Introduction To Criminology Why Do They Do 2nd edition by Pamela J. Schram - Test Bank

Introduction To Criminology Why Do They Do 2nd edition by Pamela J. Schram – Test Bank

 

Instant Download – Complete Test Bank With Answers

 

 

Sample Questions Are Posted Below

 

Schram, Introduction to Criminology

 

1. __________ studied the Kallikak family to determine the link between heredity and criminality.

 

*a. H. H. Goddard

1. Richard L. Dugdale
2. Sarnoff Mednick
3. Patricia A. Jacobs

 

General Feedback:

Page 111; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge

 

 

2. Members of the same family share _________. Choose all that apply.

 

1. neurotransmitters
2. hormones

*c. genetics

*d. environment

 

General Feedback:

Page 111; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge

 

 

3. The subjects of adoption studies were typically given up for adoption prior to what age?

 

*a. 6 months

1. 1 year
2. 5 years
3. 10 years

 

General Feedback:

Page 113; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge

 

 

4. Although adoption studies have been criticized concerning selective placement, the ultimate findings of these studies are still _________.

 

1. completely valid

*b. somewhat valid

1. completely invalid
2. unknown

 

General Feedback:

Page 115; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge

 

 

5. The environments in which the ‘twins separated at birth’ individuals were raised in were often __________.

 

1. extremely similar
2. similar
3. unknown

*d. extremely different

 

General Feedback:

Page 115; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge

 

 

6. The findings of ‘twins separated at birth’ studies have shown that ______ have/has a significant impact on human behavior, especially regarding criminal behavior.

 

*a. genetics

1. environment
2. social bonds
3. stigmata

 

General Feedback:

Page 115; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge

 

 

7. Individuals with this type of chromosomal abnormality are often very tall but slow in terms of social and intelligence skills.

 

*a. XYY

1. XXY
2. XXX
3. XO

 

General Feedback:

Page 117; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge

 

 

8. The more the chromosomal mutation produce _______ hormones, the less likely individuals are to commit criminal acts.

 

*a. feminine

1. masculine

 

General Feedback:

Page 116-117; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge

 

 

9. After the twin studies of the mid-1900s were heavily criticized, researchers moved on to which other methodological approach to examine the nature versus nurture debate?

 

1. twin studies
2. family studies

*c. adoption studies

1. twins separated at birth studies
2. cytogenetic studies

 

General Feedback:

Page 113; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge

 

 

10. Adoption studies have found that the adopted children for whom __________ were the least likely to become criminal.

 

1. both set of parents were criminal
2. their biological parents were not criminal while the adoptive parents were criminal
3. their biological parents were criminal while the adoptive parents were not criminal

*d. neither set of parents were criminal

 

General Feedback:

Page 114; Bloom’s Taxonomy: comprehension

 

 

11. The first major study concerning chromosomal abnormalities found that the genetic mutation of XYY occurs in about 1 of every _______ males.

 

1. 100

*b. 1,000

1. 100,000
2. 1,000,000

 

General Feedback:

Page 117; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge

 

 

12. ____________ examined male children born in Copenhagen and adopted early in life to determine the influence of nature versus nurture.

 

1. H. H. Goddard
2. Richard L. Dugdale

*c. Sarnoff Mednick

1. Patricia A. Jacobs

 

General Feedback:

Page 113; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge

 

 

13. Virtually all individuals perform better on ______ tasks in the afternoon or evening, when they have relatively high levels of estrogen or other female hormones in their system.

 

1. spatial

*b. verbal

1. mathematical
2. analytical

 

General Feedback:

Page 119; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge

 

 

14. The process of differential levels of hormones begins early in life, specifically in about the ________ week after conception.

 

1. 1st
2. 2nd

*c. 5th

1. 9th

 

General Feedback:

Page 120; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge

 

 

15. Most illicit drug use brings forth pleasurable sensations though enhancing the levels of _________ in an individual’s system.

