.
C) drinking a sour-tasting fluid.
D) feeling distress.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 165
Skill: Apply
Objective: 5.2
28) In a large study of children with injuries to the cerebral cortex that occurred around the time of birth or in the first six
months of life, researchers found that
A) delays in language development persisted into adolescence if injury occurred in the left hemisphere.
B) delays in language development persisted into adolescence if injury occurred in the right hemisphere.
C) undamaged areas—in either the left or the right hemisphere—took over vocabulary and grammatical skills by
age 5.
D) language skills were more likely to be permanently damaged than spatial skills.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 166 Box: Biology and Environment: Brain Plasticity: Insights from Research on Brain-Damaged Children and
Adults
Skill: Remember
Objective: 5.2
29) Sharon’s 46-year-old husband suffered a traumatic brain injury in an automobile accident. What information about brain
plasticity can you provide to Sharon?
A) Brain plasticity is restricted to early childhood, when the brain is forming many new synapses.
B) At older ages, specialized brain structures are in place, and after injury they cannot reorganize.
C) Adults with brain injuries rarely show deficits in spatial skills, even if language development is impaired.
D) Though far more limited than in early childhood, reorganization in the brain can occur in adulthood.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 166 Box: Biology and Environment: Brain Plasticity: Insights from Research on Brain-Damaged Children and
Adults
Skill: Apply
Objective: 5.2
30) When a 1-month-old kitten is put in the dark and kept there during the fourth week of life and beyond, damage to visual
centers of the brain is severe and permanent. This example provides evidence of
A) brain plasticity.
B) synaptic pruning.
C) lateralization of the cerebral cortex.
D) sensitive periods in brain development.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 167
Skill: Apply
Objective: 5.2
31) Alexia was born with cataracts in both eyes. What can you tell her parents about when she should have corrective
surgery?
A) Alexia should wait to have corrective surgery until adulthood when her eyes are fully mature.
B) Alexia should not have corrective surgery during the first six months of life because her vision would be severely
and permanently impaired.
C) The longer cataract surgery is postponed beyond infancy, the less complete Alexia’s recovery in visual skills.
D) Alexia should wait until later in childhood to have corrective surgery because there are no sensitive periods in
visual development.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 167
Skill: Apply
Objective: 5.2
32) A study of children who were transferred between birth and 3½ years from extremely deprived Romanian orphanages to
adoptive families in Great Britain found that
A) the longer the children spent in orphanage care, the higher their mental test scores during middle childhood and
adolescence.
B) most children were impaired in all domains of development, but those who were adopted before 6 months of age
showed impressive cognitive catch-up.
C) children who experienced adequate early nutrition were not negatively affected by early orphanage rearing.
D) serious mental health problems only appeared in those children who spent more than 2 years in an orphanage.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 167
Skill: Remember
Objective: 5.2
33) A study of children who had spent their first eight months or more in Romanian institutions and were then adopted into
Canadian homes found that the longer the children spent in orphanage care, the __________ their __________.
A) higher; cortisol levels
B) lower; cortisol levels
C) greater; anger control
D) greater; impulse control
Answer: A
Page Ref: 168
Skill: Remember
Objective: 5.2
34) Nicole is considering sending her 8-month-old son Austin to a new academic learning center where infants are trained
with letter and number flash cards. You can advise Nicole that
A) Austin will likely score 10 to 15 points higher in IQ than agemates who attend traditional early childhood programs.
B) although this program will not likely raise Austin’s IQ, it will probably help him learn to read more quickly.
C) this program is as effective as a traditional early childhood program in promoting cognitive development.
D) this program could overwhelm Austin and cause him to withdraw, thereby threatening his interest in learning.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 169
Skill: Apply
Objective: 5.2
35) Experience-dependent brain growth
A) takes place through naturally occurring interactions with caregivers.
B) provides a foundation for later-occurring, experience-expectant development.
C) depends on ordinary experiences, such as moving about and exploring the environment.
D) relies on specific learning experiences that vary widely across individuals and cultures.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 169
Skill: Understand
Objective: 5.2
36) Which of the following is an activity associated with experience-dependent brain growth?
A) writing a poem
B) singing a song
C) imitating facial expressions
D) playing peekaboo
Answer: A
Page Ref: 169
Skill: Understand
Objective: 5.2
37) Experience-expectant brain growth
A) is a result of specific learning experiences that vary widely across cultures.
