Mirror for Humanity A Concise Introduction to Cultural Anthropology 12th edition By Kottak - Test Bank

Mirror for Humanity A Concise Introduction to Cultural Anthropology 12th edition By Kottak – Test Bank

 

Instant Download – Complete Test Bank With Answers

 

 

Sample Questions Are Posted Below

 

Chapter 05

Making a Living

 

1. In recent times, many foraging groups have been exposed to the idea of food production but have not adopted it. Why?
2. They had to ask permission from the state to do so.
3. People naturally resist change, especially foragers.
4. They did not realize the advantages of food production.
5. D. Their own economies provided a perfectly adequate and nutritious diet.
6. They did not have the skills or tools to do so.

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Learning Objective: Examine foraging, including correlates of foraging.

Topic: Foraging

2. Which of the following is a characteristic shared by recent foraging communities?
3. They spoke simplified languages.
4. They devolved to foraging from a more advanced level of subsistence.
5. They fished a great deal.
6. D. They lived in marginal environments that were of little interest to food-producing societies.
7. They relied on welfare supplied by state-level societies.

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Learning Objective: Examine foraging, including correlates of foraging.

Topic: Foraging

3. Despite differences arising from environmental variation, all foraging economies have shared one essential feature:
4. their emphasis on devising new forms of organic pesticides.
5. their willingness to test out new food-producing technologies to see if they are any better than what they are used to.
6. their interest in developing irrigation technologies to control sources of water.
7. their reliance on welfare supplied by state-level societies.
8. E. their reliance on available natural resources for their subsistence, rather than controlling the reproduction of plants and animals.

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Learning Objective: Examine foraging, including correlates of foraging.

Topic: Foraging

4. This chapter’s description of the San Bushmen’s relation to the government of Botswana provides a telling example of how
5. human rights are limited.
6. B. more and more foragers have come under the control of nation-states and are now influenced by the forces of globalization.
7. the foraging lifestyle has finally become a thing of the past.
8. foraging communities’ identities are being reshaped by their relationships with NGOs.
9. foragers are willingly choosing to change their lifestyles and become a part of the global village.

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Learning Objective: Examine foraging, including correlates of foraging.

Topic: Foraging

5. Yehudi Cohen’s adaptive strategies
6. A. suggest an association between the economies of societies and their social features.
7. suggest that economic systems are a better way of categorizing societies than relying on cultural patterns.
8. suggest multidirectional relationships between a society’s means and its mode of production.
9. suggest hypothetical correlations—that is, a causal relation between two or more variables, such as economic and cultural variables.
10. have strong predictive powers when analyzed in computer models.

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Learning Objective: Examine foraging, including correlates of foraging.

Topic: Foraging

6. Which of the following is NOT characteristic of band-organized societies?
7. an egalitarian social structure
8. all related by kinship or marriage
9. C. permanent villages
10. minor contrasts in prestige
11. fewer than 100 people

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Learning Objective: Examine foraging, including correlates of foraging.

Topic: Foraging

7. Which of the following is most characteristic of foragers?
8. unilineal descent and ancestor worship
9. territoriality and organized warfare
10. permanent villages and full-time priests
11. a redistributive economy and specialized leadership roles
12. E. high mobility and small groups with flexible affiliations

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Learning Objective: Examine foraging, including correlates of foraging.

Topic: Foraging

8. Why do anthropologists question the idea that present-day foragers can be compared to Paleolithic foragers?
9. Paleolithic foragers were prelinguistic.
10. The types of foraging vary so widely that few generalizations can be drawn.
11. There are no present-day foragers.
12. Paleolithic foragers were not Homo sapiens.
13. E. Present-day foragers have been in contact with food-producing and industrialized societies for long periods of time and all live within nation-states that inevitably affect their livelihood.

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Learning Objective: Describe adaptive strategies based on food production.

Topic: Adaptive Strategies Based on Food Production

9. Which of the following is a characteristic of most foraging societies?
10. large population
11. social stratification
12. sedentism
13. D. egalitarianism
14. irrigation

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Learning Objective: Examine foraging, including correlates of foraging.

Topic: Foraging

10. A horticultural system of cultivation is characterized by
11. lack of proper knowledge about plant domestication.
12. B. periodic cycles of cultivation and fallowing.
13. developing almost exclusively in arid areas.
14. intensive use of land and human labor.
15. the use of irrigation and terracing.

