Introduction to Psychology Active Learning through Modules, International Edition 12tH Edition By Dennis Coon - Test Bank

Introduction to Psychology Active Learning through Modules, International Edition 12tH Edition By Dennis Coon – Test Bank

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Chapter 9: Motives and Feelings

Module 9.1

MULTIPLE CHOICE

In the opening segment of Chapter 9, Robert has a condition in which he is unable to name his emotions. This condition is known as

a.	alexithymia.
b.	agnosia.
c.	Wernicke’s aphasia.
d.	dysgraphia.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 MSC: TYPE: Application

Individuals who have alexithymia are unable to

a.	name their own emotions.
b.	name visual stimuli.
c.	regulate their body temperature due to a lack of homeostasis.
d.	process auditory stimuli.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

The condition named for the Latin word that means “can’t name emotions” is

a.	dyslexia.
b.	agnosia.
c.	alexithymia.
d.	dysgraphia.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Individuals who have alexithymia often experience all of the following EXCEPT for

a.	being unable to name their own emotions.
b.	developing health problems, such as depression or addictive behaviors.
c.	finding it hard to form close relationships with others.
d.	developing delusions of persecution and auditory hallucinations.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Which of the following is a condition in which individuals cannot easily empathize with the feelings of others, while being only vaguely aware of their own emotions?

a.	agnosia
b.	alexithymia
c.	Wernicke’s aphasia
d.	dysgraphia

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Motivation and emotion are both derived from the Latin word movere, which means

a.	to mediate.
b.	to move.
c.	to emphasize.
d.	to make.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Our motives and emotions are influenced by which of the following?

a.	external cues
b.	expectations
c.	learning and cultural values
d.	all of these

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Motivation is defined as

a.	an internal deficiency that energizes behavior.
b.	the goals which reward our behavior and maintain behavior.
c.	internal mechanisms which initiate, maintain, direct, and terminate behavior.
d.	needs associated with impulses for self-actualization.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following refers to the process of initiating, directing, sustaining, and terminating activities of the organism?

a.	perception
b.	motivation
c.	emotion
d.	learning

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Motivation is the process of initiating, sustaining, directing, and ____________ the activities of an organism.

a.	supplying
b.	terminating
c.	surveying
d.	elaborating

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

While studying in the library, Kayleigh became very hungry and went to a vending machine which was empty and to the cafeteria which was closed. So, she drove home and cooked herself a meal and ate it, satisfying her hunger. This food-seeking behavior was initiated by a bodily need with her search being sustained and directed to various food sources until her need was met. This illustrates

a.	motivation.
b.	behavioral dieting.
c.	the opponent-process theory.
d.	the Yerkes-Dodson law.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Application

Which of the following is the correct sequence for the motivational process?

a.	drive – need – response – goal attainment
b.	need – drive – response – goal attainment
c.	need – drive – goal attainment – response
d.	drive – need – goal attainment – response

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 MSC: TYPE: Concept

In terms of motivation, a need is a(n)

a.	reinforcement response.
b.	internal deficiency.
c.	drive.
d.	behavioral response.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

An internal lack or deficiency is referred to as

a drive.

a goal.

c a need.

homeostasis.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

An energized motivational state is referred to as

a drive.

a goal.

c a need.

homeostasis.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

When you feel hunger or thirst, each of these psychological states would be classified as which element of motivation?

a.	need
b.	drive
c.	deprivation
d.	incentive value

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

In the motivational sequence, needs generate drives, which in turn activate

a.	goals.
b.	expectations.
c.	incentives.
d.	responses.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

The “target” of one’s motivated behavior is known as a(n)

drive.

goal.

c incentive.

transductive level.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

The chain of events that make up the model of motivation ends when which of the following is reached?

a drive

a goal

c an incentive

the transformational level

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Which of the following statements is TRUE of drives?

a.	The strength of drives may differ from that of the need on which they are based.
b.	Drives are biological states induced by internal incentives.
c.	Drives may be activated by responses as well as by needs.
d.	Drives result from satisfying a goal.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 MSC: TYPE: Concept

It is not uncommon for older people to suffer from dehydration despite experiencing a lack of thirst, which means that they have

a.	a drive but not a need.
b.	a need but not a drive.
c.	both a drive and a need.
d.	neither a need nor a drive.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Application

Desirable goals may motivate behavior in the absence of internal need. This property is known as a goal’s

a.	gradient potential.
b.	drive potential.
c.	homeostasis value.
d.	incentive value.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

The value of a goal above and beyond its ability to fill a need is known as its __________value.

a.	homeostatic
b.	stimulus
c.	primacy
d.	incentive

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

You have just eaten a large meal and feel extremely full. Then, the waiter tells you about their signature dessert, “Death by Chocolate.” Your ordering of this dessert is best explained by

a.	drive reduction.
b.	an internal need.
c.	an incentive value.
d.	homeostasis.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 KEY: www

MSC: TYPE: Application

A glass of industrial sludge removed from a polluted river would probably not be desirable to you, even though you were very thirsty, because the glass of sludge is

a.	high in incentive value.
b.	high in motivation.
c.	low in incentive value.
d.	low in stimulus motives.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.1 MSC: TYPE: Application

Fresh, live grubworms are highly nutritious; however, if you are very hungry, you will probably reject them as food because the grubworms are

a.	high in incentive value.
b.	high in motivation.
c.	low in incentive value.
d.	low in stimulus motives.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.1 MSC: TYPE: Application

Regarding incentives, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Our actions are energized by a mixture of internal needs and external incentives.
b.	Incentive value cannot be used to explain the drives for success, status, and approval.
c.	Some goals are so desirable that they can motivate behavior in the absence of an internal need.
d.	Some goals are so low in incentive value that they may be rejected even if they could meet the internal need.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Which of the following help to explain motives that do not seem to come from internal needs, such as drives for success, status, or approval?

a.	gradient potential
b.	drive potential
c.	homeostasis value
d.	incentive value

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Motives can be divided into three major categories, which are

a.	physical, social, and individual.
b.	biological, stimulus, and learned.
c.	prepotent, homeostatic, and incentive.
d.	primary, secondary, and tertiary.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Biological needs that must be met for survival are called __________ motives.

a.	biological
b.	secondary
c.	prepotent
d.	stimulus

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Biological motives are

a.	needs that are learned, such as the need for power or for achievement.
b.	innate but not necessary for survival.
c.	not innate but necessary for survival.
d.	innate and necessary for survival.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Hunger, thirst, pain avoidance, sleep needs, and regulation of body temperature are __________ motives.

a.	stimulus
b.	secondary
c.	biological
d.	incentive

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.1 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Which of the following is classified as a biological motive?

a.	power
b.	physical contact
c.	security
d.	pain avoidance

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Which of the following is a biological motive?

a.	curiosity
b.	the desire for money
c.	physical contact
d.	thirst

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.1 MSC: TYPE: Concept

A commercial for an ice cold beverage shown on a day with record high temperatures is probably an effort to arouse a __________ motive.

a.	biological
b.	secondary
c.	learned
d.	stimulus

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 MSC: TYPE: Application

Stimulus motives differ from primary motives in that

a.	stimulus motives are innate and necessary for survival.
b.	stimulus motives appear to be innate, but are not necessary for survival.
c.	stimulus motives are acquired through various forms of conditioning and learning.
d.	stimulus motives include needs for security, status, approval, and achievement.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Concerning stimulus motives, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Stimulus motives express our needs for activity and information.
b.	Stimulus motives appear to be innate.
c.	Stimulus motives are not necessary for survival.
d.	Stimulus motives include the needs for security, approval, affiliation, and status.

ANS: D REF: Module 9.1 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Which of the following is a stimulus motive?

a.	elimination of wastes
b.	the desire for money
c.	the desire to explore
d.	thirst

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Which of the following is a stimulus motive?

a.	approval
b.	physical contact
c.	affiliation
d.	pain avoidance

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Needs for curiosity and exploration would be classified as __________ motives.

a.	biological
b.	stimulus
c.	learned
d.	incentive

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

The need for sleep and pain avoidance would be classified as __________ motives.

a.	biological
b.	stimulus
c.	learned
d.	incentive

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Thomas Edison, who patented over 1,000 inventions, was interested in exploring new ideas and ways of doing things. His insatiable curiosity would be called a _______ motive.

a.	stimulus
b.	biological
c.	learned
d.	survival

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 MSC: TYPE: Application

Needs for activity, exploration, manipulation, and physical contact are referred to as __________ motives.

a.	biological
b.	learned
c.	homeostatic
d.	stimulus

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Learned motives involve needs that are

a.	often social in nature.
b.	innate but not necessary for survival.
c.	not innate but necessary for survival.
d.	innate and necessary for survival.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

The needs for power, affiliation, approval, status, and security are classified as __________ motives.

a.	homeostatic
b.	biological
c.	stimulus
d.	learned

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Which of the following is a learned motive?

a.	power
b.	physical contact
c.	regulation of body temperature
d.	pain avoidance

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Which of the following is a learned motive?

a.	curiosity
b.	the desire for money
c.	physical contact
d.	thirst

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 MSC: TYPE: Concept

“Snob appeal,” an advertising approach that appeals to status, is an effort to arouse __________ motives.

a.	biological
b.	homeostatic
c.	learned
d.	stimulus

ANS: C REF: Module 9.1 MSC: TYPE: Application

On the basis of religious faith, a starving Hindu refuses to eat beef that has been made available to him. In this case, it might be said that a

a.	learned motive overpowered a biological motive.
b.	stimulus motive overpowered a biological motive.
c.	biological motive overpowered a learned motive.
d.	learned motive overpowered a stimulus motive.

ANS: A REF: Module 9.1 KEY: * MSC: TYPE: Application

Biological drives are essential because they maintain a steady state of bodily equilibrium called __________.

a.	thermostasis
b.	automatic processing
c.	intrinsic motivation
d.	homeostasis

ANS: D REF: Module 9.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

The maintenance of steady states of body temperature and blood pressure are examples of

a.	thermostasis.
b.	homeostasis.
c.	intrinsic motivation.
d.	motivational learning.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

The body monitors and maintains internal states, such as blood pressure and chemicals in the blood, at relatively constant levels. This is due to

a.	incentives.
b.	stimulus motives.
c.	homeostasis.
d.	learning.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

You body’s tendency to maintain equilibrium is similar to a(n) __________ in your home.

a.	thermostat
b.	rechargeable battery
c.	smoke detector
d.	electric generator

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 MSC: TYPE: Concept

When the human body enters a state of disequilibrium

a.	the first reactions of your body are automatic.
b.	you become aware of discomfort before your body reacts.
c.	the chemicals in your body do not change.
d.	biological motives are ignored until balance is restored.

ANS: A REF: Module 9.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

About 10 minutes after Janice starts her 30-minute walk on the treadmill, she begins to perspire, which helps to cool her off. Her body’s tendency to maintain normal body temperature is a function of

a.	instinct.
b.	drive.
c.	social learning.
d.	homeostasis.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 MSC: TYPE: Application

Scientists have long known that body activity is guided by internal “biological clocks” known as

a.	biofeedback.
b.	stimulus motives.
c.	circadian rhythms.
d.	homeostatic equilibrium.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

The term circadian rhythms comes from circa, which means “about,” and diem, which means

a.	clock.
b.	body.
c.	day.
d.	light.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

A circadian rhythm refers to a cycle

a.	of sexual receptivity caused by hormone cycles.
b.	of bodily activity approximately 24 hours in length.
c.	of emotional arousal.
d.	during which various bodily systems are in a dysfunctional state.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

During the day changes occur in

a.	body temperature.
b.	blood pressure.
c.	amino acid levels.
d.	all of these.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Throughout the day, activities in the liver, kidneys, and endocrine glands undergo large changes with body temperature, blood pressure, and amino acid levels also shifting from hour to hour. In fact, people tend to be more energetic and alert when these and other activities are at their highest point once a day. This is a description of

a.	the Yerkes-Dodson law.
b.	sensation-seeking patterns.
c.	circadian rhythms.
d.	biological condensation.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Most people are more energetic, alert, and in a better mood at

a.	the high point of their circadian rhythms.
b.	the median point of their circadian rhythms.
c.	the low point of their circadian rhythms.
d.	varying points within their circadian rhythms depending on the season.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

You can increase your efficiency by scheduling recreation, chores, and studying

a.	around your personal circadian rhythm.
b.	by establishing a new circadian rhythm.
c.	according to a homeostasis chart.
d.	according to your horoscope.

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.1 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Which of the following is a good indicator of a person’s circadian rhythm with most people reaching a low point two to three hours before their normal waking time?

a.	serotonin level
b.	noradrenaline level
c.	digestive function
d.	core body temperature

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Jet lag results when travelers experience a lack of synchronization between the local time of the place they have traveled to and their

a.	ASCs.
b.	sensation-seeking patterns.
c.	circadian rhythms.
d.	opponent processes.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

With jet lag, one would expect to experience

a.	excessive arousal.
b.	fatigue, irritability, upset stomach, and depression.
c.	periods of mental inefficiency interspersed with periods of enhanced mental agility.
d.	significant changes in long-standing personality traits.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Aaron is switching from a day shift at work back to a late night/early morning. He can expect to experience

a.	excessive arousal and increased mental clarity.
b.	irritability, fatigue, depression, and an upset stomach.
c.	periods of mental inefficiency interspersed with periods of enhanced mental agility.
d.	changes in his long-standing personality traits.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 MSC: TYPE: Application

One might expect an ambassador forced to return on short notice to his or her native country thousands of miles away to perform poorly because

a.	minimal needs for intellectual stimulation have not been met.
b.	optimal needs for intellectual stimulation have not been met.
c.	low levels of anxiety have risen to moderate levels.
d.	circadian rhythms have been disrupted.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 MSC: TYPE: Application

In national championship collegiate athletic competitions, the team that has to travel across four time zones is at a disadvantage because of

a.	sleep deprivation.
b.	jet lag.
c.	disruption in circadian rhythms due to a fear of flying.
d.	preadaptation.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.1 MSC: TYPE: Application

Regarding jet lag, which of the following statements is TRUE?

a.	Research has not fully proven the existence of the malady known as “jet lag.”
b.	Jet lag is worse when you fly west.
c.	It usually takes about a day to get over jet lag.
d.	Jet lag can be reduced by short exposures to bright light early in the morning.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Regarding jet lag, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	For major time zone shifts (five hours or more), it can take up to two weeks to resynchronize body rhythms.
b.	Adjusting to jet lag is slowest when you stay indoors.
c.	It is easier for people to adapt when they fly east.
d.	Shift work changes can have the same effect on the body as jet lag.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 KEY: *, www

MSC: TYPE: Concept

According to the text, adaptation of circadian rhythms is faster if people are traveling

a.	west.
b.	east.
c.	during the high point of their circadian rhythms.
d.	during the low point of their circadian rhythms.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Martha is flying east from Chicago to Stockholm. What advice would you give her to help her prevent jet lag?

a.	She should be able to adapt within one day since she is flying east.
b.	Begin to preadapt her sleep-and-waking cycle to Stockholm time.
c.	When she arrives in Stockholm, she needs to stay indoors until her body adapts.
d.	All of these would be good suggestions for Martha.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 MSC: TYPE: Application

If you were to travel across several time zones, you would feel best if you

a.	went to sleep immediately on arriving to catch up on your sleep.
b.	traveled from west to east.
c.	go outdoors and eat and sleep on the new schedule.
d.	do all of these.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Application

Which of the following can help reset one’s circadian rhythms?

a.	staying indoors in artificial light during the initial shift
b.	five-minute periods of exposure to bright light intermittently in the early morning
c.	plenty of coffee and high energy drinks early in the morning
d.	all of these

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 MSC: TYPE: Application

Bright light affects the timing of body rhythms by reducing the amount of

a.	melatonin.
b.	serotonin.
c.	acetylcholine.
d.	androgens.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Bright light affects the timing of body rhythms by reducing the amount of melatonin produced by the

a.	adrenal glands.
b.	pineal gland.
c.	pituitary gland.
d.	pancreas.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

It is bedtime as far as the brain is concerned when levels of which of the following rise late in the evening?

a.	melatonin
b.	serotonin
c.	acetylcholine
d.	androgen

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

If one is “cramming” for final exams, it is better to

a.	take frequent naps throughout the day in order to be able to stay awake at night.
b.	give yourself a day to recover before pulling another “all nighter.”
c.	maintain your regular sleep pattern.
d.	do none of these.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 MSC: TYPE: Application

Gradually matching your sleep-waking cycle to a new time schedule is called

a.	alexithmia.
b.	adaptive homeostasis.
c.	attribution.
d.	preadaptation.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Preadaptation refers to

a.	the steady state of equilibrium maintained by the body.
b.	gradually matching your sleep-waking cycle to a new time schedule.
c.	the mental process of assigning cause to external events.
d.	the process of attributing arousal to a particular source.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

You are about to take a long plane flight in a week. You begin going to sleep an hour later each day until your sleep cycle matches the time at your destination. To prevent jet lag, you are

a.	alexithmia.
b.	adaptive homeostasis.
c.	functional attribution.
d.	preadaptation.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.1 MSC: TYPE: Application

Gilbert has been on the day shift for five years. He will be working on the night shift in three weeks. Which of the following would be the BEST advice to help Gilbert deal with this change?

a.	Use over-the-counter sleeping pills to help go to sleep during the day.
b.	Begin now to gradually preadapt sleep-waking time to match the new shift.
c.	Take three naps rather than sleep a full eight hours during the day.
d.	Take over-the-counter stimulants for the first month or so.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Application

TRUE/FALSE

Individuals who have alexithymia are unable to name their own emotions.

ANS: T DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

If your body is dehydrated, but you are not thirsty, we would say that you have a drive but not a need.

ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 MSC: TYPE: Application

The value of a goal above and beyond its ability to fill a need is known as its homeostatic value.

ANS: T DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Needs for power, affiliation, approval, status, security, and achievement are referred to as learned motives.

ANS: T DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Jet lag is worse when you fly west with it usually taking about a day to get over.

ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

COMPLETION

The process of initiating, directing, sustaining, and terminating the activities of an organism is called __________.

ANS: motivation

DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.1 KEY: * MSC: TYPE: Fact

The “target” of one’s motivated behavior is known as a(n) __________.

ANS: goal

DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 KEY: * MSC: TYPE: Fact

The needs that appear to be innate but are not necessary for survival, such as the need for activity, exploration, manipulation, and physical contact are called __________ motives.

ANS: stimulus

DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 KEY: * MSC: TYPE: Fact

The maintenance of steady states of body temperature and blood pressure are examples of the process known as __________.

ANS: homeostasis

DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 KEY: * MSC: TYPE: Fact

Jet lag results when travelers experience a lack of synchronization between the local time of the place they have traveled to and their __________.

ANS: circadian rhythms

DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 KEY: * MSC: TYPE: Concept

ESSAY

Describe and give an example of each of the three types of motives; and explain the importance of incentives.

ANS:

(1) Biological motives are based on biological needs that must be met for survival. The most important biological motives are hunger, thirst, pain avoidance, and needs for air, sleep, elimination of wastes, and regulation of body temperature. Biological motives are innate.

(2) Stimulus motives express our needs for stimulation and information. Examples include activity, curiosity, exploration, manipulation, and physical contact. While stimulus motives also appear to be innate, they are not strictly necessary for survival.

(3) Learned motives help explain many human activities, such as making music or blogging on the computer. Many learned motives are related to needs for power, affiliation, approval, status, security, and achievement. Fear and aggression also appear to be greatly affected by learning.

The “pull” of a goal is called its incentive value, which is the goal’s appeal beyond its ability to fill a need. Some goals are so desirable, such as chocolate pie, that they can motivate behavior in the absence of an internal need. Other goals are so low in incentive value, such as nutritious insects, that they may be rejected even if they meet the internal need.

DIF: Moderate\KEY: *, www REF: Module 9.1 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Lynda is flying from Jackson, Mississippi to Tokyo, Japan. Explain why jet lag occurs, how it will affect her overall mood and performance, and what she can do before, during and after she gets to Tokyo to minimize these “jet lag” effects.

ANS:

Answer will include that circadian rhythms (one’s bodily cycle) are most noticeable after a major change in time schedules. Businesspersons and other time zone travelers tend to perform poorly when their body rhythms are disturbed. If individuals travel great distances east or west, the peaks and valleys of their circadian rhythms will be out of phase with the sun and clocks. For example, they might be wide-awake at midnight and feel like they’re sleepwalking during the day. Jet lag causes fatigue, irritability, upset stomach, and depression. For major time zone shifts of five hours or more in this case, it can take up to two weeks to resynchronize. Adjusting to jet lag is slowest when you stay indoors, where you can sleep and eat on “home time.” Getting outdoors speeds adaptation. A few intermittent five-minute periods of exposure to bright light early in the morning are helpful for resetting your circadian rhythm. In general, if you can anticipate an upcoming body rhythm change, it is best to preadapt to your new schedule. Pre-adaptation refers to gradually matching your sleep-waking cycle to a new time schedule. Before traveling, for instance, you should go to sleep one hour later (or earlier) each day until your sleep cycle matches the time at your new destination.

DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.1 MSC: TYPE: Application

Question by Type

Module 9.1: Overview of Motivation	Question Type	Fact	Concept	Application
Motivation—Forces that Push and Pull	Multiple Choice	2, 3, 6, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 22, 23, 29, 30, 31, 50, 51, 52, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 63, 75, 76, 77, 79, 80	4, 5, 7, 12, 16, 19, 20, 27, 28, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 53, 62, 64, 65, 69, 70, 71	1, 11, 21, 24, 25, 26, 35, 42, 48, 49, 55, 66, 67, 68, 72, 73, 74, 78, 81, 82
	True/False	1, 3, 4	5	2
	Completion	1, 2, 3, 4	5
	Essay		1	2

Chapter 9: Motives and Feelings

Module 9.2

MULTIPLE CHOICE

In an early experiment by Cannon and Washburn, Washburn swallowed a balloon so that

a.	the balloon could prevent hunger by filling up the stomach.
b.	the balloon could be inflated and allow the recording of stomach contractions.
c.	the balloon would stop digestion, allowing the stomach to be examined.
d.	hunger could be controlled by controlling the stomach contractions.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following scientists performed an experiment that consisted of one of these scientists swallowing a balloon that was inflated so that the movements of the stomach could be recorded?

a.	Dollard and Miller
b.	Yerkes and Dodson
c.	Cannon and Washburn
d.	James and Lange

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding hunger, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Eating tend to increase when the stomach is stretched or distended.
b.	The stomach is not essential for one to feel hungry.
c.	The brain receives many signals from parts of the digestive system, ranging from the tongue and stomach to the intestines and liver.
d.	For many people, hunger produces an overall feeling of weakness or shakiness, rather than a “growling” stomach.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Cutting sensory nerves from the stomach, or removing it entirely, causes

a.	a total loss of appetite.
b.	eating based on recognized need, not internal feelings of hunger.
c.	some changes in eating may occur, but hunger still occurs.
d.	the need for patients to be “trained” to eat; otherwise, they would inadvertently starve to death.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

People who have had their stomachs surgically removed

a.	report that they no longer have hunger pangs.
b.	may fail to eat regularly.
c.	must be force fed.
d.	still experience hunger.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Carolyn was diagnosed with cancer of the stomach. Her stomach was surgically removed. After the operation, she will probably

a.	feel hungrier and eat more.
b.	starve unless force fed.
c.	feel no hunger but will eat because she still feels thirst
d.	continue to feel hungry and eat regularly.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Application

Which of the following would have the LEAST effect on feelings of hunger?

a.	removing the stomach
b.	weight dropping below “set point”
c.	removing the hypothalamus
d.	sugar level in the blood being low

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Which of the following is the LEAST important factor in controlling hunger?

a.	liver
b.	blood sugar level
c.	body set point
d.	stomach

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

The most critical physiological factor controlling hunger is the

a.	level of blood sugar.
b.	presence of stomach contractions.
c.	taste of food.
d.	presence of weakness or fatigue.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which part of the brain regulates many motives, including hunger, thirst, and the sex drive?

a.	thalamus
b.	hypothalamus
c.	midbrain
d.	hippocampus

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which part of the brain regulates hunger by responding to blood sugar levels as well as combining neural messages received from the liver and stomach?

a.	thalamus
b.	hypothalamus
c.	midbrain
d.	hippocampus

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which area of the brain contains both the feeding center and the satiety center?

a.	amygdala
b.	medulla
c.	hypothalamus
d.	hippocampus

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

The feeding center of the brain is found in the __________ hypothalamus.

a.	lateral
b.	ventromedial
c.	cortical
d.	endometrial

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

The satiety center of the brain is found in the __________ hypothalamus.

a.	lateral
b.	ventromedial
c.	cortical
d.	endometrial

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

The feeding center of the brain is found in the __________of the hypothalamus.

a.	bottom middle part
b.	sides
c.	top and bottom parts
d.	center

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

The satiety center of the brain is found in the __________ of the hypothalamus.

a.	bottom middle part
b.	direct center
c.	top part
d.	side portions

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Electrically stimulating the lateral hypothalamus will cause a rat to

a.	start eating.
b.	stop eating.
c.	go to sleep.
d.	become so manic it will be unable to sleep.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Application

If the lateral hypothalamus is destroyed in a starving animal, the animal will

a.	overeat drastically.
b.	become unusually sensitive to external cues for eating.
c.	become unusually sensitive to internal cues for eating.
d.	refuse to eat.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.2 KEY: www

MSC: TYPE: Application

Clarence suffered a stroke that destroyed his lateral hypothalamus (LH). This damage is likely to cause Clarence to

a.	refuse to eat.
b.	never feel full.
c.	overeat.
d.	experience massive weight gain without overeating.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Application

When you are hungry your stomach lining produces a hormone that activates your lateral hypothalamus, with this hormone called

a.	oxytocin.
b.	thyroxin.
c.	ghrelin.
d.	insulin.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

When you are hungry your stomach lining produces ghrelin, a hormone that activates the

a.	lateral hypothalamus.
b.	ventromedial hypothalamus.
c.	cortical region of the pons.
d.	corpus callosum.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding the mechanism of hunger, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	If your stomach is growling, it is probably releasing ghrelin.
b.	Ghrelin activates parts of the brain involved in learning.
c.	One should study immediately after eating, not before you eat.
d.	Ghrelin is a hormone that activates a person’s lateral hypothalamus.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding the mechanism of hunger, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	If your stomach is growling, it is probably releasing ghrelin.
b.	Ghrelin activates parts of the brain involved in learning.
c.	One should study before you eat, not immediately afterward.
d.	Ghrelin is an amino acid that activates a person’s ventromedial hypothalamus.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

The “stop mechanism” for eating is

a.	located in the lateral hypothalamus.
b.	called the satiety center.
c.	is activated by the hormone ghrelin.
d.	characterized by all of these.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

If the ventromedial hypothalamus of a rat’s hypothalamus is destroyed, the rat will

a.	eat until it becomes obese.
b.	refuse to eat until forced to do so.
c.	drink only a salty liquid.
d.	refuse to drink until forced to do so.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Application

The satiety center has been destroyed in Ricky the rat’s brain. Ricky will

a.	eat until it becomes obese.
b.	refuse to eat until forced to do so.
c.	drink only a salty liquid.
d.	refuse to drink until forced to do so.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Application

Researchers destroyed Snippy the rat’s ventromedial hypothalamus. This activation is likely to cause Snippy to

a.	overeat and become obese.
b.	drink large amounts of a sweet liquid.
c.	eat more moderately than before.
d.	refuse to eat.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Application

Damage to the hunger satiety system can produce a very fat rat, a condition called

a.	acquired bulimia.
b.	hippocampal obesity.
c.	hypothalamic hyperphagia.
d.	acromegaly.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Application

Which part of the hypothalamus helps keep blood sugar levels steady by both starting and stopping one’s eating and is very sensitive to neuropeptide Y (NPY)?

a.	lateral hypothalamus
b.	paraventricular nucleus
c.	ventromedial hypothalamus
d.	leptinous nucleus

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

The paraventricular nucleus is sensitive to a substance, which, when present in large amounts, causes the animal to eat until it cannot hold another bite. This substance is called

a.	NPY.
b.	GLP-1.
c.	leptin.
d.	glucagons.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

An animal will eat until it cannot hold another bite, if which substance is present in large amounts?

a.	leptin
b.	GLP-1
c.	glucagon
d.	NPY

ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Eating will cease when a chemical is released by the intestines called

a.	NPY.
b.	GLP-1.
c.	BMI.
d.	insulin.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding the control of hunger, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	The hypothalamus can respond to a chemical in marijuana, which can produce intense hunger.
b.	GLP-1 pills show promise in the treatment of obesity.
c.	It takes at least ten minutes for the hypothalamus to respond after you begin eating.
d.	If NYP is present in large amounts, an animal will stop eating.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding the control of hunger, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	You are more likely to overeat if you eat slowly.
b.	After you eat a meal, GLP-1 is released by the intestines.
c.	If NYP is present in large amounts, an animal will eat until it cannot hold another bite.
d.	The hypothalamus can respond to a chemical in marijuana, which can produce intense hunger.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

The proportion of body fat that tends to be maintained by changes in hunger and eating is called the

a.	set point.
b.	obesity limit.
c.	critical weight.
d.	weight standard.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

The critical proportion of body fat below which a person would feel hungry most of the time is called the

a.	critical weight.
b.	obesity limit.
c.	set point.
d.	weight standard.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

The weight you maintain when you are making no effort to gain or lose weight is known as your

a.	critical weight.
b.	obesity limit.
c.	set point.
d.	weight standard.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding set point, fat cells, and obesity, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	There is currently no known way to lower your set point for fat since the number of fat cells remains unchanged throughout adult life
b.	Your set point is the weight you maintain when you are making no effort to gain or lose weight.
c.	When your body goes below its set point, you will feel hungry most of the time.
d.	Leptin is released from fat cells and tells your brain that you need to eat more.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding set point, fat cells, and obesity, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Radical diets may even raise the set point for fat, resulting in diet-induced obesity.
b.	Your leptin levels are partly under genetic control.
c.	When your body goes below its set point, you will not feel hungry and will eat less.
d.	Leptin is released from fat cells and tells your brain that you need to eat less.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

When people put on weight, their fat cells release a substance, which is carried in the bloodstream to the brain, where it will tell us to eat less. This substance is

a.	GLP-1.
b.	blood sugar.
c.	leptin.
d.	NPY.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

There is a rare genetic defect in which a person becomes obese because he or she has reduced levels of

a.	leptin.
b.	blood sugar.
c.	GLP-1.
d.	NPY.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Your friend Janie keeps going on these “fad” diets and each time has gained back even more weight. You should warn her that radical diets may even raise the set point for fat, resulting in __________ obesity.

a.	multiplicative
b.	hypothalamic
c.	rebound
d.	diet-induced

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Application

What percent of adults in the United States are overweight?

a.	33
b.	50
c.	65
d.	80

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following is overtaking smoking as the major cause of needless deaths?

a.	alcoholism
b.	obesity
c.	sexually-transmitted diseases
d.	car accidents

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding obesity, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	A lack of variety in one’s diet tends to encourage obesity.
b.	Obesity is overtaking smoking as a major cause of needless deaths.
c.	In Westernized societies, obesity has become a source of social stigma and low self-esteem.
d.	Sixty-five percent of adults in the United States are overweight with more than one third being obese.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

If you eat more when food is highly visible and plentiful, then you are being influenced by

a.	your emotions.
b.	your satiety system.
c.	external eating cues.
d.	a lowered basal metabolism.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Application

Eighteen-year-old Marie has gained weight since starting college because she tends to eat with her friends at “all-you-can-eat” buffets near campus. Her weight gain is most likely due in this case to

a.	external eating cues.
b.	depression.
c.	her set point.
d.	her lowered basal metabolism.

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Application

Vending machines display the food they sell because many people are sensitive to

a.	external eating cues.
b.	biological cues.
c.	their set point.
d.	their satiety system.

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Application

Regarding factors that influence eating, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	The availability of a variety of tasty foods can lead to overeating and obesity in societies where such foods are plentiful.
b.	Leptin tends to enhance the tongue’s sensitivity to sweet tastes.
c.	If you eat too much of any particular food, it will become less appealing.
d.	The presence of others can affect whether people overeat/undereat depending on how much everyone else is eating and how important it is to impress them.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding factors that influence eating, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	If you are well fed, leptin dulls the tongue’s sensitivity to sweet tastes.
b.	People with weight problems are prone to overeat when they are anxious, angry, or sad
c.	If you eat too much of any particular food, it will become more appealing and be eaten habitually.
d.	Cultural values greatly affect the incentive value of foods.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

If a particular food causes sickness, or simply precedes sickness caused by something else, a learned __________ may result.

a.	psychosomatic illness
b.	taste aversion
c.	anorexia
d.	specific hunger

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following is FALSE concerning how taste and taste aversions are related to hunger?

a.	Taste aversions are developed through operant conditioning.
b.	Tastes for “normal” foods vary considerably.
c.	When you are full, you tend to lose your taste for sweet foods.
d.	Taste aversions may help people avoid severe nutritional imbalances.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Sol became very ill after eating bran muffins. The next time he sees bran muffins, he experiences nausea by just looking at them. Sol’s taste aversion is an example of

a.	an instinct.
b.	an incentive.
c.	classical conditioning.
d.	operant conditioning.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Application

Susan has been undergoing chemotherapy. Because the drugs used in this treatment cause nausea, Susan may experience

a.	a taste aversion.
b.	homeostasis.
c.	bulimia nervosa.
d.	anorexia nervosa

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Application

Taste aversions are a type of classical conditioning, and if there is a long delay between the CS and US, conditioning is usually prevented. The fact that people and animals can develop taste aversions, even though sickness occurs long after eating, indicates that

a.	taste aversions are really learned through operant conditioning.
b.	taste aversions can be unlearned as well.
c.	there is a biological tendency to associate sickness with any food eaten earlier.
d.	there is less aversion associated with the actual sickness than with whatever caused the sickness in the first place.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Emotions, such as anxiety, anger, or sadness, often cause people with weight problems to

overeat.

stop eating.

c. go on fad diets.

go on realistic weight-loss diets.

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Emotional distress that sometimes occurs as a result of being obese makes weight control difficult because it often leads to

a.	higher metabolic rates.
b.	lower metabolic rates.
c.	additional overeating.
d.	greater sensitivity to external cues.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Cultural values influence hunger primarily by affecting

a.	one’s genetic leptin levels.
b.	the incentive value of various foods.
c.	the set point of a person’s body fat.
d.	our innate sense of what constitutes good food.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Although horse meat is regularly eaten in some parts of the world, the vast majority of Americans would have great difficulty eating horse meat, even if they were very hungry. This illustrates how which of the following affects hunger?

a.	genetic factors
b.	set point
c.	cultural values
d.	homeostatic mechanisms

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Application

Choosing to become a vegan or a vegetarian usually occurs because of

a.	genetic factors.
b.	classically conditioned taste aversions.
c.	cultural values.
d.	nutritional imbalances.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Your current diet is best defined as the

a.	proportion of food you are presently eating compared to the proportion you ate in the past.
b.	amount carbohydrate to fat content in the foods you are currently eating.
c.	amount of weight that you are planning to lose.
d.	types and amounts of food you regularly eat.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

A diet of cheese, peanut butter, cookies, bananas, marshmallows, and chocolate is referred to as a __________ diet.

a.	“Yo-Yo”
b.	“freshman”
c.	“supermarket”
d.	“preschool”

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

The “supermarket diet” often encourages

a.	overeating.
b.	weight loss.
c.	taste aversions.
d.	homeostasis.

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

In one classic experiment, rats were given meals of chocolate chip cookies, salami, cheese, bananas, marshmallows, milk chocolate, peanut butter, and fat. The rats

a.	lost weight because of the nutritional imbalance in the foods provided.
b.	overate, gaining about three times as much weight as rats fed laboratory chow.
c.	did not gain or lose weight, since sweetness and fat content only encourage humans to overeat.
d.	chose to eat only the salami, cheese, and bananas.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

The reason that the “supermarket diet” leads to overeating is because of its

a.	effect on homeostasis.
b.	incentive value.
c.	metabolic rate.
d.	effects on stomach distention.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Overeating tends to be encouraged by all of the following EXCEPT

a.	larger food portions.
b.	taking less time to eat.
c.	sweetness or high fat content.
d.	a lack of variety in foods.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

In general, all of the following tend to encourage overeating EXCEPT for

a.	sweetness.
b.	taking longer to eat.
c.	high fat content.
d.	variety.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Concept

People in the North America would be less likely to become obese if they

a.	prepared more meals at home rather than going to a restaurant.
b.	had more variety available in the foods they eat.
c.	ate their meals in a shorter amount of time.
d.	did all of these.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Concept

In a comparison of the United States and France, the people in the United States

a.	are less likely to become obese than people in France.
b.	eat slower than people in France.
c.	eat larger portions than people in France.
d.	exhibit all of these characteristics.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

In a comparison of the United States and France, the people in France

a.	are more likely to become obese than people in the United States.
b.	eat faster than people in people in the United States.
c.	eat smaller portions than people in the United States.
d.	exhibit all of these characteristics.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Regarding diets, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Restaurant foods in the United States are lower in fat and calories than meals made at home.
b.	Food portions at restaurants in the United States are 25 percent larger, or more than they are in France.
c.	Far fewer people are obese in France because they eat less and take longer to eat a meal.
d.	In general, sweetness, high fat content, and variety tend to encourage overeating.

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Repeated dieting generally produces

a.	dramatic and lasting weight loss.
b.	moderate but permanent weight loss.
c.	weight loss, most of which is regained.
d.	acquired aversions for the least desirable foods.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Your obese uncle has tried every diet under the sun, yet he is still a very large man. He probably has

a.	converted the fat cells to muscle cells through his dieting efforts.
b.	a lower metabolic rate.
c.	a permanent change in basic eating habits.
d.	acquired taste aversions.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Application

One of the reasons people who go on strict or severe diets tend to rebound and regain the weight is that

a.	dieting causes the body to become efficient at conserving calories as fat.
b.	dieting increases the body’s metabolic rate.
c.	diets are unable to change the physiology of the body.
d.	people lack the will power to finish a diet before losing any weight.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Concept

The repeatedly losing and gaining of weight that dramatically slow the body’s metabolic rate and raise the body’s set point is called

a.	“supersized dieting.”
b.	behavioral dieting.
c.	“yo-yo dieting.”
d.	French-style dieting.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding “yo-yo dieting,” which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

a.	“Yo-yo dieting” lowers the body’s set point for fat.
b.	“Yo-yo dieting” tends to increase the body’s metabolism.
c.	“Yo-yo dieting” actually makes it harder to lose weight when dieting and easier to regain weight when the dieting ends.
d.	“Yo-yo dieting” is characterized by all of these.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

What is the relationship between weight cycling (losing and gaining weight) and metabolic rate?

a.	Weight cycling causes decreases in metabolic rate.
b.	Weight cycling causes increases in metabolic rate.
c.	A higher metabolic rate causes weight cycling.
d.	Recent research shows that there is no relationship between the two.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding “yo-yo dieting,” which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	“Yo-yo dieting” causes the dieter’s body to become highly efficient at conserving calories and storing them as fat.
b.	“Yo-yo dieting” can dramatically increase the body’s metabolic rate.
c.	“Yo-yo dieting” makes it harder to lose weight each time a person diets and easier to regain weight when the diet ends.
d.	“Yo-yo dieting” increases the risk of heart disease and premature death.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Frequent changes in diet and weight can

a.	make you healthier.
b.	improve fitness.
c.	lead to a risk of heart disease and premature death.
d.	lead to none of these.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Reasons that people become obese include all of the following EXCEPT

a.	a North American culture that provides inexpensive, good-tasting food everywhere.
b.	a brain that evolved to “eat whenever food was available.”
c.	genetics.
d.	the problems associated with behavioral dieting.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Weight reduction based on changing exercise and eating habits, rather than temporary self-starvation is called

a.	metabolism motivational dieting.
b.	behavioral dieting.
c.	“yo-yo dieting.”
d.	French-style dieting.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Keeping a “diet diary, developing techniques to control the act of eating, and setting a “threshold” for weight control in an effort to lose weight are approaches used in

a.	aversive conditioning.
b.	internal-control dieting.
c.	behavioral dieting.
d.	stimulus-deprivation conditioning.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Cassie begins implementing a routine in which she keeps track of her calories, uses learning techniques to control her eating habits, and starts exercising. We would say that Cassie has begun a

a.	behavioral dieting program.
b.	metabolism motivational program.
c.	modification of cognitive habitual processes.
d.	self-esteem-based dieting strategy.

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Application

In order to lose weight using behavioral dieting, it is necessary to

a.	model another individual’s diet for a week and compare it to yours.
b.	completely overhaul your eating and exercise habits.
c.	manipulate your body fat ratio using biofeedback techniques.
d.	listen to subliminal tapes that will alter the thought patterns which will change eating behavior.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Carlos is learning to weaken his personal eating cues as part of a program called

a.	self-selection feeding.
b.	yo-yo dieting.
c.	rapid weight cycling.
d.	behavioral dieting.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Application

All of the following are means of achieving a successful weight loss program using behavioral dieting EXCEPT

a.	learning to weaken personal eating cues.
b.	using biofeedback techniques to break habitual eating.
c.	counting calories.
d.	exercise.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Behavioral dieting includes all of the following EXCEPT

a.	exercise.
b.	“yo-yo dieting.”
c.	keeping a “diet diary.”
d.	counting calories.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following suggestions would NOT be helpful to include in a weight-loss plan?

a.	Involve other people in your efforts with Overeaters Anonymous or Take Off Pounds Sensibly being good sources of social support.
b.	Record where you eat and the feelings and events that occur just before and after eating and then learn to weaken your personal eating cues.
c.	Restrict your eating to one room, carry to the table only what you plan to eat, and put all other food away before leaving the kitchen.
d.	Fast one day a week, eat only fruits and vegetables two days a week, then eat only protein two days a week, and anything you want the other two days.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following suggestions would NOT be helpful to include in a weight-loss plan?

a.	Keep a “diet diary.”
b.	Check for nutritional information on foods and buy groceries lower in calories and fat.
c.	Set a realistic goal of losing three to four pounds per week.
d.	If you have an impulse to snack, set a timer for 20 minutes and see if you are still hungry then.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding dieting and weight loss, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Eat slowly, sip water between bites of food, leave food on your plate, and stop eating before you are completely full.
b.	Eat while doing other activities, such as studying or reading so you will be distracted and will not eat so much.
c.	Dull your appetite by filling up on raw carrots, bouillon, water, coffee, or tea.
d.	Eat several small meals a day rather than a few large ones because more calories will be burned.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

One important technique of behavioral dieting is to

a.	ignore caloric content and focus on fat content.
b.	eat several high calorie snacks each day and one meal at night.
c.	manipulate your body fat ratio using biofeedback techniques.
d.	set a threshold for weight regain of around three pounds.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding dieting and weight loss, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	People who diet intensely every other day lose as much as those who diet moderately every day.
b.	It is generally better to eat three large meals a day than several small ones because more calories are burned.
c.	No diet can succeed for long without an increase in exercise.
d.	It is easier to maintain weight losses if you set a regain limit of three pounds or less.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Life-threatening weight loss due to self-inflicted starvation is called

a.	conditioned fasting.
b.	voluntary malnutrition.
c.	anorexia nervosa.
d.	bulimia nervosa.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of anorexia nervosa?

a.	One in 20 persons with anorexia die from malnutrition.
b.	Anorexia occurs primarily in adolescent females.
c.	Menstruation in women with anorexia ceases.
d.	Persons with anorexia lose their appetite through this excessive dieting.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Tanya’s parents describe Tanya as the perfect daughter, considerate, obedient, and helpful. Recently, they have noticed that she has lost a considerable amount of weight, and is obsessed with dieting and relentless exercise. Although her parents have told her that she has lost enough weight, Tanya still feels like she needs to lose more weight. From these observations, it appears that Tanya is suffering from

a.	anorexia nervosa.
b.	bulimia nervosa.
c.	a serious taste aversion.
d.	the behavioral dieting syndrome.

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Application

Arianna weighs only 85 percent of what her weight should be for her height. She denies the seriousness of her abnormally low body weight, even though she has stopped having menstrual periods. Arianna appears to be suffering from

a.	anorexia nervosa.
b.	bulimia nervosa.
c.	a serious taste aversion.
d.	the behavioral dieting syndrome.

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.2 KEY: www

MSC: TYPE: Application

Gorging on food and then vomiting or taking laxatives to avoid gaining weight is called

a.	behavioral dieting.
b.	bulimia nervosa.
c.	anorexia nervosa.
d.	fad dieting.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of bulimia nervosa?

a.	binge eating
b.	tooth decay, sore throat, and hair loss
c.	use of vomiting, laxatives, or diuretics to lose weight
d.	body weight below 85 percent of normal for one’s height and age

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

When Karen is feeling “down,” she tends to binge on large amounts of junk food. Then, she either vomits or uses laxatives to rid herself of this food. Her family is unaware that Karen has an eating disorder because her weight is normal for her age. From these observations, it appears that Karen is suffering from

a.	anorexia nervosa.
b.	bulimia nervosa.
c.	a taste aversion.
d.	the behavioral dieting syndrome.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Application

Amber is slightly above her normal weight. She feels that she has no control over her eating and often consumes large quantities of food in only an hour or so. Amber then either makes herself vomit or resorts to excessive exercise or fasting to prevent weight gain. From these observations, it appears that Amber is suffering from

a.	anorexia nervosa.
b.	bulimia nervosa.
c.	the taste aversion paradox.
d.	the behavioral dieting syndrome.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Application

Individuals with bulimia suffer from which of the following health risks?

a.	kidney damage and heart attacks
b.	tooth erosion and sore throat
c.	muscle spasms, hair loss, and swollen salivary glands
d.	all of these

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are

a.	adolescent growth phases that a few women go through and that disappear later.
b.	classified as psychotic behavior.
c.	temporary side-effects of dieting.
d.	serious health threatening problems.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding anorexia and bulimia, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Often, anorexia starts with “normal” dieting that slowly begins to dominate the person’s life.
b.	Approximately five percent of college women are bulimic with as many as 60 percent having milder eating problems.
c.	Only about two percent of the people with anorexia and ten percent of those with bulimia are male.
d.	People with eating disorders have distorted views of themselves with many overestimating their body size by 25 percent or more.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

More and more men are experiencing excessive worry about not being muscular enough, a condition known as

a.	acromegaly.
b.	muscle dysmorphia.
c.	physical myopia.
d.	kinesthetic dysplasia.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding males who are anorexic and bulimic, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	About 10 percent of anorexics and 25 percent of bulimics are now males
b.	Currently, one third of men say they want less body fat and another third want more muscles
c.	Most people suffering from eating disorders will not seek help on their own, especially men, who perceive eating disorders to be a female problem
d.	Men engaged in sports that require low body fat, such as wrestling, gymnastics, or cycling are less likely to develop eating disorders.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

In a study on preferred body shape, women with abnormal eating habits

a.	rated their body shape as being farther from their ideal weight than women with normal eating habits.
b.	chose as an ideal weight, one that was heavier than men prefer.
c.	chose as an ideal weight, one that is lighter than what they think men prefer, but heavier than what men actually do prefer.
d.	did not want to be thinner than what they thought men found attractive.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following is a primary result of Zellner, Harner, and Adler’s study on the perception of ideal body weight by women?

a.	Most women with normal eating habits want to be thinner.
b.	Only women with abnormal eating habits wanted to be thinner.
c.	Both women with normal and abnormal eating habits wanted to be thinner than what they thought men found attractive.
d.	Men want women much thinner than the ideal body image held by most women.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

According to Zellner, Harner, and Adler’s study of the perception of ideal body weight by women, which of the following women wanted to be thinner than what they thought men find attractive?

a.	only women with normal eating habits
b.	only women with abnormal eating habits
c.	both women with normal and abnormal eating habits
d.	none of the women

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding eating disorders, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	People engaged in sports, such as wrestling, pole vaulting, high jumping, and cycling, are less likely to develop eating disorders.
b.	The current popularity of fitness and exercise has contributed to the rise in eating disorders.
c.	People with eating disorders have distorted views of themselves, exaggerated fears of becoming fat, and low self-esteem.
d.	Most people suffering from eating disorders will not seek help on their own, especially men.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

The causes of anorexia and bulimia include

a.	exaggerated fears of becoming fat.
b.	overestimation of body size.
c.	harmful messages in the media.
d.	all of these.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Teen girls who are described as “perfect” daughters, who are helpful, considerate, conforming, and obedient and who seem to be seeking perfect control in their lives by becoming slim are more likely to be

a.	anorexic.
b.	bulimic.
c.	overweight.
d.	morbidly obese.