B) usually occurs later than experience-dependent brain growth.
C) occurs naturally, as caregivers engage babies in enjoyable daily routines.
D) provides mastery of skills that depend on extensive training.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 169
Skill: Understand
Objective: 5.2
38) Which of the following is an activity associated with experience-expectant brain growth?
A) coloring a picture
B) playing peekaboo
C) learning to ride a bike
D) playing the piano
Answer: B
Page Ref: 169
Skill: Understand
Objective: 5.2
39) Between birth and 2 years,
A) fussiness increases.
B) crying increases.
C) the organization of sleep and wakefulness changes substantially.
D) total sleep time increases slowly.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 169
Skill: Remember
Objective: 5.3
40) Compared to their U.S. agemates, Dutch babies
A) are put to bed later.
B) sleep, on average, 2 hours less per day.
C) sleep, on average, 2 hours more per day.
D) have less predictable sleep schedules.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 169
Skill: Understand
Objective: 5.3
41) One possible explanation for the high frequency of bedtime struggles in Western homes is that children
A) are much more dependent than children from other cultures.
B) are expected to sleep for more hours than children from other cultures.
C) often eat late in the evening, which interferes with sleep.
D) may feel stressed when they must fall asleep without assistance.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 170 Box: Cultural Influences: Cultural Variation in Infant Sleep Arrangements
Skill: Understand
Objective: 5.3
42) In cultures where parent–child cosleeping is widespread,
A) the rate of infant mortality from sudden infant death syndrome is high.
B) parents and infants usually sleep on soft mattresses.
C) infants often sleep in a cradle or hammock next to the parents’ bed.
D) infants tend to lie on their stomach or side facing away from the mother.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 170 Box: Cultural Influences: Cultural Variation in Infant Sleep Arrangements
Skill: Understand
Objective: 5.3
43) As long as negative environmental influences such as poor nutrition or illness are not severe,
A) children and adolescents typically show catch-up growth once conditions improve.
B) adopted children typically reach a height closer to their adoptive than biological parents’ heights.
C) body weight is more acutely influenced by eating habits rather than heredity.
D) height and rate of physical growth are largely determined by the environment.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 171
Skill: Understand
Objective: 5.4
44) __________ percent of infants’ total caloric intake is devoted to growth.
A) Ten
B) Fifteen
C) Twenty-five
D) Forty
Answer: C
Page Ref: 171
Skill: Remember
Objective: 5.4
45) Which of the following statements about breastfeeding is true?
A) Human milk is lower in fat and higher in protein than the milk of other mammals.
B) A mother who breastfeeds needs to add solid foods to her infant’s diet around 4 months.
C) Breastfed babies suffer from more gastrointestinal problems than do bottle-fed infants.
D) Breastfed infants accept new solid foods more easily than do bottle-fed infants.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 172
Skill: Remember
Objective: 5.4
46) Breastfed babies in poverty-stricken regions of the world
A) are more likely than bottle-fed babies to be malnourished.
B) should be given a vitamin-enriched supplement of commercial formula at least weekly.
C) are far more likely than bottle-fed babies to survive the first year of life.
D) should be breastfed until age 9 months, with solid food added at 3 months of age.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 172
Skill: Understand
Objective: 5.4
47) The World Health Organization recommends breastfeeding until age __________, with solid foods added at __________.
A) 3 months; 4 months
B) 6 months; 6 months
C) 1 year; 4 months
D) 2 years; 6 months
Answer: D
Page Ref: 172
Skill: Remember
Objective: 5.4
48) Which of the following statements regarding breastfeeding is true?
A) Breastfeeding should be combined with formula for a balanced diet.
B) Breastfeeding helps increase spacing among siblings.
C) Breastfeeding has become less common in industrialized nations.
D) Breastfeeding is a reliable method of birth control.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 172
Skill: Remember
Objective: 5.4
49) In the United States,
A) 77 percent of mothers begin breastfeeding after birth, but more than one-third stop by 6 months.
B) most mothers follow the advice of the World Health Organization regarding when to stop breastfeeding.
C) breastfeeding has become more common, especially among low-income minority women.
D) only 25 percent of preterm babies are breastfed at hospital discharge, despite the benefits of breast milk.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 173
Skill: Remember
Objective: 5.4
50) The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services advises
A) exclusive breastfeeding for the first 2 years.
B) exclusive breastfeeding for the first 3 months.
