Intermediate Accounting 9th Edition Spiceland - Test Bank

Intermediate Accounting 9th Edition Spiceland – Test Bank

 

Instant Download – Complete Test Bank With Answers

 

 

Sample Questions Are Posted Below

 

True/False Questions

 

1. Companies recognize revenue when goods or services are transferred to customers for the amount the company expects to be entitled to receive in exchange for those goods or services.

 

Answer: True

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-01

Topic Area: Core principle and 5 steps to apply it

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

1. Companies always recognize revenue when goods or services are transferred to customers for the amount the company expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services.

 

Answer: False

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-01

Topic Area: Core principle and 5 steps to apply it

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

1. “Determine whether it is probable the seller will collect the consideration it is entitled to receive” is one of the five steps to applying the core revenue recognition principle.

 

Answer: False

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-01

Topic Area: Core principle and 5 steps to apply it

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

1. Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 101 was issued by the FASB to clarify its guidelines on revenue recognition.

 

Answer: False

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-01

Topic Area: Core principle and 5 steps to apply it

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Research

 

 

1. A transfer of goods or services is complete when the customer has control over the goods or services.

 

Answer: True

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-02

Topic Area: Transfer of control and indicators

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

1. Revenue always is recognized once the buyer has physical possession of goods.

 

Answer: False

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-02

Topic Area: Transfer of control and indicators

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

1. Sellers should recognize revenue over time for a long term contract in which the seller is receiving periodic payments for progress to date but may need to refund those payments in the event the contract is cancelled.

 

Answer: False

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-03

Topic Area: Revenue over time―Criteria

Blooms: Understand

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

1. A common output method used to measure progress towards completion is to compare cost incurred to date to total costs estimated to complete the job.

 

Answer: False

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-03

Topic Area: Revenue over time―Progress to completion

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

1. Revenue should be recognized over time for the construction of an annex to a building that the customer owns, even if the seller will not receive payment until the annex is completed.

 

Answer: True

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-03

Topic Area: Revenue over time―Criteria

Blooms: Understand

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

1. A common output method used to measure progress towards completion is to determine the proportion of promised goods or services that have been transferred to date.

 

Answer: True

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-03

Topic Area: Revenue over time―Progress to completion

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

1. No allocation of contract price is required if the transaction involves a performance obligation to be satisfied over time.

 

Answer: False

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-04

Topic Area: Revenue over time―Progress to completion

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

1. The transaction price should be allocated to the contract’s performance obligations in proportion to the stand-alone selling prices of the performance obligations.

Answer: True
Level of Learning: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 05-04

Topic Area: Mult perf oblig―Allocate transact price

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

1. No allocation of contract price is required if the transaction involves multiple performance obligations that are satisfied at different points in time.

 

Answer: False

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-04

Topic Area: Mult perf oblig―Allocate transact price

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

1. If the contract contains multiple performance obligations, revenue must be recognized in an amount equal to the fair value of each of the separate performance obligations.

 

Answer: False

Level of Learning: Easy

Learning Objective: 05-04

Topic Area: Mult perf oblig―Allocate transact price

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

1. The transaction price is only allocated to goods or services that are both capable of being distinct and that are separately identifiable.

 

Answer: True

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-04

Topic Area: Mult perf oblig―Identify the perf oblig

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

1. Goods or services are distinct if they are either capable of being distinct or are separately identifiable.

 

Answer: False

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-04

Topic Area: Mult perf oblig―Identify the perf oblig

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

1. A contract between a seller and a buyer need not be in writing to be enforceable.

 

Answer: True

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-05

Topic Area: Contract features―Identify the contract

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: BB Legal

 

 

1. If the contract is not in writing, revenue cannot be recognized, even though goods have been transferred and payment is expected to be received in exchange.

 

Answer: False

Level of Learning: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 05-05

Topic Area: Contract features―Identify the contract

Blooms: Understand

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: BB Legal

 

 

1. The probability that the customer will pay the seller does not affect whether a contract exists for purposes of revenue recognition.

 

Answer: False

Level of Learning: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 05-05

Topic Area: Contract features―Identify the contract

Blooms: Understand

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

1. A contract exists for purposes of revenue recognition if either the seller or customer has performed an obligation specified by the contract.

 

Answer: True

Level of Learning: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 05-05

Topic Area: Contract features―Identify the contract

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

1. An option for a customer to purchase additional goods at a discount from list price is only a performance obligation if the discount is a material right that the customer would not receive otherwise.

 

Answer: True
Level of Learning: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 05-05

Topic Area: Contract features―Customer options

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

1. A warranty that the customer can purchase separately and that covers a long period of time after the purchase date is likely to be a quality-assurance warranty.

Answer: False
Level of Learning: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 05-05

Topic Area: Contract features―Warranties

Blooms: Understand

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: BB Industry

 

 

1. If an option to purchase an extended warranty at a special discount is included with a product when the product is purchased, a portion of the contract price needs to be allocated to the option.

 

Answer: True
Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-05

Topic Area: Contract features―Warranties

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

1. A fee for recording a new customer in the seller’s information system should be treated as a separate performance obligation and should be recognized upon payment.

 

Answer: False
Level of Learning: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 05-05

Topic Area: Contract features―Prepayments

Blooms: Understand

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

1. An option for a customer to purchase additional goods at a discount from list price is always a performance obligation, because it confers a material right.

 

Answer: False
Level of Learning: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 05-05

Topic Area: Contract features―Customer options

Blooms: Understand

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

1. Accounting for quality-assurance warranties includes a credit to warranty expense and a debit to contingent liability.

Answer: False
Level of Learning: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 05-05

Topic Area: Contract features―Warranties

Blooms: Analyze

AACSB: Analytical thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

1. When a contract includes variable consideration, the probability-weighted amount must be used when there are different probabilities of occurrence.

 

Answer: False
Level of Learning: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Variable consideration

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

1. To account for variable consideration using the most likely amount, the probability of each possible amount is multiplied by the possible amount to get an expected contract price.

 

Answer: False
Level of Learning: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Variable consideration

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

1. If the estimate of a transaction price is revised, the price change is allocated entirely to the remaining performance obligations that are yet to be satisfied.

 

Answer: False
Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic: Transaction price―Variable consideration

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

1. The amount of variable consideration that can be recognized is limited to the amount for which it is probable that there won’t be a significant reversal of revenue recognized to date when uncertainty resolves in the future.

 

Answer: True
Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Variable consid constraint

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

1. The right of return is a separate performance obligation, and a portion of the transaction price needs to be allocated to it for revenue recognition.

Answer: False
Level of Learning: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Right of return

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

1. When the right of return exists, revenue can be recognized at the point of sale if the seller can make reliable estimates of future returns.

 

Answer: True

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Right of return

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

1. If the seller is a principal, the seller has primary responsibility for delivering a product or service.

 

Answer: True

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Principal or agent

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: BB Legal

 

 

1. If the seller is a principal, the seller typically is not vulnerable to risks associated with delivering the product or service.

 

Answer: False

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Principal or agent

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: BB Legal

 

 

1. If the seller is a principal, the seller typically is vulnerable to risks associated with returns of inventory from the customer.

 

Answer: True

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Principal or agent

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: BB Legal

 

 

1. If the seller is a principal, the seller should recognize gross revenue and cost of sales associated with the transaction.

 

Answer: True

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Principal or agent

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

1. If the seller is an agent, the seller typically is vulnerable to risk associated with delivering the product or service.

 

Answer: False

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Principal or agent

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: BB Legal

 

 

1. If the seller is an agent, the seller typically recognizes cost associated with the sale on its own line in the income statement.

 

Answer: False

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Principal or agent

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

39. The transaction price should be adjusted to reflect the time value of money for interest payable, but not for interest receivable.

 

Answer: False
Level of Learning: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Time value of money

Blooms: Understand

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

40. Sellers are only required to adjust the transaction price to reflect the time value of money when the contract has a significant financing component.

 

Answer: True
Level of Learning: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Time value of money

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

41. If a seller makes payments to a customer to purchase goods or services, and those payments are equal to the stand-alone selling prices of those goods or services, part of those payments are a refund to the customer.

 

Answer: False
Level of Learning: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Pay by seller to customer

Blooms: Understand

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

42. The adjusted market assessment approach can be used to estimate the stand-alone selling price of a good or service.

 

Answer: True
Level of Learning: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Adjusted market approach

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

43. The residual approach to estimate stand-alone selling prices is often used for goods or services that are sold separately and that have stable prices.

 

Answer: False
Level of Learning: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Residual approach

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

44. Revenue typically should not be recognized when payment is received but the goods are warehoused at the seller’s facility.

 

Answer: True

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-07

Topic Area: Timing of rev rec―Bill-and-hold

Blooms: Understand

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

45. In a bill-and-hold arrangement, revenue only can be recognized after the sale of the goods to the end user.

Answer: False
Level of Learning: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 05-07

Topic Area: Timing of rev rec―Bill-and-hold

Blooms: Understand

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

46. In franchise arrangements, the franchisor’s performance obligations are not separately identifiable, so revenue must be recognized over time.

 

Answer: False
Level of Learning: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 05-07

Topic Area: Timing of rev rec―Franchises

Blooms: Understand

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

47. The same revenue recognition requirements always apply to franchise arrangements that apply to other selling arrangements.

 

Answer: True
Level of Learning: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 05-07

Topic Area: When Timing of rev rec―Franchises

Blooms: Understand

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

48. In a consignment arrangement, revenue typically should not be recognized until sale to a third party occurs, even though there has been a physical transfer of goods to the consignee, because the consignor still retains legal title to the goods.

 

Answer: True
Level of Learning: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 05-07

Topic Area: Timing of rev rec―Consignment

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

49. Sellers recognize revenue for gift cards at the point in time control of the gift card is transferred to the customer.

 

Answer: False
Level of Learning: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 05-07

Topic Area: Timing of rev rec―Gift cards

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

50. If a license is acquired to use intellectual property for a 5-year period, revenue always is recognized at the point in time the customer begins to benefit from the license.

 

Answer: False
Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-07

Topic Area: Timing of rev rec―Licenses

Blooms: Understand

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

51. If a licensee benefits from the seller’s activity over the license period with respect to the licensed intellectual property, revenue should be recognized over time.

 

Answer: True
Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-07

Topic Area: Timing of rev rec―Licenses

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Industry

 

52. Under U.S. GAAP, if a license gives a customer access to symbolic intellectual property, revenue always should be recognized over time.

 

Answer: True
Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-07

Topic Area: Timing of rev rec―Licenses

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Industry

53,       Under IFRS, if a license gives a customer access to symbolic intellectual property, revenue always should be recognized over time.

 

Answer: False
Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-07

Topic Area: IFRS―Revenue recognition

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Industry

 

54. If a license gives a customer access to functional intellectual property, revenue always should be recognized at the point in time that the customer can begin using the intellectual property.

 

Answer: False

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-07

Topic Area: Timing of rev rec―Licenses

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Industry

 

55. A license to use a company trademark should be viewed as an access right, with revenue recognized over the license period.

 

Answer: True

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-07

Topic Area: Timing of rev rec―Licenses

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Industry

 

56. Contract liability, deferred revenue and unearned revenue are all ways to describe a liability that the seller recognizes with respect to unsatisfied performance obligations for which the seller has already been paid.

 

Answer: True
Level of Learning: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 05-08

Topic Area: Disclosures―Balance sheet and Notes

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

57. An account receivable is recognized if the seller has a conditional right to receive payment.

 

Answer: False
Level of Learning: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 05-08

Topic Area: Disclosures―Balance sheet and Notes

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

58. Disclosure notes to the financial statements regarding significant revenue recognition policies are only required when they will not reveal important information to competitors, suppliers or customers.

 

Answer: False
Level of Learning: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 05-08

Topic Area: Disclosures―Balance sheet and Notes

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

59. When recognizing revenue over time on a long-term contract, amounts billed and the cash actually received affect income recognition.

 

Answer: False

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-09

Topic Area: Long-term contracts―Accounting issues

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

60. When recognizing revenue over time on a long-term contract, the percent complete is often estimated by comparing the cost incurred to date with the total estimated cost to complete.

 

Answer: True

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-09

Topic Area: Long-term contracts―Percentage complete

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

61. Firms have free choice as to whether to recognize revenue over time or at a point in time to account for a long-term contract.

 

Answer: False

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-09

Topic Area: Long-term contracts―Accounting issues

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

62. When revenue is recognized over time versus upon completion of the contract, different amounts of total profit or loss are recognized for a particular contract.

 

Answer: False

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-09

Topic Area: Long-term contracts―Accounting issues

Blooms: Understand

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

63. Estimated losses on long-term contracts are recognized as ratable over the contract term regardless of whether revenue is recognized over time or upon contract completion.

 

Answer: False

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-09

Topic Area: Long-term contracts―Loss on contract

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

64. When a long-term contract does not qualify for revenue recognition over time, all gross profit and loss recognition occurs when the contract is completed.

 

Answer: False

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-09

Topic Area: Long-term contracts―Accounting issues

Topic Area: Long-term contracts―Upon completion

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

65. Revenue is not recognized under the realization principle unless the earnings process is complete or virtually complete and there is reasonable certainty about the expected collection of the asset received.

 

Answer: True

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-Supplement

Topic Area: Chapter Supp―Realization principle

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

66. Under IFRS, one of the conditions for revenue from product sales to be recognized is when the risks and rewards of ownership have been transferred to the customer.

 

Answer: True

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-Supplement

Topic Area: Chapter Supp―IFRS Revenue recognition

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AACSB: Diversity

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Global

 

 

67. Use of the installment sales method requires that firms track the gross profit percentage associated with a particular sale.

 

Answer: True

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-Supplement

Topic Area: Chapter Supp―Installment sales method

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

68. When the expected collection of accounts receivable is difficult to estimate, companies must use the cost recovery method.

 

Answer: False

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-Supplement

Topic Area: Chapter Supp―Installment sales method

Blooms: Understand

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

69. Use of the installment sales method indicates little uncertainty about collection of the receivable.

 

Answer: False

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-Supplement

Topic Area: Chapter Supp―Installment sales method

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

70. Over the life of a particular account receivable, the same total amount of gross profit is recognized under the installment sales method and the cost recovery method.

 

Answer: True

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-Supplement

Topic Area: Chapter Supp―Installment sales method

Blooms: Understand

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

71. When the right of return exists and a seller cannot make reliable estimates of future returns, the installment sales method can be used.

 

Answer: False

Level of Learning: 3 Hard

Learning Objective: 05-Supplement

Topic Area: Chapter Supp―Installment sales method

Blooms: Understand

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

72. Under IFRS, firms have free choice as to whether they use the percentage-of-completion method or the cost recovery method to account for a long-term construction contract.

 

Answer: False

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-Supplement

Topic Area: Chapter Supp―IFRS Revenue recognition

Blooms: Understand

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AACSB: Diversity

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Global

AICPA: BB Industry

 

 

73. For long-term construction contracts, the cost recovery method under IFRS requires recognizing equal amounts of revenue and cost until all costs are recovered.

 

Answer: True

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-Supplement

Topic Area: Chapter Supp―IFRS Revenue recognition

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AACSB: Diversity

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Global

AICPA: BB Industry

 

 

74. When the cost recovery method is used to account for a long-term construction contract under IFRS, an equal amount of cost and revenue is typically recognized during the early life of the contract, such that high initial gross profit is recognized in net income.

 

Answer: False

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-Supplement

Topic Area: Chapter Supp―IFRS Revenue recognition

Blooms: Analyze

AACSB: Analytical thinking

AACSB: Diversity

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Global

AICPA: BB Industry

 

 

75. Under IFRS, firms typically use the cost recovery method if they conclude that the percentage-of-completion method is not appropriate to account for a long-term construction contract.

 

Answer: True

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-Supplement

Topic Area: Chapter Supp―IFRS Revenue recognition

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AACSB: Diversity

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA:  BB Global

AICPA: BB Industry

 

 

76. Revenue from the sale of computer software is always recognized at the point of sale.

 

Answer: False

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-Supplement

Topic Area: Chapter Supp―Software–Multiple-element

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Industry

 

 

77. Revenue on a multiple-element contract typically is allocated to independent parts of the contract based on their relative selling prices.

 

Answer: True

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-Supplement

Topic Area: Chapter Supp―Software–Multiple-element

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Industry

 

 

78. Vendor-specific objective evidence of separate sales prices is required for multiple-element software contracts, but estimated selling prices can be used for other multiple-element contracts under U.S. GAAP.

 

Answer: True

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-Supplement

Topic Area: Chapter Supp―Software–Multiple-element

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Industry

 

 

79. Recognition of franchise fee revenue is dependent on judgments of both substantial performance and expected collection of fees.

 

Answer: True

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-Supplement

Topic Area: Chapter Supp―Franchise sales

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Industry

 

 

80. Initial franchise fees are always recognized on the date they are received.

 

Answer: False

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-Supplement

Topic Area: Chapter Supp―Franchise sales

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Industry

 

 

81. When accounting for multiple-element software arrangements, the revenue for each element is based on the separate prices stated for each element in the software contract.

 

Answer: False

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-Supplement

Topic Area: Chapter Supp―Software–Multiple-element

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Industry

 

 

82. When accounting for multiple-element arrangements, GAAP indicates that sellers can separately record revenue for part of an arrangement even if the part does not have value to the customer on a stand-alone basis.

 

Answer: False

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-Supplement

Topic Area: Chapter Supp―Software–Multiple-element

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Industry

 

 

83. IFRS provides detailed guidance concerning accounting for revenue with respect to multiple-element contracts.

 

Answer: False

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-Supplement

Topic Area: Chapter Supp―IFRS Revenue recognition

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AACSB: Diversity

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA:  BB Global

AICPA: BB Industry

 

 

Multiple Choice Questions

 

84. Companies recognize revenue only when
    1. A contract is reasonably likely to exist
    2. A performance obligation is designated in a written contract
    3. A written contract is in place and payment is variable
    4. Control over goods or services has been transferred from the seller to the customer

 

Answer: d

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-01

Topic Area: Core principle and 5 steps to apply it

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback: The key to revenue recognition is transfer of control of goods or services from the seller to the customer.

 

 

85. Which of the following is one of the steps for recognizing revenue?
86. Identify the performance obligations of the contract.
87. Determine whether bad debts can be reasonably estimated.
88. Estimate the total transaction price of the contract based on fair value.
89. Allocate all revenue to the performance obligation with the largest stand-alone selling price.

 

Answer: a

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-01

Topic Area: Core principle and 5 steps to apply it

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback: The second step requires identification of the performance obligations in the contract.

 

86. Which of the following is not one of the five steps for recognizing revenue?
87. Recognize revenue when (or as) each performance obligation is satisfied.

b.Determine the transaction price.

1. Allocate the transaction price to each performance obligation.
2. Estimate variable consideration.

 

Answer:  d

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-01

Topic Area: Core principle and 5 steps to apply it

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback: Estimating variable consideration is part of determining the transaction price..

 

87. Which one of the following is not one of the five steps for recognizing revenue?
88. Identify the contract with a customer
89. Recognize revenue when all the performance obligations have been satisfied
90. Identify the separate performance obligation(s) in the contract
91. Allocate the transaction price to the separate performance obligations

 

Answer: b

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-01

Topic Area: Core principle and 5 steps to apply it

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback: The fifth step is to recognize revenue when (or as) each performance obligation is satisfied, not to wait until all have been satisfied.

 

88. For a typical manufacturing company, the most common critical point for recognizing revenue is the date:
89. An order is received.
90. Production is completed.
91. The product is delivered.
92. Payment is received.

 

Answer: c

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-02

Topic Area: Transfer of control and indicators

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Industry

Feedback: Control typically passes from the manufacturer to the customer when the product is delivered.

 

89. Stayman Associates has sold a good to a buyer and wants to recognize revenue. Which of the following is an indicator that control of a good has passed from Stayman to the buyer?
90. Buyer has scheduled delivery.
91. Buyer has a strong credit history, such that bad debts are reasonably estimable.
92. Buyer has not scheduled delivery.
93. Buyer has assumed the risk and rewards of ownership.

 

Answer: d

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-02

Topic Area: Transfer of control and indicators

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Critical Thinking

Feedback: One of the indicators that control has passed from a seller to a buyer is if the buyer has assumed the risk and rewards of ownership.

 

 

90. Which of the following is not an indicator that the customer is likely to have control over a good?
91. Asset warehoused by seller-affiliated third party
92. Accepted the asset
93. Legal title to the asset
94. Physical possession of the asset

 

Answer:  a

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-02

Topic Area: Transfer of control and indicators

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Critical thinking

Feedback: “Asset warehoused by seller-affiliated third party” is an indicator that control has not passed.

 

 

91. On June 1^st, Lucy & Bros received an order for 500 cupcakes. Lucy delivered the cupcakes to the client on June 25^th. A $50 deposit was received on June 5^th and the remaining $450 was paid on June 30^th. Lucy likely would recognize revenue on
    1. June 1^st
    2. June 5^th
    3. June 25^th
    4. June 30^th

 

Answer:   c

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-02

Topic Area: Transfer of control and indicators

Blooms: Analyze

AACSB: Analytical thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback: Revenue should be recognized when control passes to the customer, which typically occurs upon delivery.

 

92. The core revenue principle states that
    1. Companies recognize revenue when the earnings process is virtually complete and it is probable that payments will be received.
    2. Companies recognize revenue when goods or services are transferred to customers for the amount the company expects to be entitled to receive in exchange for those goods or services.
    3. Companies recognize revenue when goods or services are transferred to the customer and payments are received.
    4. Companies recognize revenue when the goods or services are transferred to the customer in an arm’s length transaction.

 

Answer: b

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-02

Topic Area: Core principle and 5 steps to apply it

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback: Recognizing revenue when the earnings process is virtually complete and it is probably that payments will be received is incorrect because it includes the earnings process notion from the realization principle.  Recognizing revenue when goods or services are transferred to the customer and payments are received is incorrect because it focuses on receipt of payment. Recognizing revenue when the goods or services are transferred to the customer in an arm’s length transaction is incorrect because it focuses on arm’s length transactions and doesn’t consider the amount the company expects to be entitled to receive.

 

 

93. Consider the following three scenarios:
94. ABC Lawncare performed lawn maintenance services for Drake Inc. on June 1^st, and received payment of $500 for those services.
95. On June 1st, Melly Corp received payment for 100 pounds of raw material to be delivered to Drake Inc. in 6 months

• Lodo, LLC collected cash on June 1st for services rendered on May 1st.

 

Given these scenarios, revenue can not be recognized on June 1^st for

1. I, II
2. I only
3. II, III only
4. III only

 

Answer:  c

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-02

Topic Area: Transfer of control and indicators

Blooms:  Analyze

AACSB: Analytical thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback: Revenue can be recognized for scenario I because the seller has satisfied a performance obligation.  For scenario II, the seller must wait until raw material has been delivered.  For scenario III, the seller should have recognized revenue on May 1^st when the performance obligation was satisfied by rendering services.

 

 

94. Which of the following is not an indicator that revenue can be recognized over time?
95. The seller is enhancing an asset that the buyer controls as the service is performed.
96. The customer consumes the benefit of the seller’s work as the seller performs the service.
97. The seller is creating an asset that has an alternative use to the seller, and the seller can receive payment for its progress even if the customer cancels the contract.
98. None of these answer choices are correct.

 

Answer: c

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-03

Topic Area: Revenue over time―Criteria

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Critical Thinking

Feedback: An indicator that revenue recognition over time is appropriate is that the seller is creating an asset that does not have an alternative use to the seller, and the seller can receive payment for its progress even if the customer cancels the contract.

 

 

95. Revenue likely is recognized over time for all the following arrangements except for
96. Bank earning interest on a long term loan
97. Construction of a building
98. Providing a two-year gym membership
99. Manufacturing generally stocked items ordered by a favored customer

 

Answer:   d

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-03

Topic Area: Revenue over time―Criteria

Blooms: Analyze

AACSB: Analytical thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Industry

Feedback: Manufacturing generally stocked items ordered by a favored customer does not meet any of the criteria for revenue recognition over time. The fact that the items are ordered by a favored customer doesn’t matter, as they are generally stocked and therefore not specific to that customer.

 

 

96. On November 1, 2018, Taylor signed a one-year contract to provide handyman services on an as-needed basis to King Associates, with the contract to start immediately. King agreed to pay Taylor $4,800 for the one-year period.  Taylor is confident that King will pay that amount, but payment is not scheduled to occur until 2019.  Taylor should recognize revenue in 2018 in the amount of
97. $0
98. $800
99. $2,400
100. $4,800

 

Answer:   b

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-03

Topic Area: Revenue over time―Criteria

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback: This arrangement qualifies for revenue recognition over time because the customer consumes the benefit of the seller’s service as the seller provides it.  Therefore, Taylor would recognize revenue of $800 ($4,800 × 2/12 of the contract duration).

 

 

97. Mary signed up and paid $1200 for a 6 month ceramics course on June 1^st with Choplet Ceramics. As of August 1^st, Choplet’s accounting records would indicate:
98. $400 of revenue, $800 of accounts receivable
99. $400 of revenue, $800 of deferred revenue
100. $1,200 of revenue, $1,200 of cash
101. $800 of revenue, $400 of accounts receivable

 

Answer:   b

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-03

Topic Area: Revenue over time―Progress to completion

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback: This arrangement qualifies for revenue recognition over time because the customer consumes the benefit of the seller’s service as the seller provides it.  Therefore, Choplet would recognize revenue of $400 ($1,200 × 2/6 of the contract duration) and deferred revenue of $800 ($1,200 contract price paid in advance – $400 revenue recognized to date).

 

 

98. On February 1^st, H&B Bank originated a loan for $50,000 at an interest rate of 7.2%. On March 15^th, an interest payment of $300 was received. Which of the following best describes when interest revenue should be recognized?
99. At a point in time (February 1^st)
100. At a point in time (March 15^th)
101. At a point in time (March 31^st)
102. Over time

 

Answer: d

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-03

Topic Area: Revenue over time―Progress to completion

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback: This arrangement qualifies for revenue recognition over time because the customer consumes the benefit of the seller’s service as the seller provides it.

 

 

99. Rothbart Manufacturing agrees to manufacture bumper cars for 12 Banners Amusement Parks. Under the terms of the contract, 12 Banners will pay Rothbart a total of $60,000, and 12 Banners can cancel the contract if it so chooses but must pay Rothbart for work completed.  Rothbart believes that, if 12 Banners cancelled the contract, Rothbart could sell the bumper cars to another amusement park and still make a profit.  The manufacturing contract is expected to last six months, and as of December 31, 2018, the job is 80% complete.  How much revenue should Rothbart recognize in 2018 for this contract?
100. $0
101. $12,000
102. $48,000
103. $60,000

 

Answer: a

Level of Learning: 3 Hard

Learning Objective: 05-03

Topic Area: Revenue over time―Progress to completion

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback: This arrangement does not qualify for revenue recognition over time, because the asset the seller is creating has an alternative use to it.  Therefore, Rothbart must wait until completion of the contract before recognizing revenue.