 

1. serotonin
2. estrogen
3. testosterone

*d. dopamine

 

General Feedback:

Page 122; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge

 

 

16. Most of the executive functions of the brain, such as problem solving, take place in the ____________.

 

1. occipital lobe

*b. frontal lobe

1. temporal lobe
2. parietal lobe

 

General Feedback:

Page 123-124; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge

 

 

17. The normal chromosomal makeup for a woman is ________.

 

1. XYY
2. YY
3. XY

*d. XX

 

General Feedback:

Page 116; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge

 

 

18. Typically, the chromosomal mutations that occur in individuals are largely due to ___________.

 

1. environmental factors

*b. random mutations

1. heredity
2. toxins

 

General Feedback:

Page 116; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge

 

 

19. Studies of crime that focuses on the genetic makeup of individuals.

 

1. twin studies
2. family studies
3. adoption studies
4. twins separated at birth studies

*e. cytogenetic studies

 

General Feedback:

Page 116; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge

 

 

20. Males who have XYY are at least 13 times as likely to have ________ as are those without this chromosomal abnormality.

 

1. criminal records
2. stigmata

*c. behavioral disorders

1. hereditary disorders

 

General Feedback:

Page 117; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge

 

 

21. Studies that examine the relative concordance rates for monozygotic and dizygotic twins.

 

*a. twin studies

1. family studies
2. adoption studies
3. twins separated at birth studies
4. cytogenetic studies

 

General Feedback:

Page 112; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge

 

 

22. All of the following are possible consequences of high levels of testosterone EXCEPT:

 

*a. increased sensitivity to pain

1. enhanced seeking of sensory stimulation
2. higher levels of spatial aptitude
3. lower levels of verbal reasoning and empathy

 

General Feedback:

Page 121; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge, comprehension

 

 

23. Studies of behavioral genetics regarding criminality or antisocial behaviors consistently show that heritability/genetic factors explain about ____ of the variance in antisocial behavior.

 

1. 25%

*b. 50%

1. 75%
2. 100%

 

General Feedback:

Page 130; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge

 

 

24. _________ twins are those that come from a single egg. These twins share 100% of their genotype.

 

1. fraternal

*b. monozygotic

1. dizygotic
2. bizygotic

 

General Feedback:

Page 112; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge

 

 

25. Studies that examine the clustering of criminality in a given family are termed __________.

 

1. twin studies

*b. family studies

1. adoption studies
2. twins separated at birth studies

 

General Feedback:

Page 111; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge

 

 

26. Recent studies have found a consistent, strong connection between criminal behavior and exposure to high levels of lead.

 

*a. True

1. False

 

General Feedback:

Page 131; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge

 

 

27. The first major study concerning chromosomal abnormalities found the mutation XY was far more common in the Scottish male population of mental patients than in the general population.

 

1. True

*b. False

 

General Feedback:

Page 117; XYY mutation; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge

 

 

28. Many of the identical twin pairs studied in the ‘separated at birth’ research knew they had a twin they were not living with.

 

1. True

*b. False

 

General Feedback:

Page 115; they did not know they had a twin; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge

 

 

29. Monozygotic twins can be different genders and behave very different from one another.

 

1. True

*b. False

 

General Feedback:

Page 112; dizygotic twins; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge

 

 

30. The findings of most adoption studies support the idea that both biological and environmental factors contribute to the future criminality of youth.

 

*a. True

1. False

 

General Feedback:

Page 114; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge, comprehension

 

 

31. Taking into consideration all of the findings presented from the four different types of studies concerning the nature versus nurture debate, it is clear that biological factors tend to have the most influence on the criminalityof individuals.

 

*a. True

1. False

 

General Feedback:

Page 115-116; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge

 

 

32. Doctors typically prescribe individuals diagnosed with ADHD a stimulant because these individuals have significantly low levels of ANS arousal.

 

*a. True

1. False

 

General Feedback:

Page 128; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge, comprehension

 

 

33. High levels of testosterone and other androgens tend to “masculinize” the brain away from risk-taking behavior.

 

1. True

*b. False

 

General Feedback:

Page 121; toward risk-taking behavior; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge

 

 

34. Otherwise known as Klinefelter’s syndrome, the XYY mutation results in higher likelihood for homosexuality and other behaviors but is not typically linked to criminality.