C) inclusion of breast milk in the baby’s diet until at least 1 year.
D) weaning from breast milk by age 6 months.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 173
Skill: Remember
Objective: 5.4
51) Garrett, age 2 months, is an enthusiastic eater who nurses vigorously and gains weight quickly. Garrett’s mom, Christine,
is concerned that Garrett might be at risk of being permanently overweight. You can advise Christine that
A) most chubby babies will continue to gain weight during toddlerhood and the preschool years.
B) there is no evidence that rapid weight gain in infancy is related to later obesity.
C) she should start supplementing Garrett’s diet with cereal.
D) breastfeeding for the first six months is associated with a leaner body build through early childhood.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 173
Skill: Apply
Objective: 5.4
52) A study in which researchers made periodic home visits to several hundred low-income first-time mothers and their
babies found that
A) the majority of infants were breastfed.
B) inappropriate feeding practices were pervasive.
C) the majority of infants did not receive solid food soon enough.
D) only about 25 percent of infants received juices by 6 months.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 174 Social Issues: Health: U.S. Public Policy Changes Improve Infant Feeding Practices in Low-Income
Families
Skill: Remember
Objective: 5.4
53) Which of the following was a result of recent policy changes by the U.S. Special Supplemental Nutritional Program for
Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)?
A) a lengthening of the duration of breastfeeding
B) a decrease in enrollment in the fully breastfeeding option
C) an increase in enrollment in the formula-only package option
D) a decrease in funding for breastfeeding counseling for new mothers
Answer: A
Page Ref: 174 Social Issues: Health: U.S. Public Policy Changes Improve Infant Feeding Practices in Low-Income
Families
Skill: Understand
Objective: 5.4
54) Zahara, age 3 months, is painfully thin. Her mother is too malnourished to produce enough breast milk, and the supply of
formula is inadequate for bottle-feeding. Zahara is probably in danger of dying from
A) marasmus.
B) growth faltering.
C) kwashiorkor.
D) nonorganic failure to thrive.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 175
Skill: Apply
Objective: 5.4
55) Bulous is 20 months old and was recently weaned. He has an unbalanced diet very low in protein. Bulous has an enlarged
belly, swollen feet, a skin rash, and thinning hair. Bulous most likely has
A) iron-deficiency anemia.
B) kwashiorkor.
C) nonorganic failure to thrive.
D) marasmus.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 175
Skill: Apply
Objective: 5.4
56) Osita is a 4-year-old Ethiopian boy. He survived kwashiorkor and was recently adopted by a Canadian couple. Osita will
probably
A) continue to undereat even when food is plentiful.
B) gain very little weight as his diet improves.
C) have an average to high basal metabolism rate.
D) suffer from lasting damage to the brain, heart, or other organs.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 175
Skill: Apply
Objective: 5.4
57) An estimated 22 percent of U.S. children suffer from
A) marasmus.
B) food insecurity.
C) kwashiorkor.
D) iron deficiency anemia.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 175
Skill: Remember
Objective: 5.4
58) Six-month-old Luka’s weight, height, and head circumference are substantially below age-related growth norms. Luka is
withdrawn and apathetic. Luka’s mother sometimes appears depressed and distant, at other times impatient and hostile.
Luka most likely suffers from
A) growth faltering.
B) malnutrition.
C) marasmus.
D) food insecurity.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 176
Skill: Apply
Objective: 5.4
59) Ariana showed signs of growth faltering. An observant nurse intervened early, helping Ariana’s parents with their own
life challenges, encouraging sensitive caregiving, and coaching the family through Ariana’s feeding problems. Ariana
will probably
A) remain small.
B) show lasting cognitive difficulties.
C) show quick catch-up growth.
D) show lasting emotional difficulties.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 176
Skill: Apply
Objective: 5.4
60) In classical conditioning, once a baby’s nervous system makes the connection between two stimuli, the __________
stimulus produces __________.
A) conditioned; a neutral response
B) conditioned; a reflexive response
C) unconditioned; an unconditioned response
D) neutral; the behavior by itself
Answer: D
Page Ref: 176
Skill: Understand
Objective: 5.5
61) Classical conditioning
A) helps infants anticipate what is about to happen next.
B) disappears once reflexive behaviors become voluntary.
C) plays a vital role in the formation of social relationships.
