Physical Anthropology 12th Edition by Philip Stein - Test Bank

Physical Anthropology 12th Edition by Philip Stein – Test Bank

 

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Sample Questions Are Posted Below

 

Chapter 05

Natural Selection and the Origin of Species

 

 

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Microevolution refers to:
   A.any change in the frequency of alleles in the gene pool of a population
   B. only changes that occur because of natural selection
   C. only changes due to mutations
   D. the evolution of new species

 

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2. The deliberate breeding of domesticated plants or animals is called:
   A.natural selection
   B. artificial selection
   C. breeding selection
   D. sexual selection

 

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3. The presence of several distinct forms within a population—such as A, B, O, and AB blood types—is termed:
   A.pleiotropy
   B. polytypy
   C. polymorphism
   D. none of these

 

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4. The specific place where a particular animal lives is that animal’s:
   A.habitat
   B. environment
   C. ecological niche
   D. none of these

 

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5. The living elements that surround an organism, such as plant life, are the:
   A.physical environment
   B. biological environment
   C. cultural environment
   D. microenvironment

 

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6. The specific term used for the elements of the environment that are products of human behavior is the:
   A.ecological niche
   B. physical environment
   C. cultural environment
   D. habitat

 

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7. Each species occupies a(n) _______ that is defined in terms of space and how that space is used by the organism.
   A.ecological niche
   B. habitat
   C. microenvironment
   D. microhabitat

 

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8. The term ecological niche refers to:
   A.everything external to the organism
   B. the microhabitat
   C. the way the microenvironment is exploited by the organism
   D. the microhabitat and the way the microenvironment is exploited by the organism

 

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9. Any factor that brings about differential fertility is called a:
   A.selective agent
   B. selective pressure
   C. mutation agent
   D. mutation rate

 

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10. An example of a selective agent in humans would be:
    A.smallpox
    B. an earthquake
    C. a flood
    D. all of these

 

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11. A selective agent places __________ on certain individuals in the population.
    A.selective advantage
    B. selective pressure
    C. differential pressure
    D. differential advantage

 

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12. Selective agents act on the ______ of members of the population.
    A.genotype
    B. phenotype

 

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13. Fitness is:
    A.a measure of how well a particular individual or group is adapted to the requirements imposed by the environment
    B. the degree of physical strength an organism has in relationship to other organisms of its species
    C. a measure of the degree of good health an organism or group of organisms displays
    D. the degree of physical strength an organism has in relationship to other organisms of its species and a measure of the degree of good health an organism or group of organisms displays

 

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14. Fitness refers to:
    A.characteristics a society values, such as education
    B. health and strength of an organism
    C. resistance to disease
    D. how well an individual or population is adapted to the requirements imposed by the environment

 

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15. Fitness:
    A.varies with the situation
    B. always remains constant even with changing environments
    C. of a heterozygous individual is never greater than that of a homozygous individual
    D. is always the greatest for a homozygous individual

 

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16. Fitness could best be measured by how:
    A.strong an individual is
    B. healthy an individual is
    C. many offspring an individual has
    D. many dominant alleles an individual has

 

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17. Mosquitoes have been controlled in most parts of the world by the spraying of DDT. But after years of repeated sprayings, the number of mosquitoes has been increasing in spite of the continued use of DDT because:
    A.each new generation of mosquitoes grew up with DDT as a part of the environment and gradually developed immunity
    B. mosquitoes exposed to nonlethal concentrations of DDT learned to avoid food and other matters sprayed with DDT
    C. DDT-resistant mosquitoes survived to breed, as did their offspring, until more and more of each year’s mosquitoes were resistant
    D. none of these

 

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18. Darwin’s finches are found in:
    A.the Hawaiian Islands
    B. the Galápagos Islands
    C. the Trobriand Islands
    D. New Guinea

 

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19. Peter and Rosemary Grant observed natural selection taking place on the island of Daphne Major located:
    A.in the Channel Islands off the coast of California
    B. off the east coast of South Africa
    C. in the Andaman Islands off the west coast of Thailand
    D. in the Galápagos Islands off the west coast of South America

 

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20. Studies of Darwin’s finches were done by:
    A.Peter and Rosemary Grant
    B. Louis and Mary Leakey
    C. Robert and Rebecca Fitzroy
    D. Richard and Meave Leakey