 

 

100. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a distinct good or service?
101. It can be used on its own or in combination with other goods or services the seller could obtain elsewhere
102. It is not highly dependent on other goods or services in the contract
103. It has a stand-alone selling price
104. It is not interrelated with other goods or services in the contract

 

Answer:  c

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-04

Topic Area: Mult perf oblig―Identify the perf oblig

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Critical thinking

Feedback: A good or service is distinct if it is both capable of being distinct, as in it can be used on its own or in combination with other goods or services the seller could obtain elsewhere, and it is separately identifiable, as in it is not interrelated with other goods or services in the contract.  The good or service having a stand-alone selling price is not part of the definition of a distinct good or service.

 

 

101. For contracts that include more than one separate performance obligation:
102. Revenue is recorded over time at the fair value of each performance obligation.
103. Revenue is recognized in the amount of the contract price on the date the last separate performance obligation is satisfied.
104. The contract price is allocated to each performance obligation in proportion to the obligations’ stand-alone selling prices.
105. Revenue is recognized in the amount of the contract price on the date the contract is signed.

 

Answer:  c

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-04

Topic Area: Mult perf oblig―Allocate transact price

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback: Allocating the contract price to each performance obligation in proportion to the obligations’ stand-alone selling prices is how companies apply the fourth step to recognizing revenue, “Allocate the transaction price to each performance obligation.”

 

 

102. Binz Company provides cleaning services and sells garbage bins to office clients. On June 1^st, Binz delivered 100 garbage bins to a client, and also entered into a 5-year contract for Binz to provide cleaning services to that client. Which of the following is most likely to be true?
103. Revenue for the garbage bins and the cleaning services must be recognized on June 1^st.
104. Revenue for the garbage bins is recognized on June 1^st and no revenue will be recognized for the cleaning services until the end of the 5^th
105. Revenue for the garbage bins is recognized on June 1^st and revenue for the cleaning service is recognized over the 5 years as those services are performed.
106. Binz Company should not recognize any revenue until the end of the 5^th

 

Answer:   c

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-04

Topic Area: Mult perf oblig―Identify the perf oblig

Blooms: Analyze

AACSB: Analytical thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback:  The garbage bins and cleaning services are two performance obligations, as they are both capable of being distinct and separately identifiable.  The cleaning services qualify for revenue recognition over time, as the customer will consume those services as they are provided.  The garbage bins do not qualify for revenue recognition over time, so revenue will be recognized at the point in time when control of the bins passes to the customer, which occurs upon delivery.

 

 

103. Goods or services are capable of being distinct if:
104. The seller regularly sells the good or service separately.
105. A buyer could use the good or service on its own.
106. A buyer could use the good or service in combination with goods or services the buyer could obtain elsewhere.
107. The seller regularly sells the good or service separately, or the buyer could use the good or service on its own, or the buyer could use the good or service in combination with goods or services the buyer could obtain elsewhere.

 

Answer: d

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-04

Topic Area: Mult perf oblig―Identify the perf oblig

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Critical Thinking

Feedback: A good or service is capable of being distinct if the seller regularly sells the good or service separately, or the customer could use the good or service on its own or in combination with other goods or services it could obtain elsewhere.

 

 

104. Minarski Electronics sells computers and provides hardware maintenance services. On April 1^st, Minarski sold a package deal containing a computer and a one-year unlimited maintenance/repair service for the computer at a bundle price of $1,000. If sold separately, the computer costs $840 and the one-year unlimited maintenance/repair service costs $360. How much revenue does Minarski Electronics recognize for the month ended April 30^th, assuming that revenue is accrued monthly?
105. $1,000
106. $870
107. $725
108. $30

 

Answer:   c

Level of Learning: 3 Hard

Learning Objective: 05-04

Topic Area: Mult perf oblig―Identify the perf oblig

Topic Area: Mult perf oblig―Allocate transact price

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback: The computer and maintenance services are distinct, because they are both capable of being distinct and are separately identifiable.  Therefore, they qualify as performance obligations.  The total bundle price of $1,000 would be allocated to each of them, with $700 (computed as $1,000 × ($840 ÷ (840 + 360))) allocated to the computer, and $300 (computed as $1,000 × ($360 ÷ (840 + 360))) allocated to the maintenance contract.  During April, Minarski has delivered the computer and one month of maintenance, so it should recognize revenue of $725 (computed as $700 + ($300 × 1/12 of the duration of the contract)).

 

 

Use the following to answer questions 105-107:

 

On July 15, 2018, Ortiz & Co. signed a contract to provide EverFresh Bakery with an ingredient-weighing system for a price of $90,000.  The system included finely tuned scales that fit into EverFresh’s automated assembly line, Ortiz’s proprietary software modified to allow the weighing sytem to function in EverFresh’s automated system, and a one-year contract to calibrate the equipment and software on an as-needed basis.  (Ortiz competes with other vendors who offer ongoing calibration contracts for Ortiz’s systems.) If Ortiz was to provide these goods or services separately, it would charge $60,000 for the scales, $10,000 for the software, and $30,000 for the calibration contract.  Ortiz delivered and installed the equipment and software on August 1, 2018, and the calibration service commenced on that date.

 

105. How many performance obligations exist in this contract?
106. 0
107. 1
108. 2
109. 3

 

Answer:   c

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-04

Topic Area: Mult perf oblig―Identify the perf oblig

Blooms: Analyze

AACSB: Analytical thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Critical thinking

Feedback: Goods or services must be distinct to qualify as performance obligations.  To be distinct, goods or services must be both capable of being distinct and separately identifiable.  The scales and software appear capable of being distinct, as they could be sold separately, but they are not separately identifiable, as they are integrated with each other and not useable without each other.  The one-year calibration contract is capable of being distinct and separately identifiable, as other vendors could provide similar services.  Therefore, the contract has two performance obligations: the combination of the scales and software, and the calibration contract.

 

 

106. Assume that the scales, software and calibration service are all separate performance obligations. How much revenue will Ortiz recognize in 2018 for this contract?
107. $0
108. $63,000
109. $74,250
110. $90,000

 

Answer:   c

Level of Learning: 3 Hard

Learning Objective: 05-04

Topic Area: Mult perf oblig―Allocate transact price

Topic Area: Mult perf oblig―When (or as) satisfied

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback: The scales will be allocated $54,000 of transaction price (computed as $90,000 × ($60,000 ÷ ($60,000 + 10,000 + 30,000))).  The software will be allocated $9,000 of transaction price (computed as $90,000 × ($10,000 ÷ ($60,000 + 10,000 + 30,000))).  The calibration contract will be allocated $27,000 of transaction price (computed as $90,000 × ($30,000 ÷ ($60,000 + 10,000 + 30,000))). The revenue for the scales and software all would be recognized upon delivery on August 1, 2018.  Since the calibration contract has a one-year duration and commenced on August 1, revenue for five months has been earned in 2018, equal to $11,250 (computed as $27,000 × 5/12).  Therefore, total revenue recognized in 2018 is $74,250 (computed as $54,000 + 9,000 + 11,250).

 

 

107. Assume that the scales, software and calibration service are viewed as one performance obligation. How much revenue will Ortiz recognize in 2018 for this contract?
108. $0
109. $37,500
110. $63,000
111. $90,000

 

Answer:   b

Level of Learning: 3 Hard

Learning Objective: 05-04

Topic Area: Mult perf oblig―When (or as) satisfied

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback: If the contract has only one performance obligation, that revenue will be recognized over time as the Ortiz provides the combination of scales, software and calibration service.  No revenue can be recognized upon delivery of the computer or software.  Since the contract has a one-year duration and commenced on August 1, revenue for five months has been earned in 2018, equal to $37,500 (computed as $90,000 × 5/12).

 

 

108. A contract does not exist for purposes of applying the revenue recognition principle in all of the following cases except for when:
109. The seller believes it is not probable that it will collect the amount it’s entitled to receive under the contract.
110. The seller and buyer did not sign a formalized written contract.
111. The seller and buyer can terminate the contract without penalty and neither has performed any obligations under the contract.
112. The seller believes it is highly likely but not certain that the buyer will agree to the terms of the contract.

 

Answer:   b

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-05

Topic Area: Contract features―General items

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback: The contract does not have to be written to exist for purposes of revenue recognition.

 

109. Which of the following is a characteristic of a contract for purposes of revenue recognition?
110. Commercial substance.
111. Nonverbal.
112. Reasonable profit margin.
113. Notarized within the company’s state of incorporation.

 

Answer: a

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-05

Topic Area: Contract features―General items

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback: A contract must have commercial substance for revenue recognition to occur.

 

110. Waldman Associates received a written, approved contract to deliver economic consulting services, with service and payment commencing in one month. The contract specifies the services that Waldman is to perform, and the payment terms. Waldman and the customer both can cancel the contract without penalty prior to commencing service. Does Waldman have a contract for purposes of revenue recognition on the day the contract is received?
111. Yes, because Waldman has a written approved contract.
112. No, because Waldman and the customer can cancel without penalty, and neither has performed an obligation under the contract.
113. Maybe, depending on whether Waldman can estimate collectability of the receivable.
114. There is insufficient data on which to base an answer.

 

      Answer: b

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-05

Topic Area: Contract features―General items

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback: If both parties can cancel without penalty and the contract is wholly unperformed, no contract exists for purposes of revenue recognition.

 

111. What is the effect of bad debts on revenue recognition?
112. The seller must believe it is probable it will collect the amounts it is entitled to collect.
113. Bad debts must be of a remote likelihood in order to recognize revenue.
114. Bad debts are deducted from revenue to calculate net revenue on the income statement, similar to sales returns.
115. Bad debts are ignored when determining whether to recognize revenue, but recognized as an expense on the income statement.

 

Answer: a

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-05

Topic Area: Contract features―General items

Blooms: Understand

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback: A contract does not exist for purposes of applying the revenue recognition model if the seller believes it’s not probable that it will collect the amount it’s entitled to receive under the contract.

 

112. Which of the following is considered a performance obligation?
113. Up-front registration fees for a gym membership
114. Extended warranties on electronic products
115. Quality-assurance warranties on electronic products
116. A processing fee to obtain a bank loan

 

Answer:   b

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-05

Topic Area: Contract features―Identify the contract

Blooms: Analyze

AACSB: Analytical thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Industry

Feedback: An extended warranty represents a performance obligation.  An up-front registration fee and processing fee are prepayments, and a quality-assurance warranty represents a promise to fulfill the performance obligation to provide goods of acceptable quality.

 

 

113. Which of the following is not a performance obligation?
114. A good that the seller could sell separately and that is separately identifiable from other goods or services in the contract.
115. A right of return.
116. An option for a customer to purchase goods under terms that are more advantageous than those enjoyed by other customers.
117. An extended warranty.

 

Answer: b

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-05

Topic Area: Contract features―Identify the contract

Blooms: Understand

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Critical Thinking

Feedback: A right of return regards the completion of the performance obligation to provide satisfactory goods in the first place, and so is not a separate performance obligation.

 

 

114. Which of the following is an example of an extended warranty?
115. Fancy Headphones, Inc. provides assurance that its headphones are defect-free after purchase.
116. Azalea’s Flowers assures clients that its flowers will stay fresh for at least a week.
117. Mark Electronics offers a warranty at an affordable price that provides additional protection after the customer takes possession of the product.
118. Erickson Electronics promises to make repairs or replace any product found to be defective within a week of purchase.

 

Answer:   c

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-05

Topic Area: Contract features―Warranties

Blooms: Analyze

AACSB: Analytical thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: Industry

Feedback: Answer choices a, b, and d are examples of quality assurance warranties.  They are promises to fulfill the performance obligation to provide goods of acceptable quality, rather than being performance obligations in their own right.

 

 

115. Orange Inc. offers a discount on an extended warranty on its oPhone when the warranty is purchased at the time the oPhone is purchased. The warranty normally has a price of $150, but Orange offers it for $120 when purchased along with an oPhone.  Orange anticipates a 75% chance that a customer will purchase the extended warranty along with the oPhone.  Assume Orange sells to 1,000 oPhones with the extended warranty discount offer.   What is the total stand-alone selling price that Orange would use for the extended warranty discount option for purposes of allocating revenue among the performance obligations in those 1,000 oPhone contracts?
116. $0
117. $22,500
118. $30,000
119. $120,000

 

Answer:   b

Level of Learning: 3 Hard

Learning Objective: 05-05

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Contract features―Warranties

Topic Area: Transaction price―Variable consideration

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback: The $30 discount has a 75% chance of being taken by a customer, so the stand-alone selling price associated with 1,000 oPhones is $22,500 (computed as $30 × 75% × 1,000 phones).

 

 

116. In which of the following is the option described not a performance obligation?
117. Customers accumulate points for every dollar spent at Madeline’s Book Store. The points can be redeemed for books once certain levels are met.
118. Customers can get 5% cash back for every $100 spent on eco-friendly products.
119. Customers can “buy two, get one free” at a menswear store.
120. Upon purchase of any name-brand TV, customers can purchase a 5-year extended warranty at a 25% discount.

 

Answer:   b

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-05

Topic Area: Contract features―Customer options

Blooms: Analyze

AACSB: Analytical thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Critical thinking

Feedback:  5% cash back is an adjustment of list price, and therefore must be considered when calculating the transaction price.  It is not a performance obligation.

 

 

117. Which of the following statement is most true?
118. Variable consideration means that the transaction price is uncertain.
119. Basing an estimate on the most likely amount is always superior to basing an estimate on the expected value.
120. The most likely estimated amount is estimated by multiplying the possible amounts with their respective probability of occurrence.
121. When the transaction price is uncertain, revenue should not be recognized.

 

Answer:   a

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Variable consideration

Blooms: Understand

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback: Consideration is variable because it depends on the future resolution of some uncertainty.

 

 

118. Which of the following is an example of a variable consideration?
119. John is expected to receive $100 for his tutoring services provided that he keeps track of his hours.
120. Melody’s Piano will get paid for the 50 pianos sold provided that the pianos are non-defective after the customer takes control.
121. Cantankerous Computers gets paid a base amount for every repair plus an additional hourly fee of $10.
122. Excellent Electronics has a 10% mail-in rebate program for the Model X-001 speaker system. The company sold $10,000 worth of systems and believes there is a 50% chance that rebates will be redeemed.

 

Answer:   d

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Variable consideration

Blooms: Analyze

AACSB: Analytical thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback: The Excellent Electronics’ example is correct because it describes consideration that has uncertainty that will be resolved by some future event.  The example of John’s tutoring services is not correct because it simply requires accurate records in order to be paid a certain fee.  The Melody’s Piano example is not correct because it describes a quality assurance warranty, which does not change consideration expected to be received.  The Cantankerous Computers example is not correct because it indicates a fee that is certain given the number of hours of service provided.

 

 

119. Which of the following is correct about changes in estimated variable consideration?
120. Changes in estimated variable consideration should be recognized as an adjustment to revenue in the period the change in estimate is made.
121. Changes in estimated variable consideration should be applied retroactively to all periods affected.
122. Changes in estimated variable consideration should be allocated retrospectively to all prior periods.
123. Changes in estimated variable consideration are not recognized in periods after transaction price is first estimated.

 

Answer:   a

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Variable consideration

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback: Like other changes in estimate, changes in estimated variable consideration are applied prospectively, and should be recognized as an adjustment to revenue in the period the change in estimate is made.

 

 

Use the following to answer questions 120 and 121:

 

On April 1^st, Bob the Builder entered into a contract of one-month duration to build a barn for Nolan. Bob is guaranteed to receive a base fee of $5,000 for his services in addition to a bonus depending on when the project is completed. Nolan created incentives for Bob to finish the barn as soon as he can without jeopardizing the structural integrity of the barn. Nolan offered to pay an additional 30% of the base fee if the project finished 2 weeks early and 10% if the project finished a week early. The probability of finishing 2 weeks early is 30% and the probability of finishing a week early is 60%.

 

120. What is the expected transaction price with variable consideration estimated as the expected value?
121. $4,750
122. $5,000
123. $5,500
124. $5,750

 

Answer:   d

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Variable consideration

Topic Area: Transaction price―Expected value

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback: The expected value of the transaction price is $5,750, computed as [$5,000 plus (30% × $5,000 × 30%) + (10% × $5,000 × 60%) + (0% × $5,000 x 10%)], or $5,000 + 450 + 300 + 0.

 

 

121. What is the expected transaction price with variable consideration estimated as the most likely amount?
122. $4,750
123. $5,000
124. $5,500
125. $5,750

 

Answer:   c

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Variable consideration

Topic Area: Transaction price―Most likely amount

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback:  The likelihood that the job is finished a week early = 60%, in which case it is more likely that Bob would be paid the bonus than to not receive the bonus. The total expected amount is $5,000 + ($5,000 × 10%) = $5,500.

 

 

Use the following to answer questions 122 – 124:

 

Sanjeev enters into a contract offering variable consideration. The contract pays him $1,000/month for six months of continuous consulting services. In addition, there is a 60% chance the contract will pay an additional $2,000 and a 40% chance the contract will pay an additional $3,000, depending on the outcome of the consulting contract. Sanjeev concludes that this contract qualifies for revenue recognition over time.

 

122. Assume Sanjeev estimates variable consideration as the most likely amount. What is the amount of revenue Sanjeev would recognize for the first month of the contract?
123. $1,000
124. $1,333
125. $1,400
126. $1,200

 

Answer: b

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Variable consideration

Topic Area: Transaction price―Most likely amount

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback: The most likely outcome is that Sanjeev receives the $2,000 bonus (likelihood = 60%), in which case Sanjeev would be paid a total of ($1,000 × 6 months) + $2,000, or $8,000.  Therefore, Sanjeev would recognize $8,000 ÷ 6 = $1,333 each month.

 

 

123. Assume Sanjeev estimates variable consideration as the expected value. What is the amount of revenue Sanjeev would recognize for the first month of the contract?
124. $1,000
125. $1,333
126. $1,400
127. $1,200

 

Answer: c

Level of Learning: 3 Hard

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Variable consideration

Topic Area: Transaction price―Expected value

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback: The expected value of the transaction price is $8,400, computed as $1,000 × 6 months + (60% × $2,000) + (40% × $3,000).   Therefore, Sanjeev would recognize $8,400 ÷ 6 = $1,400 each month.

 

 

124. Assume that Sanjeev estimates variable consideration as the most likely amount. After Sanjeev has recognized revenue for two months of the contract, he changes his assessment of the chance the contract will pay him $3,000 to 70%.  What adjustment to revenue should Sanjeev recognize to account for that change in estimate?
125. Debit of $1,000
126. Debit of $334
127. Credit of $1,000
128. Credit of $334

 

Answer:   d

Level of Learning: 3 Hard

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Variable consideration

Topic Area: Transaction price―Most likely amount

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback:  In the first two months of the contract, the most likely outcome is that Sanjeev receives a $2,000 bonus (likelihood = 60%), in which case Sanjeev would be paid a total of ($1,000 × 6 months) + $2,000, or $8,000.  Therefore, Sanjeev would recognize $8,000 ÷ 6 = $1,333 each month, and after two months would have recognized $2,666.  Then Sanjeev concludes that the most likely outcome is that Sanjeev receives a $3,000 bonus (likelihood = 70%), in which case Sanjeev would be paid a total of ($1,000 × 6 months) + $3,000, or $9,000.  Therefore, Sanjeev should have recognized $9,000 ÷ 6 = $1,500 each month, and after two months should have recognized $3,000.  The amount of adjustment Sanjeev should record is a credit of $334, calculated as $3,000 – $2,666.

 

 

Use the following to answer questions 125 – 127:

 

On June 1, 2018, Emmet Property Management entered into a 2-year contract to oversee leasing and maintenance for an apartment building.  The contract starts on July 1, 2018.  Under the terms of the contract, Emmet will be paid a fixed fee of $50,000 per year and will receive an additional 15% of the fixed fee at the end of each year provided that building occupancy exceeds 90%.  Emmet estimates a 30% chance it will exceed the occupancy threshold, and concludes the revenue recognition over time is appropriate for this contract.

 

125. Assume Emmet estimates variable consideration as the expected value. How much revenue should Emmet recognize on this contract in 2018?
126. $25,000
127. $26,125
128. $28,750
129. $50,000

 

Answer:   b

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Variable consideration

Topic Area: Transaction price―Expected value

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback: The expected value of the transaction price is $52,250 for one year, computed as $50,000 + (30% × $50,000 × 15%).   Since six months have elapsed, Emmet should recognize revenue of $52,250 × 6/12 = $26,125.

 

 

126. Assume Emmet estimates variable consideration as the most likely amount. How much revenue should Emmet recognize on this contract in 2018?
127. $25,000
128. $26,125
129. $28,750
130. $50,000

 

Answer:   a

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Variable consideration

Topic Area: Transaction price―Most likely amount

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback: The most likely amount to be received by Emmet is $50,000 per year. Since there is a 30% chance of receiving an additional amount, there is a 70% (100% – 30%) chance of not receiving any additional amount.  Therefore the most likely amount of an additional fee is zero.  Since six months have elapsed, Emmet should recognize revenue of only the fixed fee for that period: $50,000 × 6/12 = $25,000.

 

 

127. Assume that Emmet accrues revenue each month, and estimates variable consideration as the most likely amount. On November 1, Emmet revises its estimate of the chance the building will exceed the 90% occupancy threshold to a 70% chance.  What is the total amount of revenue Emmet should recognize on this contract in November of 2018?
128. $3,125
129. $4,167
130. $4,792
131. $7,291

 

Answer:   d

Level of Learning: 3 Hard

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Variable consideration

Topic Area: Transaction price―Most likely amount

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback: In July, August, September, and October, Emmet would have based revenue recognition on the most likely amount of $50,000, and so would have recognized revenue of $50,000 × 4/12 = $16,667.  Starting in November, Emmet believes the most likely amount is $50,000 + ($50,000 × 15%) = $57,500, such that by the end of November Emmet should have recognized revenue totaling $57,500 × 5/12 = $23,958.  Therefore, the amount of revenue Emmet should recognize in November to revise its estimate is $7,291, calculated as $23,958 – $16,667.

 

128. Which of the following is not an indicator that the constraint on recognizing variable consideration should be applied?
129. Poor (limited) evidence on which to base an estimate
130. A broad range of outcomes that could occur
131. A short delay before uncertainty resolves
132. A history of the seller changing payment terms on similar contracts

 

Answer: c

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Variable consideration

Topic Area: Transaction price―Variable consid constraint

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback: A long delay before uncertainty resolves is an indicator that the constraint applies.

 

 

129. On January 1, 2018, Elite Advertising was contracted to run a marketing campaign for Pharm King’s new dieting pills. In addition to getting a base fee of $150,000 for the 3-year campaign, Elite also may get an additional 5% of the base fee as a bonus if a targeted sales level is reached at the end of three years. Elite currently lacks sufficient information to make an estimate of the likelihood of the expected bonus, with the marketing director indicating that “If you forced me to make an estimate, I’d say we have a 50/50 chance. But don’t quote me on that – it’s really too early to tell.”  Elite concludes this contract qualifies for revenue recognition over time, and estimates variable consideration using the most likely amount. How much revenue should Elite recognize as of December 31, 2018?
130. $50,000
131. $51,250
132. $52,500
133. $57,500

 

Answer: a

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Variable consideration

Topic Area: Transaction price―Variable consid constraint

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback: Elite would not include the bonus in its estimate of the transaction price, as it is not probable that the bonus revenue would not have to be reversed at a future date.  Therefore, Elite would use a $150,000 transaction price, and since it provided advertising services for 1/3 of the duration of the contract, would recognize revenue of $50,000 = $150,000 × 1/3.

 

 

130. Boomerang Computer Company sells computers with an unconditional right to return the computer if the customer is not satisfied. Boomerang has a long history selling these computers under this returns policy and can provide precise estimates of the amount of returns associated with each sale. Boomerang most likely should recognize revenue:
131. When Boomerang delivers a computer to a customer, ignoring potential returns.
132. When Boomerang delivers a computer to a customer, in an amount that is reduced by the expected returns.
133. When Boomerang receives cash from the customer.
134. When a customer returns a computer.

 

Answer: b

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Right of return

Blooms: Analyze

AACSB: Analytical thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback: Boomerang can estimate returns reliably enough for the constraint on recognizing variable consideration to not apply, so Boomerang would adjust the transaction price for expected returns and recognize revenue in that amount upon delivery.

 

 

131. Gunk Goblin sells vacuums and just launched a policy where customers have the right to return a vacuum during a three-year period following purchase. Gunk management has no experience under this sort of policy and does not believe it can accurately estimate returns. What is the longest period of time that Gunk may have to wait before recognizing revenue associated with one of these sales?
132. No time delay, recognize revenue upon delivery.
133. Gunk should recognize revenue as cash is received.
134. Gunk should defer revenue recognition until costs are recovered.
135. Three years, after the right of return has expired.

 

Answer: d

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Right of return

Blooms: Analyze

AACSB: Analytical thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback: If returns can’t be estimated, the constraint on recognizing variable consideration applies, and revenue should be deferred until returns can be estimated or until the return of right expires.

 

 

132. Under which of the following circumstances is it most appropriate to use the residual method to estimate stand-alone selling prices?
133. The seller hasn’t previously sold the product and hasn’t determined a price for it.
134. The seller provides the product bundled with other goods or services.
135. The seller does not have competitors from which to observe market prices of similar products.
136. The seller is unable to accurately estimate variable consideration associated with the contract.

 

Answer:   a

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Residual approach

Blooms: Understand

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback: The residual approach is allowed only if the stand-alone selling price is highly uncertain, either because the seller hasn’t previously sold the good or service and hasn’t yet determined a price for it, or because the seller provides the same good or service to different customers at substantially different prices.

 

 

133. Which of the following is not an approach for estimating stand-alone selling prices?
134. Adjusted market assessment approach
135. Expected cost plus margin approach
136. Residual approach
137. Fair market appraisal approach

 

Answer:   d

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Expected cost plus margin

Topic Area: Transaction price―Residual approach

Topic Area: Transaction price―Adjusted market approach

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback: The other three answers are the three methods indicated for assessing stand-alone selling prices.

