Juvenile Justice 6th International Edition by Kären M. Hess - Test Bank

Juvenile Justice 6th International Edition by Kären M. Hess – Test Bank

 

Instant Download – Complete Test Bank With Answers

 

 

Sample Questions Are Posted Below

 

Chapter 6- Juvenile Offenders

 

Multiple Choice

 

1. The number of juvenile arrests in 2006 was:
2. 1.5 million
3. 2.2 million
4. 2.5 million
5. 3.1 million

ANS:   B                                 REF:  167                    LO:  3

 

2. Status offenses include all of the following actions EXCEPT:
3. running away and habitual truancy
4. habitual truancy and violating curfew
5. early substance abuse, including alcohol
6. early sexual activities without parental consent

ANS:   D                                 REF: 170                     LO:  1

 

3. The most frequent self-reported offense for those 16 and older is:
4. liquor law violations
5. marijuana law violations
6. cocaine law violations
7. methamphetamine law violations

ANS:   A                                 REF:   172                   LO:  3

 

4. The American Bar Association supports decriminalizing status offenses, such as:
5. the smoking of cigarettes
6. underage sexual activities
7. the use of marijuana
8. shoplifting

ANS:   A                                 REF: 174                     LO:  1

 

5. The two general onset trajectories for youth violence do NOT indicate:
6. that crime most often begins before puberty (early) and in adolescence (late)
7. that youth who become violent before age 13 commit more serious crimes
8. that youth who become violent before age 13 commit only one crime
9. that youth who become violent before age 13 have a sibling who has been convicted of a crime

ANS:   C                                 REF:  186        LO:  6

 

6. Arrests have increased from 2005 to 2006 for the status offenses of:
7. liquor law and curfew violations
8. running away
9. truancy
10. drug abuse

ANS:   A                                 REF:   172                   LO:  2

7. Of the crimes listed below, which is least likely to be committed by a juvenile?
8. murder
9. forcible rape
10. robbery
11. aggravated assault

ANS:   A                                 REF:   181                               LO:  5

 

8. The term delinquency is used in juvenile justice to do all of the following EXCEPT:
9. replace the term criminality
10. avoid stigmatizing youth
11. place youth appropriately after an offense
12. be applied to status offenders

ANS:   D                                 REF: 176                                 LO:  3

 

9. High school seniors self-reported being engaged most frequently in:
10. shoplifting
11. drug abuse
12. larceny
13. burglary

ANS:   A                                 REF: 176                                 LO:  4

 

10. A concern about the “single offender” arrest statistic:
11. it does not report the violator’s sex and age
12. it is not incorporated in juvenile justice data
13. it can present a skewed picture of crimes and victimization
14. it does not include offenders who are mentally ill

ANS:   C                                 REF: 179                                 LO:  3

 

11. In 2006, the issue of disproportionate minority contact (DMC) was:
12. reflected in data comparing male and female juvenile offenders
13. reflected in data comparing 13 year old and 18 year old males
14. a discrepancy between black youth arrests (51%) relative to their representation of the general population (17%)
15. a discrepancy between Latino youth arrests (28%) relative to their representation of the general population (8%)

ANS:   C                                 REF:   184                               LO:  7

 

12. The juvenile arrest rate for burglary has:
13. declined 69% from 1980 to 2006
14. declined 35% from 1980 to 2006
15. increased 25% from 1980 to 2006
16. increased 69% from 1980 to 2006

ANS:   A                                 REF:   179                   LO:  4

 

 

 

 

13. The juvenile arrest rate for motor vehicle theft has:
14. remained consistently the same over the last 15 years
15. declined slightly over the last 15 years
16. increased dramatically over the last 15 years
17. declined substantially and consistently over the last 15 years

ANS:   D                                 REF:   179                               LO:  4

 

14. The “broken window theory” supports that:
15. “if criminals want to break in, they will”
16. victims typically do NOT have a “glass breaking” alarm system
17. when property is vandalized “for fun”, and if windows go unfixed, crime will increase
18. it is difficult for finger prints to be pulled off broken window glass

ANS:   C                                 REF:   180                               LO:  3

 

15. The term vandalism is NOT defined as a(n):
16. mischievous and a destructive act
17. act to get attention
18. act to get revenge
19. crime seldom related to gangs

ANS:   D                                 REF:   179                   LO:  3

 

16. The public health perspective on juvenile violence is that:
17. youths are victims of social forces and need treatment
18. youths are victims of abandonment
19. youths need to be punished as criminals
20. youths are easily influenced

ANS:   A                                 REF:   194                               LO:   9

 

17. The term fireplay is NOT associated with:
18. a normal curiosity
19. a low level of intent to inflict harm
20. an absence of malice
21. only children under the age of 10

