Journey of Adulthood 8th Edition By Bjorklund - Test Bank

Journey of Adulthood 8th Edition By Bjorklund – Test Bank

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b. faster recall of lists of words by 20-year-olds than by 60-year-olds
*c. higher percentage of blue-collar workers among 50-year-olds than among 30-year-
olds
d. a lower rate of marital satisfaction among couples in their 30s than among couples in
their 50s
1-14. (factual-8–9) Which of the following groups would be described as a “cohort”?
a. all adults presently with middle-class jobs
b. all unemployed adults
c. all adults who exercise regularly
*d. all adults born between 1970 and 1975
1-15. (factual-8–9) Which of the following groups would be described as a “cohort”?
a. everyone who was once a preschooler with a working mother
*b. everyone born during the Great Depression of the 1930s
c. everyone in whose mother was named Anna
d. everyone who lives in the western hemisphere
1-16. (factual-9) Which of the following is a common characteristic of U.S. adults who were
young children during the Great Depression of the 1930’s, according to Elder’s research?
*a. negative effects in adulthood
b. a large number of children
c. stable careers
d. late marriage
1-17. (applied-10) Which of the following scenarios is MOST likely a nonnormative life event?
a. A couple in their 20s first marry then have a child.
b. A grandfather of two retires at age 65.
*c. Two nursing home residents marry at ages 80 and 82.
d. A young woman graduates with a bachelor’s degree at age 22.
1-18. (factual-12) Which of the following is a major research technique used in “behavior
genetics”?
a. comparisons of individuals from different ethnic groups
*b. comparisons of identical and fraternal twins
c. comparisons of young and old subjects
d. comparisons of males and females
1-19. (conceptual-17–21) If I want to know whether IQ scores tend to remain constant in
individuals over the adult years, which of the following research designs should I use to study
the question?
*a. longitudinal
b. experimental
c. a survey questionnaire
d. qualitative
1-20. (applied-18-20) If a researcher interviews a group of 20-year-olds, a group of 40-year-olds,
and a group of 60-year-olds about their gender role attitudes at one point in time, this would
be an example of which sort of research design?
*a. cross-sectional
b. longitudinal

c. time-sequential
d. cross-sequential
1-21. (factual-18-20) The large-scale research project known as the Midlife in the United States
(MIDUS) National Survey included questions pertaining to personal health that was sent
out to 7000 participants between the ages of 25 and 74. This type of study in which data is
gathered at one time from groups of participants who represent different age groups is an
example of what general type of research design?
*a. cross-sectional
b. longitudinal
c. sequential
d. panel
1-22. (factual-18-20) When researchers compare the behavior or responses of adults in different
phases of the family life cycle, this is most like which type of research design?
*a. cross-sectional
b. sequential
c. longitudinal
d. correlational
1-23 (factual-18-20) Of the following research methods, select the one that studies the same
subjects over a period of time, observing whether their responses remain the same or
change in systematic ways?
a. sequential
b. experimental
c. cross-sectional
*d. longitudinal
1-24. (applied-18–20) After doing a large-scale cross-sectional study, a researcher finds that each
successively older group does slightly less well on a test of memory for 10-digit telephone
numbers. Which of the following is the best interpretation of this result?
*a. A basic biological change underlies the observed steady reduction of memory skill.
b. The differences can be explained by gender of the participants.
c. The difference has nothing to do with practice of memory skills.
d. No interpretation can be made using this result.
1-25. (factual-20) If, every five years, I study the gender-role attitudes of the same group of
individuals, this would be an example of what kind of research design?
a. cross-sectional
b. sequential
*c. longitudinal
d. correlational
1-26. (conceptual-19). Some cross-sectional studies do not use age groups. Instead, they use
stages in life. Which cross-sectional study would be the most suitable using stages in life?
*a. comparing young couples without children to couples who have already had their first
child to see the effects of parenthood on marriage
b. comparing answers to survey questions from men and women aged 35–44 years old
c. comparing a freshman and senior high school student grade point average and athletic
ability
d. comparing twins’ personality inventories every five years