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Learning Objective: Describe adaptive strategies based on food production.

Topic: Adaptive Strategies Based on Food Production

11. What kinds of societies are typically associated with slash-and-burn cultivation?
12. state-level societies
13. B. nonindustrial societies
14. foraging societies
15. hydraulic societies
16. nomadic societies

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Learning Objective: Describe adaptive strategies based on food production.

Topic: Adaptive Strategies Based on Food Production

12. Which of the following statements about shifting cultivation is true?
13. It relies extensively on chemical fertilizers.
14. B. It requires cultivators to change plots of land, with the fallowing durations varying in different societies.
15. It is typically associated with the use of draft animals.
16. It cannot support permanent villages.
17. It requires irrigation.

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Learning Objective: Describe adaptive strategies based on food production.

Topic: Adaptive Strategies Based on Food Production

13. Which of the following statements about irrigation is FALSE?
14. A. Irrigation is one of the defining characteristics of foraging societies.
15. Irrigation usually enriches the soil.
16. Irrigated fields typically increase in value through time.
17. The Ifugao from the Philippines use irrigation intensively.
18. Irrigated fields are labor intensive compared to swidden (burned over) fields.

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Learning Objective: Describe adaptive strategies based on food production.

Topic: Adaptive Strategies Based on Food Production

14. In which food production system does part of the group’s population accompany the herds to distant pastures and the remaining population maintain year-round villages and grow crops?
15. modified foraging
16. intensive agriculturalist
17. pastoral nomadic
18. D. transhumance
19. mixed specialization

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Learning Objective: Describe adaptive strategies based on food production.

Topic: Adaptive Strategies Based on Food Production

15. Because nonindustrial economies can have features of both horticulture and agriculture, it is useful to discuss cultivators as being arranged along a cultivation continuum. Which of the following generally occurs in moving toward the more intensive end of the cultivation continuum?
16. longer fallow periods
17. increased egalitarianism
18. improved overall health status of the population
19. increased leisure time
20. E. increased permanency

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Learning Objective: Describe adaptive strategies based on food production.

Topic: Adaptive Strategies Based on Food Production

16. Which of the following does NOT occur in moving along the cultivation continuum?
17. Population density increases.
18. Land is used more intensively.
19. Village size increases.
20. Villages are located closer together.
21. E. Societies become more egalitarian.

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Learning Objective: Describe adaptive strategies based on food production.

Topic: Adaptive Strategies Based on Food Production

17. What happens as one moves along the cultivation continuum?
18. A. The use of land and labor intensifies.
19. The use of communal cooking-houses becomes more common.
20. There is a heavier reliance on swidden cultivation.
21. More time for leisurely pursuits becomes available.
22. Ceremonies and rituals become less formal.

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Learning Objective: Describe adaptive strategies based on food production.

Topic: Adaptive Strategies Based on Food Production

18. Intensive agriculture
19. is not ecologically destructive when it is done with fuel-efficient machinery.
20. B. has significant environmental effects, such as deforestation, water pollution, and reduction of ecological diversity.
21. is an ecological improvement over sectorial fallowing.
22. can actually breed greater ecological diversity.
23. has a significant impact on the environment, but this impact is very localized and can be controlled.

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Learning Objective: Describe adaptive strategies based on food production.

Topic: Adaptive Strategies Based on Food Production

19. What term refers to the type of pastoral economy in which the entire population moves with their animals throughout the year?
20. foraging
21. B. pastoral nomadism
22. balanced subsistence
23. transhumance
24. discretionary pastoralism

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Learning Objective: Describe adaptive strategies based on food production.

Topic: Adaptive Strategies Based on Food Production

20. What is a mode of production?
21. the land, labor, technology, and capital of production
22. whether a society is foraging, horticulturalist, or agriculturalist
23. a postindustrial adaptive strategy, such as commercial agriculture or international mercantilism
24. D. the way a society’s social relations are organized to produce the labor necessary for generating the society’s subsistence and energy needs
25. the cultural aspect of any given economy, such as changing fashions in the textile and clothing industry

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Learning Objective: Describe the difference between the modes and means of production, including how industrialism can lead to the alienation of a worker from the product of his or her labor.