ANS:   D                                 REF:   180                               LO:  3

 

18. Co-offenders commit crimes in pairs and groups and are:
19. less likely to engage in violent crimes than solo offenders
20. less likely to commit murder than solo offenders
21. more likely to engage in violent crimes than solo offenders
22. more likely to be killed when engaged in a crime than solo offenders

ANS:   C                                 REF:   185-186                       LO:  7

 

 

 

 

 

19. Youth violence does NOT:
20. begin in adolescence
21. end with the transition into adulthood
22. become identified in early childhood
23. exist only in poor communities

ANS:   D                                 REF:   188                   LO:   7

 

20. In 2006, what percentage of all murders was committed by juveniles?
21. 5% of total murders
22. 10% of total murders
23. 20% of total murders
24. 25% of total murders

ANS:   B                                 REF:  181-182                                    LO:  5

 

21. The daily pattern of juvenile violent crime indicates:
22. afterschool programs have had less impact on crime than curfews
23. little variation in crime between school and nonschool days
24. increased crime on school days
25. increased crime on nonschool days

ANS:   C                                 REF:   181                               LO:  5

 

22. Which type of juvenile crime has experienced a decrease in arrests in the past decade?
23. Property crimes
24. Murder
25. Forcible rape
26. Robbery

ANS:   A                                 REF:   181                                           LO:  5

 

23. Serious or chronic offenders are NOT:
24. typically from low-income families
25. rated as troublesome by teachers between the ages of 8 and 10
26. adjudicated a delinquent before age 13
27. most often a twin of a criminal

ANS:   D                                 REF:   186                               LO:  6

 

24. The JJDP Act of 1974 did NOT:
25. officially decriminalize status offenses
26. mandate the deinstitutionalization for status offenders
27. argue that the stigma of being identified as an “offender” did more harm than good
28. argue that incarcerated female offenders are move victimized than incarcerated male offenders

ANS:   D                                 REF: 175                                 LO:  1

 

 

 

 

25. The term firesetting is commonly associated with:
26. activities that are not intentionally harmful
27. youth only over the age of 12
28. youth involved in school property damage
29. youth are “just playing”

ANS:   C                                 REF:   180                               LO:  3

 

26. The most frequent delinquency offenses committed by juveniles are property crimes which include all of the following EXCEPT:
27. robbery
28. larceny
29. burglary
30. arson

ANS:   A                                 REF:   40                                 LO 4

 

27. Girls traditionally enter the juvenile system through their involvement with which type of

offense:

1. status offense
2. property crime
3. violent crime
4. cybercrime

ANS:   A                                 REF:  58                                  LO: 2

 

28. A serious child delinquent is between the ages of:
29. 5 and 11
30. 7 and 12
31. 5 and 7
32. 5 and 10

ANS:   B                                 REF:  62                                  LO: 7

 

29. Identified risk factors for juvenile recidivism include all of the following EXCEPT:
30. low socioeconomic status
31. family factors such as being physically or sexually abused
32. social risk factors such as associating with delinquent peers
33. no prior offense history

ANS:   D                                 REF: 187-188                                     LO: 7

 

30. The American Psychological Association describes several developmental experiences that violent youths frequently share. Which of the following is NOT one of those experiences?
31. Weak bonding to caretakers in infancy and ineffective parenting techniques
32. Lack of supervision
33. Consistent discipline
34. A failure to reinforce positive, pro-social behavior

ANS:   C                                 REF: 191                                 LO 7

 

 

True/False

 

1. Historically, girls have been disproportionately sanctioned for status offenses.

ANS:   true                              REF:   167                               LO:  2

 

2. Surveys consistently find about 30 to 40 percent of male youths and 15 to 30 percent of female youths report having committed a serious violent offense by age 17.

ANS:   true                              REF:   188                               LO:  7

 

3. A serious child delinquent is between the ages of 7 and 12 and has committed one or more homicides, aggravated assaults, robberies, rapes or serious arsons.

ANS:   true                              REF: 188                                 LO:  6

 

4. There is a growing body of evidence linking alcohol with adolescent violence.

ANS:   true                              REF:   174                               LO:  1

 

5. Co-offending actually may decrease the likelihood that offenders will commit violent crimes.

ANS:   false                             REF: 185-186                         LO:  3

 

6. Juvenile female involvement in violence has increased relative to juvenile male violence.

ANS:   false                             REF:   188                               LO:  7

 

7. Blood alcohol content (BAC) is influenced by body mass.

ANS:   true                              REF: 174                                 LO:  1

 

8. One measure of youth violence in society is the rate of serious crimes by youth perpetrators.

ANS:   true                              REF:   181                   LO:  5

 

9. Expressive violence is a way to vent emotions.

ANS:   true                              REF:   189                               LO:  8