Use the following to answer questions 134-136:

 

Wilson Links Products sells a product that involves two separate performance obligations: the SwingRight golf club weight and the SwingCoach teaching software. SwingRight has a stand-alone selling price of $150.  Wilson sells both the SwingRight and the SwingCoach as a package deal for $200.  The SwingCoach software is not sold separately.  Wilson is aware that other vendors charge $100 for similar software, and Wilson’s prices are generally 10% lower than what is charged by those vendors.  Wilson estimates that it incurs approximately $65 of cost per copy of the software, and usually charges 50% above cost on similar products.

 

 

134. Estimate the stand-alone selling price of the software using the adjusted market assessment approach.
135. $50
136. $80
137. $90
138. $97.50

 

Answer:   c

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Adjusted market approach

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback: Under the adjusted market assessment approach, Wilson considers the prices charged by other vendors for similar goods and adjusts them as necessary.  In this case, Wilson would start with $100 charged by other vendors, and subtract 10% to estimate its own stand-alone selling price, yielding an estimate of $90.

 

 

135. Estimate the stand-alone selling price of the software using the expected cost plus margin approach.
136. $50
137. $80
138. $90
139. $97.50

 

Answer:   d

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Expected cost plus margin

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback: Under the expected cost plus margin approach, Wilson considers its cost and then adds a normal margin.  In this case, Wilson would start with its cost of $65 and add its margin of $65 × 50%, or $32.50, yielding an estimate of $97.50.

 

 

136. Estimate the stand-alone selling price of the software using the residual approach.
137. $50
138. $80
139. $90
140. $97.50

 

Answer:   a

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Residual approach

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback: Under the residual approach, Wilson calculates the stand-alone selling price of the software by subtracting the known stand-alone selling prices of other goods or services in the contract from the total transaction price.  In this case, Wilson would calculate a stand-alone selling price of $50 (calculated as $200 – $150).

 

137. Which of the following does not apply to a seller who is a principal?
138. Has control over goods or services
139. Primarily responsible for providing goods or services to customer
140. Exposed to risks associated with holding inventory
141. Primary performance obligation is to facilitate the transfer of goods or services

 

Answer:   d

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Principal or agent

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Legal

Feedback: An agent’s primary performance obligation is to facilitate the transfer of goods or services.

 

 

138. Which of the following applies to a seller who is an agent?
139. Warehouses inventory
140. Liable for the delivery of goods or services to the client
141. Charges a commission for each transaction
142. Records revenue at full transaction price

 

Answer:   c

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Principal or agent

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Legal

Feedback: Agents recognize as revenue their commission for facilitating sales.

 

 

139. com sells fireworks over the Internet. Customers access Explodia’s website and select particular products, and Explodia refers the customer order to a fireworks manufacturer who fulfills the order, ships to the customer, and pays Explodia a 20% commission. Which of the following is true about Explodia?
140. Explodia is an agent in this transaction.
141. Explodia is primarily responsible for providing the product to the customer.
142. Explodia’s income statement would report gross revenue and cost of sales associated with these transactions.
143. Explodia warehouses inventory.

 

Answer: a

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Principal or agent

Blooms: Analyze

AACSB: Analytical thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Critical thinking

Feedback: Explodia has the characteristics of an agent. It does not have control of the fireworks that are purchased by customers, because it doesn’t have primary responsibility for delivering the product, is not vulnerable to risks associated with holding inventory, and doesn’t collect payment from the customer. Rather, Explodia is an agent, with its primary performance obligation being to facilitate transactions between fireworks customers and manufacturers.

 

 

140. Jing Statistical Services operates a website that links experienced statisticians with businesses that need data analyzed. Statisticians post their rates, qualifications, and references on the website, and Jing receives 25% of the fee paid to the statisticians in exchange for identifying potential customers. VetMed Associates contacts Jing and arranges to pay a consultant $1,500 in exchange for analyzing some data. Jing’s income statement would include the following with respect to this transaction:
141. Revenue of $1,500
142. Revenue of $1,500, and cost of services of $1,125
143. Revenue of $375
144. Revenue of $1,875 and cost of services of $1,500

 

Answer: c

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Principal or agent

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback: Jing is an agent. It doesn’t have primary responsibility for delivering the statistics services and doesn’t collect payment from the customer.  Rather, Jing is an agent, with its primary performance obligation being to facilitate transactions between customers and statisticians.  Therefore, Jing would recognize as revenue only its commission of $375 (computed as 25% x $1,500).

 

 

141. Assume a contract for the sale of goods specifies that payment is to be made four months after delivery of a product. The seller is likely to do which of the following, with respect to the time value of money over the life of the contract?
142. Recognize interest expense.
143. Recognize interest revenue.
144. Recognize additional cost of goods sold.
145. Ignore the time value of money.

 

Answer: d

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Time value of money

Blooms: Understand

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback: If the payment is made nine months after delivery, the seller is essentially loaning money to the buyer.  However, since the payment is within one year of delivery, the financing component of the contract is viewed as insignificant, so the time value of money is ignored.

 

142. Assume a contract for the sale of goods specifies that payment is to be made 15 months prior to delivery of a product. The seller is likely to do which of the following with respect to the time value of money over the life of the contract?
143. Recognize interest expense.
144. Recognize interest revenue.
145. Recognize additional cost of goods sold.
146. Ignore the time value of money.

 

      Answer: a

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Time value of money

Blooms: Understand

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback: If the payment is made fifteen months prior delivery, the contract includes a financing component whereby the seller is essentially borrowing money from the buyer.  And, since the payment is outside one year of delivery, the financing component is viewed as significant, so interest expense is recognized.

 

143. Johnson sells $100,000 of product to Robbins, and also purchases $10,000 of advertising services from Robbins. The advertising services have a fair value of $8,000.  Johnson should record revenue on its sale of product to Robbins of:
144. $100,000
145. $98,000
146. $92,000
147. $90,000

 

Answer:   b

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Pay by seller to customer

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback: Johnson is paying more for advertising services than the fair value of those services, so the excess of $2,000 (computed as $10,000 price paid – 8,000 fair value of the services) is viewed as a refund of part of the $100,000 sale.  Therefore, Johnson records revenue of $98,000 (computed as $100,000 – 2,000).

 

 

144. Which of the following is not true?
145. Licensing fees are recognized as revenue over time whenever the seller expects its ongoing activities to affect the benefits that the buyer receives from intellectual property.
146. License fees are recognized as revenue over time for any license that is viewed as providing a right of access.
147. License fees are recognized as revenue at a point in time if the buyer expects that the seller’s future activities will not affect the benefit the buyer derives from the intellectual property.
148. Licensing fees are recognized as revenue at the end of the license period, when the seller has completed its performance obligation to provide access to its intellectual property.

 

Answer:   d

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-07

Topic Area: When (or as) performance obligation(s) satisfied – Licenses

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Industry

Feedback:  If the seller provides access to its intellectual property, revenue is recognized over the period of time for which access is provided, not deferred until the end of the license period.

 

145. Which of the following is not true?
146. Licenses for functional intellectual property typically have revenue recognized at a point in time.
147. Licenses for symbolic intellectual property convey a right of use, and not a right of access.
148. Licenses for functional intellectual property can be viewed as conveying an access right.
149. Software and media are examples of functional intellectual property.

 

Answer:   b

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-07

Topic Area: Timing of rev rec―Licenses

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Industry

Feedback: Licenses for symbolic intellectual property convey a right of access.

 

146. Maas LLP developed software that helps farmers to plow their fields in a manner that prevents erosion and maximizes the effectiveness of irrigation. Sunny Dale paid a licensing fee of $20,000 for a copy of the software. Although Sunny Dale can use the software as long as it wants, Maas expects that Sunny Dale will use the software for approximately 5 years.  Maas does not anticipate any further interaction with Sunny Dale following transfer of the license.  How much revenue should Maas recognize in the first year of the contract?
147. $0
148. $4,000
149. $5,000
150. $20,000

 

Answer:   d

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-07

Topic Area: Timing of rev rec―Licenses

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: Industry

Feedback:  Because Maas’s ongoing activities will not affect the value of the license, the software has standalone functionality, and the license transfers a right of use.  Therefore, all license revenue can be recognized upon transfer of control of the software to the customer.

 

Use the following to answer questions 147 – 148:

 

The Ultimate Frisbee League (UFL) licenses its trademark to Tank-Skin Apparel.    Under the license arrangement, Tank-Skin pays the UFL a $1 million initial license fee plus a bonus when annual sales of Tank-Skin merchandise reach a threshold.   The license agreement is for 4 years.

 

147. How much of the $1 million initial license fee should the UFL recognize as revenue in the first year of the contract?
148. $0
149. $250,000
150. $1,000,000
151. Cannot tell from information given.

 

Answer:   b

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-07

Topic Area: When (or as) performance obligation(s) satisfied – Licenses

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Industry

Feedback:  The license is for symbolic intellectual property, so the presumption is that the UFL’s ongoing activities affect the value of the trademark to Tank-Skin, and the UFL should recognize revenue over time.  Therefore, the amount of $1 million initial license fee that the NFL should recognize as revenue is $250,000 (computed as $1 million ÷ 4 years).

 

 

148. Refer to the information in the previous question. Assume that the UFL anticipates that, in addition to receiving the $1 million license fee, it will receive a bonus of $2 million in year 1 of the contract and a bonus of $3 million in years 2-4 of the contract based on Tank-Skin’s sales. Also assume that the UFL is convinced that it is probable there will not be a significant reversal of any revenue recognized with respect to the bonus in subsequent periods.  At the inception of the contract, what is the amount of transaction price that the UFL would estimate with respect to this license arrangement?
149. $0
150. $1,000,000
151. $3,000,000
152. 12,000,000

 

Answer:   b

Level of Learning: 3 Hard

Learning Objective: 05-06

Learning Objective: 05-07

Topic Area: Transaction price―Variable consideration

Topic Area: Timing of rev rec―Licenses

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Industry

Feedback:  Normally the UFL would include an estimate of variable consideration in its estimate of the transaction price, yielding an estimate of $12 million (computed as $1 million initial fee + $2 million year 1 bonus + ($3 million × 3 years for subsequent-year bonuses).  However, ASU No. 2014-09 does not allow estimates of sales-based royalties on licenses to be included in the transaction price until that consideration is no longer variable, so those amounts would be excluded from the transaction price estimated at the inception of the contract, and the transaction price would only include the $1 million initial fee.

 

 

Use the following to answer questions 149 and 150:

 

The Fremont (Ireland) Flyers were a semi-professional carriage racing team that competed up until the early 1930’s.  Mary Smith owns the Fremont Fliers’ trademark, and recently licensed it to the Fremont (California) Flyers roller derby team.  The license allows the roller derby team to use the trademark for five years for a total of $15,000.

 

149. Under U.S. GAAP, how much revenue would Mary recognize in year 1 of the license?
150. $0
151. $1,500
152. $3,000
153. 15,000

 

Answer:   c

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-03

Learning Objective: 05-07

Topic Area: Recognizing revenue over time

Topic Area: Timing of rev rec―Licenses

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Industry

Feedback:  A trademark is symbolic intellectual property, so U.S. GAAP requires recognizing revenue over time.  $15,000 ÷ 5 years = $3,000 revenue recognized in year 1 of the license.

 

150. Under IFRS, how much revenue would Mary recognize in year 1 of the license?
151. $0
152. $1,500
153. $3,000
154. 15,000

 

Answer:   d

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-07

Topic Area: IFRS―Revenue recognition

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Diversity

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Global

Feedback:  Even though a trademark is symbolic intellectual property, IFRS requires the seller to focus on whether the seller is providing continuing service over the license period.  Given that the old Fremont Flyers have not operated in almost 100 years, there are no ongoing activities associated with the trademark, so IFRS would view the license as conveying a right of use and recognize all $15,000 in the first year of the license.

 

151. Which of the following is not true about accounting for revenue from franchise arrangements?
152. Franchise arrangements often include a performance obligation for a license as well as for delivery of goods or services.
153. Franchise arrangements typically include one or more performance obligations for which revenue is recognized at a point in time.
154. Franchise arrangements typically include one or more performance obligations for which revenue is recognized over a period of time.
155. Franchise arrangements typically include one performance obligation because the goods or services included in the arrangement are not separately identifiable.

 

Answer:   d

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-07

Topic Area: Timing of rev rec―Franchises

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Industry

Feedback:  Franchise arrangements typically include multiple performance obligations because the goods or services included in the arrangement are both capable of being distinct and are separately identifiable.

 

 

152. Pita Pal sells fast-food franchises. Pita Pal receives $75,000 from a new franchisee for providing initial training, equipment, and furnishings that together have a stand-alone selling price of $75,000. Pita Pal also receives $36,000 per year for use of the Pita Pal name and for ongoing consulting services (starting on the date the franchise is purchased).   Rachel became a Pita Pal franchisee on March 1, 2018, and on May 1, 2018 Rachel had completed training and was open for business.  How much revenue in 2018 will Pita Pal recognize for its arrangement with Rachel?
153. $75,000
154. $99,000
155. $105,000
156. $111,000

 

Answer:   c

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-07

Topic Area: Timing of rev rec―Franchises

Blooms: Apply

AACSB:  Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Industry

Feedback:  Because Rachel had completed training and was open for business on May 1, 2018, Pita Pal apparently has satisfied its performance obligation with respect to the initial training, equipment and furnishings, so it would recognize $75,000 of revenue in 2018.  In addition, since Rachel was a franchisee and using the Pita Pal name and consulting services for the last ten months of 2018, Pita Pal should recognize 10 ÷ 12 of a yearly fee of $36,000, or $30,000.  In total, Pita Pal recognizes revenue from Rachel of $75,000 + 30,000 = $105,000 in.2018.

 

 

153. Which of the following is typically true for a bill-and-hold arrangement?
154. Revenue is recognized at the point in time when the arrangement is made.
155. Revenue is recognized at the point in time when goods are manufactured.
156. Revenue is recognized at the point in time when the delivery of goods is made.
157. Revenue is recognized at the point in time at which payment from the customer is received.

 

Answer:  c

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-07

Topic Area: Timing of rev rec―Bill-and-hold

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback:  Bill-and-hold arrangements normally do not qualify for revenue recognition until delivery is made to the customer.  Prior to that point, control of goods is not viewed as having passed to the customer.

 

 

154. On June 1^st, Joseph & Company received a $500 deposit for 80 cases of wine. On June 10^th the customer identified specific vintages that are included in Joseph’s inventory, and asked that Joseph not ship the wine until June 20 so the customer could ready space to store the wine, so Joseph set those wines aside for the customer, boxed and ready for shipment to the customer.  On June 20^th the wine was shipped and delivered to the customer.  Joseph likely would recognize revenue on
155. June 20^th
156. June 10^th
157. June 1^st
158. Upon consumption of the wine by the customer

 

Answer: b

Level of Learning: 3 Hard

Learning Objective: 05-07

Topic Area: Timing of rev rec―Bill-and-hold

Blooms: Analyze

AACSB: Analytical thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback:  Bill-and-hold arrangements normally do not qualify for revenue recognition until delivery is made to the customer.  Prior to that point, control of goods is not viewed as having passed to the customer.  However, sellers can recognize revenue prior to delivery if it is concluded that the customer controls the product (the customer specifically identified the goods), there is good reason for the bill-and-hold arrangement (the customer needed time to make space for the wine), and the product is specifically identified as belonging to the customer and is ready for shipment (Joseph has a good faith deposit, the customer selected the goods, the goods were prepared for shipment and set aside from regular goods for sale).

 

 

155. Which of the following is most true regarding consignment arrangements?
156. Revenue is recognized at the point in time when the consignment arrangement is made.
157. Revenue is recognized when goods are transferred to the consignee.
158. Revenue is recognized upon sale by the consignee to an end customer.
159. Revenue is never recognized because GAAP does not allow such arrangements.

 

Answer:   c

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-07

Topic Area: Timing of rev rec―Consignment

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback:  Consignment arrangements normally do not qualify for revenue recognition until delivery is made to the end customer.  Prior to that point, control of goods is viewed as having been retained by the consignor, not by the consignee.

 

 

Use the following to answer questions 156 –157:

 

Todd Sweeney is an artist who sells his work under consignment (he displays his work in local barbershops, and customers purchase his work there). Sweeney recently transferred a painting on consignment to a local barbershop.

 

156. Sweeney most likely should recognize revenue when:
157. He paints the painting, because the painting is produced while he works.
158. When he transfers the painting to a barbershop.
159. When the barbershop sells the painting.
160. When the barbershop’s right of return expires.

 

Answer: c

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-07

Topic Area: Timing of rev rec―Consignment

Blooms: Analyze

AACSB: Analytical thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback:  Consignment arrangements normally do not qualify for revenue recognition until delivery is made to the end customer.  Prior to that point, control of goods is viewed as having been retained by the consignor, not by the consignee.

 

 

157. After Sweeney has transferred a painting to a barbershop, the painting:
158. Should be counted in Sweeney’s inventory until the barbershop sells it.
159. Should be counted in the barbershop’s inventory, as the barbershop now possesses it.
160. Should be counted in either Sweeney’s or the barbershop’s inventory, depending on which incurred the cost of preparing the painting for display.
161. We lack sufficient information to know who should carry the painting in inventory.

 

Answer: a

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-07

Topic Area: Timing of rev rec―Consignment

Blooms: Understand

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback:  Consignment arrangements normally do not qualify for revenue recognition until delivery is made to the end customer.  Prior to that point, control of goods is viewed as having been retained by the consignor, not by the consignee, so the consignor retains the goods in the consiginor’s inventory.  In this case, that means that Sweeney will retain the painting in its inventory until the painting is sold to an end customer.

 

 

158. Bull’sEye sells gift cards redeemable for Bull’sEye products either in-store or online. During 2018, Bull’sEye sold $2,000,000 of gift cards, and $1,800,000 of the gift cards were redeemed for products.  As of December 31, 2018, $150,000 of the remaining gift cards had passed the date at which Bull’sEye concludes that the cards will never be redeemed.  How much gift card revenue should Bull’sEye recognize in 2018?
159. $2,000,000
160. $1,950,000
161. $1,850,000
162. $1,800,000

 

Answer: b

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-07

Topic Area: Timing of rev rec― Gift cards

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback:  Sale of a gift card created deferred revenue, as it is a prepayment by a customer for goods or services to be delivered at a future date.  Revenue is recognized when goods or services are delivered or when the likelihood of redemption is remote.  In this case, $1,800,000 were redeemed and another $150,000 were viewed as broken, yielding total revenue of $1,950,000.

 

 

159. Which of the following is not true about contract assets?
160. Contract assets are recorded when payment depends on something other than the passage of time.
161. Contract assets are recognized when the seller has a conditional right to receive payment.
162. Contract assets are recognized when the seller has been paid in advance for at least partially fulfilling its performance obligations.
163. Contract assets are not the same as accounts receivable.

 

Answer: c

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-08

Topic Area: Disclosures―Balance sheet and Notes

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback:  Contract assets are recognized when the seller has at least partially fulfilled its performance obligations but not yet been paid, and payment depends on something other than the passage of time.

 

 

160. Which of the following is not true about contract liabilities?
161. Contract liabilities are only recognized when the seller has a conditional right to receive payment.
162. Contract liabilities might be called deferred revenue.
163. Contract liabilities are recognized when the seller has been paid in advance of satisfying its performance obligations.
164. Contract liabilities may be shown on a separate line of the balance sheet.

 

Answer: a

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-08

Topic Area: Disclosures―Balance sheet and Notes

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback:  Contract liabilities are not conditional obligations.  They are an obligation that arises due to a customer prepayment.

 

 

161. Gupta Industries received a $300,000 prepayment from Packard Associates for the sale of new equipment. Gupta will bill Packard an additional $100,000 upon delivery of the equipment.  Upon receipt of the $300,000 prepayment, how much should Gupta recognize for a contract asset, a contract liability, and accounts receivable?

 

1. Contract asset: $0; contract liability: $300,000, accounts receivable, $0.
2. Contract asset: $300,000; contract liability: $0, accounts receivable, $0.
3. Contract asset: $0; contract liability: $300,000, accounts receivable, $100,000.
4. Contract asset: $300,000; contract liability: $0, accounts receivable, $100,000.

 

Answer: a

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-08

Topic Area: Disclosures―Balance sheet and Notes

Blooms:  Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback:  The $300,000 is a prepayment and so is a contract liability.  The $100,000 owed upon delivery is neither a contract asset nor an account receivable, because Gupta has not fulfilled its performance obligation and so has neither a conditional nor an unconditional right to receive payment.

 

 

162. Which of the following is not something that revenue recognition disclosures typically should help investors to understand?
163. Timing of revenue and cash flows
164. Outstanding performance obligations
165. Significant judgments used to estimate transaction prices
166. Significant fluctuations in long-term debt necessary to increase revenue in the future

 

Answer: d

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-08

Topic Area: Disclosures―Balance sheet and Notes

Blooms: Understand

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: BB Critical Thinking

Feedback:  Long-term debt fluctuations to finance future revenue increases are not specific to revenue recognition practices, so are least likely to appear with revenue recognition disclosures.

 

 

163. Which of the following is not true about revenue recognition with respect to long-term construction contracts?
164. Long-term construction contracts often are viewed as having a single performance obligation, because goods or services fail the “separately identifiable” criterion.
165. Long-term construction contracts often satisfy the criteria for recognizing revenue over time.
166. Long-term construction contracts require accounting for construction in progress as well as billings to customers.
167. Long-term construction contracts typically include multiple performance obligations because of all the different types of goods or services included for each project.

 

Answer: d

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-08

Topic Area: Long-term contracts―Accounting issues

Blooms: Understand

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Industry

Feedback:  Long-term contracts include goods or services that are highly interrelated, so they are not viewed as separately identifiable and are combined into a single performance obligation.  Long-term contracts often qualify for revenue recognition over time, either because the customer owns the seller’s work in process, such that the seller is creating an asset that the customer controls as it is completed, or because the seller is creating an asset that is customized for the customer, so the seller has no other use for the asset and has the right to be paid for progress even if the customer cancels the contract.

 

 

164. Which of the following is least likely to be a reason why a long-term construction contract would qualify for revenue recognition over time?
165. The customer consumes the benefit of the seller’s work as it is performed.
166. The customer controls the asset as it is created.
167. The seller is creating an asset that has no alternative use to the seller, and the seller has the legal right to receive payment for progress to date.
168. The seller is constructing an addition to property that is owned by the customer.

 

Answer: a

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-08

Topic Area: Long-term contracts―Accounting issues

Topic Area: Long-term contracts―Percentage complete

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Industry

Feedback:  A construction contract is least likely to be viewed as a service that the customer consumes as it is provided.  Long-term contracts often qualify for revenue recognition over time for the other two reasons: either because the customer owns the seller’s work in process, such that the seller is creating an asset that the customer controls as it is completed (which would be the case if the seller is constructing an addition to property that is owned by the customer), or because the seller is creating an asset that is customized for the customer, so the seller has no other use for the asset and has the right to be paid for progress even if the customer cancels the contract.

 

 

165. Which of the following is true about accounting for contract assets (CIP in excess of billings) in each balance sheet prior to completion of long-term construction contracts?
166. Contract assets are likely to be larger if revenue is recognized over time than if revenue is recognized at a point in time.
167. Contract assets are likely to be smaller if revenue is recognized over time than if revenue is recognized at a point in time.
168. Contract assets are likely to be the same size regardless of whether revenue is recognized over time or at a point in time.
169. There is no way to tell how revenue recognition timing will affect the size of contract assets without more information.

 

Answer: a

Level of Learning: 3 Hard

Learning Objective: 05-08

Topic Area: Long-term contracts―Accounting issues

Blooms: Analyze

AACSB: Analytical thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Industry

Feedback:  Construction in progress includes both cost and gross profit (or overall contract loss) when revenue is recognized over time, but only cost (and overall contract loss) when revenue is recognized upon contract completion, so the contract asset is likely to be larger when revenue is recognized over time.

 

 

166. Which of the following is not true about accounting for long-term construction contracts?
167. Long-term construction contracts could show a contract asset or contract liability, depending on the relation between construction in progress and billings.
168. Billings on contracts in progress is a contra account to accounts receivable.
169. Gross profit is debited to construction in progress.
170. When a customer is billed for payment due, billings on contracts in progress is credited at the same time accounts receivable is debited.

 

Answer: b

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-08

Topic Area: Long-term contracts―Accounting issues

Blooms: Analyze

AACSB: Analytical thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Industry

Feedback:  Billings is contra to Construction in progress, not Accounts receivable.

 

 

167. A rationale for recognizing revenue over the life of a contract rather than at a single point in time is that:
168. Results are more conservative.
169. It provides a better measure of periodic accomplishment.
170. It is a better match with legal ownership.
171. It results in a lower income tax.

 

Answer: b

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-09

Topic Area: Long-term contracts―Accounting issues

Topic Area: Long-term contracts―Percentage complete

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: BB Critical Thinking

Feedback:  Recognizing revenue over time better conveys the benefit to the company of satisfying performance obligations over time.

 

 

168. Revenue on a long-term contract should not be recognized according to the proportion of the performance obligation that has been completed if:
169. Completion rates are certain.
170. Profits are low.
171. Projects are more than five years to completion.
172. The arrangement does not qualify for revenue recognition over time.

 

Answer: d

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-09

Topic Area: Long-term contracts―Accounting issues

Topic Area: Long-term contracts―Percentage complete

Blooms: Understand

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback:  The same three criteria for determining whether it is appropriate to recognize revenue over time apply to long-term contracts as apply to other contracts.

 

 

169. With respect to delaying revenue recognition until completion of a long-term contract, it is the case that:
170. Estimated losses on the overall contract are recognized before the contract is completed.
171. Expenses are recognized each period, but revenue is only recognized when the contract is completed.
172. Use of this approach is not permitted under generally accepted accounting principles.
173. Neither gains nor losses are recognized until the contract is completed.

 

Answer: a

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-09

Topic Area: Long-term contracts―Accounting issues

Topic Area: Long-term contracts―Upon completion

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback:  Even when revenue recognition over time is not appropriate, such that revenue recognition is delayed until the completion of a contract, estimated losses on the overall contract are recognized in the period in which the company realizes that those losses become evident.

 

 

170. When accounting for revenue over time for a long-term contract, the percentage of completion used to recognize revenue in the first year usually is determined by measuring:
171. Costs incurred in the first year, divided by estimated remaining costs to complete the project.
172. Costs incurred in the first year, divided by estimated total costs for the completed project.
173. Costs incurred in the first year, divided by estimated gross profit.
174. Costs incurred in the first year, divided by estimated total costs to be incurred in the remaining years of the project.

 

Answer: b

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-09

Topic Area: Long-term contracts―Percentage complete

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Industry

Feedback:  Use of a “cost-to-cost” ratio to estimate percentage of completion is typical.