 

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21. During a drought on Daphne Major, the larger and harder seeds were available to eat, so:
    A.birds with smaller beaks had an advantage
    B. birds with larger beaks had an advantage
    C. no birds died since there was still some food available
    D. birds of every size died in equal numbers

 

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22. When the Grants measured the beaks of the birds on Daphne Major after the drought, they found:
    A.a large number of the birds had died as a result of the drought
    B. the survivors of the drought had a larger average beak size
    C. beak size is inherited, so the next generation had a larger average beak size
    D. all of these

 

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23. As a result of a drought, the average size of a bird’s beaks on Daphne Major increased. This is an example of:
    A.directional selection
    B. disruptive selection
    C. stabilizing selection
    D. averaging selection

 

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24. Human infants that are lighter or heavier in weight have a lower chance of survival than
    those of average weight. This is an example of:
    A.directional selection
    B. disruptive selection
    C. stabilizing selection
    D. averaging selection

 

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25. When natural selection favors the two extremes and individuals near the mean have lower fertility rates, this is termed:
    A.directional selection
    B. disruptive selection
    C. stabilizing selection
    D. averaging selection

 

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26. Which of the following statements is incorrect about the ABO blood type system?
    A.There are three major alleles for the system.
    B. There appears to be selective significance between the ABO system and certain types of diseases.
    C. Blood type O is the most frequent blood type in all human populations.
    D. One or more of the four ABO blood types could be absent from a specific population.

 

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27. Sickle-cell anemia is caused by the presence of _____ within the red blood cells.
    A.hemoglobin S (HbS)
    B. hemoglobin A₂ (HbA₂)
    C. hemoglobin A (HbA)
    D. fetal hemoglobin (HbF)

 

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28. A person who develops the disease sickle-cell anemia:
    A.is homozygous for HbA
    B. is homozygous for HbS
    C. is heterozygous

 

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29. A person with sickle-cell traits is:
    A.is homozygous for HbA
    B. is homozygous for HbS
    C. is heterozygous

 

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30. Relatively high frequencies of hemoglobin S are found in:
    A.Central Africa
    B. Southern Europe
    C. Middle East
    D. all of these

 

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31. Hemoglobin S conveys a selective advantage to:
    A.tuberculosis
    B. malaria
    C. smallpox
    D. yaws

 

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32. The increase in the incidences of malaria in Africa historically was most directly related to the development of:
    A.fishing
    B. herding
    C. agriculture
    D. industrialism

 

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33. Which of the following statements is logically correct? People in Africa were dying of malaria:
    A.so the sickle-cell allele came into being
    B. so mutation occurred that would protect them
    C. but an allele existed, which provided some protection against malaria to those who have the allele

 

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34. Malaria is caused by:
    A.the genetic coding for an abnormal hemoglobin
    B. a virus carried by rats
    C. humid weather conditions
    D. parasites of the blood transmitted by mosquitoes

 

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35. A situation in which a heterozygous individual is the best fit results in a situation referred to as:
    A.allele maintenance
    B. balanced heterozygosity
    C. balanced polymorphism
    D. heterozygote maintenance

 

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36. Characteristics that increase the success of a male competing for females will increase over time through:
    A.natural selection
    B. gender selection
    C. sexual selection
    D. competition selection

 

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37. A female’s reproductive success is most limited by ____________; a male’s reproductive success is most limited by ____________.
    A.access to males; access to females
    B. access to resources; access to females
    C. access to males; access to resources
    D. access to resources; access to resources

 

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38. Selection for traits that make males more attractive to females is termed:
    A.intersexual selection
    B. intrasexual selection
    C. countersexual selection
    D. infrasexual selection

 

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39. Selection for traits that make males more able to compete directly for females is termed:
    A.intersexual selection
    B. intrasexual selection
    C. countersexual selection
    D. infrasexual selection

 

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40. An example of intersexual selection would be:
    A.females preferring males with large, safe territories
    B. a peacock with a brightly colored tail
    C. males being significantly larger than females
    D. females preferring males with large, safe territories and a peacock with a brightly colored tail

 

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41. Sexual dimorphism is a result of:
    A.intersexual selection
    B. intrasexual selection
    C. countersexual selection
    D. infrasexual selection

 

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42. The large and colorful tail of a peacock is the result of:
    A.intersexual selection
    B. intrasexual selection
    C. countersexual selection
    D. infrasexual selection

 

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43. Which of the following is not true of human mate choice?
    A.Males value appearance more than females.
    B. Females value educational background and favorable social status more than males.
    C. Males prefer younger women.
    D. Culture has no influence on traits that males and females prefer.