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Jarratt is above average in weight and is obsessed with thoughts of weight, food, and eating. As a result, he often feels guilt, shame, self-contempt, and anxiety that can only be reduced through purging the food from is body. Jarratt’s behavior fits that of a person who is

a.	anorexic.
b.	bulimic.
c.	overweight.
d.	morbidly obese.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Application

Regarding both anorexia and bulimia, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Although a compulsive attempt to lose weight causes people with anorexia not to seek or desire food, they usually still feel physical hunger.
b.	Eating disorders often disappear on their own and thus do not require professional help.
c.	Some websites even go so far as to celebrate anorexia and bulimia.
d.	People with eating disorders appear to be trying to gain some measure of control in their lives.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Regarding anorexia and bulimia, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Vomiting reduces the anxiety of the bulimic, which makes purging highly reinforcing.
b.	Girls who spend a lot of time reading teen magazines are more likely to have distorted body images and unrealistic ideas about how they compare with others.
c.	Most people suffering from eating disorders will eventually seek help on their own.
d.	People engaged in sports, such as wrestling, gymnastics, pole vaulting, high jumping, and cycling are particularly likely to develop eating disorders.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Treatment for anorexia includes

a.	a medical diet to restore weight and health.
b.	the use of drugs to relieve obsessive fears of gaining weight.
c.	cognitive-behavioral therapy to change thinking patterns.
d.	all of these.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Treatment for anorexia and bulimia includes all of the following EXCEPT

a.	giving drugs to anorexics to relieve obsessive fears of gaining weight.
b.	behavioral dieting with taste aversion therapy for bulimics.
c.	cognitive-behavioral therapy to change thinking patterns.
d.	helping patients work on the emotional conflicts that lead to weight loss.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

The typical treatments for anorexia and bulimia includes all of the following EXCEPT

a.	giving drugs to anorexics to relieve obsessive fears of gaining weight.
b.	behavioral counseling for bulimics that involves self-monitoring of food intake.
c.	cognitive-behavioral therapy to change thinking patterns.
d.	aversion therapy to deal with the unconscious conflicts related to weight gain. .

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

In the treatment of eating disorders, which type of therapy is most often used to change thinking patterns and beliefs about weight and body shape that perpetuate eating disorders?

a.	psychoanalytic
b.	humanistic
c.	cognitive-behavioral
d.	systematic desensitization

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

If you were to take a drug that made your mouth constantly wet, your water intake would

a.	increase.
b.	decrease.
c.	remain normal.
d.	not be predictable.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Regarding thirst, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Thirst is only partially controlled by dryness of the mouth.
b.	Thirst is regulated by separate thirst and thirst satiety systems in the hypothalamus.
c.	Thirst is strongly affected by learning and cultural values.
d.	The two kinds of thirst are referred to as cellular and molecular.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding thirst, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Thirst is regulated by separate thirst and thirst satiety systems in the hypothalamus.
b.	Some nomadic peoples of the Sahara Desert prize blood as a beverage because of its saltiness.
c.	If you were to take a drug that made your mouth constantly wet, your water intake would decrease.
d.	In lab tests, animals greatly prefer saltwater after salt levels in their bodies are lowered.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

The part of the brain most closely associated with thirst is the

a.	medulla.
b.	pituitary gland.
c.	hypothalamus.
d.	hippocampus.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Separate thirst and thirst satiety systems are located in the

a.	pituitary gland.
b.	frontal lobes.
c.	cerebellum.
d.	hypothalamus.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

When there is a loss of water from the fluids surrounding the cells in a person’s body, they experience a(n)

a.	thirst for plain water.
b.	thirst for alcohol.
c.	extracellular thirst.
d.	intracellular thirst.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which type of thirst is caused by a reduction in the volume of fluids found between body cells?

a.	intracellular
b.	hypothalamic
c.	extracellular
d.	homeostatic

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *, www

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Extracellular thirst results from all of the following EXCEPT

a.	bleeding.
b.	vomiting or diarrhea.
c.	consuming alcohol.
d.	eating a salty meal.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

You have been doing lawn work and trimming hedges in the hot summer sun. You have been perspiring profusely. You have a(n) __________ thirst.

a.	extracellular
b.	molecular
c.	intracellular
d.	chemically-induced

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Application

You have been doing lawn work and trimming hedges in the hot summer sun. You have been perspiring profusely. Your thirst would best be quenched by drinking

a.	a slightly salty liquid.
b.	plain water.
c.	a beverage containing some alcohol.
d.	a sugary drink.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Application

You and a friend play three hours of racquetball. Afterwards, you are most likely to prefer

a.	plain water.
b.	a slightly salty liquid.
c.	a beverage containing some alcohol.
d.	a sugary drink.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Application

Bleeding, vomiting, diarrhea, and drinking alcohol tend to cause a(n)__________ thirst.

a.	intracellular
b.	hypothalamic
c.	extracellular
d.	homeostatic

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

A slightly salty liquid is most satisfying when a person has a(n)__________ thirst.

a.	intracellular
b.	hypothalamic
c.	extracellular
d.	homeostatic

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

When there is a loss of water from the fluids within the cells in a person’s body, they experience a(n)

a.	thirst for a slightly salty liquid.
b.	thirst for alcohol.
c.	extracellular thirst.
d.	intracellular thirst.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Intracellular thirst occurs when

a.	water and minerals are lost by perspiring.
b.	bleeding, vomiting, or diarrhea occur.
c.	alcohol is consumed.
d.	a salty meal is eaten.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which type of thirst is triggered when fluid is drawn out of cells due to an increased concentration of salts and minerals outside the cell?

a.	intracellular
b.	hypothalamic
c.	extracellular
d.	homeostatic

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

To quench her thirst, Mia found plain water to be the most satisfying after she had eating a bag of salty chips. Mia had a(n)__________ thirst.

a.	intracellular
b.	hypothalamic
c.	extracellular
d.	homeostatic

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Nettie has been snacking on a large bag of salty pretzels. She will

a.	experience an extracellular thirst.
b.	experience an intracellular thirst.
c.	need a slightly salty liquid to quench her thirst.
d.	need a sugary drink to quench her thirst.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Application

You are driving cross-country and stop in at a fast food restaurant. You eat several cheeseburgers and a gargantuan-mound of fries. After eating this food, you find yourself very thirsty. Your thirst would be best quenched by drinking

a.	plain water.
b.	a slightly salty liquid.
c.	a sugary carbonated soft drink.
d.	a beverage containing some alcohol.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Application

After eating a salty fish dinner you are very thirsty for plain water, a condition described as

intracellular thirst.

b. extracellular thirst.

primary thirst.

secondary thirst.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Application

Biological needs for food, water, air, sleep, and elimination are characterized by all of the following EXCEPT

a.	being influenced by external factors.
b.	coming and going in a fairly regular cycle each day.
c.	being homeostatic.
d.	being considered stimulus motives.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Biological needs for food, water, air, sleep, and elimination are characterized by all of the following EXCEPT

a.	being influenced by external factors.
b.	being considered episodic drives.
c.	prompting us to actively seek a desired goal.
d.	being examples of biological motives.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Thirst and sleepiness are

a.	episodic drives.
b.	cyclical drives.
c.	unaffected by external incentives.
d.	unaffected by early experiences and learning.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Pain avoidance is

a.	episodic.
b.	cyclical.
c.	a stimulus motive.
d.	unaffected by early experiences and learning

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following biological motives is considered episodic?

a.	hunger
b.	thirst
c.	sleepiness
d.	pain avoidance

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following pairs is correct?

a.	food – secondary motive
b.	thirst – stimulus motive
c.	pain – episodic
d.	sex – homeostatic

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Pain avoidance is unusual among the biological drives because it is

a.	cyclic rather than episodic.
b.	unaffected by attitudes and learning.
c.	characterized by avoidance rather than goal-seeking.
d.	characterized by all of these.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.2 KEY: www

MSC: TYPE: Concept

If a parent told a child to be strong and not to cry when the child got hurt, the parent might be trying to

a.	decrease the tolerance for pain.
b.	increase the tolerance for pain.
c.	make the pain episodic.
d.	control the cyclic nature of pain.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Application

That members of some societies endure cutting, burning, whipping, and piercing of the skin that would be agonizing to most people is best explained by a difference in pain tolerance that is due to

a.	the age and gender of the persons.
b.	the differences in body chemistry.
c.	the learned attitudes of different cultures.
d.	whether the pain avoidance is episodic or cyclic.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Concept

LaTara has a high pain tolerance, while Janae has a low pain tolerance. The difference is most likely due to

a.	the attitudes they learned by observing role models.
b.	differences in their body chemistry.
c.	the type of pain each is enduring.
d.	whether the pain avoidance is episodic or cyclic.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Application

Regarding pain tolerance, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	In general, we learn how to react to pain by observing family members’ reactions to pain.
b.	Pain avoidance is considered a stimulus motive.
c.	Pain avoidance is episodic.
d.	Pain prompts us to avoid or to eliminate sources of discomfort.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Regarding sex as a biological motive, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

a.	Sex is necessary for group survival.
b.	Sex is necessary for individual survival.
c.	The human sex drive is largely homeostatic.
d.	All of these statements are true.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

The term “sex drive” refers to

a.	a person’s openness to a variety of sexual activities.
b.	a person’s degree of motivation to engage in sexual behavior.
c.	a person’s level of sexual experience.
d.	the frequency of sexual activity.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

The strength of one’s motivation to engage in sexual behavior is referred to as one’s

a.	sexual script.
b.	excitement phase.
c.	sex drive.
d.	orgasmic function.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding sex as a biological motive, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Most psychologists believe that sex is necessary for individual survival.
b.	In lower mammals, normal males are almost always ready to mate.
c.	In lower mammals, the normal females are interested in mating only when their fertility cycles are in the stage of estrus.
d.	In lower animals, the sex drive is directly related to hormones.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding sex as a biological motive, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Sex is homeostatic and necessary for individual survival.
b.	In most animals, castration will abolish the sex drive.
c.	In lower mammals, the sex drive of the male is primarily aroused by the behavior and scent of a receptive female.
d.	In lower mammals, the normal female is interested in mating only when their fertility cycles are in the stage of estrus, or “heat.”

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

The period during which female animals are sexually receptive is called

a.	mensis.
b.	estrus.
c.	hormonal readiness.
d.	androgyny.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following terms refers to the changes in the sexual drives of animals that create a desire for mating and is particularly used to refer to females “in heat”?

a.	estrus
b.	mensis
c.	hormonal readiness
d.	androgyny

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

In lower animals, the release of the female sex hormone into the bloodstream makes the female receptive to having sex with this period being referred to as

a.	mensis.
b.	estrus.
c.	menopause.
d.	androgyny.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Estrus is caused by a release of which sex hormone into the bloodstream?

a.	androgen
b.	noradrenaline
c.	oxytocin
d.	estrogen .

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

In lower animals, the male’s sex drive is primarily aroused by the

a.	behavior and scent of a receptive female.
b.	rise in endorphins that occurs at a particular age of maturation.
c.	rise in testosterone levels that occurs on a homeostatic cycle.
d.	period during sexual maturation known as androgyny.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which sex hormones are primarily responsible for the male sex drive, but also play a role in the female sex drive?

a.	endorphins
b.	androgens
c.	estrogens
d.	adrenalines.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Androgens affect the sex drive in

a.	men only.
b.	women only.
c.	both men and women.
d.	neither men nor women.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding the effects of hormones on the human sex drive, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Hormones affect the human sex drive, but not as directly as in animals.
b.	The sex drive in women is related to both her estrogen and androgen levels.
c.	Testosterone levels decline with age; and taking testosterone supplements can restore the sex drive in both men and women.
d.	The human sex drive is largely homeostatic and dependent on bodily need states.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following BEST describes alcohol’s effects on sexual behavior?

a.	In moderate amounts, it directly stimulates sexual desire and performance.
b.	It seldom stimulates sexual desire except in large amounts.
c.	Small amounts may lower inhibitions, but large amounts actually decrease sexual desire and performance.
d.	There are no known effects of alcohol on sexual desire or sexual performance.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Substances that increase sexual desire or pleasure are called

a.	amphetamines.
b.	enhancers.
c.	aphrodisiacs.
d.	euphorics.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding the effects of drugs on the sex drives and sexual response of men and women, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Large doses of alcohol suppress orgasm in women and erections in men.
b.	Amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy will enhance sexual response.
c.	Marijuana, LSD, and barbiturates impair sexual response.
d.	Aphrodisiacs are substances that increase sexual desire or pleasure.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding the effects of drugs on the sex drives and sexual response of men and women, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	The use of the drug Ecstasy increases and enhances sexual desire and response.
b.	Amphetamines, cocaine, and amyl nitrite impair sexual response.
c.	Marijuana, LSD, and barbiturates impair sexual response.
d.	In small amounts alcohol may lower inhibitions, but in large amounts it actually decreases sexual response.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Drugs that impair one’s sexual response include

a.	amphetamines.
b.	alcohol.
c.	marijuana.
d.	all of these.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following seems to be the best aphrodisiac of all?

a.	alcohol
b.	Ecstasy
c.	love
d.	testosterone supplements

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

The human sex drive

a.	is not necessary for individual survival, but is necessary for the survival of the human species.
b.	refers to one’s sexual orientation and the type of sexual behaviors one engages in.
c.	is cyclic and homeostatic.
d.	shows a clear relationship to deprivation, that is, the amount of time that has passed since the drive was last satisfied.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

The human sex drive

a.	is less affected by hormones than the sex drive of lower animals.
b.	is homeostatic.
c.	is necessary for individual survival.
d.	shows a clear relationship to deprivation, that is, the amount of time that has passed since the drive was last satisfied.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding the human sex drive, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	The human sex drive is less affected by hormones than the sex drive of lower animals.
b.	The sex drive in human females is closely tied to the estrus cycle.
c.	The human sex drive is non-homeostatic.
d.	The sex drive in humans can be aroused at virtually any time by almost anything.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding the human sex drive, which of the following statements is TRUE?

a.	The sex drive in human females is closely tied to the estrus cycle.
b.	The human sex drive is stimulated by large doses of alcohol.
c.	The sex drive in humans can be aroused at virtually any time by almost anything.
d.	Recent sexual activity prevents sexual desire from occurring again until after a certain amount of deprivation time has occurred.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding the human sex drive, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	The strength of the sex drive is directly related to deprivation, or the amount of time since the drive was last satisfied.
b.	The human sex drive is related to androgen levels in both males and females.
c.	Recent sexual activity does not prevent sexual desire from occurring again.
d.	People seek to arouse the sex drive as well as to reduce it.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

A drive that is relatively independent of physical deprivation cycles or bodily need states is referred to as

a.	homeostatic.
b.	non-homeostatic.
c.	cyclic.
d.	primary.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

The human sex drive, unlike hunger and thirst,

a.	shows no clear relationship to deprivation.
b.	is non-homeostatic.
c.	is unusual in that its arousal is sought as well as its reduction.
d.	is characterized by all of these.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following drives is non-homeostatic?

a.	hunger
b.	thirst
c.	sleep
d.	sex

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

TRUE/FALSE

People who have had their stomachs surgically removed still experience hunger.

ANS: T DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

If NYP is present in large amounts, an animal will eat until it cannot hold another bite.

ANS: T DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

The people in France are less likely to become obese because they eat smaller portions and eat slower than people in the United States.

ANS: T DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

People who diet intensely every other day lose as much as those who diet moderately every day.

ANS: T DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Persons with anorexia lose their appetite and stop feeling hunger because of this compulsive dieting.

ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Eating a salty meal causes a person to have an extracellular thirst.

ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Pain avoidance is unusual among the biological motives because it is cyclic rather than episodic.

ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Drugs that impair one’s sexual response include amphetamines, alcohol, and marijuana.

ANS: T DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

COMPLETION

An animal will overeat if the part of the hypothalamus that is damaged is the __________ part.

ANS: ventromedial

DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.2 KEY: * MSC: TYPE: Fact

When you are well fed, your fat cells release a substance that will dull the tongue’s sensitivity to sweet tastes. This substance is __________.

ANS: leptin

DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 KEY: * MSC: TYPE: Fact

Carrie begins implementing a routine in which she keeps track of her calories, uses learning techniques to control her eating habits, and starts exercising. We would say that Carrie has begun a(n) __________ program.

ANS: behavioral dieting

DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 KEY: * MSC: TYPE: Application

Shanna gorges on food and then vomits or takes laxatives to avoid gaining weight. Shanna would most likely be diagnosed with __________.

ANS: bulimia nervosa

DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.2 KEY: * MSC: TYPE: Application

If you have sweated a great deal from exercising, a slightly salty liquid will more readily satisfy your __________thirst.

ANS: extracellular

DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 KEY: * MSC: TYPE: Application

Because pain avoidance occurs only in distinct situations when bodily damage takes place or is about to occur, pain avoidance is considered a(n) _________ drive.

ANS: episodic

DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 KEY: * MSC: TYPE: Concept

The period during which female animals are sexually receptive is called __________.

ANS: estrus

DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 KEY: * MSC: TYPE: Fact

We become uncomfortable when the activation of the body and nervous system is too low or too high, according the __________ theory.

ANS: arousal

DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 KEY: * MSC: TYPE: Concept

Gabriel goes bungee-jumping, has cage-dived with the great white sharks, and loves riding roller-coasters. Gabriel would be said to have the trait of high __________ seeking.

ANS: sensation

DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 KEY: * MSC: TYPE: Application

ESSAY

Your friend has just finished her freshmen year in college, and she has gained 15 pounds. Explain to your friend why her weight gain during her freshmen year is quite common and describe how behavioral dieting will help her lose and then maintain a healthy weight.

ANS:

Answer will include that many college freshmen gain weight rapidly during their first three months on campus (the famous “Frosh 15”).

DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2

MSC: TYPE: Factors that contribute to this weight gain include external eating cues, such as the availability and variety of foods, the “supermarket diet,” and emotional eating. All-you-can-eat dining halls in the dorms and nighttime snacking appear to be some of the main culprits. One tends to eat more when a variety of foods are easily accessible, convenient, and low-cost as found in what scientists call the “supermarket diet,” which includes foods with high fat content, such as cookies, cheese, and peanut butter. College students also eat out a great deal at restaurants, which usually serve high-fat foods and larger portions. The presence of others can also affect whether people overeat (or under eat) depending on how much everyone else is eating and how important it is to impress them. One also eats more when emotionally upset, whether depression or anxious, two emotions that are quite common on a college campus. These young people are also body conscious, so being overweight in a fat-c

Explain the causes of anorexia and bulimia.

ANS:

Answer will include that women and men who suffer from eating disorders are extremely dissatisfied with their bodies. Usually, they have distorted views of themselves and exaggerated fears of becoming fat. Many overestimate their body size by 25 percent of more. As a result, they think they are disgustingly “fat” when they are actually wasting away in the case of anorexics or are of normal size if bulimic. Many of these problems are related to harmful messages in the media. Girls who spend a lot of time reading teen magazines are more likely to have distorted body images and unrealistic ideas about how they compare with others. Some websites even go so far as to celebrate anorexia and bulimia (referred to by “fans” as “Ana” and Mia.” The popularity of fitness, exercise, and sports has also contributed to eating disorders. Today, more people are changing their diets in search of a lean, muscular look. People engaged in sports that require low body fat or extreme weight loss (such as wrestling, gymnastics, pole vaulting, high jumping, and even cycling) are particularly likely to develop eating disorders anorexic teens are usually described as “perfect” daughters, that is, helpful, considerate, conforming, and obedient. Many seem to seeking perfect control in their lives by being perfectly slim. People suffering from bulimia are also concerned with control. Typically they are obsessed with thoughts of weight, food, eating, and ridding themselves of food. As a result, they feel guilt, shame, self-contempt, and anxiety. Vomiting reduces their anxiety, which makes purging highly reinforcing.

DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 KEY: www MSC: TYPE: Concept

Explain how the drive to avoid pain and the sex drive differ from hunger and thirst.

ANS:

Answer will include that hunger, thirst, and sleepiness come and go in fairly regular cycles each day and are also homeostatic. In contrast, pain avoidance and sex are episodic drives, that is, they occur in distinct episodes. Regarding pain, this drive occurs in distinct episodes when bodily damage tales place or is about to occur. Most drives prompt us to actively seek a desired goal (food, drink, and warmth). Pain prompts us to avoid or eliminate sources of discomfort. Since the avoidance of pain is innate and is necessary for individual survival, pan is considered a primary motive. Although the sex drive is innate and biologically-based, it is not necessary for individual survival, but is necessary for the survival of the species. The sex drive is also largely non-homeostatic (relatively independent of bodily need states.) In humans, the sex drive can be aroused at virtually any time by almost anything. It therefore shows no clear relationship to deprivation (the amount of time since the drive was last satisfied.) Certainly, an increase in desire may occur as times passes. But recent sexual activity does not prevent sexual desire from occurring again. Also, people may seek to arouse the sex drive as well as to reduce it.

DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Question by Type

Module 9.2: Hunger, Thirst, Pain, and Sex	Question Type	Fact	Concept	Application
Hunger—Pardon Me, My Hypothalamus Is Growling	Multiple Choice	1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8-16, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 29-41, 43, 44, 45, 49, 50, 51, 56, 61, 62, 63, 64, 72, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 81, 82, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 97, 98, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 109, 115, 116, 117	7, 52, 55, 57, 58, 60, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 74, 80, 84, 110, 111, 113, 114	6, 17, 18, 19, 25, 26, 27, 28, 42, 46, 47, 48, 53, 54, 59, 73, 83, 85, 95, 96, 99, 100, 112
	True/False	1, 2, 3, 4, 5
	Completion	1, 2		3, 4
	Essay		2	1
Biological Motives Revisited—Thirst, Pain, and Sex	Multiple Choice	118, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 141, 142, 143, 151-167, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176	119, 139, 140, 144, 145, 147, 149, 150, 168	127, 128, 129, 137, 138, 146, 148
	True/False	6, 7, 8
	Completion	7	6	5
	Essay	3

Chapter 9: Motives and Feelings

Module 9.3

MULTIPLE CHOICE

The need for information, exploration, manipulation, and sensory input are closely brelated to

a.	acquired needs.
b.	episodic needs.
c.	biological motives.
d.	stimulus needs.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate-* REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

A cat caged in complete darkness learns to press a lever to briefly turn on a light. In terms of the cat’s motivation, the light serves as a(n)

a.	stimulus motive.
b.	cyclic drive.
c.	biological motive.
d.	incentive goal.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Application

Monkeys will happily open locks that are placed in their cage. Because no reward is given for this activity, it provides evidence for the existence of

a.	stimulus needs.
b.	cyclic drives.
c.	biological motives.
d.	external incentives.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Application

Regarding stimulus drives and the arousal theory, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Both humans and animals exhibit stimulus drives.
b.	When your level of arousal is too low or too high, you will seek ways to raise or lower it.
c.	Stimulus drives help us survive by identifying sources of food and danger.
d.	Stimulus drives include our needs for power and achievement.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Regarding stimulus drives and the arousal theory, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

a.	Stimulus drives are observed only in humans.
b.	According to the arousal theory, we try to keep arousal at the highest level possible during all the time we are awake.
c.	The level of arousal you are experiencing is closely linked with your motivation.
d.	All of these statements are true.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Regarding stimulus motives and the arousal theory, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	According to the arousal theory, we try to keep arousal at the highest level possible during all the time we are awake.
b.	The drive for stimulation is already present in humans during infancy.
c.	Stimulus drives explain our need for new forms of entertainment.
d.	Animals will work at tasks where no visible external reward is given.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Which of the following refers to the activation of the body and the nervous system?

a.	bio-stimulation
b.	organic initiation
c.	estrus
d.	arousal

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

At death, arousal is

a.	zero.
b.	low.
c.	moderate.
d.	at its highest.