 

 

Use the following to answer questions 171–173:

 

Arizona Desert Homes (ADH) constructed a new subdivision during 2017 and 2018 under contract with Cactus Development Co. Relevant data are summarized below:

 

Contract amount		$3,000,000
Cost:	2017	1,200,000
	2018	600,000
Gross profit:	2017	800,000
	2018	400,000
Contract billings:	2017	1,500,000
	2018	1,500,000

 

ADH recognizes revenue over time with respect to these contracts.

 

171. What would be the journal entry made in 2017 to record revenue?

a.	Accounts receivable	1,500,000
	Revenue from long-term contracts		1,500,000
b.	Accounts receivable	2,300,000
	Gross profit		800,000
	Revenue from long-term contracts		1,500,000
c.	Construction in progress	800,000
	Cost of construction	1,200,000
	Revenue from long-term contracts		2,000,000
d.	Accounts receivable	1,500,000
	Billings in excess of cost	300,000
	Revenue for long-term contracts		1,800,000

 

Answer: c

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-09

Topic Area: Long-term contracts―Percentage complete

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge Application

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Industry

Feedback:

Percentage complete = $1,200,000 / ($1,200,000 + $600,000) = 2/3

Revenue recognized = 2/3 x $3,000,000 = $2,000,000

Cost recognized = $1,200,000

Gross profit recognized = $2,000,000 – $1,200,000 = $800,000

 

 

172. In its December 31, 2017, balance sheet, ADH would report:
173. The contract asset, cost and profits in excess of billings, of $500,000.
174. The contract liability, billings in excess of cost, of $300,000.
175. The contract asset, contract amount in excess of billings, of $1,500,000.
176. The contract asset, deferred profit, of $400,000.

 

Answer: a

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-09

Topic Area: Long-term contracts―Percentage complete

Blooms: Apply

Blooms: Analyze

AACSB: Knowledge application

AACSB: Analytical thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Industry

Feedback:

Cost + profits: $1,200,000 + 800,000 =         $2,000,000

Billings:                                                             1,500,000

Excess:                                                            $   500,000

 

173. For 2018, what is the journal entry to record revenue?

a.	Accounts receivable	1,500,000
	Revenue from long-term contracts		1,500,000
b.	Construction in progress	400,000
	Cost of construction	600,000
	Revenue from long-term contracts		1,000,000
c.	Cost of construction	2,000,000
	Gross profit	1,000,000
	Revenue from long-term contracts		3,000,000
d.	Accounts receivable	1,500,000
	Cost of construction		600,000
	Gross profit		600,000
	Deferred revenue		300,000

 

Answer: b

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-09

Topic Area: Long-term contracts―Percentage complete

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Industry

Feedback:

Total revenue $3,000,000 – Revenue previously recognized $2,000,000 = Revenue to recognize this year $1,000,000.

Cost recognized = $600,000

Gross profit recognized = $1,000,000 – $600,000 = $400,000

 

 

Use the following to answer questions 174–176:

 

Arizona Desert Homes (ADH) constructed a new subdivision during 2017 and 2018 under contract with Cactus Development Co. Relevant data are summarized below:

 

Contract amount		$3,000,000
Cost:	2017	1,200,000
	2018	600,000
Gross profit:	2017	800,000
	2018	400,000
Contract billings:	2017	1,500,000
	2018	1,500,000

 

ADH recognizes revenue upon completion of the contract.

 

174. For 2017, what is the journal entry to record revenue?

a.	Accounts receivable	1,500,000
	Revenue from long-term contracts		1,500,000
b.	Accounts receivable	2,300,000
	Gross profit		800,000
	Revenue from long-term contracts		1,500,000
c.	Construction in progress	800,000
	Cost of construction	1,200,000
	Revenue from long-term contracts		2,000,000
d.	No entry.

 

Answer: d

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-09

Topic Area: Long-term contracts―Upon completion

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Industry

Feedback: When the contract revenue is recognized upon completion of the contract, no entry would be recorded.

 

 

175. In its December 31, 2017, balance sheet, ADH would report:
176. The contract asset, cost and profits in excess of billings, of $500,000.
177. The contract liability, billings in excess of cost, of $300,000.
178. The contract asset, contract amount in excess of billings, of $1,500,000.
179. The contract asset, deferred profit, of $400,000.

 

Answer: b

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-09

Topic Area: Long-term contracts―Upon completion

Blooms: Apply

Blooms: Analyze

AACSB: Knowledge application

AACSB: Analytical thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Industry

Feedback:

Cost + profits: $1,200,000 + 0 =                    $1,200,000

Billings:                                                             1,500,000

Excess:                                                            $ (300,000)

 

 

 

176. What is the journal entry in 2018 to record revenue?

a.	Accounts receivable	1,500,000
	Revenue from long-term contracts		1,500,000
b.	Construction in progress	400,000
	Cost of construction	600,000
	Revenue from long-term contracts		1,000,000
c.	Cost of construction	2,000,000
	Gross profit	1,000,000
	Revenue from long-term contracts		3,000,000
d.	Construction in progress	1,200,000
	Cost of construction	1,800,000
	Revenue from long-term contracts		3,000,000

 

Answer: d

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-09

Topic Area: Long-term contracts―Upon completion

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Industry

Feedback: When revenue is recognized at a point in time for long-term contracts, total revenue, total cost, and total gross profit are recognized at the completion of the contract.

 

 

Use the following to answer questions 177–179:

 

JRE2 Inc. entered into a contract to install a pipeline for a fixed price of $2,200,000. JRE2 recognizes revenue upon contract completion.

 

	Cost incurred	Estimated Cost to Complete
2017	$  250,000	$1,550,000
2018	1,600,000	500,000
2019	450,000	0

 

177. In 2017, JRE2 would report (rounded to the nearest thousand) gross profit (loss) of:
178. $0.
179. $(100,000).
180. $ 56,000.
181. $ 73,000.

 

Answer: a

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-09

Topic Area: Long-term contracts―Upon completion

Topic Area: Long-term contracts―Loss on contract

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback: Total estimated gross profit ($2,200,000 – 250,000 – 1,550,000 = $400,000), so don’t need to recognize any contract loss.

 

 

178. In 2018, JRE2 would report (rounded to the nearest thousand) gross profit (loss) of:
179. $(223,000).
180. $(150,000).
181. $(206,000).
182. $0.

 

Answer: b

Level of Learning: 3 Hard

Learning Objective: 05-09

Topic Area: Long-term contracts―Upon completion

Topic Area: Long-term contracts―Loss on contract

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback:

In 2018: $2,200,000 – ($250,000 + 1,600,000 + 500,000) = $(150,000) loss to recognize.

 

 

179. In 2019, JRE2 would report (rounded to the nearest thousand) gross profit (loss) of:
180. $(100,000).
181. $50,000.
182. $123,000.
183. $2,000.

 

Answer: b

Level of Learning: 3 Hard

Learning Objective: 05-09

Topic Area: Long-term contracts―Upon completion

Topic Area: Long-term contracts―Loss on contract

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback:

In 2019: $2,200,000 – ($250,000 + 1,600,000 + 450,000) = $(100,000)

$(100,000) – (150,000) = $50,000

 

 

Use the following to answer questions 180 – 182:

 

Indiana Co. began a construction project in 2018 with a contract price of $150 million to be received when the project is completed in 2020. During 2018, Indiana incurred $36 million of costs and estimates an additional $84 million of costs to complete the project.  Indiana recognizes revenue over time and for this project recognizes revenue over time according to the percentage of the project that has been completed.

 

180. Indiana:
181. Recognized no gross profit or loss on the project in 2018.
182. Recognized $6 million loss on the project in 2018.
183. Recognized $9 million gross profit on the project in 2018.
184. Recognized $36 million loss on the project in 2018.

 

Answer: c

Level of Learning: 3 Hard

Learning Objective: 05-09

Topic Area: Long-term contracts―Percentage complete

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Industry

Feedback: The project is expected to make a gross profit of $30 million (i.e., $150 million – $36 million – $84 million) and the % completed is 30% (i.e., $36 million / $120 million). Therefore, 30% x $30 million = $9 million.

 

 

181. In 2019, Indiana incurred additional costs of $58.5 million and estimated an additional $40.5 million in costs to complete the project. Indiana:
182. Recognized $15 million gross profit on the project in 2019.
183. Recognized $13.5 million gross profit on the project in 2019.
184. Recognized $6 million gross profit on the project in 2019.
185. Recognized $1.5 million gross profit on the project in 2019.

 

Answer: d

Level of Learning: 3 Hard

Learning Objective: 05-09

Topic Area: Long-term contracts―Percentage complete

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Industry

Feedback: The project is 70% complete after 2019 (i.e., $94.5 million costs to date/ $135 million estimated total costs).  The estimated gross profit is now $15 million (i.e., $150 million – $135 million), so gross profit to date is $10.5 million (70% x $15 million).  $9 million was recognized in 2018, per prior question, so $1.5 million more is recognized in 2019.

 

 

182. Suppose that, in 2019, Indiana incurred additional costs of $63.75 million and estimated an additional $42.75 million in costs to complete the project. Indiana:
183. Recognized $3.75 million loss on the project in 2019.
184. Recognized $5.25 million gross profit on the project in 2019.
185. Recognized $7.5 million gross profit on the project in 2019.
186. Recognized $1.5 million loss on the project in 2019.

 

Answer: a

Level of Learning: 3 Hard

Learning Objective: 05-09

Topic Area: Long-term contracts―Percentage complete

Topic Area: Long-term contracts―Loss on contract

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Industry

Feedback: The project is 70% complete after 2019 (i.e., $99.75 million costs to date/ $142.5 million estimated total costs).  The estimated gross profit is now $7.5 million (i.e., $150 million – $142.5 million), so gross profit to date is $5.25 million.  $9 million was recognized in 2018, so a $3.75 million loss is recognized in 2019.

 

 

Use the following to answer questions 183–187:

 

In 2018, Cupid Construction Co. (CCC) began work on a two-year fixed price contract project. CCC recognizes revenue over time according to percentage of completion for this contract, and provides the following information (dollars in millions):

 

Accounts receivable, 12/31/2018 (from construction progress billings)	$37.5
Actual construction costs incurred in 2018	$135
Cash collected on project during 2018	$105
Construction in progress, 12/31/2018	$207
Estimated percentage of completion during 2018	60%

 

183. What is the amount of gross profit on the project recognized by CCC during 2018?
184. $160 million.
185. $72 million.
186. $48 million.
187. Cannot be determined from the given information.

 

Answer: b

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-09

Topic Area: Long-term contracts―Percentage complete

Blooms: Analyze

AACSB: Analytical thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Industry

Feedback: Construction in progress  =  Actual costs incurred + Gross profit recognized; so $207 million = $135 million + X.  Solve for X.  X = $72 million.

 

 

184. What are CCC’s estimated remaining construction costs on the project at the end of 2018?
185. $90 million.
186. $135 million.
187. $225 million.
188. $0.

 

Answer: a

Level of Learning: 3 Hard

Learning Objective: 05-09

Topic Area: Long-term contracts―Percentage complete

Blooms: Analyze

AACSB: Analytical thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Industry

Feedback: Percentage completion to date = 60 % = Actual costs to date of $135 million / Total estimated project costs of $X. Solve for X. Estimated total costs = $225 million; therefore, Estimated remaining costs of construction = $225 million – $135 million = $90 million.

 

 

185. What is the fixed contract price for CCC’s project?
186. $120 million.
187. $225 million.
188. $345 million.
189. $349.5 million.

 

Answer: c

Level of Learning: 3 Hard

Learning Objective: 05-09

Topic Area: Long-term contracts―Percentage complete

Blooms: Analyze

AACSB: Analytical thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Industry

Feedback: Gross profit recognized in 2018 of $72 million = 60% of estimated gross project on the project.  Therefore, total gross profit is estimated at $72 million/.6 = $120 million. Since Gross profit = Contract price – Estimated total construction costs of $225 million, the Contract price = $120 million + $225 million = $345 million. Alternatively, construction in progress = cost to date + profit recognized to date = $207 million (given) = 60% of total project price. $207 million/.6 = $345 million contract price.

 

 

186. What were the construction billings by CCC during 2018?
187. $142.5 million.
188. $67.5 million.
189. $37.5 million.
190. Cannot be determined from the given information.

 

Answer: a

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-09

Topic Area: Long-term contracts―Percentage complete

Blooms: Analyze

AACSB: Analytical thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Industry

Feedback: Billings – Cash collections = Accounts receivable, so Billings = Accounts receivable at year-end of $37.5 million + Cash collections of $105 million = $142.5 million.

 

 

187. How much cash remains to be collected by CCC on the project?
188. $70 million.
189. $202.5 million.
190. $240 million.
191. Cannot be determined from the given information.

 

Answer: c

Level of Learning: 3 Hard

Learning Objective: 05-09

Topic Area: Long-term contracts―Percentage complete

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Industry

Feedback: Total contract price of $345 million – cash collected to date of $105 million = $240 million remaining.

 

 

Use the following to answer questions 188 – 190:

 

Summary data for Benedict Construction Co.’s (BCC) Job 1227, which was completed in 2018, are presented below:

 

Bid price		$450,000
Contract cost:	2017	(180,000	)
	2018	(195,000	)
Gross profit:		75,000
Estimated cost to complete:
12/31/2017    $200,000
12/31/2018                 0

 

188. Assuming BCC recognizes revenue over time according to percentage of completion for this contract, the gross profit recognized in 2017 would be (rounded to the nearest thousand):
189. $33,000.
190. $36,000.
191. $69,000.
192. $30,000.

 

Answer: a

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-09

Topic Area: Long-term contracts―Percentage complete

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Industry

Feedback: $180,000/($180,000 + 200,000) = 47.37% complete

47.37% x ($450,000 – 180,000 – 200,000) = $33,159 or $33,000 rounded.

 

 

189. Assuming BCC recognizes revenue over time according to percentage of completion for this contract, the gross profit recognized in 2018 would be (rounded to the nearest thousand):
190. $ 6,000.
191. $39,000.
192. $42,000.
193. $45,000.

 

Answer: c

Level of Learning: 3 Hard

Learning Objective: 05-09

Topic Area: Long-term contracts―Percentage complete

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Industry

Feedback: 2018: Total profit = $450,000 – ($180,000 + 195,000) = $75,000 – 33,159 = $41,841 or $42,000 rounded.

 

 

190. Assuming BCC recognizes revenue upon project completion, what would gross profit have been in 2017 and 2018 (rounded to the nearest thousand)?

 

	2017	2018
a.	$36,000	$39,000
b.	$30,000	$45,000
c.	$70,000	$  5,000
d.	$     0	$75,000

 

Answer: d

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-09

Topic Area: Long-term contracts―Upon completion

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Industry

Feedback: No revenue is recognized until completion of project in year 2018.

 

 

191. Under the realization principle, revenue should not be recognized until the earnings process is deemed virtually complete and:
     1. Revenue is realized.
     2. Any receivable is collected.
     3. Collection is reasonably certain.
     4. Collection is absolutely assured.

 

Answer: c

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-Supplement

Topic Area: Chapter Supp―Realization principle

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

192. Under IFRS, which of the following is not a condition for recognizing revenue?
193. The amount of revenue and costs associated with the transaction can be measured reliably.
194. It is reasonably possible that the economic benefits associated with the transaction will flow to the seller.
195. For sales of goods, the seller has transferred to the buyer the risks and rewards of ownership and doesn’t effectively manage or control the goods.
196. For sales of services, the stage of completion can be measured reliably.

 

Answer: b

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-Supplement

Topic Area: Chapter Supp―IFRS Revenue recognition

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AACSB: Diversity

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Global

 

 

193. Under IFRS, revenue for a product sale should occur when:
194. Inventory production is complete.
195. Warranty fulfillment is viewed as unlikely.
196. The seller has transferred to the buyer the risks and rewards of ownership and doesn’t effectively manage or control the goods.
197. The buyer has paid a preponderance of installment amounts due.

 

Answer: c

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-Supplement

Topic Area: Chapter Supp―IFRS Revenue recognition

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AACSB: Diversity

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Global

 

 

194. Slick’s Used Cars sells pre-owned cars on the installment basis and carries its own notes because its customers typically cannot qualify for a bank loan. Default rates tend to be high or unpredictable. However, in the event of nonpayment, Slick’s can usually repossess the cars without loss. The revenue method Slick would use is the:
195. Installment sales method.
196. Point of sales method.
197. Cost recovery method.
198. Installment sales method or cost recovery method.

 

Answer: d

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-Supplement

Topic Area: Chapter Supp―Installment sales method

Blooms: Analyze

AACSB: Analytical thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

195. Bert’s Meat Market sells quarters and sides of beef on the installment basis. Losses on receivables are very difficult to predict, and meat products cannot be repossessed. The revenue recognition method used by Bert would be:
196. Point of sale.
197. Installment sales.
198. Cost recovery.
199. Installment sales or cost recovery.

 

Answer: d

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-Supplement

Topic Area: Chapter Supp―Installment sales method

Blooms: Analyze

AACSB: Analytical thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

Use the following to answer questions 196 – 199:

 

On December 15, 2018, Rigsby Sales Co. sold a tract of land that cost $3,600,000 for $4,500,000. Rigsby appropriately uses the installment sales method of accounting for this transaction. Terms called for a down payment of $500,000 with the balance in two equal annual installments payable on December 15, 2019, and December 15, 2020. Ignore interest charges. Rigsby has a December 31 year-end.

 

196. In 2018, Rigsby would recognize realized gross profit of:
197. $500,000.
198. $0.
199. $900,000.
200. $100,000.

 

Answer: d

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-Supplement

Topic Area: Chapter Supp―Installment sales method

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback:

Gross profit % = ($4,500,000 – 3,600,000)/$4,500,000 = 20%

2018: 20% x $500,000 = $100,000

 

 

197. In 2019, Rigsby would recognize realized gross profit of:
198. $0.
199. $450,000.
200. $300,000.
201. $400,000.

 

Answer: d

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-Supplement

Topic Area: Chapter Supp―Installment sales method

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback:

Gross profit % = ($4,500,000 – 3,600,000)/$4,500,000 = 20%

2018: 20% x $500,000 = $100,000

2019: 20% x [($4,500,000 – 500,000)/2] = $400,000

 

 

198. In its December 31, 2018, balance sheet, Rigsby would report:
199. Realized gross profit of $100,000.
200. Deferred gross profit of $100,000.
201. Installment receivables (net) of $3,200,000.
202. Installment receivables (net) of $4,000,000.

 

Answer: c

Level of Learning: 3 Hard

Learning Objective: 05-Supplement

Topic Area: Chapter Supp―Installment sales method

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback:

Sale:	Installment receivables	4,500,000
	Inventory		3,600,000
	Deferred gross profit		900,000
Payment:	Cash	500,000
	Installment receivables		500,000
	Deferred gross profit	100,000
	Realized gross profit		100,000

 

Balance sheet:

	Installment receivables $4,500,000 – 500,000	$4,000,000
	Deferred gross profit: $900,000 – 100,000	800,000
	Installment receivables (net)	$3,200,000

 

 

199. At December 31, 2019, Rigsby would report in its balance sheet:
200. Realized gross profit of $500,000.
201. Deferred gross profit of $400,000.
202. Realized gross profit of $400,000.
203. Cost of installment sales $1,600,000.

 

Answer: b

Level of Learning: 3 Hard

Learning Objective: 05-Supplement

Topic Area: Chapter Supp―Installment sales method

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

            Feedback:

12/15/2019		Cash	2,000,000
	Installment receivables			2,000,000
	Deferred gross profit		400,000
	Realized gross profit			400,000

 

Balance sheet:

Deferred gross profit: $800,000 – 400,000 = $400,000

Realized gross profit of $400,000 would be reported in the income statement.

 

 

Use the following to answer questions 200 – 204:

 

Reliable Enterprises sells distressed merchandise on extended credit terms. Collections on these sales are not reasonably assured, and bad debt losses cannot be reasonably predicted. It is unlikely that repossessed merchandise is in condition to be re-sold. Therefore, Reliable uses the cost recovery method.  Merchandise costing $30,000 was sold for $55,000 in 2017. Collections on this sale were $20,000 in 2017, $15,000 in 2018, and $20,000 in 2019.

 

200. In 2017, Reliable would recognize gross profit of:
201. $0.
202. $25,000.
203. $ 8,090.
204. $ 8,333.

 

Answer: a

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-Supplement

Topic Area: Chapter Supp―Cost recovery method

Blooms: Apply

AACSB:  Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback: Costs not yet recovered.

 

 

201. In 2018, Reliable would recognize gross profit of:
202. $0.
203. $ 6,000.
204. $ 5,000.
205. $10,000.

 

Answer: c

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-Supplement

Topic Area: Chapter Supp―Cost recovery method

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA:  FN Measurement

Feedback:

Cost	$30,000		2018 payment	$15,000
2017 cost recovery	(20,000	)	Cost recovery	(10,000	)
Remaining cost	$10,000		Gross profit	$5,000

 

 

202. In 2019, Reliable would recognize gross profit of:
203. $0.
204. $ 6,000.
205. $ 8,000.
206. $20,000.

 

Answer: d

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-Supplement

Topic Area: Chapter Supp―Cost recovery method

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback:

Cost	$30,000
2017 cost recovery	(20,000	)
2018 cost recovery	(10,000	)
Remaining cost	0

 

The entire $20,000 payment received in 2019 is recognized as gross profit.

 

 

203. In its 2017 year-end balance sheet, Reliable would report installment receivables (net) of:
204. $20,000.
205. $35,000.
206. $25,909.
207. $10,000.

 

Answer: d

Level of Learning: 3 Hard

Learning Objective: 05-Supplement

Topic Area: Chapter Supp―Cost recovery method

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback:

Sale:	Installment receivables	55,000
	Inventory		30,000
	Deferred gross profit		25,000
Payment:	Cash	20,000
	Installment receivables		20,000

 

Balance sheet:

	Installment receivables $55,000 – 20,000	$35,000
	Deferred gross profit	(25,000	)
	Installment receivables (net)	$10,000

 

 

204. In its 2018 year-end balance sheet, Reliable would report installment receivables (net) of:
205. $0.
206. $20,000.
207. $ 4,000.
208. $15,000.

 

Answer: a

Level of Learning: 3 Hard

Learning Objective: 05-Supplement

Topic Area: Chapter Supp―Cost recovery method

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

            Feedback:

Sale:	Installment receivables	55,000
	Inventory		30,000
	Deferred gross profit		25,000
2017:	Cash	20,000
	Installment receivables		20,000
	Cash	15,000
	Installment receivables		15,000
2018:	Deferred gross profit	5,000
	Realized gross profit		5,000

 

Balance sheet:

	Installment receivables	$20,000
	Deferred gross profit	(20,000	)
	Installment receivables (net)	$        0

 

 

Use the following to answer questions 205 – 209:

 

Lake Power Sports sells jet skis and other powered recreational equipment. Customers pay one-third of the sales price of a jet ski when they initially purchase the ski, and then pay another one-third each year for the next two years. Because Lake has little information about the ability to collect these receivables, it uses the installment sales method for revenue recognition.  In 2017, Lake began operations and sold jet skis with a total price of $900,000 that cost Lake $450,000. Lake collected $300,000 in 2017, $300,000 in 2018, and $300,000 in 2019 associated with those sales. In 2018, Lake sold jet skis with a total price of $1,500,000 that cost Lake $900,000. Lake collected $500,000 in 2018, $400,000 in 2019, and $400,000 in 2020 associated with those sales. In 2020, Lake also repossessed $200,000 of jet skis that were sold in 2018. Those jet skis had a fair value of $75,000 at the time they were repossessed.

 

205. Total cash collections on installment sales during 2018 would be:
206. $700,000.
207. $300,000.
208. $800,000.
209. $0

 

Answer: c

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-Supplement

Topic Area: Chapter Supp―Installment sales method

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback: $300,000 (2017 sales) + $500,000 (2018 sales) = $800,000

 

 

206. In 2017, Lake would recognize realized gross profit of:
207. $150,000.
208. $0.
209. $300,000.
210. $450,000.

 

Answer: a

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-Supplement

Topic Area: Chapter Supp―Installment sales method

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback:

Gross profit % = ($900,000 – $450,000)/$900,000 = 50%

2017: 50% x $300,000 = $150,000

 

 

207. In 2019, Lake would recognize realized gross profit of:
208. $0.
209. $450,000.
210. $310,000.
211. $700,000.

 

Answer: c

Level of Learning: 3 Hard

Learning Objective: 05-Supplement

Topic Area: Chapter Supp―Installment sales method

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback:

2017 sales:

Gross profit % = ($900,000 – $450,000)/$900,000 = 50%

50% x $300,000 received in 2019 = $150,000

2018 sales:

Gross profit % = ($1,500,000 – $900,000)/$1,500,000 = 40%

40% x $400,000 received in 2019 = $160,000

Total: $150,000 + $160,000 = $310,000

 

 

208. In its December 31, 2018, balance sheet, Lake would report:
209. Deferred gross profit of $700,000.
210. Deferred gross profit of $1,050,000.
211. Installment receivables (net) of $750,000.
212. Installment receivables (net) of $900,000.

 

Answer: c

Level of Learning: 3 Hard

Learning Objective: 05-Supplement

Topic Area: Chapter Supp―Installment sales method

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback: As of 12/31/2018, the installment receivable would be as follows:

2017

Sales: Installment receivables = $900,000 – $300,000 (2017 collections)

– $300,000 (2018 collections) =                                                               $300,000

 

Deferred gross profit = $450,000 – $150,000 (2017 collections)

– $150,000 (2018 collections) =                                                               $150,000

 

Net installment receivable for 2017 sales =                                             $150,000

 

2018 Sales: Installment receivables = $1,500,000 –

$500,000 (2018 collections) =                                                               $1,000,000

 

Deferred gross profit = $600,000 – $200,000 (2018 collections)  =       $400,000

 

Net installment receivable for 2018    =                                                   $600,000

Total =            $750,000

 

209. In 2020, Lake would record a loss on repossession of:
210. $45,000.
211. $200,000.
212. $120,000.
213. $80,000

 

Answer: a

Level of Learning: 3 Hard

Learning Objective: 05-Supplement

Topic Area: Chapter Supp―Installment sales method

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback:

Installment receivable = $200,000

Deferred gross profit = $80,000 ($200,000 x 40%)

Fair value = $75,000

 

Repossessed inventory                 $75,000

Deferred gross profit                    $80,000

Loss on repossession (plug)         $45,000

Installment receivable                      $200,000

 

 

Use the following to answer questions 210 – 212:

 

Lake Power Sports sells jet skis and other powered recreational equipment. Customers pay one-third of the sales price of a jet ski when they initially purchase the ski, and then pay another one-third each year for the next two years. Because Lake has little information about the ability to collect these receivables, it uses the cost recovery method to recognize revenue on these installment sales. In 2017, Lake began operations and sold jet skis with a total price of $900,000 that cost Lake $450,000. Lake collected $300,000 in 2017, $300,000 in 2018, and $300,000 in 2019 associated with those sales. In 2018, Lake sold jet skis with a total price of $1,500,000 that cost Lake $900,000. Lake collected $500,000 in 2018, $400,000 in 2019, and $400,000 in 2020 associated with those sales. In 2020, Lake also repossessed $200,000 of jet skis that were sold in 2018.  Those jet skis had a fair value of $75,000 at the time they were repossessed.