D) emerges only after newborn reflexes have begun to wane.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 176
Skill: Understand
Objective: 5.5
62) Baby Paul’s mother strokes his hair just before he eats. Now when Paul’s mother strokes his hair, Paul begins to suck.
The stroking is the __________, and the taste of milk is the __________.
A) conditioned stimulus; neutral stimulus
B) unconditioned stimulus; conditioned stimulus
C) neutral stimulus; unconditioned stimulus
D) neutral stimulus; conditioned response
Answer: C
Page Ref: 177
Skill: Apply
Objective: 5.5
63) In classical conditioning, if learning occurs, the neutral stimulus is then called a(n)
A) unconditioned response.
B) neutral response.
C) conditioned stimulus.
D) conditioned response.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 177
Skill: Remember
Objective: 5.5
64) In classical conditioning, if the conditioned stimulus is presented alone enough times, without being paired with the
unconditioned stimulus, __________ occurs.
A) habituation
B) extinction
C) imitation
D) recovery
Answer: B
Page Ref: 177
Skill: Remember
Objective: 5.5
65) Prya has classically conditioned young Raj to suck when Prya touches Raj’s stomach during feeding. If Prya repeatedly
touches Raj’s stomach without feeding him, Raj will
A) gradually stop sucking in response to having his stomach touched.
B) learn to suck without having his stomach touched.
C) stop eating until Prim touches his stomach and feeds him again.
D) increase his level of sucking in response to having his stomach touched.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 177
Skill: Apply
Objective: 5.5
66) Young infants can be classically conditioned most easily when
A) a conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
B) the conditioned response is fear.
C) the association between two stimuli has survival value.
D) a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned response.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 177
Skill: Understand
Objective: 5.5
67) Which of the following responses is very difficult to classically condition in young babies?
A) contentment
B) fear
C) hunger
D) sucking
Answer: B
Page Ref: 177
Skill: Understand
Objective: 5.5
68) In operant conditioning, a(n) __________ increases the occurrence of a response.
A) neutral stimulus
B) conditioned stimulus
C) reinforcer
D) unconditioned stimulus
Answer: C
Page Ref: 178
Skill: Remember
Objective: 5.5
69) Baby Calinda sucks on a bottle. The taste of the sweet liquid increases Calinda’s sucking. This is an example of
A) operant conditioning.
B) habituation.
C) classical conditioning.
D) extinction.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 178
Skill: Apply
Objective: 5.5
70) A researcher hangs a mobile over the crib of 4-month-old Anya. When the researcher attaches Anya’s foot to the mobile
with a long cord, Anya can, by kicking, make the mobile turn. The turning of the mobile is an example of
A) a reinforcer.
B) punishment.
C) an unconditioned stimulus.
D) an conditioned response.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 178
Skill: Apply
Objective: 5.5
71) When baby Rico whimpers and whines, his mother responds by ignoring him and refusing to pick him up. This decreases
Rico’s whining. The mother’s behavior is an example of
A) habituation.
B) a reinforcer.
C) recovery.
D) punishment.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 178
Skill: Apply
Objective: 5.5
72) At birth, the human brain is set up to be
A) attracted to novelty.
B) wary of change.
C) attracted to familiarity.
D) bored by repetition.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 178
Skill: Remember
Objective: 5.5
73) __________ refers to a gradual reduction in the strength of a response due to repetitive stimulation.
A) Imitation
B) Recovery
C) Habituation
D) Reinforcement
Answer: C
Page Ref: 178
Skill: Remember
Objective: 5.5
74) Once habituation occurs, a new stimulus causes responsiveness to return to a high level, an increase called
A) imitation.
B) recovery.
C) extinction.
D) punishment.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 178
Skill: Remember
Objective: 5.5
75) __________ preference assesses infants’ __________.
A) Familiarity; recent memory
B) Novelty; remote memory
C) Novelty; recent memory
D) Familiarity; reflexes
Answer: C
Page Ref: 179
Skill: Remember
Objective: 5.5
76) The newborn’s capacity to imitate
A) has primarily been observed in Western cultures.
B) disappears by two weeks of age.
C) has been demonstrated in many ethnic groups and cultures.
D) is limited to tongue protrusions.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 179
Skill: Understand
Objective: 5.5
77) __________ fire identically when a primate hears or sees an action and when it carries out that action on its own.
A) Imitation neurons
B) Glial cells
C) Mirror neurons
D) Neurotransmitters
Answer: C
Page Ref: 180
Skill: Remember
Objective: 5.5
78) Which of the following is an example of a gross-motor skill?