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

During sleep, arousal is

a.	zero.
b.	low.
c.	moderate.
d.	high.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

For most normal daily activities, arousal is

a.	low.
b.	moderate.
c.	high.
d.	chaotic.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

During times of excitement or panic, arousal is

a.	zero.
b.	moderate.
c.	high.
d.	chaotic.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

The position that there is an ideal level of arousal for various activities and that individuals attempt to keep this activation of their body and nervous system near this ideal level is called the

a.	arousal theory.
b.	activation synthesis hypothesis.
c.	equilibration hypothesis.
d.	biorhythm theory.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

According to arousal theory, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	An individual becomes uncomfortable when arousal is too low or too high.
b.	The right mix of activities prevents boredom and overstimulation.
c.	The arousal theory explains the activation of our learned needs for achievement and power.
d.	Most adults vary their activities to keep arousal at a comfortable level of activation.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Which theory suggests that people seek particular levels of activation for their body and nervous system with the right mix of activities preventing boredom and overstimulation?

a.	arousal theory
b.	activation synthesis hypothesis
c.	equilibration hypothesis
d.	biorhythm theory

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Most adults try to vary their activities to maintain which level of arousal?

a.	zero
b.	high
c.	low
d.	comfortable

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Jordan plays his two new video games every day. After a month of continually playing these games, Jordan starts finding these games boring and wants some new ones. Jordan’s behavior is consistent with which theory of motivation?

a.	arousal theory
b.	opponent process theory
c.	drive reduction theory
d.	Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Application

People who prefer high levels of stimulation, such as bungee-jumping or cage diving with great white sharks, are said to have the trait of

a.	extrinsic motivation.
b.	intense drive reduction.
c.	high sensation seeking.
d.	intrinsic motivation.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding sensation-seeking, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

a.	Low sensation-seekers tend to prefer spicy, sour, and crunchy foods over bland foods.
b.	High and low sensation-seeking probably reflects differences in how a person’s body responds to new, unusual, surprising, or intense stimulation.
c.	High sensation-seekers enjoy the company of others.
d.	All of these statements are true.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Persons high in sensation seeking tend to

a.	be independent and value change.
b.	prefer sweet, bland foods.
c.	be nurturant and giving.
d.	be orderly and restrained.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Persons high in sensation seeking tend to be more likely to

a.	smoke.
b.	engage in substance abuse.
c.	engage in casual unprotected sex.
d.	do all of these.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Persons low in sensation seeking tend to

a.	enjoy the company of others.
b.	be more likely to smoke.
c.	prefer sour and crunchy foods.
d.	be more likely to engage in casual unprotected sex.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Debbie would be described as witty and independent. She loves to travel to new and exotic places as well as participating in exciting activities, such as snowboarding and scuba diving. Debbie would be described as

a.	having a need for power.
b.	intrinsically-motivated.
c.	high in sensation seeking.
d.	self-actualized.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Application

Jeremiah is a college sophomore, who most people would characterize as bold and independent. He has dated many women without making a serious commitment. Jeremiah has been smoking since high school and prefers spicy, sour, and crunchy food. Jeremiah would most likely be described as

a.	self-actualized.
b.	intrinsically-motivated.
c.	having a need for power.
d.	high in sensation seeking.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Application

Darrius is a college student, who enjoys going to wild, “uninhibited” parties and getting high on marijuana. He also enjoys riding his motorcycle fast and wants to be an EMT after college. Darrius would most likely be described as

a.	having a need for power.
b.	intrinsically-motivated.
c.	high in sensation seeking.
d.	self-actualized.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Application

Vicki is a college freshman, who most people would characterize as orderly, kind, and giving. She enjoys going out to eat with her friends, although she does not enjoy the spicy foods that they keep wanting her to try. Vicki would most likely be described as

a.	introverted-perceptive.
b.	extrinsically-motivated.
c.	low in sensation seeking.
d.	self-actualized.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Application

Twla is a young adult, but has always seemed “older and more settled.” Although she has always had a lot of friends, they know that she is not the type to experiment with drugs or “get drunk.” Twla would most likely be described as

a.	introverted-perceptive.
b.	extrinsically-motivated.
c.	self-actualized.
d.	low in sensation seeking.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Application

If we set aside individual differences, most people perform best on most tasks when their arousal level is

a.	high.
b.	moderate.
c.	low.
d.	at the zero stress level.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Concept

In general, effective performance for most people is shown by a(n)

a.	U-shaped curve, illustrating performance is best when arousal is either high or low.
b.	inverted U function, illustrating performance is best when arousal level is moderate.
c.	slope, illustrating performance is better when arousal is high and worse when arousal is low.
d.	horizontal line, illustrating performance is best when arousal is very low to zero.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

The inverted U function describes the relationship between

a.	deprivation and sex drive.
b.	stimulation and curiosity.
c.	arousal and performance.
d.	reinforcement and performance.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following explains that at very low levels of arousal we are not sufficiently energized to perform well with performance improving as our arousal level increases but decreases as we become too aroused, emotional, frenzied, or disorganized?

a.	the normal curve function
b.	the hierarchy of needs
c.	the sensation seeking trait
d.	the inverted-U function

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

On the day of the test, Eddie was very sleepy, while Petra was in a state of panic about the test. According to the arousal theory,

a.	both Eddie and Petra will probably perform well on the test, since test-taking is not influenced by arousal levels.
b.	both Eddie and Petra will probably perform well since they are both functioning at their optimal arousal levels.
c.	both Eddie and Petra will probably perform poorly on the test, because his arousal is too low and hers is too high.
d.	Petra will probably perform well since she is focused, while Eddie will probably perform poorly due to a low arousal level.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Application

Which of the following theories suggests that performance on tasks is best when the arousal is appropriate to the difficulty of the task?

a.	Yerkes-Dodson Law
b.	Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
c.	James-Lange theory
d.	Schachter’s two-factor theory

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following summarizes the relationships among arousal, task complexity, and performance?

a.	James-Lange theory
b.	Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
c.	Yerkes-Dodson Law
d.	Schachter’s two-factor theory

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, optimum performance on simple tasks occurs at levels of arousal that are

a.	higher than normal.
b.	lower than normal.
c.	average.
d.	almost zero.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, optimum performance for complex tasks occurs at levels of arousal that are

a.	very high.
b.	higher than normal.
c.	moderate.
d.	lower than normal.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

For relatively simple tasks, which level of arousal can improve performance?

a.	a zero level
b.	a lower level than normal
c.	maintaining a moderate level
d.	a higher level than normal

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

For more sensitive and complex tasks, which level of arousal can improve performance?

a.	a zero level
b.	a lower level than normal
c.	maintaining a moderate level
d.	a higher level than normal

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Jumping rope very fast would require which level of arousal?

a.	a zero level
b.	a lower level than normal
c.	maintaining a moderate level
d.	a higher level than normal

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Playing a difficult piece on the piano would require which level of arousal?

a.	a zero level
b.	a lower level than normal
c.	maintaining a moderate level
d.	a higher level than normal

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 KEY: *, www

MSC: TYPE: Concept

When you are running on the track team in the “20-yard dash,” your arousal level should be

a.	at a zero level.
b.	higher than normal.
c.	maintained at a moderate level.
d.	lower than normal.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Application

“Sinking a putt” on your college’s golf team requires your arousal to be

a.	at a zero level.
b.	higher than normal.
c.	maintained at a moderate level.
d.	lower than normal.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Application

Buford complains that he can play his tuba beautifully at home, but each time he tries to play at the local talent show, he sounds like a bull elk in rutting season. His problem is explained by

a.	the Yerkes-Dodson Law.
b.	the effects of homeostasis.
c.	habituation.
d.	biorhythms.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Application

At the state fair, you enter a couple of different contests. The first is a blueberry pie eating contest, in which the person who eats the most pies in two minutes wins. The second is a 100-yard dash in which you must balance an egg on a spoon with one hand and in the other hand carry a tray with eight glasses on it, and the person who reaches the finish line first while not spilling either the egg or the glasses wins. Given your knowledge of the Yerkes-Dodson Law, your arousal should be

a.	low for the pie eating contest and high for the egg-glasses race.
b.	high for the pie eating contest and high for the egg-glasses race.
c.	moderate for both contests.
d.	high for both contests.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Application

Regarding arousal during classroom tests, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Some arousal during testing is healthy because it helps focus students on the task at hand.
b.	Only when arousal interferes with performance is it referred to as test anxiety.
c.	Overpreparation is usually the main cause of test anxiety.
d.	One of the best ways to avoid test anxiety is to improve one’s study skills.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Test anxiety is a combination of

a.	low arousal level and lack of focus.
b.	overpreparation and literal interpretations.
c.	high arousal level and excessive worry.
d.	overpreparation and excessive worry.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Kierra is about to take her first test in psychology. Although she waited until the night before the test to study, Kerra “crammed” for four hours that night. She is now taking the test and is feeling “test anxious.” Since her arousal level is very high, we can expect her

a.	focus and attention to details on the test to be high.
b.	test anxiety to be due to overpreparation.
c.	performance on the test to be very good.
d.	performance on the test to be low.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Application

Regarding test anxiety, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Test anxiety is a mixture of heightened physiological arousal and excessive worry.
b.	Test anxiety tends to distract students with a rush of upsetting thoughts and feelings.
c.	Students are typically more anxious when they do not know the material.
d.	The lower your arousal level, the better most people perform on a test.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Which of the following is NOT a procedure students should use to reduce test anxiety?

a.	Start studying earlier for a test.
b.	Talk over your worries with others.
c.	Try not to study too much or overprepare for the test.
d.	Rehearse how you would handle “going blank” on a test.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Which of the following would NOT reduce test anxiety?

a.	learning self-relaxation skills
b.	overpreparation
c.	suppressing thoughts about going “blank”
d.	combat worries with calming, rational replies

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

The chief cure for test anxiety is

a.	hard work through overpreparation.
b.	thought suppression.
c.	learning to relax.
d.	discussing the problem with other students who also failed the test.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Concept

You have a friend who freezes on tests. What is the most direct remedy you could recommend?

a.	Take deep breaths and practice progressive muscle relaxation.
b.	Overprepare by studying long before the test date.
c.	Rehearse your reactions to a failure on this test.
d.	Talk to a counselor or a trusted friend.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Application

Jack has always suffered from test anxiety. This semester he began studying for his first psychology test over a week before the scheduled test. This overpreparation will most likely cause Jack to

a.	have less test anxiety and score higher on the test.
b.	have slightly more test anxiety and score lower on the test.
c.	create excessive worry, but will not change his performance on the test.
d.	feel extreme panic to the point of “going blank” on the test.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Application

Which of the following is NOT a good suggestion for reducing test anxiety?

a.	Start studying earlier for tests and overprepare.
b.	Rehearse how you will cope with upsetting events.
c.	Keep your attention on the task by focusing on one question at a time.
d.	Don’t talk to anyone about your fears, since this only increases your anxiety.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

The technique for combating test anxiety, known as “rehearsal,” involves

a.	efforts to actively recall material in preparation for the exam.
b.	repeating single words during the test to produce relaxation.
c.	practice in dealing with possible test crises before taking the exam.
d.	incorporating successful test-taking strategies of others in your own routine.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which component of test anxiety can be directly and effectively corrected by using coping statements?

a.	overpreparation
b.	under-arousal
c.	excessive worry
d.	compulsive rehearsal

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

You are taking a test and begin to think thoughts, such as “I’m going to fail and everyone will think I’m stupid.” You immediately combat these statements with calming, rational replies, such as “If I fail this test, it won’t be the end of the world, and I’ll try to improve on the next test” These rational replies are called __________ statements.

a.	sensate focus
b.	biofeedback
c.	coping
d.	denial

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Application

Regarding test anxiety, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Overpreparing for a test creates nervousness that leads to test anxiety.
b.	Students who cope well with exams try to do the best they can, even under trying circumstances.
c.	Becoming a more confident test taker can actually increase your scores, because it helps you remain calm.
d.	To reduce nervousness, rehearse how you will cope with upsetting events during the test, such as “going blank” or “running out of time.”

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Which motives are acquired in complex ways, such as cultural conditioning, and include the desire for status, money, success, achievement, and dominance?

a.	social motives
b.	primary motives
c.	stimulus motives
d.	homeostatic motives

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Success, achievement, competition, status, and power are

a.	considered social goals.
b.	classified as stimulus motives.
c.	not affected by cultural conditioning.
d.	characterized by all of these.

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Learned motives acquired as part of growing up in a particular culture are called __________ motives.

a.	stimulus
b.	primary
c.	social
d.	homeostatic

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding motives, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	The behavior of outstanding artists, scientists, and educators is best understood in terms of learned needs, particularly the need for achievement.
b.	Success, approval, grades, and dominance are considered stimulus motives.
c.	We acquire social motives through socialization and cultural conditioning.
d.	The need for achievement differs from the need for power.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Competition, money, possessions, grades, and dominance, power are all considered __________ motives.

a.	stimulus
b.	primary
c.	homeostatic
d.	social

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Regarding the need for achievement (nAch), which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

a.	The nAch is greatest for behaviors leading to financial and material success.
b.	The nAch involves a desire to have social impact and control over others.
c.	The nAch involves a desire to meet an internal standard of excellence.
d.	The nAch is characterized by all of these statements.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of a person with a high need for achievement?

a.	enjoys challenges
b.	enjoys a chance to test his or her abilities
c.	strives for wealth and prestige
d.	strives to do well any time they are evaluated

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Persons who have a desire to meet an internal standard of excellence and who strive to do well any time they are evaluated have a high need for

a.	achievement.
b.	affiliation.
c.	power.
d.	all of these.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Persons who typically enjoy challenges, relish a chance to test their abilities, and excel without seeking riches have a high need for

a.	achievement.
b.	affiliation.
c.	power.
d.	all of these.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

A high achiever in art, music, or science often strives for

a.	power and prestige.
b.	excellence without concern for material rewards.
c.	control over others.
d.	all of these.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Abby is a college student who enjoys taking challenging classes so that she can learn skills that will be helpful to her in the future. Although she has high A’s in all of her courses, she strives to do the best she can on every test and assignment because it is important to her to meet her own standards of excellence. McClelland would say that Abby has a high need for

a.	achievement.
b.	power.
c.	extrinsic motivation.
d.	all of these.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Application

Joey has always lived by the motto “whatever is worth doing is worth doing well.” In his job as a building contractor, Joey does his best no matter whether he is building a house for a multi-millionaire or donating his time to Habitat for Humanity. Joey is exhibiting a high need for

a.	achievement.
b.	power.
c.	affiliation.
d.	all of these.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Application

In general, exceptional success is most often the result of

a.	luck.
b.	drive and determination.
c.	strength and power.
d.	great natural talent.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Gabe tends to tackle tasks with perseverance, passion, and self-confidence, and attributes his success to his own ability and failure to insufficient effort. Gabe would be described as a person with a high need for

a.	achievement.
b.	recognition.
c.	power.
d.	affiliation.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Application

A person with a high need for achievement (nAch) tends to

a.	have a strong desire to have control over others.
b.	give up on difficult tasks when they are not succeeding.
c.	have self-confidence and excel in his or her occupation.
d.	be characterized by all of these.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.3 KEY: *, www

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Studies have found that those college students who have a high need for achievement tend to attribute their success to

a.	good luck.
b.	the ease of task.
c.	their ability.
d.	the help of others.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Studies have found that those college students who have a high need for achievement tend to attribute their failure to

a.	bad luck.
b.	the difficulty of the task.
c.	their lack of innate ability.
d.	insufficient effort.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of students with a high need for achievement?

a.	They tend to give up easily when they perform poorly.
b.	They attribute success to their own ability.
c.	They attribute failure to insufficient effort on their part.
d.	They earn better grades.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

College students high in the need for achievement

a.	will not attempt any task again on which they have already failed.
b.	attribute their success to chance factors.
c.	attribute their failure to insufficient effort.
d.	are more likely to attempt easy tasks and not complete difficult ones.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of college students with high needs for achievement?

a.	They earn better grades and excel in their occupations.
b.	They are less likely to renew their efforts when they perform poorly.
c.	They attribute failure to insufficient effort.
d.	They attribute their success to their own ability.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Concept

People can improve everyday motivation by increasing their belief that they can successfully carry out an activity or reach a goal, which involves developing

a.	self-actualization.
b.	optimal arousal.
c.	self-confidence.
d.	sense of power.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

By setting specific and attainable goals, visualizing the steps to reach that goal, focusing on one’s progress; and getting expert instruction, one can enhance one’s

a.	need for power.
b.	self-confidence.
c.	chances of becoming “burned-out.”
d.	chances of becoming a Type A personality.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Which of the following can enhance one’s self-confidence?

a.	Set high, broad goals to attain.
b.	When you first acquire a skill, make comparisons to others so you will know how much you need to improve.
c.	Get support and encouragement from an observer.
d.	If you fail, regard it as a lack of ability and move on to learning another skill.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Which of the following would NOT enhance one’s self-confidence?

a.	Get expert instruction that will help you master the skill.
b.	When first acquiring a skill, the goal should be to make progress in learning.
c.	If you fail, regard it as a sign that you need to try harder, not a lack of ability.
d.	Advance quickly in large, broad steps.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Which of the following is a way to increase self-confidence?

a.	Set goals that are specific and challenging, but attainable.
b.	Progress in large steps.
c.	If you fail, go on to another task in a different learning domain.
d.	Upon first acquiring a skill, immediately compare your rate of learning with others.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Regarding self-confidence, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	People with self-confidence believe they can successfully carry out an activity or reach a goal.
b.	Everyday motivation can be improved by increasing your self-confidence.
c.	Self-confidence influences how long you will persist when things do not go so well.
d.	People with self-confidence set high, broad goals to attain.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

According to McClelland, the purchase of expensive possessions, reading of flashy magazines, and exploitation of relationships are all indicative of the need for

a.	achievement.
b.	affiliation.
c.	sublimated affection.
d.	power.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

The desire to have impact or control over others is called the need for

a.	achievement.
b.	power.
c.	self-actualization.
d.	arousal.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Carey always seems to wear the latest fashion, drives a sporty car, is seen at all the important events, and only associates with the most popular people on campus. McClelland would say that Carey has a high need for

a.	achievement.
b.	power.
c.	self-actualization.
d.	all of these.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Application

It is important to Bernard to be very successful in the business world. He makes sure that people are aware of his importance and success by attending many social functions, being seen with the “right” politicians and other celebrities, and wearing the most expensive clothing and driving the fanciest sports car. However, he is not above “cutting a few ethical corners” to get ahead in business. Bernard is exhibiting a high need for

a.	achievement.
b.	power.
c.	self-actualization.
d.	all of these.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Application

People whose main goal in life is to make lots of money tend to

a.	have a high need for achievement.
b.	be intrinsically-motivated.
c.	be poorly adjusted and unhappy.
d.	be characterized by all of these.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Benjamin Bloom found that talent is nurtured by

a.	parents actively supporting their child’s special interest.
b.	intense practice.
c.	expert coaching.
d.	all of these.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Benjamin Bloom in his study of America’s top concert pianists, tennis players, Olympic swimmers, and mathematicians found that

a.	when they were children their skills were rather ordinary at first.
b.	their talent just “magically” surfaced one day.
c.	the majority of them were not exposed to expert coaching until they were older teenagers facing international competitions.
d.	they required less practice of their craft each day than a successful, but less eminent, person in their field.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Studies of child prodigies show that

a.	most did not receive parental support.
b.	intense practice and expert coaching were common ingredients of their high achievement.
c.	most became emotionally disturbed and less successful as adults.
d.	they required less practice of their craft each day than a successful who was not a child prodigy.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

According to Bloom’s study, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Elite performance typically requires ten years of dedicated practice.
b.	Talent is nurtured by dedication and hard work.
c.	Most high achievers were initially exposed by their parents to the sport, art, or music “just for fun.”
d.	Great talent tends most often to surface on its own without expert coaching.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

According to Bloom’s study, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Initially, most parents of high achievers exposed their children to music, swimming, and scientific ideas, “just for fun.”
b.	From the initial phases, high achievers display superior ability in their particular skill area that far surpassed the average child their age.
c.	Talent is most likely to blossom when parents actively support a child’s special interest and emphasize doing one’s best at all times.
d.	Elite performance typically requires ten years of dedicated practice.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following psychologists called the full use of potential self-actualization and also described a hierarchy of human needs?

a.	Sigmund Freud
b.	Stanley Schachter
c.	William James
d.	Abraham Maslow

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following describes the ordering of needs, based on their presumed strength or potency?

a.	Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs
b.	Yerkes-Dodson law
c.	Bloom’s taxonomy of goals
d.	the activation-synthesis hypothesis

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Maslow called the full use of personal potential

a.	achievement motivation.
b.	self-actualization.
c.	self-esteem.
d.	nirvana.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Because physiological needs must be met if we are to survive, they tend to be

a.	automatically achieved whereas the higher needs are not.
b.	considered stimulus needs rather than secondary needs.
c.	prepotent over the higher needs.
d.	intrinsic rather than extrinsic.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Curtis’ church group is going on a mission trip to a poverty-stricken country. Before establishing schools and churches, they know that they must first provide food, clean water, and medical care because, according to Maslow’s hierarchy, the type of needs that are prepotent to all other needs are the __________ needs.

a.	self-serving
b.	extrinsic
c.	intrinsic
d.	physiological

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Application

What is the correct order of needs in Maslow’s hierarchy?

a.	physiological; esteem; safety; self-actualization; love and belonging
b.	self-actualization; physiological; safety; love and belonging; esteem
c.	physiological; safety; love and belonging; esteem; self-actualization
d.	self-actualization; safety; love and belonging; esteem; physiological

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

At the bottom or the base of the hierarchy of human needs pyramid is

a.	love and belonging needs.
b.	esteem and self-esteem needs.
c.	physiological needs.
d.	safety and security needs.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

At the very top of the hierarchy of human needs pyramid is

a.	love and belonging.
b.	esteem and self-esteem.
c.	self-actualization.
d.	safety and security.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding the hierarchy of human needs, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Higher or more fragile needs are expressed only after we satisfy our physiological needs.
b.	Needs for esteem and self-esteem are considered to be meta-needs.
c.	Love and belonging needs are considered to be basic needs.
d.	The basic needs are also considered to be deficiency needs.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs pyramid is primarily composed of

a.	basic needs.
b.	growth needs.
c.	meta-needs.
d.	love and belonging needs.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

According to Maslow’s theory, the basic needs include all of the following EXCEPT

a.	physiological needs.
b.	safety needs.
c.	growth needs.
d.	esteem needs.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

According to Maslow, which of the following would be considered basic needs?

a.	safety needs
b.	love and belonging needs
c.	esteem needs
d.	all of these are basic needs

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

The employees at a factory were excellent workers until a week before Christmas when a rumor spread that economic conditions would force the plant to close in four days. The quality and quantity of work took a downturn as the workers spent time discussing among themselves the plausibility of the rumor and what they would do if it were true. Maslow would say that these workers were motivated by

a.	meta-needs.
b.	intrinsic motivation.
c.	esteem and self-esteem needs.
d.	safety and security needs.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Application

Many people gather with friends and family for special occasions. Maslow would say that this behavior is motivated by

a.	self-esteem needs.
b.	love and belonging needs.
c.	self-actualization.
d.	safety and security needs.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Application

Although she has grown up in an upper middle-class family and lived in a small reasonably safe town, Patti has always felt that she was different from her siblings and from the other teenagers at school. Due to this feeling of “not fitting in,” Patti joined a cult. Maslow would say that Patti joined the cult because she was trying to fulfill which basic need?

a.	love and belonging needs
b.	safety and security needs
c.	esteem and self-esteem needs
d.	self-actualization

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Application

Tanya works hard at her job in order to be recognized as an excellent employee and to feel worthwhile in her career. Tanya is trying to fulfill the need for

a.	esteem and self-esteem.
b.	love and belonging.
c.	self-actualization.
d.	safety and security.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Application

When Maslow designated some needs as “basic needs,” he meant that they were

a.	less important to individual survival.
b.	less likely to lead to activities considered admirable in human cultures.
c.	more likely to direct human activity until they were met.
d.	more likely to be unconscious than conscious.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Because Maslow’s lower needs are activated by a lack of food, water, security, love, esteem, or other basic needs, they could be accurately described as

a.	deficiency motives.
b.	secondary motives.
c.	growth needs.
d.	non-homeostatic.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Concept

According to Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs, which of the following would have to be satisfied BEFORE a person would show interest in satisfying love and belonging needs?

a.	esteem needs and self-actualization needs
b.	self-actualization needs and the meta-needs
c.	physiological needs and safety needs
d.	physiological needs and esteem needs

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 KEY: www

MSC: TYPE: Fact

At the top of Maslow’s hierarchy, we find needs, which are expressed as a need for self-actualization and are referred to as __________ needs.

a.	deficiency
b.	esteem
c.	growth
d.	prepotent

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

According to Maslow, which of the following would be considered growth needs?

a.	love and belonging needs
b.	esteem needs
c.	self-actualization
d.	all of these

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Sharon is striving to gain a sense of unity with the universe and a higher level of understanding and to become the best person possible. According to the humanistic psychologists, Sharon would be striving for

a.	subjective reality.
b.	self-actualization.
c.	congruence.
d.	unconditional positive regard.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Application