 

210. In 2017, Lake would recognize realized gross profit of:
211. $150,000.
212. $0.
213. $300,000.
214. $450,000.

 

Answer: b

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-Supplement

Topic Area: Chapter Supp―Cost recovery method

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback:

$450,000 cost – $300,000 collections = $150,000 unrecovered costs

 

 

211. In 2019, Lake would recognize realized gross profit of:
212. $0.
213. $300,000.
214. $310,000.
215. $700,000.

 

Answer: b

Level of Learning: 3 Hard

Learning Objective: 05-Supplement

Topic Area: Chapter Supp―Cost recovery method

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback:

2017 sales:

Cost = $450,000; $300,000 collected in each year 2017–2019.  $300,000 of cost recovered in 2017, the other $150,000 of cost recovered in 2018, so $150,000 of gross profit recognized in 2018, leaving $300,000 recognized in 2019.

2018 sales:

Cost = $900,000; $500,000 collected in 2018, $400,000 collected in 2019.  $500,000 of cost recovered in 2018, the other $400,000 of cost recovered in 2018, so $0 of gross profit recognized in 2019.

Total: $300,000 + $0 = $300,000

 

 

212. In its December 31, 2018, balance sheet, Lake would report:
213. Deferred gross profit of $700,000.
214. Deferred gross profit of $600,000.
215. Installment receivables (net) of $700,000.
216. Installment receivables (net) of $400,000.

 

Answer: d

Level of Learning: 3 Hard

Learning Objective: 05-Supplement

Topic Area: Chapter Supp―Cost recovery method

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

Feedback: As of 12/31/2018, the installment receivable would be as follows:

2017 Sales: Installment receivables = $900,000 – $300,000 (2017 collections)

– $300,000 (2018 collections) = $300,000

Deferred gross profit = $450,000 – $0 (all 2017 collections to cost recovery)

– $150,000 ($150,000 of 2018 collections to cost recovery) = $300,000

Net installment receivable for 2017 sales = $0

 

2018 Sales: Installment receivables = $1,500,000 – $500,000 (2018 collections) = $1,000,000

Deferred gross profit = $600,000 – $0 (all 2018 collections to

cost recovery) = $600,000

Net installment receivable for 2018 sales =  $400,000

Total =                                        $400,000

 

 

213. When using the cost recovery method of accounting for long-term construction contracts under IFRS:
214. Estimated losses on the overall contract are recognized before the contract is completed.
215. Expenses are recorded each period, but revenue is only recognized when the contract is completed.
216. Companies can use the percentage-of-completion method if that is their preference.
217. Neither gains nor losses are recognized until the contract is completed.

 

Answer: a

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-Supplement

Topic Area: Chapter Supp―IFRS Revenue recognition

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AACSB: Diversity

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Global

AICPA: BB Industry

 

214. When using the cost recovery method of accounting for long-term construction contracts under IFRS, early in the life of the contract it is typically the case that:
215. Expenses in excess of revenues are recognized.
216. Revenues in excess of expenses are recognized.
217. An equal amount of revenue and expense is recognized.
218. There is no predictable pattern of revenue and expense.

 

Answer: c

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-Supplement

Topic Area: Chapter Supp―IFRS Revenue recognition

Blooms: Understand

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AACSB: Diversity

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Global

AICPA: BB Industry

 

 

215. The cost recovery method of accounting for long-term construction contracts under IFRS is sometimes referred to as the:
216. “Sales-neutral approach.”
217. “Completed contract method.”
218. “Multi-step approach.”
219. “Zero profit method.”

 

Answer: d

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-Supplement

Topic Area: Chapter Supp―IFRS Revenue recognition

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AACSB: Diversity

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Global

AICPA: BB Industry

 

 

216. The percentage-of-completion method violates the general rule for revenue recognition that:
217. Collection is reasonably assured.
218. Costs are known or reasonably estimated.
219. The earnings process is complete.
220. Collections have been received.

 

Answer: c

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-Supplement

Topic Area: Chapter Supp―Realization principle

Blooms: Understand

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

Use the following to answer questions 217 – 219:

 

Sahara Desert Homes (SDH) reports under IFRS and constructed a new subdivision during 2017 and 2018 under contract with Cactus Development Co. Relevant data are summarized below:

 

Contract amount		$3,000,000
Cost:	2017	1,200,000
	2018	600,000
Gross profit:	2017	800,000
	2018	400,000
Contract billings:	2017 2018	1,500,000 1,500,000

 

SDH uses the cost recovery method under IFRS to recognize revenue.

 

217. What is the journal entry in 2017 to record revenue?

a.	Accounts receivable	1,500,000
	Revenue fron long-term construction contracts		1,500,000
b.	Accounts receivable	2,300,000
	Gross profit		800,000
	Revenue from long-term construction contracts		1,500,000
c.	Construction in progress	800,000
	Cost of construction	1,200,000
	Revenue from long-term construction contracts		2,000,000
d.	Cost of construction	1,200,000
	Revenue from long-term construction contracts		1,200,000

 

Answer: d

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-Supplement

Topic Area: Chapter Supp―IFRS Revenue recognition

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AACSB: Diversity

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Global

AICPA: BB Industry

Feedback: Under the IFRS cost recovery method, record equal amounts of revenue and cost until cost recovered.

 

 

218. In its December 31, 2017, balance sheet, SDH would report:
219. The asset, cost and profits in excess of billings, of $500,000.
220. The liability, billings in excess of cost, of $300,000.
221. The asset, contract amount in excess of billings, of $1,500,000.
222. The asset, deferred profit, of $400,000.

 

Answer: b

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-Supplement

Topic Area: Chapter Supp―IFRS Revenue recognition

Blooms: Analyze

AACSB: Analytical thinking

AACSB: Diversity

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Global

AICPA: BB Industry

Feedback:

Cost + profits: $1,200,000 + 0 =        $1,200,000

Billings:                                                 1,500,000

Excess:                                                $ (300,000)

 

 

219. What is SDH’s journal entry to record revenue in 2018?

a.	Accounts receivable	1,500,000
	Revenue from long-term construction contracts		1,500,000
b.	Construction in progress	400,000
	Cost of construction	600,000
	Revenue from long-term construction contracts		1,000,000
c.	Cost of construction	2,000,000
	Gross profit	1,000,000
	Revenue from long-term construction contracts		3,000,000
d.	Construction in progress	1,200,000
	Cost of construction	600,000
	Revenue from long-term construction contracts		1,800,000

Answer: d

Level of Learning: 3 Hard

Learning Objective: 05-Supplement

Topic Area: Chapter Supp―IFRS Revenue recognition

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AACSB: Diversity

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Global

AICPA: BB Industry

Feedback: Under the IFRS cost recovery method, record equal amounts of revenue and cost until cost recovered, and then record gross profit. In 2017, recorded revenue and cost of $1,200,000, so record remaining cost of $600,000 and all gross profit of $1,200,000 in 2018.

 

220. Summary data for Benedict Construction Co.’s (BCC) Job 1227, which was completed in 2018, are presented below:

 

Bid price		$450,000
Contract cost:	2017	(180,000	)
	2018	(195,000	)
Gross profit:		75,000
Estimated cost to complete:
12/31/2017    $200,000
12/31/2018                 0

 

Assuming BCC used the cost recovery method to recognize revenue under IFRS, what would gross profit have been in 2017 and 2018 (rounded to the nearest thousand)?

 

	2017	2018
a.	$36,000	$39,000
b.	$30,000	$45,000
c.	$70,000	$  5,000
d.	$     0	$75,000

 

Answer: d

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-Supplement

Topic Area: Chapter Supp―IFRS Revenue recognition

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AACSB: Diversity

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Global

AICPA: BB Industry

Feedback: No revenue is recognized until completion of project in year 2018.

 

 

Use the following to answer questions 221 – 223:

 

Flapper Jack’s Pancake Restaurants Inc. sells franchises for an initial fee of $36,000 plus operating fees of $500 per month. The initial fee covers site selection, training, computer and accounting software, and on-site consulting and troubleshooting, as needed, over the first five years. On March 15, 2017, Tim Cruise signed a franchise contract, paying the standard $6,000 down with the balance due over five years with interest.

 

221. Assuming that the initial services to be performed by Flapper Jack’s subsequent to the signing are substantial and that collection of the receivable is reasonably assured, the journal entry required at signing would include a credit to:
222. Unearned franchise fee revenue for $36,000.
223. Unearned franchise fee revenue for $30,000.
224. Franchise fee revenue for $36,000.
225. Franchise fee revenue for $ 6,000.

 

Answer: a

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-Supplement

Topic Area: Chapter Supp―Franchise sales

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Industry

Feedback:

Cash	6,000
Note receivable	30,000
Unearned franchise fee revenue		36,000

 

222. Assume that at the time of signing the contract, collection of the receivable was assured and that service obligations were substantial. However, by October 20, 2017, substantially all continuing obligations had been met. The journal entry required at October 20, 2017 would include a:
223. Credit to franchise fee receivable for $27,000.
224. Debit to unearned franchise fee revenue for $36,000.
225. Credit to franchise fee revenue for $9,000.
226. Debit to unearned franchise fee revenue for $27,000.

 

Answer: b

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-Supplement

Topic Area: Chapter Supp―Franchise sales

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Industry

Feedback:

10/20/2017:

Unearned franchise fee revenue	36,000
Franchise fee revenue		36,000

 

 

223. Assume at March 15, 2017, the time of signing the contract, collection of the receivable was reasonably assured and there were no significant continuing obligations. The journal entry at signing would include a:
224. Credit to franchise fee revenue for $36,000.
225. Credit to franchise fee revenue for $9,000.
226. Credit to unearned franchise fee revenue for $36,000.
227. Credit to unearned franchise fee revenue for $27,000.

 

Answer: a

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-Supplement

Topic Area: Chapter Supp―Franchise sales

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Industry

Feedback:

Cash	6,000
Note receivable	30,000
Franchise fee revenue		36,000

 

Use the following to answer questions 224 – 226:

 

The Racquet Store (RS) sells franchise agreements in which it charges an up-front fee of $50,000 for assistance in setting up a store, and then a monthly fee of $1,000 for national advertising and administrative assistance. Steffi Hingis signs a franchise agreement with RS.

 

224.             Assume that Steffi paid the $50,000 in cash when she signed the agreement. RS can recognize revenue associated with the $50,000:
225. When Steffi signs the agreement and pays the cash.
226. As soon as RS has assisted Steffi in setting up the store.
227. Gradually as RS provides advertising and administration services.
228. Only after the store has operated long enough for the chance of business failure to be remote.

 

Answer: b

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-Supplement

Topic Area: Chapter Supp―Franchise sales

Blooms: Analyze

AACSB: Analytical thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Industry

Feedback: Substantial performance has occurred.

 

 

225. Assume that Steffi signed a $50,000 installment note when she signed the franchise agreement. RS can recognize revenue associated with the $50,000:
226. When Steffi signs the agreement, so long as RS has sufficient experience with similar arrangements to estimate uncollectible accounts.
227. As soon as RS has assisted Steffi in setting up the store, so long as RS has sufficient experience with similar arrangements to estimate uncollectible accounts.
228. Gradually as RS provides advertising and administration services.
229. When RS receives installment payments from Steffi, so long as RS has sufficient experience with similar arrangements to estimate uncollectible accounts.

 

Answer: b

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-Supplement

Topic Area: Chapter Supp―Franchise sales

Blooms: Analyze

AACSB: Analytical thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Industry

Feedback: Substantial performance has occurred and can estimate bad debts.

 

226. Assume that Steffi signed a $50,000 installment note when she signed the franchise agreement. RS has no experience estimating uncollectible accounts associated with these sorts of notes. RS can recognize:
227. $50,000 of revenue when Steffi signs the agreement.
228. $50,000 of revenue as soon as it has assisted Steffi in setting up the store.
229. Revenue under the installment sales method, starting when Steffi signs the agreement.
230. Revenue under the installment sales method, as soon as it has assisted Steffi in setting up the store.

 

Answer: d

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-Supplement

Topic Area: Chapter Supp―Franchise sales

Blooms: Analyze

AACSB: Analytical thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Industry

Feedback: Substantial performance has occurred but cannot estimate bad debts, so use the installment sales method.

 

 

Use the following to answer questions 227 – 228:

 

Sullivan Software sells packages of a software program and one year’s worth of technical support for $500. Its packaging lists the $500 sales price as comprised of a software program at a price of $450 and technical support with a price of $100, with a $50 discount for the package deal. All of Sullivan’s sales are for cash, and there are no returns. Sullivan sells the software program separately for $475 and offers a year of technical support separately for $75.

 

227. Sullivan should recognize revenue for the two parts of the arrangement as follows:
228. Recognize the entire $500 when the customer pays cash to buy the package.
229. Recognize the portion of the $500 attributable to the software program when the customer pays cash to buy the package; defer the portion attributable to technical support and recognize over the support period.
230. Defer the entire $500 and recognize over the support period.
231. Recognize the entire $500 upon conclusion of the support period.

 

Answer: b

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-Supplement

Topic Area: Chapter Supp―Software–Multiple-element

Blooms: Analyze

AACSB: Analytical thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Industry

 

 

228. The amount of revenue that GAAP, regarding software revenue recognition, would require Sullivan to attribute to the software program (as opposed to the technical support) is (rounded):
229. $450.
230. $475.
231. $432.
232. $400.

 

Answer: c

Level of Learning: 3 Hard

Learning Objective: 05-Supplement

Topic Area: Chapter Supp―Software–Multiple-element

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Industry

Feedback: Per GAAP regarding software revenue recognition based on relative fair values, the amount attributable to the program is ($475 / {$475 + $75}) x $500 = $432.

 

 

229. GAAP that covers revenue recognition for multiple-element arrangements requires that a seller recognize revenue for a particular part if:
230. The part has value on a stand-alone basis.
231. Customer acceptance of the part is not contingent on successful delivery of a later part.
232. The part constitutes at least a “preponderance of the fair value” of the total arrangement.
233. Both the part has value on stand-alone basis and customer acceptance of the part is not contingent on successful delivery of a later part are required.

Answer: d

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-Supplement

Topic Area: Chapter Supp―Software–Multiple-element

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Industry

 

 

230. Under GAAP, with respect to multiple-element arrangements, if the revenue for a particular part of a multiple-element arrangement does not qualify for separate recognition, it is:
231. Never recognized.
232. Recognized when the contract is signed or persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists.
233. Recognized when revenue for the other parts is recognized.
234. Recognized at the end of the contract.

Answer: c

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-Supplement

Topic Area: Chapter Supp―Software–Multiple-element

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Industry

 

 

231. “VSOE” stands for:
232. “Vendor-specific objective evidence.”
233. “Vendor substantiation of earnings.”
234. “Value-specified operating earnings.”
235. “Variable set overhead earned.”

 

Answer: a

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-Supplement

Topic Area: Chapter Supp―Software–Multiple-element

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Industry

 

232. “VSOE” is necessary to separately recognize revenue in multiple-element contracts for:
233. All service contracts.
234. All product contracts.
235. All contracts that involve at least one non-software element.
236. Software contracts.

 

Answer: d

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-Supplement

Topic Area: Chapter Supp―Software–Multiple-element

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

AICPA: BB Industry

 

 

Problems

 

233. Squeaky Shine provides car washing services in Jersey City, New Jersey. A three-month pass for automatic car wash sells for $60, which entitles the customer for an unlimited number of car washes during the contract period. Squeaky Shine estimates that pass holders wash their cars equally throughout the three-month period. On December 1st, customers purchased $1,260 of the three-month passes, with purchases of the passes occurring evenly throughout December.

 

Required:

            1) Prepare the journal entries that Squeaky Shine would record on December 1 and on December 31, 2018, with respect to this transaction.

2) State the account titles and amounts that will be included in Squeaky Shine’s 2018 income statement and balance sheet.

 

Answer:

1) December 1

Cash	1,260
Deferred revenue		1,260

 

   December 31

If purchases occurred evenly throughout December, on average they occurred half-way through the month.  Therefore, on average a pass is 1/6 expired, so Squeaky should recognize 1/6 × $1,260 = $210 of revenue.

 

Deferred revenue	210
Sales Revenue		210

 

2) $210 is included as revenue in the income statement, $1,260 of cash is included in the balance sheet, and $1,050 is included as deferred revenue in the balance sheet.

 

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-03

Topic Area: Revenue over time―Progress to completion

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

• Assume that a customer enrolls in AAA’s Premier Membership, which provides 12 months of roadside assistance for $120. On August 1, 2018, a customer purchases a contract that runs from that date through July 31, 2019. Given that roadside assistance requests occur equally throughout the contract period, AAA uses “proportion of time” as its measure of progress toward completion.

 

Required:

1) Prepare the journal entries that AAA would record on August 1 and on December 31, 2018, with respect to this transaction.

2) State the amounts included in relevant accounts in AAA’s 2018 income statement and balance sheet.

 

Answer:

1) August 1

Cash	120
Deferred revenue		120

 

 December 31

5/12 of a year of service has been provided, so AAA should recognize 5/12 × $120 = $50 of revenue.

 

Deferred revenue	50
Sales Revenue		50

 

2) $50 is included as revenue in the income statement, and $70 is included in current liability section of the balance sheet.

 

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-03

Topic Area: Revenue over time―Progress to completion

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

235. Lux Hotels, Inc. has signed a service outsourcing contract with Deluxe Rooms, Inc. for $3 million, which was received in cash at contract inception. Under the agreement, Deluxe Rooms is obligated to clean and prepare over 5,000 hotels rooms managed by Lux Hotel on a daily basis from August 1, 2018 to July 31, 2019.

 

Required: Prepare any journal entry that Delux would record:

             (1) at inception of the contract and

(2) at the end of 2018 to recognize all revenue associated with this contract that should be recognized in 2018.

 

Answer:

This service contract qualifies for revenue recognition over time, because the customer consumes the benefit of the seller’s work as it is performed. Hence, at the end of 2018, Deluxe Rooms should recognize $3 million × 5/12 = $1.25 million of revenue.

 

(1) August 1, 2018:
Cash	3,000,000
Deferred revenue		3,000,000
(2) December 31, 2018:
Deferred revenue	1,250,000
Revenue		1,250,000

 

 

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-03

Topic Area: Revenue over time―Progress to completion

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

 

236. Poseidon Corporation, based in Greece, specializes in painting cargo ships. On December 1, 2018 Poseidon received $300,000 in advance from Worldwide Shipping, Inc. to paint a 40,000-ton cargo vessel.  The painting process is scheduled to begin on December 1, 2018, and the ship is to be returned to Worldwide in four months. Worldwide retains legal title to the ship during the contract period, and can sell the ship to another shipper during the contract period if it so chooses.

 

Required: Assuming Poseidon uses “proportion of time” as its measure of progress toward completion, prepare any journal entry that Poseidon would record:

(1) at inception of the contract

(2) at the end of 2018 to recognize all revenue associated with this contract that should be recognized in 2018.  Ignore any costs associated with providing the painting service.

 

Answer:

This contract qualifies for revenue recognition over time, because the customer controls the asset as it is being worked on.  Hence, Poseidon should recognize $10 million × 1/4 = $2.5 million of revenue.

 

(1) December 1, 2018:
Cash	10,000,000
Deferred revenue		10,000,000
(2) December 31, 2018 Deferred revenue	2,500,000
Revenue		2,500,000

 

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-03

Topic Area: Revenue over time―Progress to completion

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

 

237. Accorsi & Sons specializes in selling and installing upscale home theater systems. On March 1, 2018, Accorsi sold a premium home theater package that includes a projector, set of surround speakers, and high quality leather seats, along with complete installation service, for $32,500. If sold separately, each of these goods or services would have cost $15,000 (projector), $12,500 (speakers), $17,500 (seats), and $3,000 (installation), respectively.

 

Required:, How much of the transaction price would be allocated to the projector, the speakers, the leather seats, and the installation service, assuming that each of these four parts of the contract is a separate performance obligation?  Show your work.

 

Answer:

Accorsi & Sons must identify each obligation’s share of the sum of the stand-alone selling prices of all performance obligations:

 

Projector:	$15,000	=	31.25%
	$15,000 + 12,500 + 17,500 + 3,000
Surround speakers:	$12,500	=	26.04%
	$15,000 + 12,500 + 17,500 + 3,000
Leather seats:	$17,500	=	36.46%
	$15,000 + 12,500 + 17,500 + 3,000
Installation service:	$3,000	=	6.25%
	$15,000 + 12,500 + 17,500 + 3,000

 

Accorsi & Sons would allocate the total selling price of $32,500 based on the stand-alone selling prices, as shown below:

 

Projector:	$32,500	×	31.25%	=	$10,156.25
Surround speakers:	$32,500	×	26.04%	=	$8,463.00
Leather seats:	$32,500	×	36.46%	=	$11,849.50
Installation service:	$32,500	×	6.25%	=	$2,031.25
Total:			100%		$32,500

 

 

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-04

Topic Area: Mult perf oblig―Allocate transact price

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

238. Baldi Piano manufactures customized pianos for concert halls. On July 1, 2018, Baldi signed a contract to deliver a concert piano for $150,000. Under the contract, Baldi is also obligated to provide a one-year maintenance service. If sold separately, the piano and the maintenance service would have cost $140,000 and $20,000, respectively.

 

Required: How much of the transaction price would be allocated to the piano and the maintenance service, assuming they are separate performance obligations? Show your work.

 

Answer:

Baldi must identify each performance obligation’s share of the sum of the stand-alone selling prices of all performance obligations:

 

Piano (including delivery):	$140,000	=	87.50%
	$140,000 + 20,000
Maintenance service:	$20,000	=	12.50%
	$140,000 + 20,000

Baldi would allocate the total selling price of $150,000 based on the stand-alone selling prices, as shown below:

 

Piano (including delivery):	$150,000	×	87.50%	=	$131,250
Maintenance service:	$150,000	×	12.50%	=	$18,750
Total:			100%		$150,000

 

 

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-04

Topic Area: Mult perf oblig―Allocate transact price

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

Use the following information for questions 239 – 240:

 

The Rink offers annual $200 memberships that entitle members to unlimited use of ice-skating facilities and locker rooms. Each new membership also entitles the member to receive ten “20% off a $5 meal” coupons that are redeemable at the Rink’s snack bar. The Rink estimates that approximately 80% of the coupons will be redeemed, and that, if the coupons weren’t redeemed, $5 meals still would be discounted by 5% because of ongoing promotions.

 

239. Calculate how much of the transaction price should be allocated to each performance obligation in the contract. Show your work.

Answer:

The discount coupon provides a material right to the customer that the customer would not receive otherwise (a 20% discount rather than a 5% discount).  This discount coupon is both capable of being distinct, as it could be sold or provided separately, and it is separately identifiable, as it is not highly interrelated with the other performance obligation of providing membership access, so this contract has two performance obligations.

 

To allocate the contract price to the performance obligation, we should first consider that the Rink would offer a 5% discount on $5 meals sold to all customers. So, a 20% discount provides a customer with an incremental value of 15% (20% – 5%). Thus, the estimated stand-alone selling price of the meal coupons is $6 (= 10 coupons x $5 base price of meal x 15% savings x 80% redeemed). Since the stand-alone selling price of the annual membership fee is $200, the Rink would allocate $5.83 {= $200 × [6 ÷ (6+200)]} of the $200 transaction price to the discount coupon.

 

Level of Learning: 3 Hard

Learning Objective: 05-04

Learning Objective: 05-05

Topic Area: Mult perf oblig―Allocate transact price

Topic Area: Contract features―Prepayments

Topic Area: Contract features―Customer options

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

240. Prepare the journal entry to recognize the sale of a new membership. Clearly identify revenue or deferred revenue associated with each performance obligation.

Answer:

Since the discount coupon would be a performance obligation, the Rink would recognize deferred revenue for the sale of the annual membership fee and deferred revenue for the sale of the discount coupon.

 

Cash                                                                 $200

Deferred revenue, membership fees                        194.17

Deferred revenue, meal coupons                                  5.83

 

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-05

Topic Area: Contract features―Customer options

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

241. Antonio’s Car Services provides maintenance services for motorized vehicles. In March 2018, Rick placed an order for a new set of tires for $350. When a customer purchases goods or services in excess of $300, Antonio’s gives the customer a 25% discount coupon for future purchases made in the next three months. Antonio’s estimates that approximately 80% of customers utilize the coupon and that on average those customers will purchase goods or services that typically sell for $75.

 

Required:

(a) How many performance obligations are in Rick’s contract? Explain the reasons for your answer.

(b) Prepare a journal entry to record revenue for this transaction, assuming that Antonio’s uses the residual method to estimate the stand-alone selling price of new tires sold without the discount coupon.

 

Answer:

 

• Number of performance obligations in the contract: 2.

 

The delivery and installation of new tires is one performance obligation. The discount coupon for additional future purchases is a second performance obligation, because it provides a material right to the customer that the customer would not receive otherwise. This discount option is both capable of being distinct, as it could be sold or provided separately, and it is separately identifiable, as it is not highly interrelated with the other performance obligation of delivering and installing new tires. Hence, the discount coupon is distinct and qualifies as a performance obligation. The seller’s role is not to integrate and customize them to create one product.

 

(b)

Cash	350
Sales revenue (to balance)		335
Deferred revenue (discount option)*		15

 

^* $75 average purchase price × 25% discount × 80% coupon utilization rate

 

 

Level of Learning: 2 medium

Learning Objective: 05-04

Learning Objective: 05-05

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Mult perf oblig―Identify the perf oblig

Topic Area: Contract features―Customer options

Topic Area: Transaction price―Residual approach

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

242. DGA Associates, Inc. sells computer workstations designed for architects. In 2018, it sold 120 workstations for $360,000. For each workstation sold, DGA distributed a 40% discount coupon for any additional future purchases made in the next 12 months. Based on historical experience, DGA expects that approximately 30% of the coupons will be utilized, and the goods purchased with the coupons would normally sell for $350.

 

Required:

(a) How many performance obligations are in a contract to purchase a computer workstation? Explain the reasons for your answer.