A) climbing
B) pointing
C) reaching
D) scribbling
Answer: A
Page Ref: 181
Skill: Understand
Objective: 5.6
79) Which of the following is an example of a fine-motor skill?
A) standing
B) throwing
C) sitting up
D) grasping
Answer: D
Page Ref: 181
Skill: Understand
Objective: 5.6
80) Which of the following motor skills typically develops first?
A) walking alone
B) scribbling vigorously
C) walking up stairs with help
D) jumping in place
Answer: A
Page Ref: 182
Skill: Remember
Objective: 5.6
81) Baby Isaac combined his skills of kicking, rocking on all fours, and reaching in order to crawl. This is an example of
A) coordinated trends.
B) fine-motor coordination.
C) gross-motor coordination.
D) dynamic systems of action.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 181–182
Skill: Apply
Objective: 5.6
82) Dynamic systems theory shows us why motor development
A) is generally slower in females than males.
B) is hardwired into the nervous system.
C) always follows the cephalocaudal trend.
D) cannot be genetically determined.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 183
Skill: Understand
Objective: 5.6
83) In James Galloway and Esther Thelen’s microgenetic study following babies from their first attempts until skill mastery,
the infants
A) scooted before crawling.
B) first explored the toys with their feet.
C) violated the proximodistal trend.
D) required adult instruction to acquire motor skills.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 183
Skill: Remember
Objective: 5.6
84) In Wayne Dennis’s study of infants in Iranian orphanages, only 15 percent of the orphans were walking alone by
3 to 4 years of age because
A) they spent the first year of their lives being carried by caregivers.
B) they were malnourished and unable to acquire the strength to walk.
C) they spent their days lying on their backs in cribs.
D) rapid motor progress was actively discouraged by caregivers.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 184
Skill: Remember
Objective: 5.6
85) Which of the following mothers is most likely to actively discourage rapid motor development?
A) Elyse, a Canadian mother
B) Indira, a West Indian mother
C) Biyaki, a Gusii mother
D) Cheruiyot, a Kipsigis mother
Answer: C
Page Ref: 184
Skill: Apply
Objective: 5.6
86) Which of the following motor skills is believed to play the greatest role in infant cognitive development?
A) crawling
B) reaching
C) rolling from back to side
D) walking
Answer: B
Page Ref: 185
Skill: Understand
Objective: 5.6
87) Newborn Sam’s poorly coordinated swipes toward an object in front of him is called
A) the pincer grasp.
B) the ulnar grasp.
C) prereaching.
D) voluntary reaching.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 185
Skill: Apply
Objective: 5.6
88) Reaching is largely controlled by
A) hand–eye coordination.
B) gross-motor development.
C) vision and hearing.
D) our sense of movement and location in space.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 185
Skill: Remember
Objective: 5.6
89) Five-month-old Raelle can be expected to __________ when an object is moved beyond her reach.
A) extend one arm rather than both
B) reduce her efforts
C) revert to prereaching
D) increase her efforts
Answer: B
Page Ref: 185
Skill: Apply
Objective: 5.6
90) Four-month-old Kaitlyn reaches for a toy. She grabs it by closing her fingers against her palm. Kaitlyn is using
A) the pincer grasp.
B) the grasp reflex.
C) the ulnar grasp.
D) prereaching.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 186
Skill: Apply
Objective: 5.6
91) By the end of the first year, a baby’s ability to manipulate objects greatly expands with the development of
A) the pincer grasp.
B) the ulnar grasp.
C) the fine-motor reflex.
D) prereaching.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 186
Skill: Remember
Objective: 5.6
92) In cultures where mothers carry their infants on their hips or in slings for most of the day,
A) infants are delayed in reaching and grasping.
B) babies have rich opportunities to explore with their hands.
C) manual skills develop later than in Western infants.
D) the overstimulation causes babies to cry a great deal.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 186
Skill: Understand
Objective: 5.6
93) Which of the following babies is most likely to develop manual skills first?
A) Shane, an infant born in the United States
B) Tord, an infant born in Norway
C) Camille, an infant born in France
D) Bintou, an infant born in Mali
Answer: D
Page Ref: 186
Skill: Apply
Objective: 5.6
94) Between 6 and 8 months, infants
A) become sensitive to syllable stress patterns in foreign languages.
B) start to “screen out” sounds not used in their native tongue.