Topic: Economic Systems

21. What are the means, or factors, of production?
22. the ways a society organizes production
23. B. a society’s major productive resources, such as land and other natural resources, labor, technology, and capital
24. a synonym of a society’s mode of production
25. a society’s institutional mechanisms for making sure that everyone is productive
26. labor forces organized by kinship ties

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Learning Objective: Describe the difference between the modes and means of production, including how industrialism can lead to the alienation of a worker from the product of his or her labor.

Topic: Economic Systems

22. Unlike in industrial societies, where economic alienation is common, in nonindustrial societies
23. alienation is pervasive.
24. alienation is an ascribed status.
25. C. the relations of production, distribution, and consumption are social relations with economic aspects.
26. social relations are embedded in all relations except the economic ones.
27. alienation is suffered only among the poorer classes.

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Learning Objective: Describe the difference between the modes and means of production, including how industrialism can lead to the alienation of a worker from the product of his or her labor.

Topic: Economic Systems

23. How are nonindustrial economic systems embedded in society?
24. Most economic activity takes place far from home.
25. People are not aware that they are working toward a goal.
26. C. The economic system cannot easily be separated from other systems, such as kinship.
27. Most nonindustrial economies are managed systems.
28. The economic system has little to do with the everyday life of the people.

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Learning Objective: Describe the difference between the modes and means of production, including how industrialism can lead to the alienation of a worker from the product of his or her labor.

Topic: Economic Systems

24. Economic relationships are characteristically embedded in other relationships, such as kinship, in all of the following kinds of societies EXCEPT
25. A. industrial societies.
26. chiefdoms.
27. pastoralists.
28. foragers.
29. horticulturalists.

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Learning Objective: Describe the difference between the modes and means of production, including how industrialism can lead to the alienation of a worker from the product of his or her labor.

Topic: Economic Systems

25. Economic anthropologists have been concerned with two main questions, one focusing on systems of human behavior and the other on the individuals who participate in those systems. The first question is: How are production, distribution, and consumption organized in different societies? The second question is
26. Why has the myth of the profit-maximizing individual been so pervasive, despite evidence to the contrary?
27. What has been the impact of globalization at the level of the individual?
28. C. What motivates people in different cultures to produce, distribute or exchange, and consume?
29. What encourages overconsumption in Western economies?
30. What are the best ways to convince individuals in funding agencies of the value of ethnographic knowledge in the realm of economics?

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Learning Objective: Explain how anthropologists view economic systems and motivations in a cross-cultural perspective.

Topic: Economizing and Maximization

26. Which of the following statements about peasants is NOT true?
27. They owe rent to the government.
28. They practice small-scale agriculture without modern technology such as chemical fertilizers and tractors.
29. They owe rent to landlords.
30. D. They are not part of the world market.
31. They all live in state-organized societies.

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Learning Objective: Explain how anthropologists view economic systems and motivations in a cross-cultural perspective.

Topic: Economizing and Maximization

27. Who are peasants?
28. small-scale farmers who own their own land and sell all their crops to buy necessities
29. people who ignore social norms of behavior
30. anyone who falls below the poverty line
31. anyone who lives in the country
32. E. small-scale farmers with rent fund obligations

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Learning Objective: Explain how anthropologists view economic systems and motivations in a cross-cultural perspective.

Topic: Economizing and Maximization

28. Which of the following economic principles is generally dominant in industrial society?
29. A. the market principle
30. balanced reciprocity
31. negative reciprocity
32. redistribution
33. generalized exchange

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Learning Objective: Distinguish between the different forms of distribution and exchange.

Topic: Distribution and Exchange

29. Which of the following is NOT associated with the market principle?
30. impersonal economic relations
31. the profit motive
32. industrialism
33. D. kin-based generalized reciprocity
34. the law of supply and demand

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Learning Objective: Distinguish between the different forms of distribution and exchange.

Topic: Distribution and Exchange

30. Generalized reciprocity
31. A. is the characteristic form of exchange in egalitarian societies.
32. usually develops after redistribution but before the market principle.
33. is characterized by the immediate return of the object exchanged.
34. is exemplified by silent trade.
35. disappears with the origin of the state.

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Learning Objective: Distinguish between the different forms of distribution and exchange.

Topic: Distribution and Exchange

31. Which of the following kinds of exchange is characteristic among the members of a family?
32. A. generalized reciprocity
33. balanced reciprocity
34. negative reciprocity
35. redistribution
36. None of the answer choices are correct.