(b) Prepare a journal entry to record revenue for the sale of 120 computer workstations, assuming that DGA uses the residual method to estimate the stand-alone selling price of the workstations sold without the discount coupon.

 

Answer:

• Number of performance obligations in the contract: 2

 

The delivery of computer workstations is one performance obligation. The discount coupon for additional future purchases is a second performance obligation, because it provides a material right to the customer that the customer would not receive otherwise. This discount option is both capable of being distinct, as it could be sold or provided separately, and it is separately identifiable, as it is not highly interrelated with the other performance obligation of delivering computer workstations. Hence, the discount coupon is distinct and qualifies as a performance obligation. The seller’s role is not to integrate and customize them to create one product.

 

(b)

Cash	360,000
Sales revenue (to balance)		354,960
Deferred revenue (discount option)*		5,040

 

^* 120 units × $350 average purchase price × 40% discount × 30% coupon utilization rate

 

Level of Learning: 2 medium

Learning Objective: 05-04

Learning Objective: 05-05

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Mult perf oblig―Identify the perf oblig

Topic Area: Contract features―Customer options

Topic Area: Transaction price―Residual approach

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

243. On February 12, 2018, Mohawk Home and Garden enters into contract with a local business to provide weekly grass-cutting services between May and September of that year, and receives $2,000 in advance. As part of a local business promotion, Mohawk offers a 50% discount on any barbecue grill with a list price in excess of $200. In the past, Mohawk charged the same amount ($2,000) for the same weekly grass-cutting service, but without the grill discount coupon. Based on historical experience with other clients, Mohawk estimates that about 40% of the coupons will be redeemed, purchasing grills with an average total list price of $400.

 

Required:

(a) How many performance obligations are in this contract? Explain the reasons for your answer.

(b) Prepare the journal entry to account for the transaction as of February 12, 2018, clearly identifying the revenue or deferred revenue associated with each performance obligation.

 

Answer:

• Number of performance obligations in the contract: 2.

 

Performing the grass-cutting services is one performance obligation. The 50% discount coupon on any barbecue grill with a list price in excess of $200 qualifies as a second performance obligation. First, it is an option that conveys a material right to the recipient (as opposed to a general marketing offer), so it is a performance obligation. Second, it is both capable of being distinct, as it could be sold or provided separately, and it is separately identifiable, as it is not highly interrelated with the other performance obligation of delivering grass-cutting services, so it is distinct and qualifies as a performance obligation. Mohawk will record deferred revenue associated with the coupons, and recognize revenue when either the coupon is exercised or the company estimates that it will not be redeemed.

 

(b) Mohawk must first establish stand-alone selling prices of each performance obligation:

 

Value of the discount coupon: 50% discount × $400 average purchase price	=	$200
Estimated redemption	×	40%
Stand-alone selling price of coupon		$80
Stand-alone selling price of grass-cutting service		$2,000
Total of stand-alone prices		$2,080

 

Mohawk should identify each performance obligation’s share of the sum of the stand-alone selling prices of all deliverables:

 

Grass-cutting services:	$2,000	=	96.15%
	$2,000 + 80
Discount coupon for grills:	$80	=	3.85%
	$2,000 + 80

 

Mohawk would allocate the total selling price of $2,000 based on the stand-alone selling prices, as shown below:

 

Grass-cutting services:	$2,000	×	96.15%	=	$1,923
Discount coupon for grills:	$2,000	×	3.85%	=	$77
Total:			100%		$2,000

 

Upon receiving $2,000, the journal entry would be:

 

Cash	2,000
Deferred revenue (grass-cutting services)		1,923
Deferred revenue (discount option)		77

 

Note: The amount of revenue Mohawk should recognize upon receipt of the service fee is $0. Mohawk has not delivered goods or services at the time of the payment, so it should be viewed as a prepayment for future delivery of goods or services. Hence, Mohawk should record deferred revenue (current liability). Later, when services are delivered, deferred revenue will be reduced and revenue would be recognized.

 

Level of Learning: 3 Hard

Learning Objective: 05-04

Learning Objective: 05-05

Topic Area: Mult perf oblig―Identify the perf oblig

Topic Area: Contract features―Prepayments

Topic Area: Contract features―Customer options

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

244. Mammoth Publishing, Inc. owns a weekly magazine called “Nova Health,” and sells annual subscriptions for $96. Customers prepay their subscription fee and receive 52 issues starting in the following month. The company also offers new subscribers a 25% discount coupon on its other weekly magazine called “Fishing & Camping,” which has a list price of $84 for an annual subscription. Mammoth estimates that approximately 10% of the discount coupons will be redeemed.

 

Required:

(a) How many performance obligations are in a single subscription contract? Explain the reasons for your answer.

(b) Prepare the journal entry to account for one new subscription of “Nova Health,” clearly identifying the revenue or deferred revenue associated with each performance obligation.

 

Answer:

• Number of performance obligations in the contract: 2.

 

Delivery of “Nova Health” magazines on a weekly basis is one performance obligation. The 25% discount coupon on an annual subscription of “Fishing & Camping” qualifies as a second performance obligation. First, it is an option that conveys a material right to the recipient (as opposed to a general marketing offer), so it is a performance obligation. Second, it is both capable of being distinct, as it could be sold or provided separately, and it is separately identifiable, as it is not highly interrelated with the other performance obligation of delivering “Nova Health” magazines, so it is distinct and qualifies as a performance obligation. Mammoth will record deferred revenue associated with the coupons, and recognize revenue when either the coupon is exercised or the company estimates that it will not be redeemed.

 

(b) Mohawk must first establish stand-alone selling prices of each performance obligation:

 

Value of the discount coupon: 25% discount × $84 for “Fishing & Camping”	=	$21
Estimated redemption	×	10%
Stand-alone selling price of coupon		$2.10
Stand-alone selling price of annual subscription for “Nova Health”		$96
Total of stand-alone prices		$98.10

 

Mammoth should identify each performance obligation’s share of the sum of the stand-alone selling prices of all deliverables:

 

Nova Health subscription:	$96	=	97.86%
	$96 + 2.10
Fishing & Camping subscription:	$2.10	=	2.14%
	$96 + 2.10

 

Mammoth would allocate the total selling price of $96 based on the stand-alone selling prices, as shown below:

 

Nova Health subscription:	$96	×	97.86%	=	$93.95
Fishing & Camping subscription:	$96	×	2.14%	=	$2.05
Total:			100%		$96

 

Upon receiving $96, the journal entry would be:

 

Cash	96
Deferred revenue (Nova Health)		93.95
Deferred revenue (Fishing & Camping)		2.05

 

Note: The amount of revenue Mammoth should recognize upon receipt of the service fee is $0. Mammoth has not delivered goods or services at the time of the payment, so it should be viewed as a prepayment for future delivery of goods or services. Hence, Mammoth should record deferred revenue (current liability). Later, when services are delivered, deferred revenue will be reduced and revenue would be recognized.

 

Level of Learning: 3 Hard

Learning Objective: 05-04

Learning Objective: 05-05

Topic Area: Mult perf oblig―Identify the perf oblig

Topic Area: Contract features―Prepayments

Topic Area: Contract features―Customer options

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

Use the following information for questions 245 – 246:

 

On July 1, Wiggins Associates enters into a contract to provide consulting services to Pennsylvania University (PU). The contract is anticipated to last four months and is intended to achieve significant cost savings at the university. The contract stipulates that PU will pay Wiggins $25,000 at the end of each month, and, if total cost savings reach a specific target, PU will pay an additional $20,000 to Wiggins at the end of the contract.  Wiggins estimates a 75% chance that cost savings will reach the target.

 

245. Assume that Wiggins estimates uncertain consideration as the most likely amount.

 

     Required:  Do the following for Wiggins:

1. Prepare the journal entry on July 31 to record the first month of revenue under the contract.
2. Assuming total cost savings exceed the target, prepare the journal entry, if any, on October 31 to record receipt of the $20,000 bonus (ignore the normal October payment of $25,000).
3. Assuming total cost savings do not reach the target, prepare the journal entry, if any, on October 31 to record failure to receive the $20,000 bonus (ignore the normal October payment of $25,000).

 

Answer:

1. The most likely amount to be received under the contract is (4 x $25,000) + $20,000 = $120,000 (since there is a 75% chance that the $20,000 payment will be received). Therefore, each month Wiggins would recognize $30,000 ($120,000 ÷ 4) of revenue, using the following journal entry:

 

Cash                                                       25,000

Bonus receivable                                    5,000

Revenue                                                    30,000

 

1. After four months, the expected bonus receivable will have accumulated to $20,000 (4 ´ $5,000). If Wiggins receives the bonus, it will make the following entry:

 

Cash                                                       20,000

Bonus receivable                                   20,000

 

1. After four months the expected bonus receivable will have accumulated to $20,000 (4 ´ $5,000). If Wiggins does not receive the bonus, it will make the following entry:

 

Revenue                                                 20,000

Bonus receivable                                    20,000

 

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Most likely amount

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

246. Assume that Wiggins estimates variable consideration as the expected value.

 

Required: Prepare the journal entry on July 31 to record the first month of revenue under the

contract.

 

Wiggins would estimate the transaction price as follows:

 

Possible                                                                                             Expected

Prices                                                               Probability              Consideration

 

$120,000 ([$25,000 × 4] + $20,000)                        75%                       $90,000

$100,000 ($25,000 × 4)                                          25%                          25,000

 

Expected contract price at inception                                               $115,000

 

Each month Wiggins would recognize $28,750 ($115,000 ÷ 4) of revenue, using the following journal entry:

 

Cash                                                       25,000

Expected bonus receivable                       3,750

Revenue                                                                 28,750

 

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Expected value

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

247. Privacy, Inc. specializes in shredding office documents and destroying computer hard drives for various clients in the U.S. In June 2018, it enters into a contract with the U.S. government to properly discard computer hard drives. The contract specifies a fixed fee of $50,000 for the first 25,000 hard drives, and an additional $5,000 for each incremental 10,000 drives. The company estimates a 65% chance of handling 25,000 drives or fewer, 30% chance of handling more than 25,000 drives but fewer than 35,000 drives, and 5% chance of handling more than 35,000 drives but fewer than 45,000 drives.

 

Required: Assuming that the company determines transaction price as the expected value of the consideration, what is Dr. Privacy’s estimate of the transaction price for this contract?

 

Answer:

The expected value would be calculated as follows:

 

Possible amounts		Probabilities		Expected amounts
$50,000 ($50,000 + 0 bonus)	×	65%	=	$32,500
$55,000 ($50,000 + 5,000 bonus)	×	30%	=	$16,500
$60,000 ($50,000 + 10,000 bonus)	×	5%	=	$ 3,000
Expected contract price at inception			=	$52,000

 

Level of Learning: 2 medium

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Expected value

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

248. In February 2018, Omnibus Interior Corporation enters into a contract with Pike Realty to remodel a 6-unit luxury condominium in New York City. Under the contract, the company is entitled to receive a fixed fee of $1 million, and an additional performance bonus of $500,000 if the property is sold during the same year.

 

Required: Given a strong demand for housing, Omnibus estimates that the property would most likely be sold within the same year, and bases estimates of variable consideration on the most likely estimate.  On what transaction price should Omnibus base revenue recognition?

 

Answer:

Based on the most likely amount, the transaction price is $1,000,000 + $500,000 = $1,500,000, because there is a greater chance of the property being sold within the year than not being sold.

 

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Most likely amount

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge Application

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

Use the following to answer questions 249 – 251:

 

Brunetti Co. designed and installed customized signs for Di Antonio CPA, Inc. Brunetti’s contract specifies that it will receive a flat fee of $15,000 for providing the customized signs, and an additional $1,000 if 30% of Di Antonio’s new customers indicate they first learned of Di Antonio because of the signs. Based on historical experience, Brunetti estimates that there is a 90% chance it will achieve the threshold to receive a bonus.

 

249. Assuming Brunetti uses the most likely value to estimate the variable consideration, calculate the transaction price.

 

Answer:

Based on the most likely amount, the transaction price is $150,000 + $10,000 = $160,000, because there is a greater chance of receiving the bonus than not receiving it.

 

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Most likely amount

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

250. Assuming Brunetti determines transaction price as the “expected value” of the variable consideration, what would be the appropriate transaction price for this contract?

 

Answer:

 

Possible amounts		Probabilities		Expected amounts
$160,000 ($150,000 + 10,000 bonus)	×	90%	=	$144,000
$150,000 ($150,000 + 0 bonus)	×	10%	=	$15,000
Expected contract price at inception			=	$159,000

 

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Expected value

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

251. Assume Brunetti uses the “expected value” approach, but is very uncertain of that estimate due to a lack of experience with similar arrangements. What would be the appropriate transaction price?

 

Answer:

Because the seller is very uncertain of its estimates, it cannot argue that it is probable that it will not have to reverse (adjust downward) a significant amount of revenue in the future due to a change in returns. Therefore, Brunetti should not include the variable consideration (bonus) in the transaction price. Hence, the transaction price at the time of contract inception would be $150,000.

 

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Variable consid constraint

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

252. Omni-Resistor, Inc. specializes in waterproofing homes, office buildings and other structures. Recently it completed a waterproofing renovation for a building at a local university. The contract specifies that Omni-Resistor will receive a flat lump sum of $100,000 for the renovation, and an additional $2,500 if there is no roof leaking through the roof within the first year after the renovation. The seller estimates that there is an 85% chance that no leakage will occur within the first year.

 

Required: (a) Assuming Omni-Resistor uses the most likely value to estimate the variable consideration, calculate the transaction price. (b) Assuming Omni-Resistor determines transaction price as the “expected value” of the variable consideration, calculate the transaction price. (c) Assume Omni-Resistor uses the “expected value” approach, but is very uncertain of that estimate due to a lack of experience with similar renovations. Calculate the transaction price.

 

Answer:

Part a): Based on the most likely amount, the transaction price is $100,000 + $2,500 = $102,500, because there is a greater chance of finding a leak during the first year than otherwise.

 

Part b)

 

Possible amounts		Probabilities		Expected amounts
$102,500 ($100,000 + 2,500 bonus)	×	85%	=	$87,125
$100,000 ($100,000 + 0 bonus)	×	15%	=	$15,000
Expected contract price at inception			=	$102,125

 

Part c): Because the seller is very uncertain of its estimates, it cannot argue that it is probable that it will not have to reverse (adjust downward) a significant amount of revenue in the future due to a change in returns. Therefore, Omni-Resistor, Inc. should not include the variable consideration (bonus) in the transaction price. Hence, the transaction price at the time of contract inception would be only $100,000.

 

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Variable consid constraint

Topic Area: Transaction price―Expected value

Topic Area: Transaction price―Most likely amount

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

Use the following to answer questions 253 – 255:

 

Portelli Services provides room-cleaning arrangements for hotels in Pennsylvania. On April 1, Silvia Hotels & Resorts signed an agreement to outsource its room-cleaning functions to Portelli. The contract specifies the service fee to be $15,000 per month, and all payments are to be made shortly after the end of each quarter. It also specifies that Portelli will receive an additional quarterly bonus of $3,000 if, during that quarter, Silvia receives no more than five complaints from customers about room cleanliness.

 

• On April 1, based on historical experience, Portelli estimated that there is a 75% chance that it will earn the quarterly bonus.
• On May 5, Portelli learned that, during March, there were two complaints from customers related to room cleanliness. Based on this new information, Portelli revised its estimate downward to 40% that it would earn the quarterly bonus.
• On June 30, Silvia notified Portelli that, for the quarter ended, there were four complaints associated with room cleanliness, so Portelli would receive the bonus. Two days later, Portelli received all payments due for all services rendered in the second quarter, including the bonus.

 

Portelli bases estimates of variable consideration on the most likely amount it expects to receive.

 

253. Prepare Portelli’s April 30 journal entry to account for the revenue earned in April.

 

Answer:

During the month of April, Portelli estimates a greater than 50% chance it will earn the bonus, so using the “most likely amount” approach, it assumes that the bonus will be achieved, and estimates its revenue for the month as $15,000 + ($3,000 × 1/3 of a quarter) = $16,000.

 

Accounts receivable	15,000
Bonus receivable	1,000
Service revenue		16,000

 

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Most likely amount

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

254. Prepare Portelli’s May 31 journal entry to record the revenue earned in May, as well as any appropriate adjustments to the revenue earned in April.

 

During the month of May, Portelli earns service revenue of another $15,000. At this point, Portelli estimates that it will most likely not be able to earn the quarterly bonus, based on the trend in the number of customer complaints. Thus, Portelli must reduce its bonus receivable recorded in April to zero and record the offsetting adjustment in revenue.

 

Accounts receivable	15,000
Service revenue		15,000
Service revenue	1,000
Bonus receivable		1,000

 

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Most likely amount

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

255. Prepare Portelli’s June 30 and July 2 journal entries to record additional service revenue earned, as well as any necessary adjustments to revenue and receipt of payment from Silvia.

 

Answer:

At the end of June, Portelli earns service revenue of another $15,000, as well as the quarterly bonus of $3,000. Then, on July 2, it receives cash payment for all amounts earned during the quarter.

 

June 30
Accounts receivable	15,000
Bonus receivable	3,000
Service revenue		18,000
July 2
Cash	48,000
Accounts receivable		45,000
Bonus receivable		3,000

 

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Most likely amount

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

Use the following for questions 256 – 258:

 

Romano Services provides room cleaning arrangements for hotels in Ohio. On April 1, Silvia Hotels & Resorts signed an agreement to outsource its room cleaning functions to Romano. The contract specifies the service fee to be $15,000 per month, and all payments are to be made shortly after the end of each quarter. It also specifies that Romano will receive an additional quarterly bonus of $3,000, if during that quarter, Silvia receives no more than five complaints from customers about room cleanliness.

 

• On April 1, based on historical experience, Romano estimated that there is a 75% chance that it will earn the quarterly bonus.
• On May 5, Romano learned that, during March, there were two complaints from customers related to room cleanliness. Based on this new information, Romano revised its estimate downward to 40% that it would earn the quarterly bonus.
• On June 30, Silvia notified Romano that, for the quarter ended, there were four complaints associated with room cleanliness, so Romano would receive the bonus. Two days later, Romano received all payments due for all services rendered in the second quarter, including the bonus.

 

Romano bases estimates of variable consideration on the expected value of the consideration it expects to receive.

 

 

256. Prepare Romano’s April 30 journal entry to account for the revenue earned in April.

 

Answer:

During the month of April, Romano earns the fixed monthly revenue of $15,000. In addition, Romano estimates a 75% chance it will earn the quarterly bonus of $3,000, so its estimate of the expected value of the bonus revenue earned in April is:

 

Possible amounts		Probabilities		Expected amounts
$1,000 ($3,000 bonus ÷ 3)	×	75%	=	$750
$0	×	25%	=	$0
Expected bonus due as of April 30			=	$750

 

Romano’s April 30 journal entry would be:

 

Accounts receivable	15,000
Bonus receivable	750
Service revenue		15,750

 

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Expected value

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

257. Prepare Romano’s May 30 journal entry to record the revenue earned in May, as well as any appropriate adjustments to the revenue earned in April.

 

Answer:

During the month of May, Romano earns fixed service revenue of another $15,000. At this point, Romano believes there is a 40% chance that it will earn the quarterly bonus, based on the trend in the number of customer complaints. Thus, Romano must revise the expected value of the bonus revenue earned to date:

 

Possible amounts		Probabilities		Expected amounts
$2,000 [($3,000 bonus × 2 ÷ 3)]	×	40%	=	$800
$0	×	60%	=	$0
Expected bonus due as of May 30			=	$800

 

Romano’s May 30 journal entry would be:

 

Accounts receivable	15,000
Service receivable ($800 – $750)	50
Service revenue		15,050

 

Level of Learning: 3 Hard

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Expected value

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

258. Prepare Romano’s June 30 and July 2 journal entries to record additional service revenue earned, as well as any necessary adjustments to revenue and receipt of payment from Silvia.

 

Answer:

At the end of June, Romano earns service revenue of another $15,000, as well as the quarterly bonus of $3,000. Then, on July 2, it receives cash payment for the revenue earned.

 

June 30
Accounts receivable	15,000
Bonus receivable ($3,000 – $800)	2,200
Service revenue		17,200
July 2
Cash	48,000
Accounts receivable		45,000
Bonus receivable		3,000

 

Level of Learning: 3 Hard

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Expected value

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

Use the following to answer questions 259 – 261:

 

Veras Bus Transportation provides on-campus bus services for universities. On January 1, it enters into a one-year contract with Moose University to operate five bus lines traveling throughout the campus. Under the contract, Veras will be paid $100,000 on the last day of each month.  In addition, Veras will receive an additional $120,000 at the end of each six-month period, provided it remains free of accidents.

 

• On January 1, based on historical experience, Veras estimated that there is a 75% chance that it will remain free of accidents for the entire year.
• On March 20, three of the most senior drivers at Veras abruptly left. As a result, Veras had to hire inexperienced drivers to fill the vacant positions. Consequently, Veras revised its estimate to a 30% chance that it would earn the semiannual bonus.
• On June 30, Moose confirmed that there was no accident between January and June, so Veras would be entitled to the semiannual bonus.

 

Veras bases estimates of variable consideration on the most likely amount it expects to receive.

 

259. Prepare Veras’ January 31 journal entry to account for the revenue earned from January 1 – January 31.

 

Answer:

In January, Veras estimates a greater than 50% chance that it will earn the semiannual bonus, so using the “most likely amount” approach it assumes that the bonus will be earned, and estimates its revenue for the month as $100,000 + ($120,000 × 1/6 of semiannual period) = $120,000.

 

Cash	100,000
Bonus receivable	20,000
Service revenue		120,000

 

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Most likely amount

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

260. Prepare Veras’ March 31 journal entry to record the revenue earned from March 1 – March 31, as well as any appropriate adjustments to the revenue already presumed recorded as earned from January 1 – February 28.

 

Answer:

In March, Veras’ earns monthly service revenue of $100,000. Veras also estimates that it will most likely not be able to earn the semiannual bonus, based on employee turnover situation. Thus, Veras must reduce its bonus receivable accrued in January and February to zero and record the offsetting adjustment in revenue.

 

Cash	100,000
Service revenue		100,000
Service revenue	40,000
Bonus receivable (2×$20,000; Jan-Feb)		40,000

 

Level of Learning: 3 Hard

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Most likely amount

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

261. Prepare Veras’ June 30 journal entry to account for the revenue earned from June 1 – June 30, as well as any necessary adjustments to revenue presumed to have been previously recorded.

 

Answer:

At the end of June, Veras earns monthly service revenue of $100,000. It also earns the semiannual bonus of $120,000.

 

June 30
Cash	220,000
Service revenue		220,000

 

Level of Learning: 2 medium

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Most likely amount

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

Use the following for questions 262 – 264:

 

Terra Bus Transportation provides on-campus bus services for universities. On January 1, it enters into a one-year contract with Moose University to operate five bus lines traveling throughout the campus. Under the contract, Terra will be paid $100,000 on the last day of each month.  In addition, Terra will receive an additional $120,000 at the end of each six-month period, provided it remains free of accidents.

 

• On January 1, based on historical experience, Terra estimated that there is a 75% chance that it will remain free of accidents for the entire year.
• On March 20, three of the most senior drivers at Terra abruptly left. As a result, Terra had to hire inexperienced drivers to fill the vacant positions. Consequently, Terra revised its estimate to a 30% chance that it would earn the semiannual bonus.
• On June 30, Moose confirmed that there was no accident between January and June, so Terra would be entitled to the semiannual bonus.

 

Terra bases estimates of variable consideration on the expected value it expects to receive.

 

 

262. Prepare Terra’s January journal entry to account for the revenue earned from January 1 – January 31.

 

Answer:

In January, Terra earns the fixed monthly revenue of $100,000. In addition, Terra estimates a 75% chance that it will earn the semiannual bonus, so its estimate of the expected value of the bonus revenue earned to date is:

 

Possible amounts		Probabilities		Expected amounts
$20,000 ($120,000 ÷ 6 months)	×	75%	=	$15,000
$0 ($0 bonus ÷ 6 months)	×	25%	=	$0
Expected bonus as of January 31			=	$15,000

 

Terra’s January 31 journal entry would be:

 

Cash	100,000
Bonus receivable	15,000
Service revenue		115,000

 

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Expected value

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

263. Prepare Terra’s March 31 journal entry to record the revenue earned from March 1 – March 31, as well as any appropriate adjustments to the revenue presumed already recorded as earned from January 1 – February 28.

 

Answer:

In March, Terra’s earns monthly service revenue of $100,000. Terra also estimates that it has a 30% chance to earn the semiannual bonus. Thus, the new estimate of the expected value of the bonus revenue earned to date is:

 

Possible amounts		Probabilities		Expected amounts
$60,000 [3× ($120,000 ÷ 6 months)]	×	30%	=	$18,000
$0 [3×($0 bonus ÷ 6 months)]	×	70%	=	$0
Expected bonus as of March 31			=	$18,000

 

Terra’s March 31 journal entry would be as follows. As of the end of February, Terra would have accrued a bonus receivable of $30,000. At the end of March, this amount must now be downward revised to $18,000, which means Terra must have a $12,000 offset to revenue.

 

Cash	100,000
Service revenue		100,000
Service revenue	12,000
Bonus receivable ($30,000 – 18,000)		12,000

 

Level of Learning: 3 Hard

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Expected value

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

264. Prepare Terra’s June 30 journal entry to account for the revenue earned from June 1 – June 30, as well as any necessary adjustments to revenue.

 

Answer:

At the end of June, Terra earns monthly service revenue of $100,000. It also earns the semiannual bonus of $120,000. At the end of March, bonus receivable has an outstanding balance of $18,000. For the next two months (April – May), Terra accrues bonus receivable at a rate of $6,000 per month. Hence, at the end of May, the balance is $18,000 + (2×$6,000) = $30,000. Hence, when it is confirmed at the end of June that Terra is entitled to the full $120,000 semiannual bonus, and so will receive $220,000 of cash, Terra must recognize an additional $90,000 service revenue associated with bonus and reduce its $30,000 bonus receivable to zero.

 

June 30
Cash	220,000
Bonus receivable		30,000
Service revenue		190,000

 

 

Level of Learning: 3 Hard

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Expected value

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

265. Assume that GM signs a contract to deliver 10 buses to the Tompkins Consolidated Area Transit (TCAT), which provides transit service throughout Tompkins County, for $4 million. Under the contract, TCAT makes a cash payment of $4 million to GM, and the 10 buses are shipped immediately from GM’s existing inventory. At the same time, GM obtains the right to advertise its products on all of TCAT buses for six months, and makes a cash payment of $20,000 to GM for the advertising service. The fair value of the advertising service is $18,000.