 

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44. David Buss’s study of human mate choice led him to conclude:
    A.males prefer women who can reproduce successfully
    B. females prefer men who can provide resources
    C. many mate preferences are found cross-culturally
    D. all of these

 

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45. Evolutionary biologists define altruism as behavior that:
    A.decreases the reproductive success of an individual but benefits the reproductive success of another individual
    B. benefits the reproductive success of another individual without having any effect on the fitness of the individual doing the altruism
    C. increases the reproductive success of an individual but decreases the reproductive success of another individual
    D. benefits the reproductive success of both the individual doing the altruism and the other individual involved

 

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46. An individual who acts to increase the fitness of a close relative is demonstrating:
    A.reciprocal altruism
    B. kin favoring
    C. kin selection
    D. sexual selection

 

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47. Based on the theory of kin selection, you should perform the most altruism toward your:
    A.aunt
    B. grandfather
    C. sibling
    D. cousin

 

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48. The coefficient of relatedness between a parent and offspring is:
    A.1
    B. ½
    C. ¼
    D. ⅛

 

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49. The coefficient of relatedness between siblings is:
    A.1
    B. ½
    C. ¼
    D. ⅛

 

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50. Inclusive fitness refers to:
    A.one’s personal fitness plus the fitness that all of one’s relatives contribute to the individual
    B. one’s fitness plus that individual’s influence on the fitness of all relatives
    C. one’s fitness plus the fitness of one’s mate
    D. the additive fitness that an individual possesses for all environmental situations that the individual is exposed to

 

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51. Because inclusive fitness refers to altruistic acts that benefit relatives, it is sometimes called:
    A.altruistic selection
    B. genetic determinism
    C. relative selection
    D. kin selection

 

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52. The measure of how likely two individuals are to share the same allele is called:
    A.the coefficient of relatedness
    B. homozygosity
    C. allele transference
    D. kin selection

 

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53. Macroevolution refers to:
    A.large-scale evolutionary changes such as speciation
    B. small-scale evolutionary changes based on natural selection
    C. the relationship between humans and very large animals
    D. how the evolution of one species affects the evolution of another species

 

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54. The smallest possible population, the local population, is the:
    A.cline
    B. deme
    C. race
    D. species

 

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55. A deme is:
    A.a group of animals who mate most frequently with each other as opposed to other groups
    B. the largest possible population
    C. an infertile hybrid
    D. microhabitat

 

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56. A distribution of frequencies that shows a systematic gradation over space is a:
    A.graded distribution
    B. clinal distribution
    C. macro distribution
    D. micro distribution

 

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57. Speciation is usually initiated by:
    A.mutation
    B. nonrandom mating
    C. allelic recombination
    D. geographical isolation

 

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58. A necessity for speciation is some type of:
    A.climatic change
    B. spatial isolation
    C. cataclysmic event
    D. all of these

 

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59. Reproductive isolating mechanisms:
    A.are initiated by geographic isolation
    B. occur within a deme
    C. occur before geographic isolation
    D. are initiated by geographic isolation and occur within a deme

 

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60. Spatial isolation:
    A.cuts off gene flow between groups
    B. allows reproductive isolating mechanisms to develop
    C. allows for the genetic reconstitution of the separated populations
    D. all of these

 

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61. Reproductive isolation that results from incompatibility in mating behavior is termed:
    A.ecological isolation
    B. sexual isolation
    C. seasonal isolation
    D. mechanical isolation

 

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62. Which of the following is a postmating mechanism of reproductive isolation?
    A.hybrid sterility
    B. zygotic mortality
    C. hybrid inviability
    D. all of these

 

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63. Which of the following are factors in speciation?
    A.genetic drift
    B. natural selection
    C. mutation
    D. all of these

 

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64. Species that occupy mutually exclusive geographical areas are called:
    A.allopatric species
    B. ecological species
    C. sympatric species
    D. hybrid species

 

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65. Different species living in the same area but prevented from successfully reproducing are called:
    A.allopatric species
    B. ecological species
    C. sympatric species
    D. hybrid species