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Learning Objective: Distinguish between the different forms of distribution and exchange.

Topic: Distribution and Exchange

32. Which of the following statements about potlatching is NOT true?
33. Potlatching is well documented among Native American communities of the North Pacific Coast of North America.
34. Potlatching is an example of competitive feasting.
35. Potlatching was misinterpreted as a classical case of economically wasteful behavior.
36. Potlatching is a form of exchange that has long-term adaptive value.
37. E. Potlatching is a case that proves that the profit-maximizing motive is a human universal.

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Learning Objective: Distinguish between the different forms of distribution and exchange.

Topic: Distribution and Exchange

33. Most contemporary foragers live in remote areas, completely cut off from contact with other modern, agricultural, and industrial communities.

FALSE

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Learning Objective: Examine foraging, including correlates of foraging.

Topic: Foraging

34. The Kalahari Desert of southern Africa is home to the foraging group known as the Ju/’hoansi San.

TRUE

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Learning Objective: Examine foraging, including correlates of foraging.

Topic: Foraging

35. Horticulture refers to low-intensity farming that often uses slash-and-burn techniques to clear land.

TRUE

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Learning Objective: Describe adaptive strategies based on food production.

Topic: Adaptive Strategies Based on Food Production

36. Domesticated animals, more specifically their manure and their pulling capabilities, are key components of horticulture.

FALSE

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Learning Objective: Examine foraging, including correlates of foraging.

Topic: Foraging

37. In order to intensify production, agriculturalists frequently build irrigation canals and terraces.

TRUE

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Learning Objective: Examine foraging, including correlates of foraging.

Topic: Foraging

38. Although agriculture is much more productive per acre than horticulture, horticulture is more reliable and dependable in the long run.

FALSE

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Learning Objective: Examine foraging, including correlates of foraging.

Topic: Foraging

39. Agriculturalists tend to live in permanent villages that are larger and closer to other settlements than the semipermanent settlements of horticulturalists.

TRUE

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Learning Objective: Examine foraging, including correlates of foraging.

Topic: Foraging

40. The high level of intensification and long-term dependability of horticulture paved the way for the emergence of large urban settlements and the first states.

FALSE

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Learning Objective: Describe adaptive strategies based on food production.

Topic: Adaptive Strategies Based on Food Production

41. Pastoralists are specialized herders whose subsistence strategies are focused on domesticated animals.

TRUE

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Learning Objective: Describe adaptive strategies based on food production.

Topic: Adaptive Strategies Based on Food Production

42. In transhumant societies, the entire group moves with their animals throughout the year.

FALSE

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Learning Objective: Describe adaptive strategies based on food production.

Topic: Adaptive Strategies Based on Food Production

43. A mode of production is a way of organizing production, whereas the means of production include the factors of production, such as land, labor, and technology.

TRUE

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Learning Objective: Describe the difference between the modes and means of production, including how industrialism can lead to the alienation of a worker from the product of his or her labor.

Topic: Economic Systems

44. In most foraging societies, private ownership of bounded land has been almost nonexistent.

TRUE

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Learning Objective: Describe the difference between the modes and means of production, including how industrialism can lead to the alienation of a worker from the product of his or her labor.

Topic: Economic Systems

45. Band- and tribal-level societies actively promote craft and task specialization.

FALSE

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Learning Objective: Describe the difference between the modes and means of production, including how industrialism can lead to the alienation of a worker from the product of his or her labor.

Topic: Economic Systems

46. In nonindustrial societies, economic activities are embedded in the society.

TRUE

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Learning Objective: Describe the difference between the modes and means of production, including how industrialism can lead to the alienation of a worker from the product of his or her labor.

Topic: Economic Systems

47. The market principle dominates economic activities in band-level foraging societies.

FALSE

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Learning Objective: Distinguish between the different forms of distribution and exchange.

Topic: Distribution and Exchange

48. With generalized reciprocity, the individuals participating in the exchange usually do not know each other prior to the exchange.

FALSE

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Learning Objective: Distinguish between the different forms of distribution and exchange.

Topic: Distribution and Exchange

49. With balanced reciprocity, the giver expects something in return equal to what was given.

TRUE

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Learning Objective: Distinguish between the different forms of distribution and exchange.