 

Required: Prepare the journal entries GM should record to account for the sale of the buses and the purchase of the advertisements. Indicate the amount of revenue GM should recognize for its sale of buses to TCAT.

 

Answer:

GM makes an immediate payment of $20,000 to TCAT, which is $2,000 more than the fair value of such advertising services. Therefore, the original transaction price of bus sales ($4 million) should be reduced by the overpayment of $2,000. Hence, the amount of revenue that GM should recognize for sale of buses is $4,000,000 – $2,000 = $3,998,000.

 

Recording the sale of buses:
Cash	4,000,000
Sales revenue		4,000,000
Recording the purchase of advertisements:
Advertising expense	18,000
Sales revenue	2,000
Cash		20,000

 

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Pay by seller to customer

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

266. Typhoon Sons & Co. manufactures various types of golf clubs to third party vendors. On April 1, 2018, Typhoon delivers a large quantity of golf clubs to Resona Country Club. Under the sales agreement, Resona is obligated to pay Typhoon $200,000 within six months. On May 1, Typhoon purchases for cash the right to advertise its products during Resona’s annual golf tournament event for $3,000. Resona normally charges $2,500 for such services. On August 15, Resona pays Typhoon all amounts owed.

 

Required: Prepare the journal entries Typhoon should record to account for the transaction on April 1, May 1 and August 15. Indicate the amount of revenue that Typhoon should recognize on its sale of golf clubs to Resona.

 

Answer:

At the time of original sale (April 1, 2018), there was no indication that Typhoon would purchase a service from Resona at a price higher than its fair value. Hence, the original sale would be recorded based on the full transaction price of $200,000. Then, on May 1, Typhoon’s overpayment of $500 for the services offered by the buyer (Resona) reduces the original transaction price by $500, so Typhoon should debited sales revenue as part of the transaction.  Thus, Typhoon recognizes revenue of $200,000 – $500 = $199,500.

 

April 1, 2018:
Accounts receivable	200,000
Sales revenue		200,000
May 1, 2018:
Advertising expense	2,500
Sales revenue	500
Cash		3,000
August 15, 2018:
Cash	200,000
Accounts receivable		200,000

 

Level of Learning: 3 Hard

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Pay by seller to customer

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

267. AgriFoods, Inc. prepares and delivers agricultural products to industrial-scale kitchens and food service providers. One of its key customers is Home Kitchen & Co., which provides cafeteria solutions for corporations and universities. On January 1, 2018, AgriFoods obtained a one-year contract to supply a pre-specified amount of vegetables to Home Kitchen, and received $600,000 in cash. Then, on March 15, AgriFoods hired Home to run one of its employee cafeterias for a period of six months, from April to September, and paid $70,000 in cash. For similar arrangements, Home usually charged $50,000.

 

Required: (a) Prepare the journal entries AgriFoods would record on January 1, 2018 and January 31, 2018 with respect to the sales contract. Assume revenue is accrued on a monthly basis. (b) Prepare the journal entry to account for AgriFoods’ purchase of Home’s services.

 

Answer:

Part a) AgriFoods would record deferred revenue at contract inception, and then fully earn it by the end of the year.

 

January 1
Cash	600,000
Deferred revenue		600,000
January 31
Deferred revenue (600,000 ÷ 12)	50,000
Sales revenue		50,000

 

Part b) The cafeteria service fee has a fair value of $50,000, and AgriFoods paid $70,000. The difference of $20,000 is viewed as a sales refund, reducing revenue for the year 2018 by that amount.

 

Advertising expense	50,000
Sales revenue	20,000
Cash		70,000

 

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-03

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Revenue over time―Progress to completion

Topic Area: Transaction price―Pay by seller to customer

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

Use the following to answer questions 268 – 270:

Beaumont Company enters into a contract to provide a high quality diving-certification preparation package, including goggles, snorkels, air tanks, fins, a wetsuit, and 5 private lessons to get ready for diving certifications. The entire package sells for $2,500.

 

268. Other competing sellers in the same region charge an average of $250 for a set of goggles and $750 for the lessons, if sold separately. Beaumont Company usually sells at a 5% discount compared to other shops, since it is a bit farther away from the ocean. Required: What would be Beaumont’s stand-alone selling price of the goggles and the lessons, based on adjusted market assessment approach?

 

Answer:

Under the adjusted market assessment approach, Beaumont would base its estimate of the stand-alone selling price of the goggles and the lessons on the prices charged by other sellers for those goods, adjusted as necessary. Because Beaumont typically sells at a 5% discount, it would estimate the stand-alone selling price of the goggles and the lessons to be $250 × 95% = $237.50 and $750 × 95% = $712.50, respectively.

 

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Adjusted market approach

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

269. Typically, Beaumont incurs $375 on compensation and other costs to provide the private lessons, and earns an average of 40% profit over cost on service offerings. Required: Assuming that the diving equipment and the certification lessons are separate performance obligations, estimate the stand-alone selling price of the certified lessons based on the expected cost plus margin approach.

 

Answer:

Under the expected cost plus margin approach, Beaumont would base its estimate of the stand-alone selling price of the private lessons on the $375 cost it incurs to provide the services, plus its normal margin of 40% × $375 = $150. Therefore, Beaumont would estimate the stand-alone selling price of the private lessons to be $375 + $150 = $525.

 

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Expected cost plus margin

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

270. Typically, if Beaumont were to sell the equipment only, it would ask for $2,000. Required: Assuming that the diving equipment and the certification lessons are separate performance obligations, estimate the stand-alone selling price of the lessons based on the residual approach.

 

Answer:

Under the residual approach, Beaumont would base its estimate of the stand-alone selling price of the private lessons on the total selling price of the package ($2,500) minus the observable stand-alone selling price of equipment ($2,000). Therefore, Beaumont would estimate the stand-alone price of the lessons to be $2,500 – $2,000 = $500.

 

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Residual approach

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

271. CompuLand Center sells a full assortment of computer parts, including motherboards, video cards, and cables, and also offers complementary computer assembly services. The assembly service is offered by other vendors for $100 on average, and CompuLand typically charges approximately 20% more than other vendors for similar services on a stand-alone basis. Required: Estimate the stand-alone selling price of the assembly service using the adjusted market assessment approach.

 

Answer:

Under the adjusted market assessment approach, CompuLand would base its estimate of the stand-alone selling price of the assembly service on the prices charged by other vendors for the same service, adjusted as necessary. Because CompuLand typically charges 20% more than competitors, it would estimate the stand-alone price of the assembly service to be $100 × 120% = $120.

 

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Adjusted market approach

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

272. CompuValue Center sells a full assortment of computer parts, including motherboards, video cards, and cables, and also offers complementary computer assembly services. CompuValue estimates that it incurs $50 in labor and materials on average to complete one assembly order, with an average of 75% profit based on cost. Required: Assuming that computer parts and assembly service are separate performance obligations, estimate the stand-alone selling price of the assembly service based on the expected cost plus margin approach.

 

Answer:

Under the expected cost plus margin approach, ComputValue would base its estimate of the stand-alone selling price of the assembly service on the $50 cost it incurs, plus its normal margin of 75% × $50 = $37.50. Therefore, CompuValue would estimate the stand-alone selling price of the assembly service to be $50 + $37.50 = $87.50.

 

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Expected cost plus margin

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

273. CompuTime Center sells a full assortment of computer parts, including motherboards, video cards, and cables. It also offers complementary computer assembly services. A customer places an order for an advanced workstation, and CompuTime asks for $3,500. If CompuTime were to sell only the parts in an advanced workstation, with no assembly, the price would be $3,300.

Required: Assuming that computer parts and assembly service are separate performance

      obligations, estimate the stand-alone selling price of the assembly service based on the residual

approach.

 

Answer:

Under the residual approach, CompuTime would base its estimate of the stand-alone selling price of the assembly service on the total selling price of the workstation ($3,500) minus the observable stand-alone selling price of parts ($3,300). Therefore, CompuTime would estimate the stand-alone price of the assembly to be $3,500 – $3,300 = $200.

 

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Residual approach

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

274. Bria Furniture sells bed frames and mattresses. One of its products is a premium therapeutic bed set produced by OmniSleep, which comes with a mattress and a bed frame. Bria offers a package consisting of the mattress, the frame, and on-site installation by its staff. All of these components can be sold separately, as often done by other vendors, so Bria concludes that these are separate performance obligations. Bria sells the OmniSleep package for $3,000. The mattress and the frame are sold separately for $2,000 and $900, respectively. Other vendors in the same area typically charge $200 for on-site installation.  Bria does not sell on-site installation separately. On average, the prices charged by Bria are 10% higher than those of its competitors. Bria estimates that it incurs about $100 of compensation and other costs to provide the installation service. The profit margin over cost is estimated to be approximately 35%.

 

Required: Estimate the stand-alone selling price of the installation service using (a) the adjusted market assessment approach, (b) the expected cost plus margin approach, and (3) the residual approach.

 

Answer:

Part a) Under the adjusted market assessment approach, Bria would base its estimate of the stand-alone selling price of the installation service on the prices charged by other vendors for the same or similar service, adjusted as necessary. Since Bria’s selling prices are 10% higher on average, Bria would estimate the stand-alone selling price of the installation service to be $200 + ($200 × 10%) = $220.

 

Part b) Under the expected cost plus margin approach, Bria would base its estimate of the stand-alone selling price of the installation service on the $100 cost it incurs to provide the service, plus its mark-up of 35% × $100 = $35. Therefore, Bria would estimate the stand-alone selling price of the installation service to be $100 + 35 = $135.

 

Part c) Under the residual approach, Bria would base its estimate of the stand-alone selling price of the installation service on the total selling price of the package ($3,000) less the observable stand-alone selling prices of the OmniSleep mattress ($2,000) and the frame ($900). Therefore, Bria would estimate the stand-alone selling price of the installation service to be $3,000 – ($2,000 + $900) = $100.

 

 

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Allocate the transaction price – Adjusted market assessment approach

Topic Area: Allocate the transaction price – Expected cost plus margin approach

Topic Area: Transaction price―Residual approach

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

275. Mahogany Billiards sells upscale pool tables and related supplies. It sells a premium package consisting of a pool table imported from Europe, a full set of cues and balls, and on-site installation by its staff. Mahogany determines that each of these components is a performance obligation. Mahogany sells the pool table separately for $3,000 and the set of cues and balls for $1,000. The entire package is sold at $4,500. Mahogany does not offer on-site installation separately, as part of company policy. It also estimates that it incurs about $350 of compensation and other costs per each installation. Other competing vendors sell on-site installation separately for $450, on average. Mahogany typically earns a profit margin of 40% over cost, and its prices are generally 5% lower than those charged by competitors.

 

Required: Estimate the stand-alone selling price of the installation service using (a) the adjusted market assessment approach, (b) the expected cost plus margin approach, and (3) the residual approach.

 

Answer:

Part a) Under the adjusted market assessment approach, Mahogany would base its estimate of the stand-alone selling price of the installation service on the prices charged by other vendors for the same or similar service, adjusted as necessary. Since Mahogany carries selling prices that are 5% lower on average, Mahogany would estimate the stand-alone selling price of the installation service to be $450 – ($450 × 5%) = $427.50.

 

Part b) Under the expected cost plus margin approach, Mahogany would base its estimate of the stand-alone selling price of the installation service on the $350 cost it incurs to provide the service, plus its mark-up of 40% × $350 = $140. Therefore, Mahogany would estimate the stand-alone selling price of the installation service to be $350 + 140 = $490.

 

Part c) Under the residual approach, Mahogany would base its estimate of the stand-alone selling price of the installation service on the total selling price of the package ($4,500) less the observable stand-alone selling prices of the pool table ($3,000) and the set of cues and balls ($1,000). Therefore, Mahogany would estimate the stand-alone selling price of the installation service to be $4,500 – ($3,000 + $1,000) = $500.

 

 

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Residual approach

Topic Area: Transaction price―Expected cost plus margin

Topic Area: Transaction price―Adjusted market approach

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

276. Assume that, on April 1, 2018, a customer visits MicrosoftStore.com and purchases Microsoft Windows 7 Ultimate for $170. Windows 7 Ultimate comes in a DVD format which the customer can use permanently, and Microsoft does not expect that its actions subsequent to April 1, 2018 will affect the value the customer obtains from using the software.

Required: How much revenue should Microsoft recognize in 2018 with respect to this particular

      transaction?

 

Answer:

The software license for Windows 7 Ultimate is a right of use for functional intellectual property.  The customer does not expect Microsoft’s subsequent activity to change the functionality of the software, so Microsoft can recognize the entire $170 upon transfer of the right.  Microsoft recognizes revenue of $170 in 2018.

 

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-07

Topic Area: Timing of rev rec―Licenses

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

277. Smith & Sons is a CPA firm that provides proprietary software to its clients. One of its software packages sells for $150 and contains pre-programmed tutorials on basic accounting concepts. Another product sells for $3,000 and contains Smith & Sons’ archive of accounting standards and articles, which Smith & Sons updates on a weekly basis and downloads to archive users for the two years following purchase of the product.

Required: If a customer purchases both software packages on June 1, 2018, how much revenue

      should Smith & Sons recognize for the year?

 

Answer:

The software license for tutorials is a right of use for functional intellectual property.  The customer does not expect for Smith & Sons’ subsequent activity to change the functionality of the software, so Smith & Sons can recognize the entire $150 upon transfer of the right.

 

However, the license to use the accounting archive is an access right, as the customer should expect that Smith & Sons’ activity during the license period will affect the value of the software to the customer, so Smith & Sons should recognize revenue as that access is consumed over 24 months. Since the customer uses the archive software for seven months in 2018 (June through December), Smith & Sons should recognize revenue of 7 ÷ 24 = 7/24 of $3,000, or $875 for that access right in 2018.

 

In total, Smith & Sons recognizes revenue of $150 + $875 = $1,025 in 2018.

 

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-07

Topic Area: Timing of rev rec―Licenses

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

278. Berry Farm produces organic tomatoes and strawberries. In June 2018, it transported 100 boxes of strawberries with a price of $20 per box to the Bay Farmers’ Market. Berry Farm paid an upfront fee of $100 to present its products at the market for one week, and the market earns a 25% profit margin on each item sold, but Berry Farm is responsible for any items that remain unsold at the end of the week.

Required: The market was able to sell 65 boxes of strawberries to customers. How much

      revenue should Berry Farm recognize with respect to this transaction?

 

Answer:

65 × $20 = $1,300. Berry Farm has a consignment arrangement with Bay Farmers’ Market, so it should not recognize transfer of 100 boxes of strawberries as sales. Although the market has physical possession of the asset for the sales period, Berry Farm retains legal title to the asset as well as the risks and rewards of ownership for the goods placed on consignment.

 

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-07

Topic Area: Timing of rev rec―Consignment

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

279. Holmgren Seafoods, Inc. catches and processes salmon and tuna caught off the coast of Maine. In May 2018, it placed 100 freshly caught wild salmon with a retail price of $75 each in Joe’s Fish Shop. Holmgren’s contract with the shop stipulates that the shop will earn a 15% commission on each salmon sold. Joe’s is responsible for purchasing any fish that remain unsold at the end of a three-day period.                                                                              Required: During the three-day period, Joe’s Fish Shop was able to sell 88 of the 100 salmon. How much revenue should Holmgren recognize with respect to this transaction?

 

Answer:

100 × $75 = $7,500. Holmgren Seafoods, Inc. has transferred control of the salmon to Joe’s Fish Shop, because Joe’s holds the risks and rewards of ownership.  If a fish is unsold, Joe’s must pay for it, so Holmgren is guaranteed to receive payment for all 100 fish.  Therefore, Holmgren would view its transfer of fish to Joes’ as a sale rather than as a consignment arrangement.

 

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-07

Topic Area: Timing of rev rec―Consignment

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

 

280. Colombo Coffee sells gift cards that can be used at its 55 branches. During 2017, customers purchased $25,000 of gift cards, of which $3,000 were redeemed during 2018. It is estimated that a balance of $1,500 of cards sold in 2017 remains unused as of the end of 2018, and Colombo determines that this amount will never be redeemed, based on historical experience. During 2018, Colombo further sold $32,000 of gift cards, of which $26,000 were redeemed and $6,000 remain unused but may be used by customer in 2019. Required: How much gift card revenue should Colombo recognize in 2018?

 

Answer:

Colombo should not recognize revenue when it sells the gift cards, because it has not yet satisfied its performance obligation to provide goods upon redemption of the cards. Colombo should recognize revenue only to the extent gift cards are redeemed, plus the amount it estimates will never be redeemed. Hence, the revenue to be recognized for 2018 is $3,000 + $1,500 + $26,000 = $30,500.

 

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-07

Topic Area: Timing of rev rec―Gift cards

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

281. Moretti Department Store sells gift cards that expire three years from the date of purchase. During 2016, Moretti sold $50,000 of gift cards, of which $1,500 were redeemed during 2018. At the end of 2018, it is estimated that approximately $800 of the 2016 balance remains unused, and Moretti concludes that it will never be redeemed. Moretti sold another $55,000 of gift cards in 2017, of which $22,000 were redeemed in 2018, and $60,000 of gift cards in 2018, of which $40,000 were redeemed in 2018.                                                                                        Required: How much revenue with respect to gift cards should Moretti recognize in 2018?

 

Answer:

Moretti should recognize revenue only to the extent gift cards are redeemed, plus the amount it estimates will never be redeemed. Hence, the revenue to be recognized for 2018 is $1,500 + $800 + $22,000 + $40,000 = $64,300.

 

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-07

Topic Area: Timing of rev rec―Gift cards

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

 

 

Use the following to answer questions 293 and 294:

 

282. Beck Construction Company began work on a new building project on January 1, 2017. The project is to be completed by December 31, 2019, for a fixed price of $108 million. The following are the actual costs incurred and estimates of remaining costs to complete the project that were made by Beck’s accounting staff:

           

Years	Actual costs incurred in each year	Estimated remaining costs to complete the
		project (measured at  Dec. 31 of each year)
2017	$30 million	$60 million
2018	$45 million	$45 million
2019	$35 million	$ 0

 

Required: What amount of gross profit (or loss) would Beck record on this project in each year, assuming that Beck recognizes revenue for this project upon completion of the project?  Place answers in the spaces provided below and show supporting computations.

 

Years	Gross Profit (or Loss) recognized	Supporting computations
2017
2018
2019

 

Answer:

Years	Gross Profit (or Loss) recognized	Supporting computations
2017	$0	($108 – 90) = $18 anticipated gross profit, so no need to recognize a gross loss
2018	($12 million)	Total loss is ($108 – 120) = ($12 million)
2019	$10 million	Total loss is ($108 – 110) = ($2 million) To date, $12 million loss was recorded; therefore, ($2 million) – ($12 million) = $10 million in 2019

 

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-09

Topic Area: Long-term contracts―Loss on contract

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

283. Beck Construction Company began work on a new building project on January 1, 2017. The project is to be completed by December 31, 2019, for a fixed price of $108 million. The following are the actual costs incurred and estimates of remaining costs to complete the project that were made by Beck’s accounting staff:

           

Years	Actual costs incurred in each year	Estimated remaining costs to complete the
		project (measured at  Dec. 31 of each year)
2017	$30 million	$60 million
2018	$45 million	$45 million
2019	$35 million	$ 0

 

Required: What amount of gross profit (or loss) would Beck record on this project in each year, assuming that Beck recognizes revenue for this project over time according to percentage of completion?    Place answers in the spaces provided below and show supporting computations.

 

Years	Gross Profit (or Loss) recognized	Supporting computations
2017
2018
2019

 

Answer:

Years	Gross Profit (or Loss) recognized	Supporting computations
2017	$6 million	($108 – 90) x ($30 /$90) = $6 million
2018	($18 million)	Total loss is ($108 – 120) = ($12 million) To date, $6 million profit was recorded; therefore, ($12 million) – $6 million = ($18 million) in 2018
2019	$10 million	Total loss is ($108 – 110) = ($2 million) To date, $12 million loss was recorded; therefore, ($2 million) – ($12 million) = $10 million in 2019

 

Level of Learning: 3 Hard

Learning Objective: 05-09

Topic Area: Long-term contracts―Loss on contract

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

Use the following to answer questions 284 – 287:

 

Beavis Construction Company was the low bidder on a construction project to build an earthen dam for $1,800,000. The project was begun in 2017 and completed in 2018. Cost and other data are presented below:

 

	2017	2018
Costs incurred during the year	$  450,000	$1,100,000
Estimated costs to complete	1,050,000	0
Billings during the year	400,000	1,400,000
Cash collections during the year	300,000	1,500,000

 

284. Assume that Beavis recognizes revenue on this contract over time according to percentage of completion. Required: Compute the amount of gross profit recognized during 2017 and 2018.

 

Answer:

2017:
Contract price		$1,800,000
Actual costs to date	$  450,000
Estimated costs to complete	1,050,000
Total estimated project costs		1,500,000
Estimated total gross profit		300,000
Percentage of completion:
$450,000/ $1,500,000		30%
Gross profit recognized		$   90,000
2018:
Contract price		$1,800,000
Costs incurred:                                                2017	$  450,000
2018	1,100,000
Total cost		1,550,000
Total gross profit		250,000
Recognized in 2017		90,000
Recognized in 2018		$  160,000

 

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-09

Topic Area: Long-term contracts―Percentage complete

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA:   FN Measurement

 

 

285. Assume that Beavis recognizes revenue on this contract over time according to percentage of completion.

Required: Prepare all journal entries to record costs, billings, collections, and profit recognition.

 

Answer:

2017:
Construction in progress	450,000
Cash or A/P			450,000
Accounts receivable	400,000
Billings on construction contract			400,000
Cash	300,000
Accounts receivable			300,000
Construction in progress	90,000
Cost of construction	450,000
Revenue from long-term contracts			540,000
2018:
Construction in progress	1,100,000
Cash or A/P		1,100,000
Accounts receivable	1,400,000
Billings on construction contract		1,400,000
Cash	1,500,000
Accounts receivable		1,500,000
Construction in progress	160,000
Cost of construction	1,100,000
Revenue from long-term contracts		1,260,000
Billings on construction contract	1,800,000
Construction in progress		1,800,000

 

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-09

Topic Area: Long-term contracts―Percentage complete

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

286. Assume that Beavis recognizes revenue upon completion of the project.

Required: Compute the amount of gross profit recognized during 2017 and 2018.

 

Answer:

2017:		$0
2018:
Contract price		$1,800,000
Costs incurred:   2017	$  450,000
2018	1,100,000
Total cost		1,550,000
Total gross profit		$  250,000

 

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-09

Topic Area: Long-term contracts―Upon completion

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

287. Assume that Beavis recognizes revenue upon completion of the project. Required: Prepare all journal entries to record costs, billings, collections, and profit recognition.

 

Answer:

2017:
Construction in progress	450,000
Cash or A/P		450,000
Accounts receivable	400,000
Billings on construction contract		400,000
Cash	300,000
Accounts receivable		300,000
2018:
Construction in progress	1,100,000
Cash or A/P		1,100,000
Accounts receivable	1,400,000
Billings on construction contract		1,400,000
Cash	1,500,000
Accounts receivable		1,500,000
Construction in progress	250,000
Cost of construction	1,550,000
Revenue from long-term contracts		1,800,000
Billings on construction contract	1,800,000
Construction in progress		1,800,000

 

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-09

Topic Area: Long-term contracts―Upon completion

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

288. In 2018, Chicago Construction began work on a three-year construction project to build a new performing arts complex (the PAC). The PAC contract price is $150 million. Chicago recognizes revenue on this contract over time according to percentage of completion. At the end of 2018, the following financial statement information indicates the results to date for the PAC (missing items denoted by letter):

 

INCOME STATEMENT:
Revenue		$  w million
Cost of construction		35 million
Gross profit		$  x million
BALANCE SHEET:
Accounts receivable from construction billings		$14 million
Construction in progress	$50 million
Less: Billings on construction	($y million)
Net billings in excess of construction in progress		$z million
CASH FLOW STATEMENT
Cash collections		$46 million

 

Required: Compute the following, placing your answer in the spaces provided and showing supporting computations below:

 

Item to compute	Answer
Total revenue recognized during 2018 (w):
Gross profit recognized during 2018 (x):
Billings on construction (y):
Net billings in excess of construction in progress (z):
Calculate the percentage of PAC that was completed during 2018:

 

Answer:

Item to compute	Answer
Total revenue recognized during 2018 (w): CIP contains cost + gross profit = revenue, so w = $50	$ 50 million
Gross profit recognized during 2018 (x): $50 – $35 = $15	$ 15 million
Billings on construction (y): $14 + $46 = $60	$ 60 million
Net billings in excess of construction in progress (z): Billings of $60 – CIP of $50	$10 million
Calculate the percentage of PAC that was completed during 2018: 50/150 = 33.33%	33.33%

 

Level of Learning: 3 Hard

Learning Objective: 05-09

Topic Area: Long-term contracts―Upon completion

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: BB Critical Thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

289. In 2018, KP Building Inc. began work on a four-year construction project (called Cincy One). The contract price is $300 million. KP recognizes revenue on this contract over time according to percentage of completion. At the end of 2018, the following financial statement information indicates the results to date for Cincy One:

 

INCOME STATEMENT:
Gross profit (before-taxes) recognized in 2018		$22 million
BALANCE SHEET:
Accounts receivable from construction billings		$10 million
Construction in progress	$66 million
Less: Billings on construction	($75 million)
Net billings in excess of construction in progress		$9 million

 

Required: Compute the following, placing your answer in the spaces provided and showing supporting computations below.

 

Item to compute	Answer
Cash collected by KP on Cincy One during 2018
Actual costs incurred by KP on Cincy One during 2018
At 12/31/2018, the estimated remaining costs to complete Cincy One
The percentage of Cincy One that was completed during 2018

 

Answer:

Item to compute	Answer
Cash collected by KP on Cincy One during 2018. ($75 billings – $10 A/R)	$ 65 million
Actual costs incurred by KP on Cincy One during 2018 ($66 CIP – $22 gross profit)	$ 44 million
At 12/31/2018, the estimated remaining costs to complete Cincy One (44/{44 + x})(300 – {44 + x}) = 22; x = 156	$ 156 million
The percentage of Cincy One that was completed during 2018	22%
100 x (44 / {44 + 156})

 

Level of Learning: 3 Hard

Learning Objective: 05-09

Topic Area: Long-term contracts―Percentage complete

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: BB Critical Thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

Use the following to answer questions 290 – 292:

 

McCombs Contractors received a contract to construct a mental health facility for $2,500,000. Construction was begun in 2017 and completed in 2018. Cost and other data are presented below:

 

	2017	2018
Costs incurred during the year	$1,500,000	$1,300,000
Estimated costs to complete	1,200,000	0
Billings during the year	1,200,000	1,300,000
Cash collections during the year	1,000,000	1,500,000

 

290. Assume that McCombs recognizes revenue on this contract over time according to percentage of completion.

Required:   Compute the amount of gross profit recognized during 2017 and 2018.