1-27. (applied-16) Although Alex’s biological mother used crack cocaine during her pregnancy,
Alex was adopted at birth into a loving home with parents who did the best that they could to
give her every opportunity possible. She ended up graduating from high school and is now
beginning a culinary program at a local community college. Alex’s scenario best exemplifies:
a. contextualism.
*b. plasticity.
c. normative history-graded influences.
d. the multidisciplinary nature of development.
1-28. (factual-20) If I select one sample of 30-year-olds and follow them over a decade,
interviewing or testing them repeatedly, this would be an example of what kind of research
design?
a. cross-sectional
b. sequential
*c. longitudinal
d. correlational
1-29. (conceptual-20) Which of the following is a major argument AGAINST the use of cross-
sectional research designs in studying adult development?
a. They require too much time to collect data.
b. They typically involve non-representative samples.
*c. They confound age and cohort.
d. They do not allow comparisons of sub-groups, such as middle-class and working-class,
or black and white.
1-30. (factual-20) If a researcher begins a study of a group of 20-year-olds and then a few years
later continues the study on the same group, this would be an example of what type of
research design?
a. cross-sectional
b. time-sequential
*c. longitudinal
d. cohort-sequential
1-31. (applied-19-20) Using a standard treadmill test, I observe that today’s 30-year-olds are
more aerobically fit than are today’s 60-year-olds. Which of the following is the LEAST
plausible explanation of this observation?
a. Fitness is more highly valued in today’s society, so the younger cohort exercises more
regularly than the older cohort does now or did when they were 30.
b. In U.S. society, jobs and lifestyles become more and more sedentary as adults get
older. The observed difference thus reflects a genuine change with age, but not an
inevitable one.
c. Inevitable physical changes associated with basic biological aging lie behind the
observed difference.
*d. It is more difficult to test the aerobic capacity of 60-year-olds, so the findings are
probably misleading.
1-32. (conceptual-20) A researcher finds in a longitudinal study that her subjects are significantly more
open to new experiences at age 50 than they were at 30. This change most likely reflects _______.
a. a cohort difference
b. the classic nature nurture dichotomy

*c. a developmental change
d. attrition
1-33. (conceptual-22) If I want to know whether successive cohorts show the same pattern of
decline in frequency of close friendships in their 30s, which research design should I use?
a. time-lag
*b. sequential
c. longitudinal
d. cross-sectional
1-34. (conceptual-20-22) What would be the very best research design to determine whether
middle-aged adults are really more psychologically “mature” than young adults?
a. a longitudinal design, with a large representative sample studied from 20 to 45
b. a cross-sectional study in which a large, representative sample of adults of each age
from 20 to 45 (e.g., 20-year-olds, 25-year-olds, etc.) is studied once
c. the same cross-sectional design as in b, but repeated at 10-year intervals
*d. a sequential design in which each age interval is studied longitudinally in more than
one cohort
1-35. (factual-21) A researcher selects a sample of 65-year-olds and interviews and tests them
every two years for 14 years. Over these years, some of the subjects die or drop out of the
study. This phenomenon is referred to as _______.
*a. attrition
b. terminal drop
c. longitudinal loss
d. selective bias
1-36. (factual-20) If I were to select a sample of 30-year-olds, another sample of 40-year-olds,
and a third sample of 50-year-olds, test or interview them once, and then test or interview
them again 10 years later, this would be an example of what kind of research design?
a. cross-sectional
*b. sequential
c. longitudinal
d. correlational
1-37. (factual-22) A sequential research design _______.
a. is more commonly used than cross-sectional designs because they take less time
*b. includes two or more longitudinal comparisons taken at different times
c. is carried out at one point in time
d. includes one cohort studied over time
1-38. (applied -19-20) Which of the following scenarios best represents a cross-sectional research
design?
*a. A study examines individual political views across a life span. The researcher’s
hypothesis is that as individuals age, they become more conservative. The researcher
randomly selects a sample from various age cohorts, to examine their political views
on capital punishment, immigration, and federal spending.
b. A study examines individual political views across a life span. The researcher’s
hypothesis is that as individual’s age, they become more conservative. The researcher
randomly selects a sample from selected high school population and follows them for
50 years.