 

1. True

*b. False

 

General Feedback:

Page 117; XXY; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge

 

 

35. Dopamine is the neurotransmitter largely responsible for good feelings in the brain.

 

*a. True

1. False

 

General Feedback:

Page 122; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge

 

 

36. The autonomic nervous system largely consists of the brain and spinal column and is responsible for our voluntary motor activities.

 

1. True

*b. False

 

General Feedback:

Page 125/127; central nervous system; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge

 

 

37. A high proportion of females in prison for committing violent crimes did so while on their premenstrual cycle when they experience an influx of testosterone.

 

*a. True

1. False

 

General Feedback:

Page 119; Bloom’s Taxonomy: comprehension

 

 

38. Although the Kallikak family study provides proof that criminality is more common in some families, subsequent studies have proven otherwise.

 

1. True

*b. False

 

General Feedback:

Page 111; no study has disproven this theory; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge

 

 

39. Investigations into Goddard’s research found that he altered many photographs to make the family members appear more evil and fit into the definition of stigmata.

 

*a. True

1. False

 

General Feedback:

Page 111; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge

 

 

40. The Kallikak and Jukes family studies did not have similar findings concerning criminality and heredity.

 

1. True

*b. False

 

General Feedback:

Page 111; they did have similar findings; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge

 

 

41. How is Cesare Lombroso’s theory of stigmata related to the Kallikak family study?

 

Correct Answer:

Goddard claimed many of the family members looked like criminals (and were indeed criminal)
Page 111; Bloom’s Taxonomy: comprehension

 

 

42. What are concordance rates?

 

Correct Answer:

rates at which twin pairs share either a trait or lack of the trait
Page 112; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge

 

 

43. If genetics play a major role in determining the criminality of individuals, then what will twin studies find?

 

Correct Answer:

MZ twins will be expected to have a significantly higher concordance rate for criminal offending than will DZ twins.
Page 112; Bloom’s Taxonomy: comprehension

 

 

44. What were the primary questions posed in the 2-by-2 matrix used in adoption studies?

 

Correct Answer:

Whether biological parents are criminal and whether adoptive parents are criminal.
Page 113-114; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge

 

 

45. What did adoption study researchers find in terms of biological parent versus adoptive parent influences?

 

Correct Answer:

Biological parents had far more influence on youth’s future criminality.
Page 114; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge

 

 

46. How is the concept of selective placement related to adoption studies and their results?

 

Correct Answer:

Selective placement is when adoptees are placed with adoptive families similar to their biological parents in terms of demographics and background. This could bias the results of the adoption studies.
Page 114-115; Bloom’s Taxonomy: comprehension, knowledge

 

 

47. Would it be unethical to set up a ‘twins separated at birth’ study where researchers separated twins into hand picked households from birth? Why or why not?

 

Correct Answer:

Yes, researchers are not supposed to interrupt individuals’ lives and leave lasting impressions, namely psychological angst. It would be unethical to separate brothers and sisters from each other for their entire lives for a research agenda.
Page 115; Bloom’s Taxonomy: evaluation, comprehension

 

 

48. The effect of the XYY chromosome abnormality on criminality is more linked with what type of crime?

 

Correct Answer:

property crime
Page 117; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge

 

 

49. What is a phenotype? Give an example.

 

Correct Answer:

an observed manifestation of the interaction of genotypical traits with the environment, such as height
Page 130; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge, application

 

 

50. What studies give credence to the adage that males are better at analytical or mathematical problems while females express their thoughts and ideas better than males?