 

Answer:

2017:
Contract price		$2,500,000
Actual cost to date	$1,500,000
Estimated costs to complete	1,200,000
Total estimated project costs		2,700,000
Estimated loss, recognized in 2017		$ (200,000	)
2018:
Contract price		$2,500,000
Cost incurred: in 2017……………	$1,500,000
in 2018……………	1,300,000
Total cost		2,800,000
Total loss		$ (300,000	)
Recognized in 2017		(200,000	)
Recognized in 2018		$ (100,000	)

 

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-09

Topic Area: Long-term contracts―Loss on contract

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

291. Assume that McCombs recognizes revenue on this contract over time according to percentage of completion.

Required: Prepare all journal entries to record costs, billings, collections, and profit (loss) recognition. Round your answers to the nearest whole dollar.

 

Answer:

2017:
Construction in progress	1,500,000
Cash or A/P		1,500,000
Accounts receivable	1,200,000
Billings on construction contract		1,200,000
Cash	1,000,000
Accounts receivable		1,000,000
Cost of construction	1,588,889
Construction in progress (loss)		200,000
Revenue from long-term contracts*		1,388,889
2018:
Construction in progress	1,300,000
Cash or A/P		1,300,000
Accounts receivable	1,300,000
Billings on construction contract		1,300,000
Cash	1,500,000
Accounts receivable		1,500,000
Cost of construction	1,211,111
Construction in progress (loss)		100,000
Revenue from long-term contracts**		1,111,111
Billings on construction contract	2,500,000
Construction in progress		2,500,000

 

*$2,500,000 x ($1,500,000/$2,700,000)

** $2,500,000 – 1,388,889

 

Level of Learning: 3 Hard

Learning Objective: 05-09

Topic Area: Long-term contracts―Loss on contract

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

292. Assume that McCombs recognizes revenue upon project completion.

Required: Compute the amount of gross profit recognized by McCombs during 2017 and 2018.

 

Answer:

2017: $(200,000) due to projected loss
2018:
Contract price		$2,500,000
Cost incurred:  2017	$1,500,000
2018	1,300,000
Total cost		2,800,000
Total loss on contract		$ ( 300,000	)
Loss recognized in 2017		(200,000	)
Loss recognized in 2018		$  (100,000	)

 

Level of Learning: 3 Hard

Learning Objective: 05-09

Topic Area: Long-term contracts―Loss on contract

Blooms: Apply

AACSB: Knowledge application

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

 

 

 

 

Essay

 

Instructions:

 

The following answers point out the key phrases that should appear in students’ answers. They are not intended to be examples of complete student responses. It might be helpful to provide detailed instructions to students on how brief or in-depth you want their answers to be.

 

293. Silica Corporation constructs highly specialized communication satellites. A customer in Hong Kong recently placed an order for a cable TV satellite at a price of $20 million. The order was placed in April 2018, and the satellite is to be delivered in one year. The customer has guaranteed to pay in full at the end of 2018, regardless of progress or cancellation. Silica uses “proportion of time” as its measure of progress toward completion.

 

Required: When should Silica recognize revenue: at completion, or as the construction is performed?

 

Answer:

This contract qualifies for revenue recognition over time, because the seller is creating an asset that has no alternative use to the seller, and the seller can receive payment for its progress even if the customer cancels the contract.

 

Level of Learning: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 05-03

Topic Area: Revenue over time―Criteria

Blooms: Understand

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

294. Hans Cars & Trucks sells various types of used vehicles with a one-year warranty that covers any defects. When customers make a purchase, they also receive a coupon for 10 free engine oil changes and an option to change all of the tires for $50 after 30,000 miles. Typically, customers pay $25 for an oil change and $250 for a new set of tires.

            Required:

(a) Given the information above, how many performance obligations exist in the contract to purchase a vehicle?

(b) Assume the same contract but that it offers customers an option to change all of the tires for $250 after 30,000 miles. How many performance obligations exist in the contract to purchase a vehicle?

 

Answer:

(a) In total, there are three performance obligations. We need to consider four aspects of the car purchase contract: delivery of the vehicle, the one-year quality-assurance warranty, the option to receive 10 oil changes for free, and the option to change the tires for $50. Delivery of the vehicle is a performance obligation. The one-year warranty that is included as part of the purchase (the quality-assurance warranty) is not a performance obligation, but rather is part of the obligation to provide the vehicle of appropriate quality. The option to receive oil changes for free is a performance obligation within the contract to purchase a vehicle, because (1) it provides a material right to the customer that the customer would not receive otherwise, and thus counts as a performance obligation; (2) the option is capable of being distinct, as the customer could purchase oil changes separately, and it is separately identifiable, as the vehicle itself could be sold without free oil changes. The option to change tires for $50 also constitutes a performance obligation, as it is (1) a material right to the customer that the customer would not receive otherwise, and thus counts as a performance obligation; (b) this option is capable of being distinct, as a new set of tires could be sold separately, and it is also separately identifiable, as the vehicle itself could be sold without a new set of tires.

 

(b) There are two performance obligations. The option to change tires for $250 is not a performance obligation, because customers can purchase the tires for the same amount at other times, so the option itself does not present a material right.

 

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-04

Learning Objective: 05-05

Topic Area: Mult perf oblig―Identify the perf oblig

Topic Area: Contract features―Warranties

Blooms: Analyze

AACSB: Analytical thinking

AACSB: Communication

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

295. Lexikon Pianos sells customized concert pianos throughout the U.S. Its grand concert piano sells for $200,000, which includes delivery and installation. The product comes with a two-year warranty that covers any product defects, and customers can choose to add an extended three-year warranty for maintenance and repair at a price of $2,000. Customers also get an option to upgrade traditional plastic keys to bone ones for an additional $20,000. The extended warranty would normally sell for $3,500, and the installation of bone keys carries a standalone price of $30,000.

 

Required:

             (a) Given the information above, how many performance obligations exist in the contract to purchase a grand concert piano?

(b) Now, assume that the standalone price of the extended warranty is $2,000, and that of the bone key upgrade is $20,000. How many performance obligations exist in the contract to purchase a grand concert piano?

 

Answer:

(a) In total, there are three performance obligations. We need to consider four aspects of the piano purchase contract: delivery and installation of the piano, the two-year quality-assurance warranty, the option to purchase an extended three-year warranty for $2,000, and the option to upgrade to bone keys for $20,000. Delivery of the piano is a performance obligation. The two-year quality-assurance warranty is not a performance obligation, but rather is part of the obligation to provide a piano of appropriate quality. The option to purchase the extended warranty is a performance obligation within the contract to purchase the piano, because it provides (1) a material right to the customer that the customer would not receive otherwise, and thus counts as a performance obligation; (2) the option is capable of being distinct, as the customer could purchase the extended warranty separately, and it is also separately identifiable, as the piano could be sold without an extended warranty. The option to upgrade to bone keys is also a performance obligation for the same reasons.

 

(b) There is only one performance obligation. The option to purchase the extended warranty or the bone keys is no longer a material right, because customers can purchase them for the same amount at other times. Hence, the seller has only one performance obligation – delivery and installation of the piano itself.

 

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-04

Learning Objective: 05-05

Topic Area: Mult perf oblig―Identify the perf oblig

Topic Area: Contract features―Warranties

Blooms: Analyze

AACSB: Analytical thinking

AACSB: Communication

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

 

296. Summerhill Construction builds luxury houses in remote areas. On June 1, 2018, the company signed a contract to build a house in an undeveloped section of a mountainside, and received $2 million in advance for the job. To complete the project, the company must construct a pathway leading to the building lot, clear a large hillside, and construct a wooden house. Normally, the company would charge $400,000, $1,400,000, and $500,000, respectively, for each of these tasks if done separately.

 

Required: Given the information above, how many performance obligations are included in this contract?

 

Answer:

Number of performance obligations in the contract: 1.

 

Summerhill enters into a contract to construct a house on difficult terrain. The components are not separately identifiable, because each component is highly interrelated with each other, as Summerhill is obligated to integrate the components into a combined final product for delivery to the customer.

 

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-04

Learning Objective: 05-09

Topic Area: Mult perf oblig―Identify the perf oblig

Topic Area: Long-term contracts―Accounting issues

Blooms: Analyze

AACSB: Analytical thinking

AACSB: Communication

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

297. Optimus Pools, Inc. constructs outdoor swimming pools for wealthy individuals. Recently it obtained an order to build a three-lane swimming pool of 25 yards in length in the customer’s backyard. Under the contract, Optimus is also obligated to install a water heater and a filtration system, which are necessary to make a swimming pool fully functional. Total price for the construction was $55,000. Each of these smaller components would typically cost $40,000, $10,000, and 20,000 if installed separately.

 

Required: Given the information above, how many performance obligations are included in this contract?

 

Answer:

Number of performance obligations in the contract: 1.

 

Optimus enters into a contract to construct a functioning swimming pool. The smaller components are not separately identifiable, because each component is highly interrelated with each other, as Optimus is obligated to integrate the components into a combined final product for delivery to the customer.

 

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-04

Topic Area: Mult perf oblig―Identify the perf oblig

Blooms: Analyze

AACSB: Analytical thinking

AACSB: Communication

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

298. FlexMotors, Inc. manufactures a variety of electronic drills and grass cutters. Recently, it introduced a new line of handheld drills that generates much less noise and consumes much less energy, but carries a much higher price tag. The company is currently considering whether it should record $1.2 million of revenue upon shipment. Under the contract, FlexMotors is obligated to accept any products from the distributors if they are not sold within 6 months. The company is confident that the new model will sell, but is unable to accurately estimate returns, because it has never sold anything quite like it.

 

Required: How much revenue should FlexMotors recognize upon shipment to distributors?

 

Answer:

The seller should recognize $0 of revenue upon delivery to distributors. The seller should recognize revenue, for the amount it is entitled to receive, net of estimated returns, only to the extent it is probable that it will not have to reverse (adjust revenue downward) for estimated returns in the future. Here, the seller is uncertain about estimated returns, so it cannot plausibly assume it will not have to reverse (adjust downward) a significant amount of the $1.2 million revenue in the future due to a change in returns. Hence, the seller must postpone recognizing any revenue until the uncertainty about returns is resolved, which would occur when (a) it can better estimate returns, (b) sales to end consumers take place over time, or (c) distributors eventually return unsold amounts at the end of the 6-month period. At the point of shipment, the seller should treat the transaction as if it is placing those goods on consignment with independent distributors, since it cannot reasonably estimate returns.

 

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Right of return

Blooms: Analyze

AACSB: Analytical thinking

AACSB: Communication

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

299. Horowitz Paint Shop sold $3,000 of paint to a local construction company for cash on June 25, 2018. Because of a flood in the area, the customer requested that Horowitz not ship the items from its warehouse until July 3, 2018, so Horowitz set aside the paint on June 25, packaged and ready to ship on July 3.

Required: For the second quarter ending on June 30, how much revenue should Horowitz

      recognize for the sale to the local construction company?  Explain your answer.

 

Answer:

$3,000. In a bill-and-hold arrangement, the key issue normally is that the customer does not have physical possession of the asset until the seller has delivered it. However, since the customer requested that Horowitz hold the goods, has been paid for the goods, and the goods are separated from Horowitz’s inventory and ready for shipment, Horowitz likely would be viewed as shifting control to the customer in June.

 

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-07

Topic Area: Timing of rev rec―Bill-and-hold

Blooms: Analyze

AACSB: Analytical thinking

AACSB: Communication

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

300. On December 28, 2018, Omega Steel, Inc. sold $100,000 of steel sheets to a car manufacturer. Due to holidays, Omega was unable to find a truck driver to deliver the product. Delivery was finally made on January 5, 2019.

Required: How much revenue should Omega recognize in 2018 for the sale to the car

       manufacturer?  Explain your answer.

 

Answer:

$0. In a bill-and-hold arrangement, the key issue is that the customer does not have physical possession of the asset until the seller has delivered it. The shipping delay was caused by Omega and was not in response to a customer request.  Since the seller maintains control of the inventory prior to delivery, it should not recognize revenue.

 

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-07

Topic Area: Timing of rev rec―Bill-and-hold

Blooms: Analyze

AACSB: Analytical thinking

AACSB: Communication

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

301. The following disclosure note appeared in a recent annual report to stockholders of Dell Inc., the computer manufacturer: “Net revenue includes sales of hardware, software and peripherals, and services (including extended service contracts and professional services). These products and services are sold either separately or as part of a multiple-element arrangement. Dell allocates fees from multiple-element arrangements to the elements based on the relative fair value of each element, which is generally based on the relative list price of each element. For sales of extended warranties with a separate contract price, Dell defers revenue equal to the separately stated price. Revenue associated with undelivered elements is deferred and recorded when delivery occurs. Product revenue is recognized, net of an allowance for estimated returns, when both title and risk of loss transfer to the customer, provided that no significant obligations remain. Revenue from extended warranty and service contracts, for which Dell is obligated to perform, is recorded as deferred revenue and subsequently recognized over the term of the contract or when the service is completed. Revenue from sales of third-party extended warranty and service contracts, for which Dell is not obligated to perform, is recognized on a net basis at the time of sale.”

 

Briefly explain why Dell Computer recognizes revenue at different times for (a) product sales, (b) extended warranty and service contracts for which Dell is obligated to perform, and (c) extended warranty and service contracts for which a third party is obligated to perform.

 

Answer: (a) Dell recognizes revenue for products at the point in time it transfers control of the goods to buyers, which coincides with transfer of title and risk of loss to the customer.  Because of the material possibility of product returns in the computer business, sales returns must be estimated and the sales price adjusted to reflect them in the period of sale.  (b) Dell typically collects in advance for service and extended warranty contracts.  On contracts that Dell is obligated to perform, it recognizes revenue over time as the customer consumes the benefit of the contract (coverage for warranty and service).  (c) However, on contracts that it sells for which a third party is obligated to perform, Dell essentially acts as an agent, and it recognizes net revenue (basically its sales commission) at the time of sale.

 

Level of Learning: 3 Hard

Learning Objective: 05-02

Learning Objective: 05-03

Learning Objective: 05-04

Learning Objective: 05-06

Learning Objective: 05-08

Topic Area: Transfer of control and indicators

Topic Area: Revenue over time―Progress to completion

Topic Area: Contract features―Warranties

Topic Area: Transaction price―Principal or agent

Topic Area: Disclosures―Balance sheet and Notes

Blooms: Analyze

AACSB: Analytical thinking

AACSB: Communication

AICPA: BB Critical thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

302. Are the following separate performance obligations: prepayments, quality-assurance warranty, extended warranty, right of return? For each, indicate yes or no, and explain.

 

Answer:

• Prepayment: No, not a separate performance obligation. Rather, the upfront fee is an advance payment for future products or services and should be included in the transaction price.
• Quality-assurance warranty: No, not a separate performance obligation. Rather, it is a cost of satisfying the performance obligation to provide products of acceptable quality.
• Extended warranty: Yes, it is a separate performance obligation. It provides protection beyond the manufacturer’s quality-assurance warranty, so it provides a material right.  It is capable of being distinct, as it can be sold separately, and it is separately identifiable, as it is distinct in the context of the contract.
• Right of return: No, not a separate performance obligation. Rather, it represents a potential failure to satisfy the original performance obligation to provide satisfactory goods to the customer.

 

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-04

Topic Area: Mult perf oblig―Identify the perf oblig

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: BB Critical thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

303. Explain two approaches a seller can use to estimate variable consideration, and when each approach is likely to be more appropriate.

 

Answer: A seller estimates variable consideration as either (a) the expected value (calculated as the sum of each possible amount multiplied by its probability), or (b) the most likely amount, depending on which estimation approach better predicts the amount that the seller will receive. If there are several possible outcomes, the expected value will be more appropriate. On the other hand, if only two outcomes are possible, the most likely amount might be the best indication of the amount the seller will likely receive.

 

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Variable consideration

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AACSB: Communication

AICPA: BB Critical thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

304. Are sellers ever constrained from including variable consideration in the transaction price used to estimate revenue? Explain, providing indicators of circumstances that could require that constraint.

 

Answer: Sellers only include an estimate of variable consideration in the transaction price to the extent it is probable that a significant revenue reversal will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is resolved.  Indicators that a significant revenue reversal could occur include (a) poor evidence on which to base an estimate, (b) dependence of the estimate on factors outside the seller’s control, (c) a history of the seller changing payment terms on similar contracts, (d) a broad range of outcomes that could occur, and (e) a long delay before uncertainty resolves.

 

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Variable consid constraint

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AACSB: Communication

AICPA: BB Critical thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

305. Briefly describe at least two indicators that can be used to distinguish whether a seller is a principal or an agent according to GAAP.

 

Answer: Indicators that a company is a principal are:

1. Company has primary responsibility for delivering a product or service
2. Company is vulnerable to risks associated with
   1. holding inventory,
   2. delivering the product or service, and
   3. setting prices.

 

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Principal or agent

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: BB Critical thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

306. Explain the differences between how a principal and agent would show a sale of a product that has gross revenues of $1,000, cost of goods sold of $750, and a commission paid by the principle of 10% of gross sales on their respective income statements.

 

Answer: The principal would report revenue of $1,000, cost of goods sold of $750, and a commission expense of $100 for a gross profit of $250 and net income before taxes of $150.  The agent reports commission revenue of $100.

 

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Principal or agent

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AICPA: BB Critical thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

307. Explain briefly how a company who sells to distributors with a right of return might manage earnings if the company was falling short of profit projections. What sort of ethical problems could result from that earnings management?

 

Answer: The most apparent way would be to change the percentage used to estimate returns. Additionally, a company could ship extra product to distributors and recognize sales to meet profit projections (this is commonly called “channel stuffing”).  However, if the company is pushing product onto distributors (that is, it is borrowing sales from the next period), and/or if the company thinks the product will be returned but does not make allowance for that fact, the company is behaving unethically because it is manipulating how the accounting system portrays its underlying economic activity.

 

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Right of return

Blooms: Create

AACSB: Ethics

AACSB: Communication

AICPA: BB Critical thinking

AICPA: Risk analysis

 

 

308. Many high-tech companies sell products with the opportunity for retailers to return the merchandise if it is unsold after a certain period. This reduces the retailer’s risk of inventory obsolescence. Explain the implications on revenue recognition under this kind of policy. Include a specific example.

 

Answer: Assume that the company allows the retailer up to one year to determine if it chooses to keep and sell the merchandise or return it with no questions asked. Allowing returns means that the transaction price includes variable consideration.  The seller must estimate that variable consideration and only recognize revenue net of anticipated returns.  The seller should only recognize revenue for the amount it is entitled to receive net of the estimate for returns, to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal of revenue will not occur in the future due to returns being higher than the seller anticipated.

 

Level of Learning: 3 Hard

Learning Objective: 05-06

Topic Area: Transaction price―Right of return

Blooms: Create

Blooms: Understand

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AACSB: Communication

AICPA: BB Critical thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

309. Briefly explain the circumstances in which license revenue is recognized over time versus at a point in time. Provide an example of each.

 

Answer: Some licenses transfer a right to use the seller’s functional intellectual property as it exists when the license is granted.  Functional intellectual property is viewed as having standalone functionality which is not affected by the seller’s subsequent activity.  If a license transfers such a right of use, revenue is recognized at the point in time the right is transferred. Examples include software like Microsoft Office, music CDs, and movie DVDs.  For these licenses, subsequent activity by the seller doesn’t affect the benefit that the customer receives.

 

Other licenses provide the customer with access to the seller’s symbolic intellectual property with the understanding that the seller will undertake ongoing activities during the license period that affect the benefit the customer receives.  If a license provides such a right of access to the seller’s symbolic intellectual property, the seller satisfies its performance obligation over time as the customer receives benefits of the seller’s ongoing activities, so revenue is recognized over the period of time for which access is provided. Examples include licenses to use a company’s brand or trademark.  Sellers also will recognize revenue for functional intellectual property over time if the seller is expected to make changes to the intellectual property during the license period and the licensee has to use the changed intellectual property.  An example is anti-virus software, for which frequent updates are key to its functionality.

 

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-07

Topic Area: Timing of rev rec―Licenses

Blooms: Understand

Blooms: Create

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AACSB: Communication

AICPA: BB Critical thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

310. Briefly explain the circumstances that indicate the seller has a bill-and-hold sale and a consignment sale, and how that affects the timing of revenue recognition for each.

 

Answer: A bill-and-hold arrangement exists when a customer purchases goods but requests that the seller not ship the product until a later date.  Sellers usually conclude that control has not been transferred and revenue should not be recognized until actual delivery to the customer occurs.  Consistent with SEC guidance, sellers can recognize revenue prior to delivery only if (a) they conclude that the customer controls the product, (b) there is a good reason for the bill-and-hold arrangement, and (c) the product is specifically identified as belonging to the customer and is ready for shipment.

 

A consignment arrangement exists when the seller (the “consignor”) arranges for another company to sell its product, but the consignor retains legal title. The consignor still has title and retains many of the risks and rewards of ownership for goods it has placed on consignment. Therefore, it’s likely that the consignor would be judged to retain control after transfer to the consignee and would postpone recognizing revenue until sale to an end customer occurs.

 

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-07

Topic Area: Timing of rev rec―Bill-and-hold

Topic Area: Timing of rev rec―Consignment

Blooms: Understand

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AACSB: Communication

AICPA: BB Critical thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

311. Briefly explain the difference between an account receivable, a contract asset, and a contract liability, with respect to balance sheet disclosure.

 

Answer:

• An account receivable is recognized if the seller has an unconditional right to receive payment, which is the case if only the passage of time is required before the payment is due.
• A contract asset is recognized if the seller satisfies a performance obligation but payment depends on something other than the passage of time.
• A contract liability, such as deferred revenue, is recognized if a customer pays the seller before the seller has satisfied a performance obligation, or if the customer has been billed before work has been done.

 

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-08

Learning Objective: 05-09

Topic Area: Disclosures―Balance sheet and Notes

Topic Area: Long-term contracts―Accounting issues

Blooms: Understand

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AACSB: Communication

AICPA: BB Critical thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

312. What is the objective of disclosures about revenue recognition? Indicate at least two common types of important revenue recognition disclosures.

 

Answer: The objective of revenue recognition disclosures is to help users of financial statements understand the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers.  Examples of important disclosures are:

• Categories of revenue, such as product lines, geographic regions, types of customers, or types of contracts.
• Amounts included in revenue that were previously recognized as deferred revenue or that resulted from changes in transaction prices.
• Description of outstanding performance obligations.
• Discussion of how performance obligations typically are satisfied and important contractual provisions like payment terms and policies for refunds, returns, and warranties.
• Any significant judgments used to estimate transaction prices, to allocate transaction prices to performance obligations, and to determine when performance obligations have been satisfied.
• Explanations of significant changes in contract assets and contract liabilities that occurred during the period.

 

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-08

Topic Area: Disclosures―Balance sheet and Notes

Blooms: Understand

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AACSB: Communication

AICPA: BB Critical thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

313. Imagine that the Ace Construction Company (ACC) concludes that it must switch from recognizing revenue on long-term contracts over time according to percentage of completion to recognizing revenue upon completion of each contract. Assume that none of their construction projects are going to produce a loss. Is it possible that, in a particular year, ACC will show higher gross profit under the new approach (recognizing revenue upon contract completion) than they did under the old approach (recognizing revenue over time according to percentage of completion)? Explain.

 

Answer: Yes. Under the old approach (recognition over time), a percentage of total profit is recognized each year, while under the new approach (recognition at the end of the contract), the total profit is recognized when the project is completed. Therefore, during the year the project is completed, the new approach will show higher gross profit for that year on the project than would be shown under the old approach. But both methods result in the same total amount of gross profit over the life of the contract.

 

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-09

Topic Area: Long-term contracts―Accounting issues

Blooms: Analyze

AACSB: Analytical thinking

AICPA: BB Critical thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

314. Briefly explain how a company that recognized revenue over time by estimating percentage of completion using a cost-to-cost ratio could manage earnings upward to meet a profit projection. What sort of ethical problems could result from that earnings management?

 

Answer: A company could understate its total estimated cost to complete (thus overstating the cost-to-cost ratio by understating the denominator), thereby allowing it to recognize income sooner. The company also could requisition materials to the job sooner than they are needed and count those materials as costs (thus overstating the cost-to-cost ratio by overstating the numerator), thereby allowing it to recognize income sooner. Companies are supposed to adjust cost-to-cost ratios for such manipulation, but it might not be easy for an auditor or investor to detect.  Each of these is an unethical, deceptive reporting practice because the company is manipulating how the accounting system portrays its underlying economic activity.

 

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-09

Topic Area: Long-term contracts―Accounting issues

Blooms: Analyze

AACSB: Ethics

AACSB: Communication

AICPA: BB Critical thinking

AICPA: FN Risk analysis

 

 

315. Briefly explain how gross profit is recorded when revenue on long-term construction projects is recognized over time according to percentage of completion.

 

Answer: When revenue is recognized over time, gross profit for long-term construction projects is allocated to each period in which the earnings process occurs based on total estimated gross profit times the percentage of projected total cost incurred to date. This is also known as the cost-to-cost method. When an overall loss is projected, the loss should be recognized in the first period that the overall loss is anticipated.

 

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-09

Topic Area: Long-term contracts―Percentage complete

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AACSB: Communication

AICPA: BB Critical thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement

 

 

316. Under what circumstances can revenue on long-term construction contracts be recognized over time according to percentage of completion?

 

Answer: Revenue recognition over time is required for long-term construction contracts under the same circumstances that apply to other contracts:

1. The customer consumes the benefit of the seller’s work as it is performed, as when a company provides cleaning services to a customer for a period of time, or
2. The customer controls the asset as it is created, as when a contractor builds an extension onto a customer’s existing building, or
3. The seller is creating an asset that has no alternative use to the seller, and the seller has the legal right to receive payment for progress to date.

Most long-term contracts qualify for revenue recognition over time.  Often the customer owns the seller’s work in process, such that the seller is creating an asset that the customer controls as it is completed.  Also, often the seller is creating an asset that is customized for the customer, so the seller has no other use for the asset and has the right to be paid for progress even if the customer cancels the contract.  In either of those cases, the seller recognizes revenue over time.

 

Level of Learning: 2 Medium

Learning Objective: 05-09

Topic Area: Long-term contracts―Percentage complete

Blooms: Remember

AACSB: Reflective thinking

AACSB: Communication

AICPA: BB Critical thinking

AICPA: FN Measurement