 

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66. The mule is an example of:
    A.hybrid sterility
    B. hybrid inviability
    C. gametic mortality
    D. sexual isolation

 

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67. In evolutionary terms, the term “competition” means that populations:
    A.show aggressive behavior toward one another
    B. share the same territory
    C. occupy the same or parts of the same niche
    D. all of these

 

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68. Preadaptation:
    A.refers to the potential to adapt to a new niche
    B. refers to the need to adapt to a new niche
    C. would more often characterize an ecologically specialized species as opposed to a generalized one
    D. is not important to species that remain within one locality

 

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69. Generalization:
    A.allows for a greater tolerance of environmental change
    B. characterizes humans as a whole
    C. characterizes the koala
    D. allows for a greater tolerance of environmental change and characterizes humans as a whole
    E. allows for a greater tolerance of environmental change and characterizes the koala

 

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70. A species that can survive in a variety of ecological niches is known as a(n):
    A.specialized species
    B. ecological species
    C. generalized species
    D. niche species

 

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71. A specialized species:
    A.is closely fitted to a specific niche
    B. cannot tolerate much change in its niche
    C. exhibits little variation
    D. all of these

 

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72. Specialization could lead to all of the following except:
    A.greater ability to adapt to a greater variety of ecological niches
    B. evolutionary dead ends
    C. speciation
    D. greater ability to adapt to a greater variety of ecological niches and speciation

 

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73. The phyletic gradualism model sees evolution as:
    A.basically static
    B. a slow process with gradual transformation of one population into another
    C. fairly rapid evolutionary change resulting in a multitude of species

 

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74. The phyletic gradualism model of evolution assumes that the rate of evolutionary change is characterized by:
    A.abrupt changes followed by periods of no change at all
    B. slow but constant change
    C. rapid but constant change
    D. alternating patterns of rapid and slow periods of change

 

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75. The punctuated equilibrium model might explain evolution on the ____________ level better than does the phyletic gradualism model.
    A.molecular
    B. genotypic
    C. phenotypic
    D. molecular and phenotypic

 

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76. The model of evolution characterized by an uneven tempo of change is known as:
    A.phyletic gradualism
    B. punctuated equilibrium
    C. disequilibrium
    D. asymmetrical speciation

 

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77. A gene that regulates or blocks the activities of another gene is called a:
    A.regulatory gene
    B. adjunct gene
    C. related gene
    D. helper gene

 

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78. Chimpanzees and humans are very similar genetically and much less similar phenotypically. This is likely due to:
    A.many differences in structural genes
    B. a few changes in regulatory genes
    C. a few changes in structural genes
    D. none of these

 

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79. In order for an organism to move into a new ecological niche:
    A.there has to be physical access to the new niche
    B. the individuals entering the new niche must be preadapted to some degree
    C. the new niche must be unoccupied or the entering organisms must be able to compete successfully with existing populations
    D. all of these

 

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80. The evolution of a single population into a number of different species is called:
    A.phyletic expansion
    B. punctuated equilibrium
    C. adaptive radiation
    D. natural diversion

 

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81. The red colobus monkey is an African arboreal monkey that eats leaves and spends most of its time in the upper story of the forest. This is specifically a description of the colobus monkey’s:
    A.environment
    B. habitat
    C. microhabitat
    D. ecological niche

 

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82. Fitness is a measure of:
    A.how well adapted an individual is to the requirements imposed by a specific ecological niche
    B. the overall health and well-being of a population of animals in a specific habitat
    C. how adaptable an animal might be to a new ecological niche
    D. how well two different species are able to share the same habitat

 

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83. If individuals with small and large body sizes are selected against, shifting the population in the direction of average body size, this is an example of:
    A.directional selection
    B. stabilizing selection
    C. disruptive selection
    D. sexual selection

 

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84. If people with a particular phenotype brought about by a dominant allele had only half the children, on average, than people without the trait, we would say these people had a ________ of 0.5.
    A.biased fitness
    B. relative fitness
    C. phenotype disadvantage
    D. genotype disadvantage

 

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85. In areas where malaria is prevalent, it is best to be heterozygous for the sickle-cell allele. This results in a situation referred to as:
    A.heterozygous polymorphism
    B. balanced phenotypism
    C. balanced polymorphism
    D. a multiple allele series