C) do not yet recognize familiar words in spoken passages.
D) prefer listening to a foreign language than their own language.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 187
Skill: Understand
Objective: 5.7
95) In a face perception study involving both human and monkey pairs, 9-month-old infants
A) could discriminate the individual faces of both humans and monkeys.
B) did not show a novelty preference when viewing the monkey pair.
C) showed a novelty preference only when viewing the monkey pair.
D) could not yet discriminate the individual faces of humans or monkeys.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 188 Box: Biology and Environment: “Tuning in” to Familiar Speech, Faces, and Music: A Sensitive Period
for Culture-Specific Learning
Skill: Remember
Objective: 5.7
96) Perception studies demonstrate that
A) Western adults, but not infants, can detect rhythmic-pattern deviations of non-Western music.
B) Western children retain the ability to detect deviations in foreign musical rhythms throughout childhood.
C) Western babies lose their ability to detect deviations in foreign musical rhythms by 12 months of age.
D) daily opportunities to listen to non-Western music restores Western adults’ sensitivity to music rhythms.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 188 Box: Biology and Environment: “Tuning in” to Familiar Speech, Faces, and Music: A Sensitive Period
for Culture-Specific Learning
Skill: Understand
Objective: 5.7
97) Research indicates that around 7 to 9 months, infants
A) detect when words are deliberately mispronounced.
B) begin to divide the speech stream into wordlike units.
C) become sensitive to syllable stress patterns in their own language.
D) detect words that start with weak syllables.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 187
Skill: Understand
Objective: 5.7
98) Which of the following statements about how infants perceive the structure of speech is true?
A) Rules that infants extract from the speech stream do not generalize to nonspeech sounds.
B) Parents must directly teach word-order rules for infants to understand the basic grammar of their language.
C) Infants locate words by discriminating syllables that often occur together from syllables that seldom occur together.
D) Infants do not become sensitive to the speech structure of individual words until after their first birthday.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 188
Skill: Remember
Objective: 5.7
99) For exploring the environment, humans depend on __________ more than any other sense.
A) vision
B) touch
C) hearing
D) instinct
Answer: A
Page Ref: 189
Skill: Remember
Objective: 5.7
100) Color vision is adultlike by
A) birth.
B) 1 month.
C) 2 months.
D) 4 months.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 189
Skill: Remember
Objective: 5.7
101) Researchers using Gibson and Walk’s visual cliff found that
A) depth perception first appears after babies begin to walk.
B) most babies avoided the deep side of the cliff.
C) most babies avoided the shallow side of the cliff.
D) depth perception first appears after babies begin to crawl.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 190
Skill: Remember
Objective: 5.7
102) Which of the following depth cues is 3-week-old Adelaide most likely to be sensitive to?
A) pictorial depth cues
B) binocular depth cues
C) motion
D) spatial relationships
Answer: C
Page Ref: 190
Skill: Apply
Objective: 5.7
103) __________ arise because our two eyes have slightly different views of the visual field.
A) Pictorial depth cues
B) Dimensions
C) Binocular depth cues
D) Receding lines
Answer: C
Page Ref: 190
Skill: Remember
Objective: 5.7
104) Infants with more crawling experience
A) are far less likely to find hidden objects.
B) are less likely to remember object locations.
C) are far more likely to refuse to cross the deep side of the visual cliff.
D) become more fearless of the side of a bed or a staircase.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 190
Skill: Understand
Objective: 5.7
105) Newly walking babies
A) fall infrequently because they figured out depth cues during the crawling phase.
B) will careen over uneven surfaces without making necessary postural adjustments.
C) know how to turn their bodies to accommodate a narrow passageway.
D) are less likely to find hidden objects than experienced sitters who do not crawl.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 191
Skill: Understand
Objective: 5.7
106) Baby Alfredo looks more intensely at a checkerboard with large black and white squares rather than one with smaller
gray and white squares. Alfredo is demonstrating
A) contrast sensitivity.
B) sensitivity to pictorial depth cues.
C) proprioception.
D) sensitivity to the visual cliff.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 191–192
Skill: Apply
Objective: 5.7
107) Which of the following statements about pattern perception is true?
A) Newborns prefer to look at plain rather than patterned stimuli.
B) As they get older, infants prefer less complex patterns.
C) Because of their poor vision, very young babies cannot resolve the small features in complex patterns.