 

Correct Answer:

Hormone studies have shown that individuals given shots of male hormones (androgens) before math tests tend to do significantly better on spatial and mathematics tests. Also, persons given shots of female hormones prior to verbal/reading test do better.
Page 119; Bloom’s Taxonomy: synthesis, application

 

 

51. What do hormones do in the body?

 

Correct Answer:

carry chemical signals to the body as they are released from certain glands and structures
Page 119; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge

 

 

52. How could the findings of cytogenetic studies be applied to criminal justice policies?

 

Correct Answer:

Student must provide original answer. The text does not state policy implications.
Page 118; Bloom’s Taxonomy: evaluation, application, comprehension

 

 

53. The chromosomal abnormality of XO is a mutation that means what? Also, what generally accompanies this abnormality?

 

Correct Answer:

Females are missing an entire sex chromosome and it is typically accompanied by physical mutations.
Page 117; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge

 

 

54. Cytogenetic studies focus specifically on what?

 

Correct Answer:

abnormalities in chromosomal make-ups that randomly occur in the population
Page 116; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge

 

 

55. Name the four (4) waves of research developed from the testing of the nature versus nurture debate.

 

Correct Answer:

family studies, twin studies, adoption studies, and identical twins separated at birth studies
Page 111; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge

 

 

56. What is the chromosome abnormality of XXX called? Discuss this chromosomal abnormality, including who typically has it, how many individuals in a population are affected, what characteristics accompany it, and its link to criminality.

 

Correct Answer:

Triple X syndrome. Females with triple X syndrome have three X chromosomes instead of two, and this occurs about once in every 1,000 female births. Unlike most other chromosomal mutation conditions, there is typically no distinguishable difference between women with triple X syndrome and the rest of the female population. This mutation has not been consistently linked with criminality.
Page 117; Bloom’s Taxonomy: comprehension, analysis

 

 

57. What were the findings of the ‘twins separated at birth’ studies? How was the phenomenon found in these studies explained by researchers? What are the criticisms presented in relation to these studies?

 

Correct Answer:

Twin pairs often showed extremely similar tendencies for criminality, sometimes more than those seen in concordance rates for identical twins raised together. Researchers stated that generally, identical twins that are raised together go out of their way to deviate from their natural tendencies in an effort to form their own identity. No significant criticism has been presented.
Page 115; Bloom’s Taxonomy: comprehension, analysis

 

 

58. What were the overall findings of the twin studies conducted in the mid-1900s? Why were these findings strongly criticized?

 

Correct Answer:

MZ twins were far more similar in the trait of criminality than were DZ (fraternal) twins. Identical twins are typically dressed the same by their parents, as well as treated the same by the public and are generally expected to behave the same. This is not true for fraternal twins, namely those of different genders. Also the identification of twins as fraternal or identical was flawed because it was determined by sight (not a scientific measure).
Page 112-113; Bloom’s Taxonomy: knowledge, analysis

 

 

59. Of the parents, who is more likely to be a stronger influence concerning the criminality of the children? Explain the two (2) reasons presented in the text. Make a case for or against this finding.

 

Correct Answer:

The mother is more likely to be the stronger influence on criminality of the children. First, the father is often absent while the children are being raised. More important, it takes much more time for a woman to transgress social norms and become a convicted offender, which indicated that the mother is highly antisocial and gives some credence to the argument that criminality is inherited.
Page 111; Bloom’s Taxonomy:

 

 

60. Explain the nature versus nurture debate. Design a hypothetical study to test these competing ideas.

 

Correct Answer:

Nature versus nurture is the debate between the influences of heredity versus the environment an individual grows up in. This debate aims at determining which influence has the strongest effect on predicting criminality in people. This debate discusses how much criminality is inherited from our parents and other ancestors versus how much is due to cultural norms, such as family, community, and so forth. Student should give original answer on how to test these ideas.
Page 109/111; Bloom’s Taxonomy: comprehension, synthesis

 

 

61. What are neurotransmitters and what do they do? How are they different from hormones? How can the neurotransmitter serotonin be related to criminality?
    Chemicals released when a neuron wants to send an electric message to a neighboring neuron. Neurotransmitters are the way messages are passed through the body. They regulate mood and behavior. Hormones carry a signal that is not electric, but neurotransmitters are electric. Low levels of serotonin are linked to criminality. Serotonin is important in all information processing and is vital in interactions with the environment. Low levels of serotonin may make individuals have problems communicating.
    Page 122; Bloom’s Taxonomy: comprehension, analysis