Topic: Distribution and Exchange

50. Potlatching is a form of competitive feasting that enables individuals to redistribute surplus materials while simultaneously increasing their own prestige.

TRUE

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Learning Objective: Distinguish between the different forms of distribution and exchange.

Topic: Distribution and Exchange

51. Anthropological analysis of potlatching contradicts the classic economics assumption that individuals are, by nature, profit maximizers.

TRUE

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Learning Objective: Distinguish between the different forms of distribution and exchange.

Topic: Distribution and Exchange

52. List the first four of Cohen’s adaptive strategies and summarize the key features of each. What are the correlated variables for each strategy?

Answers will vary.

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Learning Objective: Define adaptive strategy and list the five adaptive strategies in Cohen’s typology of societies.

Topic: Adaptive Strategies

53. We should not view contemporary foragers as isolated or pristine survivors of the Stone Age. Why? What is the evidence to suggest this view?

Answers will vary.

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Learning Objective: Examine foraging, including correlates of foraging.

Topic: Foraging

54. Imagine a foraging society that operates largely according to principles of generalized reciprocity, just prior to being colonized. Now defend the following statement: “Capitalism is not just an economic system; it is also a cultural system.”

Answers will vary.

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Learning Objective: Distinguish between the different forms of distribution and exchange.

Topic: Distribution and Exchange

55. What are the basic differences and similarities between horticultural and foraging populations? Indicate reasons for the contrasts.

Answers will vary.

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Learning Objective: Describe adaptive strategies based on food production.

Learning Objective: Examine foraging, including correlates of foraging.

Topic: Adaptive Strategies Based on Food Production

Topic: Foraging

56. Is the contrast between horticulture and agriculture one of degree, or are they entirely separate practices? What is the difference between these two types of cultivation? Cite ethnographic evidence in your answer.

Answers will vary.

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Learning Objective: Describe adaptive strategies based on food production.

57. Anthropologists often say that in nonindustrial societies, economic relationships are embedded in social relationships. What does this mean?

Answers will vary.

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Learning Objective: Describe the difference between the modes and means of production, including how industrialism can lead to the alienation of a worker from the product of his or her labor.

Topic: Economic Systems

58. How does economic anthropology differ from classical economics? In what ways can economic anthropology serve as a safeguard against ethnocentrism?

Answers will vary.

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Learning Objective: Describe the difference between the modes and means of production, including how industrialism can lead to the alienation of a worker from the product of his or her labor.

Topic: Economic Systems

59. Do people in all societies maximize material benefits? If not, what other things could be maximized to help explain their motives in everyday life? Do anthropologists believe that the profit maximization motive is a universal? What do you think? Explain your answer.

Answers will vary.

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Learning Objective: Distinguish between the different forms of distribution and exchange.

Topic: Distribution and Exchange

60. How is a rent fund different from a subsistence fund? Cite examples to clarify your argument.

Answers will vary.

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Learning Objective: Explain how anthropologists view economic systems and motivations in a cross-cultural perspective.

Topic: Economizing and Maximization

61. What is industrial alienation? What kinds of activities are most likely to be associated with alienation? Which activities in our own society are most alienating? Which are least so?

Answers will vary.

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Learning Objective: Describe the difference between the modes and means of production, including how industrialism can lead to the alienation of a worker from the product of his or her labor.

Topic: Economic Systems

             Category                                                                                                                                                     # of Questions

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation                                                                                                                             61

Learning Objective: Define adaptive strategy and list the five adaptive strategies in Cohen’s typology of societies. 1

Learning Objective: Describe adaptive strategies based on food production.                                                              17

Learning Objective: Describe the difference between the modes and means of production, including how industrialism can lead to the alienation of a worker from the product of his or her labor.                                                                                                              12

Learning Objective: Distinguish between the different forms of distribution and exchange.                                      12

Learning Objective: Examine foraging, including correlates of foraging.                                                                   16

Learning Objective: Explain how anthropologists view economic systems and motivations in a cross-cultural perspective.             4

Topic: Adaptive Strategies                                                                                                                                            1

Topic: Adaptive Strategies Based on Food Production                                                                                                16

Topic: Distribution and Exchange                                                                                                                                12

Topic: Economic Systems                                                                                                                                            12

Topic: Economizing and Maximization                                                                                                                        4

Topic: Foraging                                                                                                                                                            16