D) If babies are sensitive to the contrast in two or more patterns, they prefer the one with less contrast.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 51
Skill: Remember
Objective: 5.7
108) At 2 to 3 months of age, infants
A) can detect objects represented by incomplete drawings.
B) perceive subjective boundaries that really are not present.
C) prefer the walking-human display.
D) thoroughly explore the internal features of a pattern.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 192
Skill: Understand
Objective: 5.7
109) Which of the following facelike drawings is newborn Rori most likely to prefer?
A) one with the features arranged upright
B) one with the features arranged upside down
C) one with the features arranged sideways
D) one with eyes closed and no mouth
Answer: A
Page Ref: 192
Skill: Apply
Objective: 5.7
110) As early as 3 months, infants prefer and more easily discriminate among __________ than __________.
A) male adults; boys
B) female faces; male faces
C) members of other races; members of their own race
D) unfamiliar faces; familiar faces
Answer: B
Page Ref: 193
Skill: Understand
Objective: 5.7
111) Habituation research reveals that size and shape constancy are present as early as
A) the first week of life.
B) 3 months of age.
C) 6 months of age.
D) 1 year of age.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 194
Skill: Remember
Objective: 5.7
112) Around 2 months, babies
A) can keep track of an object that travels on a curvilinear course at varying speeds.
B) realize that a moving rod whose center is hidden behind a box is a complete rod rather than two rod pieces.
C) first perceive that a ball that moves back and forth behind a screen moves in a continuous path.
D) first begin to perceive an object’s size as the same, despite changes in the size of its retinal image.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 194
Skill: Understand
Objective: 5.7
113) __________ boosts older infants’ attention to an object’s surface features.
A) Motion
B) Perception
C) The environment
D) Experience
Answer: D
Page Ref: 195
Skill: Understand
Objective: 5.7
114) Lana understands that an object’s shape is the same whether she sees it or touches it, that the pattern of footsteps signals
the approach of a person, and that breaking a glass causes a sharp, crashing sound. This understanding is called
A) amodal stability.
B) differentiation.
C) intermodal perception.
D) intersensory acuity.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 195
Skill: Apply
Objective: 5.7
115) Research reveals that babies perceive input from different sensory systems in a unified way by detecting
A) amodal sensory properties.
B) invariant features of the environment.
C) affordances.
D) pictorial depth cues.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 195
Skill: Remember
Objective: 5.7
116) Between 3 and 5 months, babies can
A) discriminate positive from negative emotion in voices.
B) match faces with voices on the basis of lip–voice synchrony.
C) discriminate positive from negative emotion in faces.
D) remember the unique face–voice pairings of unfamiliar adults.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 195
Skill: Understand
Objective: 5.7
117) Which of the following statements about intermodal stimulation is true?
A) It is important for the healthy development of human, but not animal, babies.
B) It interferes with infants’ ability to learn the patterns of their native language.
C) It is unrelated to perceptual development.
D) It fosters all aspects of psychological development.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 196
Skill: Remember
Objective: 5.7
118) Eleanor and James Gibson describe their theory as __________ because over time a baby detects finer and finer invariant
features among stimuli.
A) differentiation
B) discontinuous
C) dynamic
D) bidirectional
Answer: A
Page Ref: 196
Skill: Remember
Objective: 5.8
119) One way of understanding perceptual development is to think of it as a built-in tendency to seek
A) risk.
B) novelty.
C) order.
D) change.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 196
Skill: Understand
Objective: 5.8
120) According to the Gibsons, perception is guided by the discovery of
A) intermodalities.
B) amodalities.
C) dynamic relationships.
D) affordances.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 196
Skill: Understand
Objective: 5.8
ESSAY
121) Describe the sex differences in body growth.
Answer: In infancy, girls are slightly shorter and lighter than boys, with a higher ratio of fat to muscle. These small sex
differences persist throughout early and middle childhood and are greatly magnified at adolescence. But body
size is not enough to tell us how quickly a child’s physical growth is moving along. The best estimate of a
child’s physical maturity is skeletal age, a measure of bone development. When skeletal ages are examined,
girls are considerably ahead of boys. At birth, the sexes differ by about 4 to 6 weeks, a gap that widens over
infancy and childhood. Girls are advanced in development of other organs as well. This greater physical
maturity may contribute to girls’ greater resistance to harmful environmental influences.
Page Ref: 161
122) What is lateralization of the brain, and why does it occur?