c. A study examines the relationship of individual political views and the amount of
education they have completed. The researcher’s hypothesis is that there is a positive
relationship between education and liberal political views.
d. A study examines how individual political views change between 1981–1991 and
2001–2011.
1-39. (applied-25) Suppose I am interested in knowing whether adults who are very introverted at
age 20 are still highly introverted at age 50. Which of the following statistical analyses will I
be most likely to use?
a. a comparison of average introversion scores for a sample of adults aged 20 and another
sample aged 50
b. a comparison of average introversion scores at age 20 and age 50 for the same adults
assessed longitudinally
c. an analysis of the average amount in introversion between any two measurements of
the same people over time
*d. a calculation of the correlation between scores on the key variable at two time points
in a group of subjects studied longitudinally between age 20 and age 50
1-40. (factual-25) Which of the following correlation coefficients shows the strongest relationship
between the two variables entered into the correlation?
a. –.35
b. +.70
*c. – 82
d. +.55
1-41. (applied-25) Three groups of males take a timed reaction test. All the males in Group 1 are
aged 20. The males in Group 2 are all aged 40. The males in the last group (Group 3) are all
aged 60. The statistic reported to describe the differences in reaction times between groups is
each group’s mean score. However, this mean score does NOT identify _______.
a. which group has the fastest reaction times
b. a trend for reaction times based on age
*c. any individual’s reaction time
d. the group that would include the best candidates for a job requiring excellent reaction
times
1-42. (applied-25) There is a significant positive correlation between IQ scores and academic
performance (grades). Given this statistic, we can reasonably conclude that _______.
a. low IQ scores and low grades are not at all related
*b. high IQ scores are a predictor of good grades
c. high IQ scores are the only established cause of high grades
d. low IQ scores are a result of neglectful parenting.
1-43. (applied-7–10, 19–20) Suppose a researcher, using a cross-sectional design, finds that the
incidence of depression is highest among young adults and lowest among the elderly. Which
of the following is a possible valid interpretation of this result?
a. It reflects a basic, shared biological change with age.
b. It reflects a shared, “age-graded” change resulting from common adult tasks and
family life cycles.
c. It reflects cohort differences; current young adults experience more stress than the
previous generation did.

*d. any of the above.
1-44. (applied-27) Dr. Schwebel combined data from 30 studies to examine the link between
optimism and health. This is an example of a(n):
*a. meta-analysis
b. quasi-experimental design
c. experiment
d. survey

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
1-45. What is a meta-analysis and why would a researcher choose to do it?
1-46. A researcher reports that adults in their forties have fewer close friends than do adults in
their twenties. List briefly at least two (three if you can manage it) broad types of explanations for
this finding.
1-47. Describe and discuss at least two categories of shared, age-graded experiences that can
shape adult development.
1-48. Briefly describe two of the significant problems with longitudinal design.
1-49. There are at least three factors or processes that produce age-graded changes. Briefly list
and describe them.
ESSAY QUESTIONS
1-50. Explain briefly why differences in the average level of education between older and
younger adults might affect our interpretation of age differences in such variables as intellectual
performance or work satisfaction.
1-51. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional and longitudinal research
designs.
1-52. Suppose you wanted to know whether adults become more religious in their forties and
fifties than they were at earlier adult ages. Briefly describe a study you would design to answer
this question.
1-53. Describe two different types of sequential research designs and give an example of each—
either an example of an actual study, or one you make up.
1-54. Design an experiment to test the proposition that older adults gain less (learn less in a given
amount of time) from training in some new skill than do younger adults.
1-55. What are the advantages of a sequential study compared to a cross-sectional study?
1-56. How can we tell the difference between a cohort effect and a genuine developmental
pattern? What kind of evidence do we need to make the distinction?
1-57. Describe the major adult age strata present in U.S. culture, and describe the major
expectations and responsibilities associated with each stratum.
1-58. Describe the difference between shared and non-shared events. Include examples of each.
1-59. Explore the concepts of individual difference in terms of stability and change, using either
an example from your family or one that you make up from imagination, providing definitions in
your own words and applied examples.

1-60. Give an example of a research question that you think would lend itself best to a qualitative
approach. Explain why you might want to use this type of analysis rather than a quantitative
analysis.
1-61. Evaluate the impact of stability and change during your developmental process. Explain,
with at least one example each, how the concept of change and stability manifest in your life, and
whether you envision a stable theme throughout your life.
1-62. Explain in what ways a person’s social age will impact his or her activity level in public
places if his or her chronological age is between 60–70 years old. Provide an example that
illustrates this impact.

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Journey of Adulthood 8th Edition By Bjorklund - Test Bank

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