 

10. Adolescents who engage in illegal sexual behavior will likely turn into adult sex offenders.

ANS:   false                             REF:  189                                LO:  7

 

12. Delinquency rates tend to increase dramatically as age increases, peaking in the mid- to late teens.

ANS:   true                              REF:   183                   LO:  7

 

13. Larceny-theft is the most frequent offense for which juveniles are arrested.

ANS:   true                              REF:   178                               LO:  4

 

14. Violent crime by juveniles peaks between 5 pm and 6 pm on school days.

ANS:   false                             REF:   181                               LO:  5

15. Those who become delinquent are more likely to be socially assertive, defiant, ambivalent about authority, resentful, hostile, suspicious, destructive, impulsive and lacking in self-control.

ANS:   true                              REF:   182                               LO:  3

 

16. Females are becoming offenders in response to their own victimization.

ANS:   true                              REF: 183                                 LO: 3

 

17. According to research by Loeber, Farrington, and Petechuk (2003), the pool of early onset delinquents produces a smaller percentage of serious, violent and chronic career offenders, than does the pool of older onset (adolescence-limited) offenders.

ANS:   false                             REF: 186-187                         LO: 6

 

18. Girls have traditionally entered the juvenile justice system through their involvement in violent offenses.

ANS:   false                             REF: 187                                 LO: 1

 

19. Forcefully robbing another youth of his/her team jacket is an example of instrumental violence.

ANS:   true                              REF: 191                                 LO: 7

 

20. Research indicates that girls fight with friends more frequently than boys.

ANS:   false                             REF: 187                                 LO: 7

 

 

Short Answer

 

1. An estimated __________ arrests involving juveniles were made in 2006.

ANS:   2.2 MILLION             REF:   167                   LO:  3

 

2. Being physically or sexually abused is considered a _________________ for chronic juvenile offending.

ANS:   RISK FACTOR          REF:   188                               LO:  7

 

3. U.S. Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals held in _______________that Charlottesville, Virginia’s curfew was not a violation of the child’s or the parents’ rights.

ANS:   SCHLEIFER V. CHARLOTTESVILLE  (1998)                      REF:   172                   LO:  1

 

4. The most frequently self-reported offense for those 16 and older is ________violations.

ANS:   LIQUOR LAW           REF:   172                               LO:  1

 

5. _________________ causes the body’s breathing and gag reflexes to become severely impaired.

ANS:   ALCOHOL POISONING      REF:   174                   LO:  1

 

6. Flash mobs use ________ to organize a variety of activities carried out en masse and it has posed a challenge for communities and law enforcement.

ANS:   SOCIAL MEDIA       REF:   175                               LO:  6

 

7. One argument against status offenses considers that the _________ is stigmatizing causing more harm than good to juveniles.

ANS:   LABELING EFFECT            REF:   175                   LO:  1

 

8. Much juvenile crime involves co-offending, meaning ___________________________.

ANS:   MORE THAN ONE OFFENDER IS ENGAGED IN A SINGLE OFFENSE EVENT REF:   185                         LO:  3

 

9. The public health perspective suggests that youths are victims of _____________ and they are to be treated.

ANS:   SOCIAL FORCES                 REF:   195                   LO:  8

 

10. “Early” violence is one which occurs before puberty, and “late” violence begins in adolescence. These are called two ______________.

ANS:   GENERAL ONSET TRAJECTORIES                      REF:   187                   LO:  6

 

11. A key finding of the OJJDP Study Group on Serious and Violent Offenders was that most chronic juvenile offenders begin their delinquency careers before ____________________.

ANS:   AGE 12                       REF:   187       LO:  7

 

12. Time-of-day analysis shows that shoplifting incidents peak between _______________.

ANS:   3PM and 6PM                                     REF: 179                     LO:  4

 

13. For many youth setting fires is a ____________, often a symptom of underlying emotional or physical stress.

ANS:   SYMBOLIC ACT                  REF:   180                   LO:  4

 

14. “Child firesetter” is the terminology used to refer to persons age ________________.

ANS:   12 or YOUNGER                   REF:   180                               LO:  3

 

15. __________ laws are one way for communities to lower their incidents of juvenile violent crime after a certain hour.

ANS:   CURFEW                   REF:   181                               LO:  5

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Essay

 

1. Discuss status offenses. Should status offenses be decriminalized?  Justify your answer.

ANS:   A status offense is formally defined as “a minor’s violation of the juvenile code by doing some act that would not be considered illegal if an adult did it, but that indicates that the      minor is beyond parental control” (Garner 2006, 506).  Although states differ in their             specific legislation regarding status offenses, this category of youthful misbehavior         generally includes incorrigibility (also called ungovernability), running away from home, truancy, curfew violations and underage drinking.