The main difference between self-actualization and the other needs in Maslow’s hierarchy of motives is that

a.	self-actualization must occur before self-esteem needs can be met.
b.	self-actualization is not based on a deficiencies.
c.	basic needs are less potent than self-actualization.
d.	more people are motivated by self-actualization than by all the other needs combined.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Like other humanistic psychologists, Maslow believes that people are

a.	blank slates, or basically neutral.
b.	basically bad.
c.	basically good.
d.	motivated by power.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Like other humanistic psychologists, Maslow believes that people will

a.	be reinforced to repeat both adaptive and maladaptive behaviors.
b.	become fixated and develop personality disorders.
c.	be motivated to actualize their potentials after their basic needs are met.
d.	strive to accumulate more wealth and power.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Maslow called the less powerful but humanly important actualization motives

a.	prepotent needs.
b.	meta-needs.
c.	supportive needs.
d.	autonomy needs.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

According to Maslow, the expression of your tendencies to fully develop your personal potentials are called

a.	self-esteem needs.
b.	self-serving needs.
c.	meta-needs.
d.	intrinsic needs.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

According to Maslow, needs associated with impulses for self-actualization., such as perfection, justice, and beauty, are called

a.	prepotent needs.
b.	meta-needs.
c.	supportive needs.
d.	autonomy needs.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Spontaneity, unity, benevolence, self-sufficiency, and meaningfulness are examples of our

a.	meta-needs.
b.	basic needs.
c.	deficiency motives.
d.	stimulus motives.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Concept

According to Maslow, meta-needs include

a.	purity and goodness.
b.	justice and truth.
c.	dominance and power.
d.	conformity and cooperation.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

According to Maslow, examples of meta-needs would include

a.	perfection and completion.
b.	justice and truth.
c.	beauty and goodness.
d.	all of these.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Meta-needs include all of the following EXCEPT

a.	beauty and truth.
b.	perfection and uniqueness.
c.	esteem and belongingness.
d.	simplicity and playfulness.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

According to Maslow, people fall into a “syndrome of decay” marked by despair, apathy, and alienation. when which of the following needs go unfulfilled?

a.	meta-needs
b.	basic needs
c.	esteem needs
d.	love and belonging needs

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Regarding the hierarchy of needs, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	When meta-needs are unfulfilled, people fall into despair, apathy, and alienation.
b.	College students who are primarily concerned with money, personal appearance, and social recognition score higher than average in vitality, self-actualization, and general well-being.
c.	Maslow estimated that few people are primarily motivated by needs for self-actualization.
d.	Rewards in our society tend to encourage conformity, uniformity, and security in schools, jobs, and relationships.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Regarding Maslow’s theory, which of the following statements is TRUE?

a.	Maslow’s hierarchy has been well documented by extensive research on human motives.
b.	College students who are primarily concerned with money, personal appearance, and social recognition score lower than average in vitality, self-actualization, and general well-being.
c.	Maslow estimated that most people are primarily motivated by needs for self-actualization.
d.	According to Maslow, the need for self-actualization is based on deficiencies.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Because of the rewards in our society, Maslow estimated that most of us are concerned with

a.	meta-needs.
b.	growth needs.
c.	esteem, love, or security needs.
d.	self-actualization.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Most of us are more concerned with esteem, love, or security needs because

a.	our meta-needs have already been met allowing us to freely seek out these other needs.
b.	of our innate drives and adaptability.
c.	most of us are intrinsically motivated by these needs and not by meta-needs.
d.	rewards in our society encourage conformity, uniformity, and security in schools, jobs, and relationships.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Jasmine enjoys cooking and dreams of opening her own restaurant, while Jacob cooks at a local restaurant and dreams of the day he can save enough money to quit his job and go back to college. Regarding cooking,

a.	Jasmine is exhibiting intrinsic motivation, while Jacob is exhibiting extrinsic motivation.
b.	Jasmine is exhibiting extrinsic motivation, while Jacob is exhibiting intrinsic motivation.
c.	both are exhibiting intrinsic motivation.
d.	both are exhibiting extrinsic motivation.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Application

When you freely choose to do something for enjoyment or to improve your abilities, your motivation is usually intrinsic, according to the __________ theory.

a.	arousal
b.	Yerkes-Dodson
c.	self-determination
d.	James-Lange

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Elona has always wanted to take French and then travel to Paris. So, she enrolls in a night class at the community college. Her motivation for learning this foreign language would be considered intrinsic, according to the __________ theory.

a.	arousal
b.	Yerkes-Dodson
c.	self-determination
d.	James-Lange

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Application

Which of the following terms is used by psychologists to refer to activities that people engage in for no reward except the pleasure of the activity?

a.	extrinsic motivation
b.	intrinsic motivation
c.	non-traditional motivation
d.	incentive motivation

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Mike enjoys photography and loves to experiment with different angles and lighting, while Jamie also works very hard at creating beautiful photographs because she wants to win awards that will please her parents, who are award-winning photographers. Regarding photography,

a.	Mike’s interest is intrinsically motivated, while Jamie’s interest is extrinsically motivated.
b.	Mike’s interest is extrinsically motivated, while Jamie’s interest is intrinsically motivated.
c.	Both of their interests are intrinsically motivated.
d.	Both of their interests are extrinsically motivated.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Application

Intrinsic motivation occurs when

a.	obligations or approval are factors.
b.	there is no obvious external reward for one’s behavior.
c.	there are obvious external factors controlling behavior.
d.	extrinsic motivation is also high.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Extrinsic motivation stems from

a.	obvious external rewards.
b.	intrinsic rewards.
c.	stimulus motives.
d.	meta-needs.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following would be considered intrinsic motivation?

a.	reading a book on history for extra credit to improve your grade
b.	reading a book on history to impress your teacher
c.	reading a book on history to increase your knowledge
d.	all of these

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Application

An employment recruiter who offers challenges and a chance to explore and learn rather than high pay is seeking employees who are

a.	extrinsically motivated.
b.	intrinsically motivated.
c.	older and more traditional.
d.	lower skilled.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Application

Students who study only material on which they are likely to be tested are illustrating

a.	a primary motive.
b.	a stimulus motive.
c.	intrinsic motivation.
d.	extrinsic motivation.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Application

Most of the activities we think of as “work” are

a.	stimulus motives.
b.	primary motives.
c.	extrinsically motivated.
d.	intrinsically motivated.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Which type of motivation tends to be undermined by strong external rewards?

a.	extrinsic
b.	intrinsic
c.	prepotent
d.	stimulus

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Children who were lavishly rewarded for drawing on one occasion later showed little interest in drawing. Their loss of interest suggests that

a.	intrinsic incentives can undermine extrinsic motivation.
b.	classroom enrichment programs undermine extrinsic motivation.
c.	extrinsic incentives can undermine intrinsic motivation.
d.	classroom enrichment programs undermine intrinsic motivation.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

The little girl across the street loves to play basketball, and you see her out shooting hoops almost every day. But for the past couple of weeks, you notice that she hasn’t been out at all. You learn that the little girl’s father wanted her to play basketball someday at the collegiate level, and so he began paying her $5.00 an hour for her basketball playing. The father thought that this would give the little girl some incentive to practice and get really good at the game, but instead the little girl lost interest in basketball entirely. It is obvious that

a.	extrinsic rewards undermined spontaneous interest.
b.	intrinsic rewards undermined spontaneous interest.
c.	the little girl’s choices reflect a growing maturity.
d.	the little girl was intrinsically motivated to stop playing basketball.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Application

“Play” can be turned into “work” by all of the following EXCEPT

a.	intrinsic motivation.
b.	extrinsic motivation.
c.	excessive rewards.
d.	requiring people to do something they would otherwise enjoy.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Concept

People are more likely to be creative when their motivation is

a.	global.
b.	primary.
c.	extrinic.
d.	intrinsic.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

People are more likely to solve problems and come up with innovative ideas when they are

a.	extrinsically motivated.
b.	intrinsically motivated.
c.	given salary bonuses.
d.	threatened with job loss.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

A certain amount of challenge, surprise, and complexity makes a task rewarding when a person is

a.	intrinsically motivated.
b.	extrinsically motivated.
c.	an introverted personality.
d.	an extroverted personality.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Regarding the effects of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, which of the following statements is TRUE?

a.	Extrinsic motivation in the form of money and awards tends to increase creativity.
b.	Extrinsic motivations are often necessary, but they should not be overused.
c.	If there is high intrinsic interest in an activity initially, then extrinsic rewards should be used immediately to enhance it.
d.	The quality of work can be increased by using extrinsic motivations.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Extrinsic motivation in the form of increased salaries and bonuses tends to increase

a.	the quality of the employees’ work.
b.	the likelihood of the employees solving problems and coming up with innovative ideas.
c.	the amount of work done.
d.	all of these.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Concept

If you are a manager and want to increase the quality of work produced by your employees, you would

a.	raise salaries.
b.	give monetary bonuses.
c.	give more freedom of choice in the methods for completing work on the job.
d.	fire some of the employees who show the poorest quality of work to intensify security needs within the other employees.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Application

People who are intrinsically motivated tend to

be solely motivated by money and power.

get personally involved in tasks.

increase the quantity of their work, but not the quality.

d. work primarily to get a good evaluation.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Working primarily to get a good job evaluation (or avoid a bad one) or working mainly to get more money tends to

a.	decrease creativity.
b.	increase one’s intrinsic motivation.
c.	be characteristic of people with a high need for achievement.
d.	lead to the attainment of meta-needs.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Concept

The owner of a mattress factory is concerned about the quality of the mattresses coming off the assembly line. Which of the following incentives would most likely increase the quality of the assembly line employees?

a.	a $1.00/hour raise
b.	25 cents for each mattress produced
c.	a company meeting on improving performance in which employees actively participate
d.	a detailed memo listing the new rules that employees must follow on the assembly line

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Application

Regarding the effects of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Extrinsic motivation in the form of money and awards increases creativity.
b.	Extrinsic rewards can focus attention on an activity so real interest will develop.
c.	If basic skills are lacking, extrinsic rewards may be necessary, at first.
d.	Work quality is based more on intrinsic factors.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

If a child is not intrinsically motivated by learning, a teacher or parent can avoid taking the spontaneous interest and satisfaction out of learning by

a.	initially using small extrinsic rewards, then phasing them out.
b.	waiting for necessary skills to develop on their own.
c.	increasing the size of the extrinsic incentives gradually.
d.	asking the participants which extrinsic rewards they would prefer.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Application

Regarding intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	If there is no intrinsic motivation in an activity, the use of extrinsic rewards can be helpful.
b.	If extrinsic rewards are used, one should start out with a moderate-size reward and then gradually increase the size until intrinsic motivation develops.
c.	Extrinsic rewards can focus attention on an activity so real interest will develop
d.	Coercing or “bribing” someone to act tends to make them feel like they are “faking the activity” and can lead to a lack of initiative in employees and to the rejection of school and learning by teenagers.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

If you are a manager and wish to encourage intrinsic motivation in your employees, you should

a.	give regular salary increases to the persons who show the highest production and the least absences.
b.	give monetary bonuses to those that are the most innovative in solving problems.
c.	find out what each of your employee’s interests and career goals are.
d.	do all of these.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Application

TRUE/FALSE

According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, optimum performance occurs at higher levels of arousal for simple tasks and lower levels of arousal for complex tasks.

ANS: T DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

To prevent test anxiety before each test, you should imagine going blank, running out of time, or feeling panicked and then calmly plan how you will handle each situation.

ANS: T DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Since Jerry’s main goal in life is to make lots of money, psychologists would describe Jerry as having a high need for achievement.

ANS: F DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Application

Bloom’s study of top performers found their success was due mainly to their natural talent that emerged on its own.

ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

According to Maslow, safety and security needs are the most basic needs; while the growth need of self-esteem is the highest need.

ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

If Margie studies her college courses in order to get good grades and praise from her parents, Margie would be described as being intrinsically motivated.

ANS: F DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Application

COMPLETION

We become uncomfortable when the activation of the body and nervous system is too low or too high, according the __________ theory.

ANS: arousal

DIF: Moderate KEY: * MSC: TYPE: Concept

Gabriel goes bungee-jumping, has cage-dived with the great white sharks, and loves riding roller-coasters. Gabriel would be said to have the trait of high __________ seeking.

ANS: sensation

DIF: Moderate KEY: * MSC: TYPE: Application

It has always been important for Jimmy to do his very best on any task he attempts. He does not shy away from challenges, takes responsibility for his successes and his failures. According to McClelland, Jimmy is exhibiting a high need for __________.

ANS: achievement

DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 KEY: * MSC: TYPE: Application

In general, it is not great natural talent that leads to exceptional success, but one’s drive and __________.

ANS: determination

DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 KEY: * MSC: TYPE: Fact

According to Maslow, needs that are an expression of tendencies for self-actualization, such as perfection, justice, and beauty, are called __________.

ANS: meta-needs

DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 KEY: * MSC: TYPE: Fact

Sharon studies psychology because she is very interested in the subject. She is driven by __________motivation.

ANS: intrinsic

DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 KEY: * MSC: TYPE: Application

ESSAY

A friend of yours is experiencing test anxiety, and she just needs to “calm down.” Explain why “just calming down” will not solve her problem and then give her some good suggestions for coping with test anxiety.

ANS:

Answer will include that that just calming down will not completely alleviate test anxiety, since it is a combination of heightened physiological arousal and excessive worry. Studies show that students are typically most anxious when they don’t know the material. Calming down simply means you will remain calm while failing. Some suggestions for coping with test anxiety include the following. (1) Preparation. Hard work is the most direct antidote for test anxiety. Many test-anxious students simply study too little, too late. That’s why improving your study skills is a good way to reduce test anxiety. The best solution is to overprepare by studying long before the “big day.” Well-prepared students score higher, worry less, and are less likely to panic. (2) Relaxation and emotional support. Learning to relax is another way to lower test anxiety. Emotional support also helps. If you are test anxious, discuss the problem with your professors or study for tests with a supportive classmate. (3) Rehearsal. To reduce nervousness, rehearse how you will cope with upsetting events. Before taking a test, imagine yourself going blank, running out of time, or feeling panicked. Then calmly plan how you will handle each situation, such as by keeping your attention on the task, by focusing on one question at a time, and so forth. (4) Restructuring thoughts. Another helpful strategy involves listing the upsetting thoughts you have during exams; then you can learn to combat these worries with calming, rational replies. These are called coping statements. Students who cope well with exams usually try to do the best they can, even under trying circumstances. Becoming a more confident test taker can actually increase yours scores, because it helps you remain calm.

DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 KEY: www MSC: TYPE: Application

Explain the difference between individuals with a high need for achievement and those with a high need for power.

ANS:

Answer will include that individuals with a high need for achievement (nAch) have a desire to meet an internal standard of excellence and strive to do well any time they are evaluated. Although needs for achievement may lead to wealth and prestige, people with a high nAch excel without seeking these riches. They enjoy the challenges and relish a chance to test their abilities. People high in nAch complete difficult tasks, they earn better grades, and they tend to excel in their occupations. College students high in nAch attribute success to their own ability, and failure to insufficient effort. Thus, high nAch students are more likely to renew their efforts when they perform poorly. The need for power is the desire to have impact or control over others. People with strong needs for power want their importance to be visible. They buy expensive possessions, wear prestigious clothes, and exploit relationships. The pursuit of power and financial success is the dark side of the American dream. People whose main goal in life is to make lots of money tend to be poorly adjusted and unhappy.

DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 KEY: www MSC: TYPE: Concept

According to Kasser and Ryan, college students who are primarily concerned with money, personal appearance, and social recognition score lower than average in vitality, self-actualization, and general well-being. Discuss these findings using Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and his description of the meta-needs; and then explain the difference inn intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and how these two types of motivation can be involved in turning “play” into “work.”

ANS:

Answer will include that these students’ energies are focused on and are being motivated by the lower deficiency needs of safety, love and belonging, and esteem. Until these needs are met to an optimal level, they cannot aspire toward self-actualization and the meta-needs, such as fairness, wholeness, truth, and meaningfulness. With the meta-needs being unfilled, the students will fall into a “syndrome of decay” marked by despair, apathy, alienation, and a lack of general well-being. Regarding motivation, when you do something for enjoyment or to improve your abilities, your motivation is usually intrinsic. Intrinsic motivation occurs when we act without any obvious external rewards. We simply enjoy an activity or see it as an opportunity to explore, learn, and actualize our potentials. In contrast, extrinsic motivation stems from external factors, such as pay, grades, rewards, obligations, and approval. Most of the activities we think of as “work” are extrinsically rewarded. Apparently, “play” can be turned into “work” by requiring people to do something they would otherwise enjoy, that is, changing the reward from intrinsic to extrinsic. Thus, basing one’s major or selection of a job only on money or choosing activities based on gaining social recognition leads to one “working” for extrinsic motivation, while making choices based on activities one enjoys can lead to a more lasting motivation and higher vitality.

DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.3 KEY: * MSC: TYPE: Concept

Question by Type

Module 9.3: Arousal, Achievement, and Growth Needs	Question Type	Fact	Concept	Application
Stimulus Drives—Skydiving, Horror Movies, and the Fun Zone	Multiple Choice	1, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 20, 21, 28, 29, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 45, 54, 55	4, 5, 6, 13, 18, 27, 30, 38, 39, 44, 47, 49, 50, 53, 57	2, 3, 16, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 31, 40, 41, 42, 43, 46, 51, 52, 56
	True/False	1	2
	Completion		1	2
	Essay			1
Learned Motives—The Pursuit of Excellence	Multiple Choice	58, 60, 73, 74, 78, 83, 84, 85, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93	59, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 70, 72, 75, 76, 77, 79, 80, 81, 82	68, 69, 71, 86, 87
	True/False		4	3
	Completion	4		3
	Essay		7
Motives in Perspective—A View from the Pyramid	Multiple Choice	94, 95, 96, 97, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 110, 112, 113, 114, 119, 120, 121, 123, 124, 125, 132, 134, 136, 167, 143, 146, 155	111, 116, 117, 118, 122, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 141, 142, 145, 147, 148, 149, 150, 152, 153, 157	98, 106, 107, 108, 109, 115, 131, 133, 135, 138, 139, 140, 144, 151, 154, 156, 158
	True/False	5		6
	Completion	5		6
	Essay		2

Chapter 9: Motives and Feelings

Module 9.4

MULTIPLE CHOICE

Which of the following is characterized by physiological arousal and changes in facial expressions, gestures, posture, and subjective feelings?

a.	motive
b.	drive
c.	emotion
d.	expectation

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 MSC: TYPE: Concept

The word “emotion” is derived from the Latin word meaning to

a.	move.
b.	express.
c.	feel.
d.	expect.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

You have just witnessed what appears to be the funnel cloud of a tornado off in the distance. Your body is physically aroused with these bodily stirring causing you to be “moved” to take action because you are experiencing a(n)

a.	motive.
b.	emotion.
c.	drive.
d.	expectation.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Application

Which of the following is characterized by physiological arousal and is linked to many basic adaptive behaviors that aid survival?

a.	expectation
b.	perception
c.	emotion
d.	sensation

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Human emotions are

a.	always positive.
b.	always disruptive.
c.	linked to many adaptive behaviors.
d.	characterized by none of these.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Emotions are linked to attacking, fleeing, seeking comfort, helping others, and reproducing, which are examples of

a.	emotional expression.
b.	emotional feelings.
c.	physiological changes.
d.	adaptive behaviors.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding adaptive behaviors, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Adaptive behaviors help us survive and adjust to changing conditions.
b.	Emotions act counter to our basic adaptive behaviors and hamper their effects.
c.	Adaptive behaviors include attacking, fleeing, and helping others.
d.	Emotions can have both positive and negative effects.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Stage fright or “choking” in sports illustrate that emotions

a.	are not linked with adaptive behaviors.
b.	can have negative effects.
c.	are classified as learned motives.
d.	are always disruptive.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

As social animals, it would be impossible for humans to live in groups and cooperate in raising children without emotions. This illustrates that

a.	emotions aid survival.
b.	emotions are reinforcing.
c.	humans have little control over their emotions because emotions are like reflexes.
d.	emotions are learned.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Regarding emotions, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Emotions are linked to many basic adaptive behaviors that aid survival.
b.	Emotions can have negative effects, such as stage fright or “choking up” in sports performances.
c.	Emotions help us develop positive emotional bonds of love, caring, and friendship.
d.	Emotions cannot be managed or controlled.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

The components of emotion are

a.	emotional expressions, physiological changes, and emotional relief.
b.	emotional relief, physiological changes, and emotional changes.
c.	emotional changes, physiological changes, and emotional feelings.
d.	emotional feelings, physiological changes, and emotional expressions.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

The three components of emotions are emotional expressions, emotional feelings, and

a.	stimulus conditions.
b.	subjective perception.
c.	physiological changes.
d.	emotional behaviors.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which component of emotion involves alterations in one’s heart rate, blood pressure, perspiration, and other bodily stirrings?

a.	physically expressed behaviors
b.	physiological changes
c.	secondary appraisals
d.	emotional feelings

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Many of the physiological changes during emotion are caused by the activity of the __________ nervous system.

a.	sympathetic
b.	somatic
c.	central
d.	skeletal

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Many of the physiological changes during emotion are caused by

a.	the hormones adrenaline and noradrenaline.
b.	the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin.
c.	secondary appraisal.
d.	muscular tension.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

A competitive diver approaches the end of the board with a rapidly beating heart and a dry mouth, a result of increased

a.	cortisone.
b.	dopamine.
c.	adrenaline.
d.	endorphins.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 MSC: TYPE: Application

You are about to make a speech. Your hands tremble, your posture tenses, and your voice has a slight quiver as you begin. These outward signs represent which component of emotion?

a.	emotional feelings
b.	emotional expressions
c.	physiological changes
d.	emotional reactions

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 MSC: TYPE: Application

You have just broken up with your longtime boyfriend. Your face is contorted in sadness, your shoulders are slumped, and tears are forming in the corners of your eyes. These outward signs represent which component of emotions?

a.	emotional feelings
b.	emotional expressions
c.	physiological changes
d.	maladaptive reactions

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 MSC: TYPE: Application

Which of the following is the component of emotions that serve to tell others what emotions we are experiencing?

a.	emotional feelings
b.	emotional behavioral symptoms
c.	physiological changes
d.	emotional expressions

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 MSC: TYPE: Concept

People are usually most familiar with which element of emotion?

a.	emotional expressions
b.	physiological changes
c.	emotional feelings
d.	adaptive expressions

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which element of emotion is the private, subjective experience of having an emotion?

a.	emotional expression
b.	emotional feelings
c.	physiological changes
d.	adaptive behaviors

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which theorist identified eight primary emotions with combinations of these primary emotions yielding a third, more complex emotion?

a.	Stanley Schachter
b.	Abraham Maslow
c.	Benjamin Bloom
d.	Robert Plutchik

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

According to Robert Plutchik, our many emotional experiences can be analyzed in terms of

a.	eight primary emotions.
b.	love, fear, and rage.
c.	levels of arousal.
d.	physiological changes and context.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Robert Plutchik’s eight primary emotions include which of the following?

a.	love and optimism
b.	fear and disgust
c.	guilt and jealousy
d.	aggression and submission

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following is one of the eight primary emotions identified by Robert Plutchik?

a.	anxiety
b.	jealousy
c.	anticipation
d.	guilt

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Robert Plutchik lists eight primary emotions. They include all of the following EXCEPT

a.	awe.
b.	anticipation.
c.	anger.
d.	trust.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding Robert Plutchik’s theory of primary emotions, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Primary emotions can be mixed to yield a third, more complex emotion.
b.	Jealousy is a mixture of love, anger, and fear.
c.	Awe, jealousy, love, and guilt are four of the primary emotions.
d.	Emotions can vary in intensity.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 MSC: TYPE: Concept

When you’re angry, you may feel anything from rage to simple annoyance, which illustrates that

a.	anger is a stimulus motive.
b.	anger, like all emotions, can vary in intensity.
c.	anger is a mixture of surprise, sadness, and fear.
d.	the type of anger one feels depends on his or her personality.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Plutchik is likely to characterize an emotion such as guilt as

a.	the action of a single, powerful hormone.
b.	a specific pattern of physiological reactions.
c.	a mixture of two or more primary emotions.
d.	a generalized physiological reaction to specific cognitions.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.4 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Terrel feels both joy and fear as he eats a cookie he took from his mother’s cookie jar without permission. This combination of joy and fear produces the emotion of

a.	guilt.
b.	anguish.
c.	anticipation.
d.	sadness.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 MSC: TYPE: Application