Answer: The cerebral cortex has two hemispheres, or sides, that differ in their functions. The specialization of functions
is called lateralization. Studies using fMRI reveal that the left hemisphere is better at processing information in
a sequential, analytic way, a good approach for dealing with communicative information—both verbal and
emotional. In contrast, the right hemisphere is specialized for processing information in a holistic, integrative
manner, ideal for making sense of spatial information and regulating negative emotion. A lateralized brain may
have evolved because it enabled humans to cope more successfully with changing environmental demands. It
permits a wider array of functions to be carried out effectively than if both sides processed information in
exactly the same way. However, the popular notion of a “right-brained” or “left-brained” person is an
oversimplification. The two hemispheres communicate and work together, doing so more rapidly and
effectively with age.
Page Ref: 165
123) Describe some common forms of inadequate nutrition in the United States.
Answer: While severe extreme forms of malnutrition, such as kwashiorkor and marasmus, are not common in the United
States, iron-deficiency anemia is common among poverty-stricken infants and children. It is a condition that
interferes with many central nervous system processes. Withdrawal and listlessness reduce the nutritionally
deprived child’s ability to pay attention, explore, and evoke sensitive caregiving from parents, whose lives are
already disrupted by poverty and stressful living conditions.
Because government-supported supplementary food programs do not reach all families in need, an
estimated 22 percent of U.S. children suffer from food insecurity—uncertain access to enough food for a
healthy, active life. Food insecurity is especially high among single-parent families and low-income ethnic
minority families. Children who suffer from food insecurity are affected in their physical growth and ability to
learn.
Page Ref: 175
124) Explain dynamic systems theory of motor development.
Answer: According to dynamic systems theory of motor development, mastery of motor skills involves acquiring
increasingly complex systems of action. When motor skills work as a system, separate abilities blend together,
each cooperating with others to produce more effective ways of exploring and controlling the environment. For
example, control of the head and upper chest combine into sitting with support. Kicking, rocking on all fours,
and reaching combine to become crawling. Then crawling, standing, and stepping are united into walking. Each
new skill is a joint product of the following factors: (1) central nervous system development, (2) the body’s
movement capacities, (3) the goals the child has in mind, and (4) environmental supports for the skill. Change
in any element makes the system less stable, and the child starts to explore and select new, more effective motor
patterns. The factors that induce change vary with age. The broader physical environment also profoundly
influences motor skills. For example, infants with stairs in their home learn to crawl up stairs at an earlier age
and also more readily master a back-descent strategy.
Page Ref: 181–182
125) Using examples from the text, explain how cultural variations in infant-rearing practices affect motor development.
Answer: In some cultures, sitting, crawling, and walking are deliberately discouraged or encouraged. Japanese mothers,
for example, believe that it is unnecessary to deliberately encourage motor skills. The Zinacanteco Indians of
southern Mexico and the Gusii of Kenya actively discourage rapid motor progress. Babies who walk before
they know enough to keep away from cooking fires and weaving looms are viewed as dangerous to themselves
and disruptive to others. In contrast, among the Kipsigis of Kenya and the West Indians of Jamaica, babies hold
their heads up, sit alone, and walk considerably earlier than North American infants. In both societies, parents
emphasize early motor maturity, practicing formal exercises to stimulate particular skills. Walking is promoted
by frequently standing babies in adults’ laps, bouncing them on their feet, and exercising the stepping reflex.
These infants usually skip crawling because they are rarely put on the floor. Finally, the current Western
practice of having babies sleep on their backs delays gross-motor milestones of rolling, sitting, and crawling.
Regularly exposing infants to the tummy-lying position during waking hours prevents these delays.
Page Ref: 184–185
126) Define size and shape constancy, and explain how they contribute to infants’ perception of objects.
Answer: The images that objects cast on our retina constantly change in size and shape. To perceive objects as stable and
unchanging, we must translate these varying retinal images into a single representation. Size constancy—
perception of an object’s size as the same, despite changes in the size of its retinal image—is evident in the first
week of life. Perception of an object’s shape as stable, despite changes in the shape projected on the retina, is
called shape constancy. Habituation research reveals that it, too, is present within the first week of life, long
before babies can actively rotate objects with their hands and view them from different angles. Both size and
shape constancy seem to be built-in capacities that assist babies in detecting a coherent world of objects. Yet
they provide only a partial picture of young infants’ object perception.
Page Ref: 194