 

The upper age limit for status offenses ranges from 16 to 19, but is 17 in most states.         Anyone above the legal age who engages in the same behaviors would not  be committing             an offense.

 

Disagreement exists regarding how much emphasis should be placed on the formal           handling of status offenders. The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (JJDP) Act of 1974 officially decriminalized status offenses and mandated the       deinstitutionalization of status offenders (DSO), requiring the removal from correctional            or other detention facilities of youths being held for status offenses. One argument behind         this stance was that the labeling effect on such youths, by being identified and treated as         “offenders,” was so stigmatizing that the result of the system’s response did more harm    than good to these juveniles.

REF:    167-176          LO:  1

 

2. Differentiate between serious, chronic, and violent delinquents.

ANS:   Serious, chronic or violent juvenile offenders are often transferred out of the juvenile        justice system to the criminal justice system. The likelihood of such transfers increases    with increased frequency of offending, increased severity of offending and increased      offender age. However, it is still important for those working in juvenile justice to be           familiar with this population.

*A serious juvenile offender has been convicted of a Part I offense as defined by the FBI Uniform Crime Reports, excluding auto theft, petty theft/larceny or distribution of a controlled dangerous substance.

*A serious child delinquent is between the ages of 7 and 12 and has committed one or      more homicides, aggravated assaults, robberies, rapes or serious arsons.

*A chronic juvenile offender has a record of five or more separate charges of         delinquency, regardless of the offenses’ gravity.

*A violent juvenile offender has been convicted of a violent Part I offense, one against a person rather than property, and has a prior adjudication of such an offense or is a youth   who has been convicted of murder.

REF:   186                   LO:  6

 

 

 

 

 

3. Define chronicity and explain its relationship to recidivism.

ANS:   Chronicity is a factor of both frequency and duration. Thus, chronic offenders are those    who engage in numerous delinquent acts over time. A review of studies of chronic        offenders reveals several conclusions: “First, the proportions of chronic offenders vary           considerably from study to study (from 7 percent to 25 percent). Second, the amount of           crime accounted for by chronic offenders varies by ethnicity: non-White male chronic     offenders account for a greater proportion of official serious delinquency. Third, there are large gender differences: chronic offending is lower in females than in males” (Kempf-          Leonard, Tracy, and Howell 2001, 454).

 

Chronic juvenile offending is also referred to as juvenile recidivism.  Identified risk          factors for juvenile recidivism include low socioeconomic status; offense history such as        earlier contact with the law, greater numbers of prior arrests and more serious prior         crimes; family factors such as being physically or sexually abused, raised in a single-     parent household or high number of prior out-of-home placements; and social risk factors        such as associating with delinquent peers (Cottle, Lee, and Heilbrun 2001).

REF: 187-188             LO:  7

 

4. Discuss predictors of youth violence.

ANS:   Recall from Chapter 4 the myriad risk factors for delinquency and adult criminality, such as early aggressive behavior and exposure to violence. Other predictors of violence are      described by the American Psychological Association (n.d., 6): “Social forces such as   prejudice, economic inequality and attitudes toward violence in the mainstream American            culture interact with the influences of early childhood to foster the expression of           violence.”

 

The APA describes several developmental experiences that violent youths frequently

share (n.d., 21):  Youths at greatest risk of becoming extremely aggressive and violent tend to share common experiences that appear to place them on a “trajectory toward violence.” These youths tend to have experienced weak bonding to caretakers in infancy and ineffective parenting techniques, including lack of supervision, inconsistent discipline, highly punitive or abusive treatment, and failure to reinforce positive, pro social behavior. These developmental deficits, in turn, appear to lead to poor peer relations and high levels of aggressiveness.

REF: 191-192             LO:  7

 

 

5. Discuss the juvenile justice system’s response to violent juvenile offenders. Include the Public Health Model in your response.

ANS:   In response to the mounting evidence documenting how a large number of crimes are       committed by a small number of repeat offenders, many of whom are also violent, the             OJJDP, in the 1990s, instituted a Serious Habitual Offender Comprehensive Action         Program (SHOCAP) aimed at youth violence. Although no longer a federally applied      OJJDP program, many states have implemented their own versions of SHOCAP using        recommendations of the original program because many of the guidelines are still       applicable for today’s violent juvenile offenders.

 

One approach to youth violence is to view it not just as a problem to be dealt with by the juvenile justice system but as a threat to our national health. When violence is viewed in     this way, it makes sense to adopt the approach used in our public health system. A basic           principle of the public health response to problems is to focus resources on the areas of           greatest need.  Another contribution from the public health model is the metaphor of         contagion as a way to explain the spread of violence.  Acts of violence tend to spread rapidly within high-risk areas or hot spots and within groups.

REF: 193-195             LO:  8