According to Plutchik, a mixture of love, anger, and fear produces the emotion of

a.	guilt.
b.	jealousy.
c.	avoidance.
d.	sadness.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following is a low-intensity, long-lasting emotional state?

a.	personality
b.	character
c.	mood
d.	attitude

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding moods, which of the following statements is TRUE?

a.	Moods are the most extreme forms of various emotions.
b.	Moods are low intensity emotional states.
c.	Moods reflect only negative emotions.
d.	Moods reflect only positive emotions.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding moods, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Moods are low intensity emotional states that can last for many hours, or even days.
b.	Moods are closely tied to circadian rhythms.
c.	When your body temperature is at its peak, you mood is likely to be negative.
d.	Happy, positive moods make us more adaptable by helping us be more creative and better at making decisions.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 MSC: TYPE: Concept

When your body temperature is at its daily peak, you are more likely to be

a.	feeling “down” emotionally.
b.	less adaptable and make poorer decisions.
c.	less helpful and less peaceful.
d.	more creative.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

When your body temperature is at its daily low point, you are more likely to

a.	feel “down” emotionally.
b.	have a positive mood.
c.	be efficient, creative, and better at problem-solving.
d.	be helpful and peaceful.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Regarding moods, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Moods are the most extreme forms of emotions.
b.	Moods tend to be generally lower for most weekdays than they are on weekends.
c.	Moods are closely tied to circadian rhythms.
d.	Moods affect day-to-day behavior by preparing us to act in certain ways.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 MSC: TYPE: Concept

You are feeling happy and sad at the same time. Research into brain activity would indicate that

a.	you are mistaken since you cannot experience two opposite emotions at the same time.
b.	your left hemisphere processes the positive emotion of happiness, while your right hemisphere processes the negative emotion of sadness.
c.	the negative emotion of sadness is processed by the amygdala, while the positive emotion of happiness is processed in the cerebral cortex.
d.	one emotion happened first but the corpus callosum that connects the two hemispheres made it appear that the emotions were happening simultaneously.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Recordings of brain activity show that

a.	positive emotions are processed in the right hemisphere of the brain.
b.	negative emotions are processed in the left hemisphere of the brain.
c.	it is possible to have positive and negative emotions at the same time.
d.	none of these statements are true.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Recordings of brain activity show that

a.	positive emotions are processed in the left hemisphere of the brain.
b.	negative emotions are processed in the right hemisphere of the brain.
c.	it is possible to have positive and negative emotions at the same time.
d.	all of these statements are true.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

You are feeling happy and joyful. Research into brain activity would indicate that processing of these emotions is primarily occurring in

a.	the midbrain.
b.	the left hemisphere.
c.	the right hemisphere.
d.	both hemispheres.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

You are feeling sad and depressed. Research into brain activity would indicate that processing of these emotions is primarily occurring in

a.	the midbrain.
b.	the left hemisphere.
c.	the right hemisphere.
d.	both hemispheres.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

One study found that when people watching their favorite soccer team play well, they showed activity in both hemispheres but when their team was losing, they showed activity only in the part of the brain that processes negative emotions, which is the

a.	thalamus.
b.	left hemisphere.
c.	right hemisphere.
d.	reticular formation.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Your right foot will be more ticklish than your left foot because the part that controls the right side of the body also processes positive emotions. This part of the brain is the

a.	left hemisphere.
b.	right hemisphere.
c.	cerebellum.
d.	parietal lobe.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 MSC: TYPE: Application

Regarding emotions, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	All emotions are processed by the cerebral cortex.
b.	It is possible to experience positive and negative emotions at the same time.
c.	Primary emotions can be mixed to yield a third, more complex emotion.
d.	Our primitive fear response is not under the control of higher brain centers.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

You are feeling a great deal of fear, the brain site most likely involved is the

a.	midbrain.
b.	corpus callosum.
c.	reticular formation.
d.	amygdala.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 MSC: TYPE: Application

Which of the following receives sensory information directly and quickly, bypassing the cortex and allowing persons to respond to potential danger before they really know what is happening?

a.	somatosensory cortex
b.	pons
c.	corpus callosum
d.	amygdala

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

People who suffer phobias and disabling anxieties often feel afraid without knowing why because of the

a.	amygdala.
b.	pons.
c.	corpus callosum.
d.	midbrain.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Damage to one’s amygdala would cause all of the following EXCEPT for an inability to

a.	feel fear.
b.	relate normally to friends, family, and coworkers.
c.	name familiar people and objects by sight.
d.	“read” people’s emotional expressions as conveyed by their eyes.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Robert is unable to “read” or understand other people’s emotional expressions, especially as conveyed by their eyes, which prevents him from relating normally to friends, family, and coworkers. Robert most likely has damage to which part of the brain?

a.	reticular formation
b.	pons
c.	midbrain
d.	amygdala

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Application

People become “blind” to emotion and are unable to feel fear in a life-threatening situation or to relate normally to family and friends when which of the following is damaged?

a.	amygdala
b.	somatosensory cortex
c.	corpus callosum
d.	parietal lobe

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 KEY: *, www

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Which of the following can be found buried within the temporal lobes on each side of the brain and provides quick processing of emotional stimuli and allows us to react involuntarily to danger?

a.	pons
b.	amygdala
c.	corpus callosum
d.	somatosensory cortex

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

An armed robber could hold a gun to your head, and you would not feel fear, if which part of your brain were damaged?

a.	parietal lobe
b.	amygdala
c.	corpus callosum
d.	somatosensory cortex

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

You have just narrowly missed hitting a car that pulled out in front of you. Your heart is pounding, your throat is dry, your hands are trembling, and you are sweating. Your reactions are

a.	caused by the autonomic nervous system.
b.	learned through cultural conditioning.
c.	voluntary, rather than automatic.
d.	characterized by all of these.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 MSC: TYPE: Application

Lightning is flashing around you, and you are running for home. Your heart is pounding, your throat is dry, your hands are trembling, and you are sweating. Your reactions

a.	are caused by the somatic nervous system.
b.	are innate and automatic.
c.	will disappear as quickly as they originally occurred.
d.	are characterized by all of these.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Application

Which nervous system is made up of the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches?

a.	autonomic
b.	somatic
c.	central
d.	adaptive

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

The autonomic nervous system is made up of the __________ branches.

a.	central and peripheral
b.	somatic and peripheral
c.	central and sympathetic
d.	sympathetic and parasympathetic

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding the autonomic nervous system, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	The two branches of the autonomic nervous system are active at all times.
b.	Whether you are relaxed or aroused at any moment depends on the combined activity of both branches of the autonomic nervous system.
c.	The autonomic nervous system connects the brain with internal organs and glands.
d.	The two branches of autonomic nervous system consist of the somatic and skeletal nervous systems.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

A part of the nervous system that prepares the body for emergencies, for “fighting or fleeing,” is the __________division.

a.	parasympathetic
b.	sympathetic
c.	somatic
d.	adaptive

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system, which of the following statements is TRUE?

a.	Its effects include muscular relaxation and decreased heart rate.
b.	It is also known as the “flight-or-fight” system.
c.	It is slower to respond than the parasympathetic branch.
d.	It acts to reverse emotional arousal after emergency situations.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which nervous system branch has been activated when sugar is released into the bloodstream for quick energy, the heart beats faster to supply blood to the muscles, digestion is temporarily slowed, and blood flow in the skin is restricted to reduce bleeding?

a.	somatic
b.	limbic
c.	parasympathetic
d.	sympathetic

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of the sympathetic division of the nervous system being activated?

a.	Digestion speeds up.
b.	Blood flow in the skin is restricted.
c.	Pupils dilate.
d.	Sugar is released into the bloodstream.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

The actions of the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system

a.	increases digestion.
b.	improves one’s chances of surviving an emergency.
c.	constricts the pupils of the eyes.
d.	calms the body after a person has experienced intense arousal.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

You have just cut your hand very badly. As you try to stop the blood and your friend is driving you to the emergency room, you feel your heart racing, you are taking in air in rapid gulps, your mouth is dry, and your skin feels cold and clammy. Cutting your hand has activated the

a.	limbic system.
b.	sympathetic branch.
c.	parasympathetic branch.
d.	somatic system.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 MSC: TYPE: Application

You were rushed to the emergency room two hours ago, and it has been over 30 minutes since the doctor stitched up the cut on your hand. Your friend has driven you home, and your heart is beginning to slow, your breathing is returning to normal, and you feel relaxed for the first time since you cut your hand. The symptoms you are feeling now were produced by the

a.	limbic system.
b.	sympathetic branch.
c.	parasympathetic branch.
d.	somatic system.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 KEY: www

MSC: TYPE: Application

The part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for calming and restoring the body and conserving energy is the

a.	somatic nervous system.
b.	limbic system.
c.	parasympathetic division.
d.	sympathetic division.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding the parasympathetic nervous system, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Its effects include muscular relaxation and decreased heart rate.
b.	It is slower to respond than the sympathetic branch.
c.	It acts to reverse emotional arousal after emergency situations.
d.	Its effects include slowing down digestion, dry mouth, and pupil dilation.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of the parasympathetic division of the nervous system being activated?

a.	Digestion increases.
b.	Blood flow increases.
c.	Pupils dilate.
d.	Heat beat slows.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Vickie is taking her morning walk, when a strange dog appears in her path and begins to growl at her. Vickie’s heart begins to race, the hair on her arms stands on end, and her palms begin to sweat as fear envelops her. These symptoms that Vickie is experiencing are due to the reactions of her __________ nervous system.

a.	sympathetic
b.	parasympathetic
c.	somatic
d.	central

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.4 MSC: TYPE: Application

During her morning walk, Vickie has encountered a strange dog; and fear has enveloped her. Just then the dog’s owner appears, pets his dog, and introduces himself and his dog to Vickie. The dog begins to wag its tail, and Vickie even pets the dog as she breathes a sigh of relief. As she begins the rest of her walk, Vickie’s heart rate begins to slow down and her formerly sweaty palms are now dry. Her calmer demeanor is due to the __________nervous system.

a.	somatic
b.	central
c.	sympathetic
d.	parasympathetic

ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.4 MSC: TYPE: Application

Which of the following best describes the relationship of the parasympathetic to the sympathetic nervous system?

a.	The parasympathetic system increases the activity of the sympathetic response.
b.	The parasympathetic system acts independently of the sympathetic system.
c.	The parasympathetic system reverses the responses stimulated by the sympathetic system.
d.	The parasympathetic system completely inhibits any activity in the sympathetic system.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Strong emotions can kill you in two ways, which are

a.	stress-related sympathetic effects and the parasympathetic rebound.
b.	stress-related limbic system effects and the reticular formation rebound.
c.	the underreactions of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
d.	the underreactions of both the limbic system and reticular activating system.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Feeling dizzy or fainting at the sight of a traumatic injury occurs as a result of

a.	sympathetic underreaction that lowers blood pressure too much.
b.	sympathetic underreaction that raises blood pressure too much.
c.	parasympathetic overreaction that raises blood pressure too much.
d.	parasympathetic overreaction that lowers blood pressure too much.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.4 MSC: TYPE: Application

Sudden death can occur

a.	due to a parasympathetic rebound in reasonably healthy people.
b.	due to the sympathetic effect in older persons or those with heart problems.
c.	when the blood pressure is lowered too much.
d.	in all of these situations.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding death due to the actions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	In 1994, five times more people than usual died of heart attacks the day of the major earthquake in Los Angles.
b.	In times of war, combat can be so savage that some soldiers die of fear.
c.	There have been no deaths due to parasympathetic rebound in everyday life with the only known cases occurring during catastrophes and war.
d.	More heart patients in Asia die on the fourth day of the month due to the patients’ fear of the number four, which is considered unlucky.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Intense fear may result in sudden death because it causes

a.	sympathetic rebound.
b.	parasympathetic rebound.
c.	the release of sugar into the blood stream.
d.	restricted adrenaline secretion.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Following a period of intense fear, the heart may be slowed to a stop causing sudden death because of which of the following?

a.	sympathetic overload
b.	adrenaline poisoning
c.	opponent-process feedback
d.	parasympathetic rebound

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

In times of war, combat can be so savage that some soldiers literally die of fear caused by

a.	a parasympathetic rebound.
b.	the underreaction of the sympathetic system.
c.	adrenaline poisoning.
d.	opponent-process feedback.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Application

As discussed in the text, sudden deaths are probably the result of

a.	an overreaction of the parasympathetic nervous system.
b.	failure of the sympathetic nervous system to respond.
c.	genetic anomalies within the cells of the autonomic nervous system.
d.	an underreaction of the sympathetic nervous system.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Which of the following is a device for recording heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and galvanic skin response and is commonly called a “lie detector”?

a.	biofeedback method
b.	polygraph
c.	infrared face scan
d.	fMRI

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

The polygraph was invented in 1915 by a psychologist, who also created the comic book character Wonderwoman. This psychologist was

a.	Abraham Maslow.
b.	Joseph Wolpe.
c.	William Marston.
d.	Walter Cannon.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

The use of lie detectors to screen job applicants and check the honesty of employees is questionable because

a.	it is a serious invasion of privacy.
b.	it cannot discriminate between different emotions, such as lying and anxiety.
c.	its accuracy is doubtful.
d.	all of these occur.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding lies and the polygraph, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	As many as 25 percent of all wrongful convictions include false confessions as evidence.
b.	Although the polygraph is popularly known as a lie detector, in reality, the polygraph cannot tell the difference between lying and fear.
c.	The polygraph was invented in 1950 by Joseph Wolpe, who also created the comic book character Batman.
d.	The word polygraph means “many writings.”

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Lie detectors measure

a.	general emotional arousal.
b.	a physically unique “lie response.”
c.	feelings such as guilt and anger.
d.	muscular responses.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Lie detectors, or polygraphs, do NOT measure which of the following?

a.	GSR
b.	blood pressure
c.	breathing rate
d.	EEG

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

The polygraph or “lie detector” primarily measures which component of emotion?

a.	attribution
b.	emotional expression
c.	physiological arousal
d.	vocal modulation

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 KEY: www

MSC: TYPE: Concept

A “lie detector” or polygraph does NOT record which of the following signs of emotional arousal?

a.	heart rate
b.	blood pressure
c.	pupil dilation
d.	breathing rate

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

When using a polygraph, the galvanic skin response is recorded from the hand and measures

a.	tension in the muscles.
b.	sweating.
c.	temperature.
d.	both tension and temperature.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

During polygraph testing, a change in the electrical resistance of the skin, due to sweating is referred to as __________skin response.

a.	galvanic
b.	kinesic
c.	somatic
d.	intracellular

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

To minimize the effects of nervousness during testing, skilled polygraph examiners use a series of multiple choice in which one of the answers is correct. An innocent examinee should show the same polygraph response to all the answers, while a guilty person will show an elevated response to the correct answer. This multiple choice format used in polygraph testing is known as the __________test.

a.	guilty knowledge
b.	denotative meanings
c.	comparative guilt
d.	critical incidents

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

The guilty knowledge test is used during

a.	testing for emotional intelligence.
b.	polygraph testing.
c.	creativity testing.
d.	mental health assessments with psychotic clients.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

The guilty knowledge test consists of a series of

a.	multiple choice questions with one response correct that is used during polygraph testing.
b.	creative and non-creative answers to problem-solving questions.
c.	questions to assess one’s ability to identify other people’s emotional expressions, especially as conveyed by their eyes.
d.	questions to assess one’s ability to differential between denotative and connotative meanings.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding polygraph testing, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	An innocent person may respond emotionally to the whole procedure.
b.	To minimize the effects of anxiety caused by the questioning process, skilled polygraph examiners use the guilty knowledge test.
c.	A guilty person is supposed to have an elevated response to the correct answer in the multiple choice series, while an innocent person responds the same to all four responses.
d.	The galvanic skin response component of polygraph testing measures the rise in body temperature when a person is lying.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Barney is taking a polygraph test during which the examiner will assess his general emotional arousal to each of the responses on a multiple choice item regarding the “crime.” This series of multiple choice items is called the __________ test.

a.	connotative guilt
b.	critical incidents
c.	relevant details
d.	guilty knowledge

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Application

A person taking a “lie detector” test may be asked a question, such as “Was the gun that killed Hensley a a) Colt, b) Smith & Wesson, c) Walther PPK, or d) Luger? A guilty person should show more reaction on the polygraph to the correct gun, while an innocent person should show the same reaction to all four responses. This type of questioning is part of the__________ test.

a.	connotative guilt
b.	guilty knowledge
c.	critical incidents
d.	denotative details

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Application

Regarding the lie detector, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Errors may occur on the polygraph even when questioning is done properly
b.	Thinking about upsetting thoughts during the irrelevant questions can significantly affect the accuracy of the lie detector.
c.	The polygraph may be thrown off by self-inflicted pain, by tranquilizing drugs, or by people who can lie without anxiety.
d.	The polygraph test’s most common error is to label a guilty person innocent.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding polygraph testing, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	The National Academy of Sciences has concluded that polygraph tests should not be used to screen employees.
b.	Polygraph tests can tell the difference between lying, fear, and anxiety.
c.	The polygraph test is much more likely to label an innocent person guilty, rather than a guilty person innocent.
d.	Proponents of lie detection claim it is 95 percent accurate.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding polygraph testing, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

a.	Polygraph tests cannot tell the difference between lying, fear, and anxiety.
b.	The polygraph test is much more likely to label a guilty person guilty than an innocent person guilty.
c.	The polygraph cannot be thrown off by self-inflicted pain or using tranquilizing drugs or thinking emotional thoughts during irrelevant questions.
d.	All of these statements are true.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

In studies involving real crimes, how many innocent persons, on average, were rated guilty by the lie detector?

a.	1 innocent person in 5
b.	1 innocent person in 20
c.	1 innocent person in 50
d.	1 innocent person in 100

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

The National Academy of Sciences recently concluded that polygraph tests

a.	are 98 percent accurate, regardless of the examiner.
b.	are more likely to label the guilty innocent than the reverse.
c.	should be used to screen employees and to aid law enforcement.
d.	should not be used to screen employees.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

You are being given a polygraph test as a condition of being employed at your company. The best advice would be for you to

a.	not worry since polygraphs are 99 percent accurate, regardless of the examiner.
b.	think about upsetting past events to render the testing inconclusive.
c.	remain calm and then actively challenge the results if the machine wrongly questions your honesty.
d.	refuse to take the polygraph and immediately sue the company.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following directly measures brain activity, thus bypassing the traditional approach of measuring indirect signs of emotional arousal?

a.	GSR detectors
b.	fMRI
c.	polygraph
d.	the kinesic approach .

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Psychologist Daniel Langleben theorizes that a liar must inhibit telling the truth in order to lie; therefore, an fMRI brain image of the person’s brain would show

a.	extra brain areas that have been activated.
b.	a decrease of brain activity in the frontal lobes.
c.	more right hemisphere activity than left hemisphere activity.
d.	a decrease in the activity of the limbic system.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which psychiatrist documented many cases in which innocent people were convicted on the basis of polygraph evidence and has experimented with the use of brain scans, such as the fMRI to detect lying?

a.	Stanley Schachter
b.	Richard Lazarus
c.	Paul Ekman
d.	Daniel Langleben

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

When used to detect lying, the functional MRI scan measures

a.	galvanic skin response.
b.	general emotional arousal.
c.	the activation of extra brain areas.
d.	hemispheric specialization.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

TRUE/FALSE

Guilt is one of the eight primary emotions described by Plutchik.

ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Recordings of brain activity show that it is impossible to experience positive and negative emotions at the same time.

ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Feeling dizzy or fainting at the sight of a traumatic injury occurs as a result of a sympathetic underreaction that lowers blood pressure too much.

ANS: F DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.4 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Lie detectors (polygraphs) cannot tell the difference in lying and anxiety.

ANS: T DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

COMPLETION

Low intensity emotional states that can last for many hours, or even days, affect day-to-day behavior, and are closely tied to circadian rhythms are called __________.

ANS: moods

DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 KEY: * MSC: TYPE: Fact

If you are feeling happy and joyful, research into brain activity would indicate that processing of these emotions occurs primarily in the __________ hemisphere.

ANS: left

DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 KEY: * MSC: TYPE: Concept

After narrowing avoiding a collision on his way to school, Mickey notices that by the time he gets to class 30 minutes later, he has become less tense and his heart rate has returned to normal. This feeling of calm is due to the action of his __________ nervous system.

ANS: parasympathetic

DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 KEY: * MSC: TYPE: Application

To minimize the possibility of an innocent person being wrongly accused by a polygraph test, skilled polygraph examiners will often use a series of multiple-choice questions known as the ___________ test.

ANS: guilty knowledge

DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 KEY: * MSC: TYPE: Application

ESSAY

Discuss the three elements of emotions, explain how a person can experience two opposite emotions simultaneously, and describe the role of the amygdala in emotion.

ANS:

Answer will include that the three elements of emotions are physiological changes, emotional expressions, and emotional feelings. Typical physiological changes that occur with an emotion include changes in heart rate, blood pressure, perspiration, and other bodily stirrings. Most are caused by the sympathetic nervous system and by the hormone adrenaline. Emotional expressions, or outward signs of what a person is feeling, are another ingredient of emotion. For example, when you are intensely afraid, your hands tremble, your face contorts, your posture becomes tense and defensive, and your voice changes. In general, these expressions serve to tell others what emotions we are experiencing. Emotional feelings involve a person’s private emotional experience and are the part of emotion with which we are usually most familiar. In the brain, positive emotions are processed mainly in the left hemisphere, while negative emotions are processed in the right hemisphere. The fact that positive and negative emotions are based in different brain areas helps explain why we can feel happy and sad at the same time. LeDoux and other researchers have found that an area of the brain called the amygdala specializes in producing fear. The amygdala receives sensory information very directly and quickly, bypassing the cortex. As a result, it allows us to respond to potential danger before we really know what’s happening. This primitive fear response is not under the control of higher brain centers. The role of the amygdala in emotion may explain why people who suffer from phobias and disabling anxiety often feel afraid without knowing why. People who suffer damage to the amygdala become “blind” to emotion. An armed robber could hold a gun to a person’s head and the person wouldn’t feel fear. Such people are also unable to “read” or understand other people’s emotional expressions, especially as conveyed by their eyes. Many lose their ability to relate normally to friends, family, and coworkers.

DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 KEY: * MSC: TYPE: Concept

Compare and contrast the traditional method of polygraphs and the newer method of fMRI scans to “detect lying.” Include in your answer, what each procedure measures and the limitations and accuracy of these methods.

ANS:

Answer will include that the most popular method for detecting falsehoods measures the bodily changes that accompany emotion. However, the accuracy of “lie detector” or polygraph tests is doubtful, and they can be a serious invasion of privacy. Although popularly known as a lie detector because the police use it for that purpose, in reality the polygraph is not a lie detector at all. A suspect is questioned while “hooked up” to a polygraph, which typically records changes in heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, and the galvanic skin response (GSR). The GSR is recorded from the hand by electrodes that measure skin conductance, or, more simply, sweating. Because the device records only general emotional arousal, it can’t tell the difference between lying and fear, anxiety and excitement. Psychologist David Lykken has documented many cases in which innocent people were convicted on the basis of polygraph evidence. To minimize this problem, skilled polygraph examiners might use the guilty knowledge test. A series of multiple-choice questions are asked; one answer is correct. For example, one question might be: “Was the gun that killed Hensley a a) Colt, b) Smith & Wesson, c) Walther PPK, or d) Luger? A guilty person who knew which gun she had used may show an elevated response to the correct answer. Since an innocent person couldn’t know which gun was involved, she could only respond similarly to all four alternatives. Although proponents of lie detection claim it is 95 percent accurate, errors may occur even when questioning is done properly. But in one study, accuracy was dramatically lowered when people thought about past emotional experiences as they answered irrelevant questions. Similarly, the polygraph may be thrown off by self-inflicted pain, by tranquilizing drugs, or by people who can lie without anxiety. Worst of all, the test is much more likely to label an innocent person guilty, rather than a guilty person innocent. In studies involving real crimes, an average of one innocent person in five was rated as guilty by the lie detector. For such reasons, the National Academy of Sciences has concluded that polygraph tests should not be used to screen employees. A new technique involves the use of brain scans like fMRI, which directly measure brain activity, thus bypassing the traditional approach of measuring indirect signs of emotional arousal. For example, researchers have found that different brain areas are involved in telling a lie. Psychiatrist Daniel Langleben theorizes that a liar must inhibit telling the truth in order to lie. Thus, extra brain areas must be activated to tell a lie, which can be seen in brain images when people are lying.

DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.4 KEY: *, www MSC: TYPE: Concept

Question by Type

Module 9.4: Emotion and Physiological Arousal	Question Type	Fact	Concept	Application
Inside an Emotion—How Do You Feel?	Multiple Choice	1, 4, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 31, 32, 33, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 45, 47, 52, 56, 57	1, 5, 9, 10, 19, 27, 28, 29, 34, 35, 36, 37, 48, 49, 51, 53	3, 16, 17, 18, 30, 44, 46, 50
	True/False	1, 2
	Completion	1	2
	Essay		1
Physiology and Emotion—Arousal, Sudden Death, and Lying	Multiple Choice	56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 66, 67, 68, 72, 74, 75, 77, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 87, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103	71, 76, 79, 86, 104, 105	54, 55, 64, 65, 69, 70, 73, 78, 94, 95
	True/False	4	3
	Completion			1, 2
	Essay		2

Chapter 9: Motives and Feelings

Module 9.5

MULTIPLE CHOICE

Regarding emotional expressions, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Emotional expressions give valuable hints about what other people are likely to do next.
b.	Emotional expressions aid survival because they communicate our feelings to others.
c.	Charles Darwin observed that all species, including angry tigers, monkeys, dogs, and humans, all baring their teeth in the same way when they are angry.
d.	People are able to detect happy, sad, or neutral faces faster than angry and scheming faces.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Charles Darwin and psychologists consider human emotional expressions

a.	an adaptive means of communicating one’s feelings to others.
b.	to be learned through classical conditioning.
c.	outside of the determining forces of evolution.
d.	totally unique and different than the expressions exhibited by other species.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Fact

In a recent study that appears to verify Darwin’s view of emotions, people were able to detect which type of face faster than any other facial expression?

a.	happy
b.	sad
c.	angry
d.	neutral

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Fact

In a recent study, people were able to detect which type of faces fastest and why?

a.	happy faces because we are more sensitive to positive emotions
b.	sad faces because we are more sensitive to distress in others
c.	angry and scheming facts because we are sensitive to threats of possible harm
d.	neutral faces because ambiguity tends to bother most people

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Which of the following emotions are recognized around the world?

a.	fear and anger
b.	sadness and happiness
c.	disgust
d.	all of these

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Researchers are completely certain that which of the following facial expressions is recognized by people of all cultures?

a.	interest
b.	guilt
c.	contempt
d.	surprise

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Although researchers are completely certain that six facial expressions are universal, two others may also be but as yet the researchers are uncertain about them. These two facial expressions that may or may not be universal are

a.	contempt and interest.
b.	disgust and surprise.
c.	fear and anger.
d.	happiness and sadness.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding facial expressions, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

a.	The facial expression of sadness is the most universal and easily recognized facial expression of emotion.
b.	The facial expressions that are recognized around the world are not the same as the primary emotions listed by Plutchik.
c.	Children who are born blind display basic expressions in the same way as sighted people do.
d.	All of these statements are true.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.5 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Children who are born blind display which of the following facial expressions in the same way sighted people do?

a.	only happiness and sadness
b.	only fear and anger
c.	all the basic expressions
d.	none of the basic expressions

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

The most universally recognized facial expression is

a.	pursed lips.
b.	smiling.
c.	sticking out your tongue.
d.	raising your eyebrows.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Fact

When traveling outside of one’s homeland where a different language is spoken and the cultural values are much different, one could best communicate his or her happiness to members of different cultures by

a.	making the hand signal for “Okay” using the finger and thumb.
b.	smiling.
c.	nodding one’s head.
d.	maintaining eye contact.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Application

Masks that are meant to be frightening or threatening are strikingly similar around the world. The ability of people from different cultures to “read” the mask’s emotional message suggests that basic emotional expressions

a.	have universal biological roots.
b.	are learned at an early age.
c.	are culturally-derived.
d.	are neither lasting nor innate.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.5 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

The arrangement of the face into a combination of two or more facial expressions is called a(n)

a.	emotional tone.
b.	facial blend.
c.	differentiated expression.
d.	mood.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Fact

You are looking at a painting of a person whose eyes, eyebrows, and forehead seem to reveal anger, but the person’s mouth is turned downward in a sad frown. Regarding this painting, which of the following statements is most likely to be TRUE?

a.	The person in the painting is exhibiting a facial blend.
b.	This is an impossible expression because a real person cannot display more than one emotion on his or her face at one time.
c.	The facial expression is really one of anger; and you have just misinterpreted the expression.
d.	The facial expression is really one of sadness, and you have just misinterpreted the expression.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Application

Regarding facial blends and emotional messages, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Your face can produce some 20,000 different expressions.
b.	The face is the most expressive part of the body.
c.	By smiling when you give a friend a hard time adds an emotional message of acceptance to the verbal insult, which changes its meaning.
d.	A frown is the most universal and easily recognized facial expression of emotion.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.5 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Facial expressions can be reduced to dimensions of pleasantness-unpleasantness, attention-rejection, and

a.	rage-joy.
b.	excitement.
c.	activation.
d.	acceptance.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Pleasantness-unpleasantness, attention-rejection, and activation are the three basic dimensions of

a.	body posture.
b.	voice inflection.
c.	facial expressions.
d.	gestures.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Fact

An art instructor wants to teach students how to portray emotions when drawing faces. The instructor would be wise to concentrate on

a.	pleasantness-unpleasantness, attention-rejection, and activation.
b.	subjective feelings and physiological reactions.
c.	indicators of emotion measured by the polygraph.
d.	the size of the pupils and parasympathetic reactions.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Application

Which of the following is NOT one of the three basic dimensions of facial expressions?

a.	pleasantness-unpleasantness
b.	attention-rejection
c.	relaxation-tension
d.	activation

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding how emotions are expressed in other cultures, which of the following statements is TRUE?

a.	Some facial expressions are shaped by learning and may be found only in specific cultures, while others like the smile appear to be universal.
b.	Expressing anger in public is universally expected and accepted in all cultures.
c.	The facial expression of sticking out one’s tongue is interpreted the same way in every country.
d.	The three basic dimensions of facial expressions are tension, relaxation, and liking.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

If you are interacting with a person from another culture, which of the following suggestions would NOT be good advice?

a.	It is wise to remember that you may easily misunderstand the emotional expressions of a person from another culture.
b.	It is important to realize that almost all of the facial expressions are universal and very few are affected by learning or cultural practices.
c.	Knowing the social context in which an expression occurs helps clarify its meaning.
d.	It is important to realize that verbal messages can be modified by the addition of a facial expression, such as a smile.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

To clarify the meaning of the facial expression, it would be most helpful to pay attention to which of the following regarding the facial expression?

a.	the social context in which the facial expression occurs
b.	the forehead movement rather than the mouth
c.	whether there is relaxation or tension in the face
d.	how long the facial expression lasts

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Differences in emotional expression between North Americans and Asians would most likely revolve around the emotion of

a.	sadness.
b.	happiness.
c.	anger.
d.	disgust.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Chi is from an Asian culture. We can expect him to be less likely to express which emotion when compared to a person in North America?

a.	anger
b.	happiness
c.	curiosity
d.	fear

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Application

The emotional expression of anger is more common in

a.	North America.
b.	China.
c.	Japan.
d.	Korea.

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Western cultures tend to express the emotion of anger more than other cultures because Western cultures tend to emphasize

a.	a respect for self and others.
b.	personal independence and free expression.
c.	the need for closeness with others.
d.	group membership.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Asian cultures tend to express the emotion of anger less and regard it as less “natural” because Asian cultures emphasize

a.	personal independence.
b.	a free expression of feelings.
c.	the role of individuals.
d.	group harmony.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Regarding America and Asian cultures, the expression of positive feelings by

a.	both cultures emphasizes group membership.
b.	both cultures emphasizes the individual.
c.	Americans emphasizes group membership, while Asians emphasize the individual.
d.	Americans emphasizes the individual, while Asian emphasize group membership.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Positive feelings, such as pride and superiority in one’s individual accomplishments, would be emphasized most often in

a.	Japan.
b.	China
c.	North America.
d.	all of these.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Positive feelings are more often linked with membership in groups, such as friendly feelings, closeness to others, and respect in

a.	Japan.
b.	Canada.
c.	the United States.
d.	all of these.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Which of the following statements reflects the conclusions of those researching emotions?

a.	Emotions are determined strictly by evolution.
b.	Culture plays a very limited role in emotional expression.
c.	Emotion is shaped by cultural ideas, values, and practices.
d.	Emotion is something unique to the human species.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Concept

According to psychologist Robert Levant, which infants in Western cultures are more emotionally expressive?

a.	male
b.	female
c.	premature
d.	intellectually-disabled

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

In comparison to females in Western culture, males in Western cultures are

a.	more emotionally expressive as infants, but less expressive as adults.
b.	less emotionally expressive as infants, but more expressive as adults.
c.	less emotionally expressive from infancy through adulthood.
d.	more emotionally expressive from infancy through adulthood.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

In comparison to males in Western cultures, females in Western cultures are

a.	more emotionally expressive as infants, but less expressive as adults.
b.	less emotionally expressive as infants, but more expressive as adults.
c.	less emotionally expressive from infancy through adulthood.
d.	more emotionally expressive from infancy through adulthood.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding gender differences in expressing emotions in Western cultures, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Boys and adult men are more likely to express only anger and hostility.
b.	Female infants start out life more emotionally expressive than male infants.
c.	In Western cultures, little boys learn to “toughen up” and curtail expression of most of their emotions.
d.	In Western cultures, girls are encouraged to express sadness, fear, shame, and guilt.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Because boys learn to suppress their emotional expressions, the only emotion they can freely express is

a.	fear.
b.	anger.
c.	sadness.
d.	embarrassment.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Anna and Brad are siblings who live in the United States. Brad is more likely to openly express which emotion than his sister Anna?

a.	anger
b.	sadness
c.	shame
d.	fear

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.5 KEY: www

MSC: TYPE: Application

Regarding gender differences in expressing emotions, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Even though men do not openly express emotions, they are just as aware of their own emotions as women are of their own emotions.
b.	For many men, an inability to express emotions is a major barrier to having close, satisfying relationships with others.
c.	Blunted emotions in young males may have contributed to tragedies, such as the mass murders at Columbine High School.
d.	Women cry more often, longer, and more intensely than men do.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Kinesics refers to the study of

a.	body language.
b.	how memories are encoded through movement.
c.	ANS arousal during emotional states.
d.	profiling the criminal mind.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Fact

The study of communication through body movement, posture, gestures, and facial expressions is called

a.	forensics.
b.	kinesics.
c.	physiology.
d.	comparative psychology.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Fact

If you touch your thumb and first finger together to form a circle, it means “A-okay” in North America, while it means “ Your are worth zeo” in France and Belgium. This difference illustrates

a.	that gestures are too inexact to be considered a part of kinesics.
b.	gestures tend to reveal feelings that would normally be concealed.
c.	cultural learning affects the meaning of gestures.
d.	all of these.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Carelton is a specialist in kinesics. His area of interest is

a.	body language.
b.	circadian rhythms.
c.	sensation seeking.
d.	primary motives.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Application

The study of communication through body movement, gestures, and facial expressions shows that

a.	there are universal meanings for most gestures.
b.	body language communicates only an overall emotional tone.
c.	the most expressive parts of the body are the hands.
d.	these expressions can be boiled down to a single attention-rejection dimension.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Fact

It is most accurate to say that body language communicates

a.	unconscious feelings the sender wishes to conceal.
b.	only feelings of pleasantness-unpleasantness.
c.	an overall emotional tone.
d.	specific and detailed messages.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding kinesics, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	The study of kinesics includes gestures and body posture, but not facial expressions.
b.	Body language communicates an overall emotional tone.
c.	Body positioning can reveal feelings that would normally be concealed.
d.	Cultural learning affects the meaning of gestures.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Relaxation or tension and liking or disliking are the two general messages telegraphed by

a.	voice inflection.
b.	facial expressions.
c.	gestures.
d.	body positioning.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Fact

The general emotional feelings telegraphed by body positioning include

a.	pleasantness-unpleasantness.
b.	attention-rejection.
c.	liking-disliking.
d.	activation (arousal).

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Fact

In body language, liking is communicated by

a.	casual positioning of arms and legs.
b.	leaning toward a person or object.
c.	crossing the arms and legs.
d.	staring.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Dr. Nelson enters the classroom, sits on top of the desk, and leans back slightly with one arm casually draped over the podium that is to the side of the desk. A person who studies kinesics would most likely say that Dr. Nelson is displaying

a.	a rejection of the class.
b.	unpleasantness and frustration at having to teach the class.
c.	relaxation.
d.	none of these.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Application

In body language, relaxation is communicated by

a.	casual positioning of arms and legs.
b.	leaning back, if sitting.
c.	spreading of the arms and legs.
d.	all of these positions.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.5 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following theories of emotion would explain that you “see a bear, feel fear, and then you run”?

a.	James-Lange theory
b.	Cannon-Bard theory
c.	Schachter’s cognitive theory
d.	the common sense theory

ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Application

Cindy saw the starving kitten; she felt sad; and then tears came to her eyes as she rescued the little kitten. This sequence of events fits which theory of emotion?

a.	the common sense theory
b.	Cannon-Bard theory
c.	Schachter’s cognitive theory
d.	James-Lange theory

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Application

Which theory of emotion holds the view that bodily changes PRECEDE emotion and that we experience an emotion only AFTER our body reacts?

a.	the common sense approach
b.	Cannon-Bard theory
c.	attribution theory
d.	James-Lange theory

ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following theories of emotion would explain that the feelings occur after the bodily arousal, that is, you see a bear, you run, are aroused, and, lastly, you feel fear?

a.	James-Lange theory
b.	Cannon-Bard theory
c.	Schachter’s cognitive theory
d.	the common sense theory

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Application

After night class, you are walking back to your car when you catch a glimpse of someone running up behind you. You quickly turn and brace for a possible attack, but the student runs on by. It is only after you reacted to the possible attack that you realized that you felt afraid. Reacting before experiencing the feeling is BEST explained by which theory of emotion?

a.	attribution theory
b.	Schachter’s cognitive theory
c.	Cannon-Bard theory
d.	James-Lange theory

ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.5 KEY: *, www

MSC: TYPE: Application

Which theory holds that we are afraid because we run, or are angry because we strike?

a.	attribution theory
b.	James-Lange theory
c.	Cannon-Bard theory
d.	cognitive theory

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Concept

You are walking down a deserted alley in a high-crime area, and you hear a sudden noise to your left. You run wildly to your right for six blocks, and then you experience a huge rush of fear. This set of events is best described by which theory of emotion?

a.	James-Lange theory
b.	the common sense theory
c.	cognitive theory
d.	Cannon-Bard theory

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Application

You almost strike a child chasing a ball across the street while you are driving home. You will see the child, react, experience bodily arousal, and then recognize your emotional state, according to

a.	James-Lange.
b.	Cannon-Bard.
c.	Schachter.
d.	Valins.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Application

The brain generates emotional feelings, arousal, and behavior simultaneously, according to the __________ theory of emotion.

a.	James-Lange
b.	Cannon-Bard
c.	cognitive
d.	attribution

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

According to the Cannon-Bard theory,

a.	the thalamus plays a central role in producing emotions.
b.	the cerebellum must give the go-ahead for emotion.
c.	activity in the occipital and parietal lobes happens simultaneously to produce emotion.
d.	the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems work in concert.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Fact

According to the Cannon-Bard theory,

a.	the subcortical-medial nucleus basilis plays a central role in producing emotions.
b.	the cerebellum must give the go-ahead for emotion.
c.	activity in the hypothalamus and cortex occur simultaneously to produce emotion.
d.	the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems work in concert.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Fact

You are walking down a deserted alley late at night, and you hear a sudden noise to your left. The noise activates your thalamus, which in turn alerts both the cortex and the hypothalamus for action. Thus, your body is aroused for flight at the same time you experience the emotion of fear. This set of events is best described by which theory of emotion?

a.	the common sense theory
b.	James-Lange theory
c.	attribution theory
d.	Cannon-Bard theory

ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Application

Which theory of emotion would explain that if you see a bear, your brain activity will simultaneously produce bodily arousal, running, and the feeling called fear?

a.	attribution theory
b.	Schachter’s cognitive theory
c.	Cannon-Bard theory
d.	James-Lange theory

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Application

When Nicole’s car skidded out of control on the slippery highway, she experienced physiological arousal, reacted, and felt fear simultaneously. This illustrates the __________ theory of emotion.

a.	attribution
b.	Cannon-Bard
c.	James-Lange
d.	Schachter’s cognitive

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Application

The cognitive theory of emotion emphasizes

a.	the combined effects of physical arousal and emotional labels.
b.	the role of the thalamus in coordinating emotion.
c.	that emotions are primarily objective feelings.
d.	the role of feedback to the parasympathetic nervous system.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Schachter’s cognitive theory emphasizes the influence of which of the following on emotion?

a.	labeling and interpretation
b.	parasympathetic arousal
c.	learned helplessness
d.	personality factors

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Regarding Schachter’s cognitive theory, we likely choose the appropriate label by deciding which source is leading to the arousal through a process of

a.	aversion.
b.	negation.
c.	attribution.
d.	homeostasis.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

According to Schachter’s theory of emotion, the specific emotion that an aroused person experiences depends on the

a.	generation of activity in the cortex simultaneously with physiological arousal.
b.	specific pattern of physiological arousal.
c.	the actions of the thalamus.
d.	cognitive factors present during physiological arousal.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Fact

You are walking down a deserted alley late at night; and you hear a sudden noise to your left. Your sympathetic nervous system prepares your body for fight or flight, and you experience fear. Just before you turn to run, however, you see a cat race away from the trash can he was digging in. “Oh, that was the noise,” you think. Instead of experiencing fear, you laugh wildly at what you had imagined was coming after you in the alley. This set of events is best described by which theory of emotion?

a.	the common sense theory
b.	James-Lange theory
c.	Schachter’s cognitive theory
d.	Cannon-Bard theory

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Application

Which theory of emotion explains that emotions occur when physical arousal is labeled or interpreted on the basis of your past experiences, the situation, and the reactions of others?

a.	the common sense theory
b.	Cannon-Bard theory
c.	James-Lange theory
d.	Schachter’s cognitive theory

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

You and your mother are riding one of the fastest roller coasters in the country. Your interpretation of your adrenaline rush is delight, while your mother interprets her adrenaline rush as fear. Your different interpretations illustrate which theory of emotion?

a.	the common sense theory
b.	James-Lange theory
c.	Schachter’s cognitive theory
d.	Cannon-Bard theory

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Application

In a research study, one-third of the subjects were injected with adrenaline, one-third were given a tranquilizer, and one-third were injected with a placebo (salt water) and then shown a film. The group injected with adrenaline laughed the most, the group given the tranquilizer laughed the least with the placebo group falling between the two other groups. Which theory explains that the individuals who received adrenaline had a stirred-up body, but no explanation for what they were feeling; and consequently, became happy when the movie implied that their adrenaline arousal was due to amusement?

a.	Schachter’s cognitive theory
b.	Cannon-Bard theory
c.	James-Lange theory
d.	the common sense theory

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Concept

In a research study, one-third of the subjects were injected with adrenaline, one-third were given a tranquilizer, and one-third were injected with a placebo (salt water) and shown a slapstick film. The findings of the study provided support for Schachter’s theory of emotion since the group members that laughed the MOST were the ones injected with

a.	adrenaline.
b.	a tranquilizer.
c.	a placebo.
d.	nothing.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

In a research study, one-third of the subjects were injected with adrenaline, one-third were given a tranquilizer, and one-third were injected with a placebo (salt water) and shown a slapstick film. The findings of the study provided support for Schachter’s theory of emotion since the group members that laughed the LEAST were the ones injected with

a.	adrenaline.
b.	a tranquilizer.
c.	a placebo.
d.	nothing.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

You meet a bear and experience bodily arousal. If the bear seemed unfriendly, you would interpret your arousal as fear, while if the bear offered to shake your “paw,” you would be happy, amazed, and relieved, according to which theory of emotion?

a.	the common sense theory
b.	James-Lange theory
c.	Schachter’s cognitive theory
d.	Cannon-Bard theory

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Application

According to Stanley Schachter, the emotions we feel are affected by

a.	perceptions, attitudes, judgment, and experience.
b.	hypothalamic and thalamic activity.
c.	the feedback we receive from our facial expressions.
d.	the suppression of the arousal felt.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

According to Valins, how we interpret arousal is determined by

a.	hypothalamic activity.
b.	thalamic activity.
c.	limbic system feedback.
d.	the attributions we make.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following is the mental process of assigning causes to events, such asone assigning bodily arousal to a particular source?

a.	attribution
b.	negation
c.	feedback
d.	homeostasis

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

The perception of an emotion in any situation can depend on what a person thinks has caused his or her feelings of physical arousal. This illustrates which theory of emotion?

a.	common sense theory
b.	Cannon-Bard theory
c.	James-Lange theory
d.	attribution theory

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Concept

An experiment in which subjects were given phony feedback about their heart rate responses to slides of nude females shows that

a.	perception of emotion is altered by misinformation about the effects of adrenaline.
b.	people are not easily fooled about their own emotional responses.
c.	physical arousal is unimportant to emotion.
d.	emotion is affected by the attribution of physical arousal.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following researchers in the area of emotion would probably be most interested in Valins’ notion of attribution?

a.	James and Lange
b.	Schachter
c.	Cannon and Bard
d.	Dodson

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Regarding Valins’ experiment in which male subjects were given phony feedback about their heart rate responses to slides of nude females, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	The male subjects who heard the false heart beat consistently rated the slides paired with a “pounding heart” as the most attractive.
b.	The results of the experiment demonstrate the effects of attribution on emotions.
c.	The male subjects, in order to explain their apparent arousal, came to believe that the slides they selected during the phony rapid heartbeat were really the most attractive.
d.	Valins’ theory is most similar to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

When parents try to break up the romance of a son or daughter, they tend to add anger, frustration, and fear to the situation. Then, the romantic couple may see the cause of all these intense feelings to be “love.” This situation is BEST explained by which theory of emotion?

a.	Cannon-Bard theory
b.	James-Lange theory
c.	attribution theory
d.	the common sense theory

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Application

Although he doesn’t understand why, Rick finds that his attraction to his girlfriend is intensified when she flirts with other men. His increased attraction may be caused by his __________ of his emotional arousal.

a.	denial
b.	suppression
c.	frustration
d.	attribution

ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Application

Which theory of emotion predicts that you are most likely to “love” someone who gets you stirred up emotionally, even when fear, anger, frustration, or rejection is part of the formula?

a.	Cannon-Bard theory
b.	attribution theory
c.	James-Lange theory
d.	the common sense theory

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.5 KEY: www

MSC: TYPE: Concept

The experiment of “love on a swaying bridge” in which the men on the swaying bridge interpreted their heightened arousal as attraction for the lovely interviewer add proof to which theory of emotion?

a.	Cannon-Bard theory
b.	attribution theory
c.	James-Lange theory
d.	the common sense theory

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.5 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

In the “love on a swaying bridge” experiment, the findings that the men interviewed on the high swaying suspension bridge called the lovely interviewer more than the men interviewed on the solid wooden bridge suggest that the

a.	men on the swaying bridge interpreted their heightened arousal as attraction for the lovely interviewer.
b.	lovely interviewer smiled more at the men on the swaying bridge than the solid bridge.
c.	men on the swaying bridge were younger than the men on the solid wooden bridge.
d.	men on the swaying bridge were more athletic than the men on the solid wooden bridge.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following explains that the emotions you experience are greatly influenced by how you think about the event in the first place?

a.	Carol Izard
b.	Paul Ekman
c.	Richard Lazarus
d.	Carl Lange

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Fact

According to Lazarus, one’s evaluation of the personal meaning of a stimulus or situation is known as

a.	facial feedback.
b.	unconscious attribution.
c.	cognitive distinction.
d.	emotional appraisal.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Fact

You have worked very hard, putting in a great deal of overtime at work. Your boss not only does not notice your hard work but comments on the “messiness” of your office. You have been slighted and demeaned and feel anger. Lazarus would say that your feeling of anger regarding this situation occurred because of your

a.	unconscious attribution.
b.	emotional appraisal.
c.	cognitive distinction.
d.	facial feedback.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Application

According to Lazarus, people tend to give personal meaning to any stimulus, evaluating it as good or bad, threatening or supportive, relevant or irrelevant, and so on. This illustrates

a.	emotional appraisal.
b.	unconscious attribution.
c.	cognitive distinction.
d.	facial feedback.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Fact

You promised a friend to pick him up after work. As you arrive at home, your friend calls you and says that he has been waiting for over an hour for you to pick him up. You realize that you have not lived up to your promise and feel shame. Lazarus would say that your feeling of shame in this situation occurred because of your

a.	emotional appraisal.
b.	unconscious attribution.
c.	cognitive distinction.
d.	facial feedback.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Application

You were recently awarded a full academic scholarship to a prestigious university. Lazarus would say that your feeling of pride occur because you have linked yourself with this accomplishment through

a.	facial feedback.
b.	unconscious attribution.
c.	cognitive distinction.
d.	emotional appraisal.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Application

When her mother-in-law criticizes her cooking, hairstyle, etc. Marie used to become angry and hurt. However, Marie now tries to feel compassion for her mother-in-law’s insecurities and become nicer toward her, since she has learned to

a.	pay more attention to her facial feedback.
b.	change her emotional appraisals.
c.	make cognitive distinctions.
d.	unconsciously lower her arousal levels.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Application

In therapy, Lauren has learned to laugh at another driver’s childish behavior rather than become very angry at the driver. Thus, therapy has helped to minimize her anger by teaching her how to

a.	inhibit her responses.
b.	suppress her emotions.
c.	change her emotional appraisals.
d.	unconsciously lower her arousal levels.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Application

Which theory explains that emotions cause innately programmed changes in facial expression with these sensations from the face providing cues to the brain that help us determine what emotion we are feeling?

a.	facial arousal theory
b.	facial attribution theory
c.	facial feedback hypothesis
d.	Cannon-Bard hypothesis

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which two psychologists advocate the facial feedback hypothesis?

a.	James and Schachter
b.	Cannon and Bard
c.	Izard and Ekman
d.	Maslow and Rogers

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Having facial expressions and becoming aware of them is what influences our private emotional experiences, according to

a.	Carrol Izard.
b.	Cannon-Bard.
c.	James-Lange.
d.	Richard Lazarus.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following theorists believed that “making faces” can actually produce emotions?

a.	James-Lange
b.	Cannon-Bard
c.	Richard Lazarus
d.	Paul Ekman

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

When a happy person makes and holds an angry look, he or she will probably notice

a.	that “making faces” can affect the autonomic nervous system.
b.	nothing, although he or she will feel the changes in his or her facial muscles.
c.	little change in emotion, unless there is a placebo effect.
d.	that emotion is physiological and is not affected in any way by facial expressions.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Application

Putting on an angry face has what effects on heart rate and skin temperature?

a.	raises both
b.	lowers both
c.	raises the heart rate and lowers the skin temperature
d.	lowers the heart rate and raises the skin temperature

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Putting on a face that indicates disgust has what effects on heart rate and skin temperature?

a.	raises both
b.	lowers both
c.	raises the heart rate and lowers the skin temperature
d.	lowers the heart rate and raises the skin temperature

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

In an experiment, people rated how funny they thought cartoons were while holding a pen crosswise in their mouths. Those who held the pen in their teeth thought the cartoons were funnier than did people who held the pen in their lips. These results are best explained by the

a.	Cannon-Bard theory.
b.	facial feedback hypothesis.
c.	attribution theory.
d.	cognitive theory.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Fact

In an experiment, people rated how funny they thought cartoons were while holding a pen crosswise in their mouths. Those who held the pen in their teeth thought the cartoons were funnier than did people who held the pen in their lips. These results are best explained by the

a.	experimenter effect due to a self-fulfilling prophecy that was created by the cartoon.
b.	placebo effect of having the subjects hold pens between their teeth and lips.
c.	attribution theory of what interpretation the subjects created for the experiment.
d.	pen between the teeth causing the subjects to smile and the pen between the lips causing them to frown.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

According to the facial feedback hypothesis, emotional experiences are influenced by

a.	hippocampal arousal.
b.	one’s own facial expression.
c.	the label you place on your aroused state.
d.	the facial cues from others.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

According to psychologists who support the facial feedback hypothesis of emotion, if you want to be happy, you should

a.	seek friends with similar values.
b.	surround yourself with others who are happy.
c.	shape your own moods through self-reinforcement.
d.	smile.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Application

Which theory of emotion BEST explains how “putting on a happy face” can actually make you feel better?

a.	Cannon-Bard theory
b.	facial feedback hypothesis
c.	Schachter’s cognitive theory
d.	common sense theory

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Restraining emotion has been shown to

a.	suppress activity in the sympathetic nervous system.
b.	suppress activity in the parasympathetic nervous system.
c.	increase activity in the parasympathetic nervous system.
d.	increase activity in the sympathetic nervous system.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Mary is very offended by the discussion at the dinner party she is attending, but she does a good job of suppressing her emotions so that nobody can tell. Because Mary is devoting her attention to self control, she is likely to

a.	recall only the positive events of the party.
b.	have some impairment in thinking and memory.
c.	change her beliefs regarding the offensive topic.
d.	have an emotional breakdown when she leaves the party.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Application

Although no one would guess from her outward signs of emotion, Jane has been angry with her roommate for the last six months for borrowing her clothes and not being responsible for her share of the chores around the apartment. This suppression of her angry will most likely lead to

a.	Jane becoming depressed.
b.	decreased activity in her sympathetic nervous system.
c.	clear, objective thinking and problem-solving in other areas of her life.
d.	all of these outcomes.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.5 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Application

Regarding the suppression of emotions, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

a.	Suppressing emotion can enhance thinking and memory because one remains in control.
b.	Restraining emotions decreases activity in the sympathetic nervous system.
c.	People who express their emotions generally experience better emotional and physical health.
d.	All of these statements are true.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Regarding the suppression of emotions, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Paying attention to our negative emotions can lead us to think more clearly about the positive and the negative, resulting in better decision making,
b.	Restraining emotions decreases activity in the sympathetic nervous system.
c.	It is better to manage emotions than it is to suppress them.
d.	People who suppress emotions cope poorly with life and are prone to depression and other problems.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Concept

People who express their emotions

a.	utilize more energy and effort than those who suppress their emotions.
b.	experience better emotional and physical health.
c.	show impairment in thinking and memory.
d.	are prone to depression and other problems.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Which of the following is considered to be an element of emotion by all of the theories of emotion discussed in the textbook?

a.	attribution
b.	kinesics
c.	cognition
d.	physiological arousal

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Concept

The way situations are evaluated has taken a more prominent place in contemporary models of emotion. This factor is called

a.	appraisal.
b.	attribution.
c.	feedback.
d.	emotional tone.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

To summarize the contemporary view of emotion, which of the following theorists correctly stated that feedback from arousal and behavior adds to our emotional experiences?

a.	Cannon and Bard
b.	James and Lange
c.	Stanley Schachter
d.	Richard Lazarus

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.5 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

To summarize the contemporary view of emotion, the timing of events within an emotion was correctly explained by

a.	Cannon and Bard.
b.	James and Lange.
c.	Schachter and Valins.
d.	Izard and Ekman.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.5 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

To summarize the contemporary view of emotion, which of the following showed us that cognition is important in causing an emotion?

a.	Cannon and Bard
b.	James and Lange
c.	Stanley Schachter
d.	Paul Ekman

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.5 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

To summarize the contemporary view of emotion, which of the following showed us the importance of emotional appraisal in creating an emotion?

a.	Cannon and Bard
b.	James and Lange
c.	Richard Lazarus
d.	Paul Ekman

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.5 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

To summarize the contemporary view of emotion, which of the following showed us the influence of facial expressions on our emotions?

a.	Carrol Izard
b.	James and Lange
c.	Richard Lazarus
d.	Stanley Schachter

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.5 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

According to the contemporary view of emotion, which of the following gives rise to your initial autonomic nervous system arousal and the cognitive labeling of an emotional stimulus, such as a large, snarling dog?

a.	your emotional appraisal of the situation
b.	your adaptive behavior of running
c.	your facial feedback expression
d.	your cognitive awareness of fear

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.5 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Regarding the contemporary view of emotion, your emotional appraisal of a situation is altered by all of the following EXCEPT

a.	autonomic nervous system arousal.
b.	adaptive behavior.
c.	labeling.
d.	the suppression of emotions.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.5 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

According to the contemporary view of emotion, the intensity of an emotional feeling is directly related to

a.	emotional intelligence.
b.	facial feedback.
c.	the amount of autonomic nervous system arousal taking place in the body.
d.	the differential level of one’s homeostasis.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following would NOT be considered part of the contemporary theory of emotion?

a.	appraisal
b.	adaptive behavior
c.	innate emotional expressions
d.	the inhibition of emotions

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding the contemporary view of emotion, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Emotional stimuli may be an external object or event.
b.	The intensity of an emotional feeling is directly related to the amount of autonomic nervous system arousal is taking place in the body.
c.	How one appraises a situation greatly affects one’s emotions.
d.	Mere thoughts and memories cannot make us fearful, sad, or happy.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

TRUE/FALSE

Asian cultures tend to express the emotion anger less and regard it as less “natural” than do Western cultures.

ANS: T DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Male babies start out life more emotionally expressive than female babies.

ANS: T DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Fact

The James-Lange theory of emotion holds that emotional feelings, arousal, and behavior are generated simultaneously in the brain.

ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Fact

When parents try to break up the romance of a son or daughter, they tend to add anger, frustration, and fear to the situation and inadvertently intensify the couple’s feelings of “love.” The situation is best explained by the attribution theory of emotion.

ANS: T DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Application

Restraining one’s emotions decreases activity in the sympathetic nervous system.

ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Concept

COMPLETION

The arrangement of the face into a combination of two or more facial expressions is called a(n) __________.

ANS: facial blend

DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 KEY: * MSC: TYPE: Fact

Because boys learn to suppress their emotional expressions, the only emotion they can freely express is __________.

ANS: anger

DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 KEY: * MSC: TYPE: Fact

The study of communication through body movement, posture, gestures, and facial expressions is known as __________.

ANS: kinesics

DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 KEY: * MSC: TYPE: Fact

Emotions occur when physical arousal is labeled or interpreted on the basis of experience and situational cues, according to Schachter’s __________ theory of emotion.

ANS: cognitive

DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 KEY: * MSC: TYPE: Concept

Evaluating the personal meaning of a stimulus or situation is called __________.

ANS: emotional appraisal

DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 KEY: * MSC: TYPE: Concept

The theory of emotion that explains that posed facial expressions can alter emotions, that is, frowning can make you feel sad and smiling can make you feel happy is called the __________.

ANS: facial feedback hypothesis

DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 KEY: * MSC: TYPE: Concept

ESSAY

Compare and contrast the similarities and differences that exist in the expression of emotions among Eastern and Western cultures; and discuss how and why men and women in Western cultures differ in their expression of emotions.

ANS:

Answer will include that although basic expressions appear to be fairly universal, the facial expressions of fear, anger, disgust, sadness, surprise, and happiness (enjoyment) are recognized around the world. Expressions of contempt and interest may also be universal, but researchers are less certain of this. Some facial expressions are shaped by learning and may be found only in specific cultures. Among the Chinese, for example, sticking out the tongue is a gesture of surprise, not of disrespect or teasing. If a person comes from another culture, it is wise to remember that you may easily misunderstand his or her expressions. At such times, knowing the social context in which an expression occurs helps clarify its meaning. Anger is a very common emotion in Western cultures. Very likely this is because our culture emphasizes personal independence and a free expression of individual rights and needs. In North America, anger is widely viewed as a “natural” reaction to feeling that you have been treated unfairly. In contrast, many Asian cultures place a high value on group harmony. In Asia, expressing anger in public is less common and anger is regarded as less “natural.” The reason for this is that anger tends to separate people. Thus, being angry is at odds with a culture that values cooperation. Culture also influence positive emotions. In America, we tend to have positive feelings such as pride, happiness, and superiority, which emphasize our role as individuals. In Japan, positive feelings are more often linked with membership in groups (friendly feelings, closeness to others, and respect). Compared with women, men in Western cultures are more likely to have difficulty expressing their emotions than women. According to psychologist Ronald Levant, although male babies start out life more emotionally expressive than female babies, little boys soon learn to “toughen up,” beginning in early childhood. As a result, men have learned to curtail the expression of most of their emotions. While girls are encouraged to express sadness, fear shame, and guilt, boys are more likely to be allowed to express only anger and hostility. For many men, an inability to express feelings or to even be aware of them is a major barrier to having close, satisfying relationships with others. Blunted emotions may even contribute to tragedies like the mass murder at Columbine High School in Littleton, Colorado. For many young males, anger is the only emotion they can freely feel and express.

DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.5 KEY: * MSC: TYPE: Concept

Describe the contemporary model of emotion, explaining how each of the theories of emotions is included within this model.

ANS:

Answer includes that an emotional stimulus, for example a feared object, is appraised as a threat (emotional appraisal theory) or other cause for emotion. Your appraisal gives rise to ANS arousal and cognitive labeling (Schachter’s cognitive theory). The appraisal also releases innate emotional expressions (facial expressions for the facial feedback hypothesis). At the same time, your appraisal leads to adaptive behavior of running from the object (James-Lange theory). It also causes a change in consciousness that you recognize as the subjective experience of fear. Each element of emotion—ANS arousal, labeling, adaptive behavior, subjective experience, and your emotional expressions—may further alter your emotional appraisal of the situation, as well as your thoughts, judgment, and perceptions. Thus, according to the facial feedback hypothesis, your facial expression will further influence your emotion. Such changes affect which of the other reactions, which again alters your appraisal and interpretation of events. To summarize, James and Lange were right that feedback from arousal and behavior adds to our emotional experiences. Cannon and Bard were right about the timing of events. Schachter showed us that cognition is important. Most importantly, Richard Lazarus’ theory stresses the importance of emotional appraisal.

DIF: Difficult REF: Module 9.5 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Question by Type

Module 9.5: Emotional Expression and Theories of Emotion	Question Type	Fact	Concept	Application
Expressing Emotions—Making Faces and Talking Bodies	Multiple Choice	1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 22, 26, 32, 33, 34, 35, 38, 39, 40, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 50	4, 21, 23, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 36, 41, 45, 56, 65, 66, 67, 72, 76, 79, 84, 85	11, 14, 18, 24, 37, 42, 49, 51, 52, 54, 55, 57, 58, 62, 63, 64, 69, 71, 75, 83, 84, 90, 92
	True/False	2	1
	Completion	1, 2, 3
	Essay		1
Theories of Emotion—Several Ways to Fear a Bear	Multiple Choice	53, 59, 60, 61, 68, 70, 73, 74, 77, 78, 80, 82, 87, 88, 89, 91, 96, 97, 98, 99, 103, 104, 108, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 122, 123, 124	86, 101, 102, 105, 107, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 121, 125	93, 94, 95, 100, 106, 109, 110
	True/False	3	4	5
	Completion		4, 5, 6
	Essay		2

Chapter 9: Motives and Feelings

Module 9.6

MULTIPLE CHOICE

The ability to perceive, use, understand, and manage emotions is called

a.	creative thinking.
b.	emotional intelligence.
c.	kinesic sensitivity.
d.	intuition.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.6 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

The Greek philosopher Aristotle had a recipe for handling relationships smoothly: “Be angry with the right person, to the right degree, at the right time, for the right purpose, and in the right way.” Psychologists Peter Salovey and John Mayer call such self-control

a.	creative thinking.
b.	emotional intelligence.
c.	kinesic sensitivity.
d.	intuition.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.6 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Empathy, self-control, and self-awareness and other skills make up

a.	creative problem-solving.
b.	dogmatism.
c.	intuition.
d.	emotional intelligence.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.6 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Which of the following is considered a beneficial skill of emotional intelligence?

a.	creativity
b.	dogmatism
c.	self-control
d.	intuition

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.6 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Jeanie tends to be comfortable in any situation and has the ability to make others feel the same way. She knows how to comfort her friends when they are feeling down, to encourage them in their struggles, and to share their joy when they succeed. Jeanie exhibits a great deal of

a.	intuition.
b.	kinesic sensitivity.
c.	emotional intelligence.
d.	creative thinking.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.6 MSC: TYPE: Application

People with which of the following qualities tend to be more flexible, adaptable, and excel at life and are more agreeable because they do not stifle their emotions nor overindulge them?

a.	emotional intelligence
b.	dogmatic pragmatism
c.	kinesic sensitivity
d.	creative intuition

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.6 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Concerning emotional intelligence, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	In many of life circumstances, emotional intelligence is as important as IQ.
b.	Poor emotional skills can lead to problems in marriage and parenting, poor mental and physical health, violent crime, and poor academic performance.
c.	Emotional intelligence involves the ability to perceive, use, understand, and manage emotions.
d.	Emotionally intelligence people are less agreeable than people with low emotional skills because they always trying to impress others.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.6 MSC: TYPE: Concept

When we accept that emotions are an essential part of who we are and how we survive and we use this ability to make our emotions work for us, we are considered

a.	emotionally creative.
b.	emotionally intelligent.
c.	emotionally intuition.
d.	emotionally transference.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.6 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Kala is experiencing a great deal of emotional upheaval. However, she has difficulty pinpointing why she is feeling so uncomfortable and whether she is feeling more anxious, depressed, or angry. Kala is low in

a.	sociability.
b.	congruence.
c.	emotional intelligence.
d.	emotional transference.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.6 MSC: TYPE: Application

According to your textbook, which of the following is one of the important skills related to emotional intelligence?

a.	empathy
b.	concept formation
c.	creativity
d.	directive communication

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.6 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Larry is good at “reading” facial expressions, tone of voice, and other signs of emotion in others and to sense what others are feeling. In terms of emotional intelligence, Larry is exhibiting

a.	congruence.
b.	emotional conceptualization.
c.	bidirectional communication.
d.	empathy.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.6 MSC: TYPE: Application

LaTara tends to have difficulty interpreting her own emotions, but she is very good at sensing what her friends are feeling. In terms of emotional intelligence, LaTara has difficulty in perceiving her own emotions but is able to exhibit

a.	empathy.
b.	bidirectional communication.
c.	emotional conceptualization.
d.	emotional flexibility.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.6 KEY: *, www

MSC: TYPE: Application

Regarding emotional intelligence, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Emotional intelligence involves an ability to manage your own emotions and those of others.
b.	Those who are more self-aware are keenly sensitive to their own feelings.
c.	Emotionally intelligent people treat negative emotions as unwelcome misery and try to suppress them as quickly as possible.
d.	If you can remember how you reacted emotionally in the past, it can help you react better to new situations.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.6 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Regarding emotional intelligence, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Emotional intelligent people know how to calm down when they are angry and also know how to calm others.
b.	Emotional intelligent people enjoy their good fortune without announcing it to others in order not to make others jealous.
c.	Emotionally intelligent people know what causes various emotions, what they mean, and how they affect their behavior.
d.	Emotionally intelligent people use emotions to promote personal growth and improve relations with others.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.6 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

When good fortune comes their way, emotionally intelligent people

a.	enjoy their good fortune without announcing it to others.
b.	share their good news with others.
c.	know that good fortune is fleeting and prepare themselves for a reversal of fortune.
d.	enjoy their good fortune and assume that it is a stable situation.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.6 MSC: TYPE: Concept

When Elena experiences a negative emotion, such as anger, she usually recognizes it quickly and tries to analyze what caused this emotion, what it means, and how it has affected her behavior in the past. She then uses this information to enhance her thinking and decision making. Because Elena perceives, using, and understands her emotions, we would say that she

a.	is emotionally intelligent.
b.	is intuitive.
c.	is dogmatic.
d.	has all of these characteristics.

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.6 MSC: TYPE: Application

Emotionally intelligent people

a.	enjoy positive emotions, while treating negative emotions as an unwelcome misery.
b.	who are faced with negative emotions do not seek help or burden others with their problems.
c.	understand that negative emotions can be valuable and constructive.
d.	make decisions based on a sensible, rational, unemotional approach.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.6 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Emotions that are associated with actions that helped our ancestors save their lives are our __________ emotions.

a.	unconscious
b.	negative
c.	positive
d.	suppressed

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.6 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Emotions that create an urge to play, to be creative, to explore, and to savor life are our __________ emotions.

a.	unconscious
b.	negative
c.	positive
d.	suppressed

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.6 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

According to positive psychology, negative emotions tend to

a.	urge us to be creative.
b.	broaden our focus.
c.	narrow our focus.
d.	encourage us to seek new experiences.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.6 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

According to positive psychology, positive emotions tend to

a.	create dangerous situations.
b.	broaden our focus.
c.	narrow our focus.
d.	make us content with the status quo.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.6 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

The benefits of experiencing positive emotions, such as joy and happiness, include

a.	allowing us to be content with the status quo.
b.	encouraging personal growth and social connection.
c.	stimulating the frontal lobes to suppress the fear response of the amygdala.
d.	all of these.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.6 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding emotional intelligence, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Many valuable lessons can be learned from paying close attention to your emotions and the emotions of others.
b.	Happiness can be cultivated by using the strengths we already possess, including kindness, originality, humor, optimism, and generosity.
c.	Cultivating positive emotions is a part of emotional intelligence.
d.	Extremely rational approaches to making choices produce sensible, emotionally flexible, wise decisions.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.6 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding emotional intelligence, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Emotional intelligence is an innate quality that cannot be learned.
b.	Happiness can be cultivated by using the strengths we already possess, including kindness, originality, humor, optimism, and generosity.
c.	Cultivating positive emotions is a part of emotional intelligence.
d.	Extremely rational approaches to making choices can produce sensible but emotionally empty decisions.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.6 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Good decisions most often involve

a.	extremely rational approaches.
b.	trying to avoid negative consequences.
c.	a combination of reason and objective attributions.
d.	a combination of reason and emotion.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.6 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

TRUE/FALSE

Emotional intelligence involves a combination of skills, including self-awareness, empathy, and self-control.

ANS: T DIF: Easy REF: Module 9.6 MSC: TYPE: Fact

According to positive psychology, negative emotions tend to narrow our focus, while positive emotions tend to broaden our focus.

ANS: T DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.6 MSC: TYPE: Concept

COMPLETION

The Greek philosopher Aristotle stated that a person should “be angry with the right person, to the right degree, at the right time, for the right purpose, and in the right way,” which psychologists Salovey and Mayer would describe as __________.

ANS: emotional intelligence

DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.6 KEY: * MSC: TYPE: Concept

Larry is good at “reading” facial expressions, tone of voice, and other signs of emotion in others and to sense what others are feeling. Larry is exhibiting an aspect of emotional intelligence known as __________.

ANS: empathy

DIF: Moderate REF: Module 9.6 KEY: * MSC: TYPE: Application

ESSAY

Discuss how emotionally intelligence people perceive, use, and manage their emotions.

ANS:

Answer will include that emotional intelligence is a combination of skills, such as empathy, self-control, and self-awareness. People who excel in life tend to be emotionally intelligent. They do not stifle their emotions or overindulge in them. Many elements contribute to emotional intelligence, including the following: (1) Perceiving emotions: Emotionally intelligent people are tuned in to their own feelings. They are able to recognize quickly if they are angry, or envious, or feeling guilty. This is valuable because many people have disruptive emotions without being able to pinpoint why they are uncomfortable. They are also empathetic. Empathetic people accurately perceive emotions in others and sense what others are feeling. They are good at “reading” facial expressions, tone of voice, and other signs of emotion. (2) Using emotion: People who are emotionally intelligent use their feelings to enhance thinking and decision making. For example, if you can remember how you reacted emotionally in the past, it can help you react better to new situations. You can also use emotions to promote personal growth and improve relationships with others (3) Understanding emotions: People who are emotionally intelligent know what causes various emotions, what they mean, and how they affect behavior. (4) Managing emotions: Emotional intelligence involves an ability to manage your own emotions and those of others. You know how to calm down when you are angry and you also know how to calm others. In general, being emotionally intelligent means accepting that emotions are an essential part of who we are and how we survive. Negative emotions can be valuable and constructive. For example, persistent distress may compel a person to seek help, mend a relationship, or find a new direction in life.

DIF: Moderate KEY: * REF: Module 9.6 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Question by Type

Module 9.6: Psychology in Action:	Question Type	Fact	Concept	Application
Emotional Intelligence—The Fine Art of Self-Control	Multiple Choice	1, 10, 18, 19, 22, 23, 24	2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 13, 14, 15, 17, 20, 21, 25	5, 9, 11, 12, 16
	True/False	1	2
	Completion		1	2
	Essay		1

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Introduction to Psychology Active Learning through Modules, International Edition 12tH Edition By Dennis Coon - Test Bank

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