 

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86. An altruistic act, while being detrimental to the individual himself or herself, may raise that individual’s:
    A.inclusive fitness
    B. reproductive potential
    C. kin-based fitness
    D. gene-based fitness

 

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87. Closely related species that live in the same region may be isolated because:
    A.there are slight differences in the niches that they occupy
    B. their breeding seasons are not at the same time
    C. any hybrid individual may be inviable or sterile
    D. all of these

 

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88. A species that can survive in a variety of ecological niches is referred to as a:
    A.comprehensive species
    B. generalized species
    C. global species
    D. ranging species

 

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89. In the Galápagos Islands, a single mainland species of finch evolved into 13 new species upon reaching the islands. This is an example of:
    A.ancestral diversion
    B. phyletic gradualism
    C. adaptive radiation
    D. additive speciation

 

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True / False Questions

90. Microevolution refers to any change in the frequency of alleles in the gene pool of a population.
    TRUE

 

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91. Out of a population of 1,340,997 people, an earthquake kills 3,120 people only because those people happened to be in buildings that were destroyed by the earthquake. This illustrates that the earthquake was a selective agent.
    FALSE

 

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92. People in Africa were dying of malaria, so the sickle-cell allele came into being.
    FALSE

 

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93. A female’s reproductive success is most limited by access to males.
    FALSE

 

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94. Sexual dimorphism is a result of intrasexual selection.
    TRUE

 

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95. Inclusive fitness refers to one’s fitness plus that individual’s influence on the fitness of all relatives.
    TRUE

 

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96. The smallest possible population, the local population, is the species.
    FALSE

 

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97. Speciation is usually initiated by geographic isolation.
    TRUE

 

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98. Species that occupy mutually exclusive geographical areas are called sympatric species.
    FALSE

 

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Matching Questions

99. Match each term with its definition:

1. ecological niche	specific place where an animal lives	3
2. environment	things external to an organism	2
3. habitat	includes exploitation	1

 

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100. Match each reproductive isolating mechanism to its definition or example:

1. zygotic mortality	sperm immobilized and destroyed	3
2. hybrid sterility	development ceases after fertilization	1
3. gametic mortality	gives rise to a fertile offspring that does not leave any offspring in turn	4
4. hybrid inviability	mule	2

 

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101. Match each type of selection with its definition:

1. directional selection	selection favoring a particular direction	1
2. disruptive selection	selection against both extremes	3
3. stabilizing selection	both extremes are favored	2

 

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102. Match each type of selection with its definition:

1. intersexual selection	selection for traits that make males more attractive to females	1
2. intrasexual selection	selection for traits that make males better able to compete with one another for access to females	2
3. kin selection	selection for traits that help individuals of both sexes to survive and reproduce	4
4. natural selection	increasing inclusive fitness by altruistic behavior toward those likely to share one’s genes	3

 

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103. Match each term with its definition:

1. allopatric species	species occupying mutually exclusive geographical areas	1
2. subspecies	different species living in the same area but prevented from successfully reproducing	4
3. deme	interfertile groups within a species that display significant differentiation among themselves	2
4. sympatric species	the smallest reproductive population	3

 

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Essay Questions

104. What is a one-word synonym for environment? The text talks about three types of environment. What are these three types of environments and what characterizes each?

Answers will vary.

 

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105. What is the difference between the concept of environment and the concept of habitat? How does the concept of an ecological niche differ from the two concepts mentioned above?

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106. How does natural selection act upon a population to change gene frequencies?

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107. Why is the expression “survival of the fit” more descriptive than the expression “survival of the fittest”?

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108. Give some examples of how natural selection has operated on human populations.

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109. Outline the differences between the phyletic gradualism and the punctuated equilibrium models of evolution.

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110. Create a hypothetical population and describe the steps that could occur to segment that population into two or more species.

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111. Two keys to the understanding of the process of evolutionary change are reproductive success and reproductive isolation. Write a paragraph explaining microevolutionary change using these two concepts.

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112. What is meant by the term “preadaptation”? How does the concept relate to the statement “Necessity is not the mother of (biological) invention”?

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113. Explain the differences between natural selection, sexual selection, and kin selection.

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114. Define the three different types of selection, including how they differ from one another.

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115. Mosquitoes have been controlled in most parts of the world by the spraying of DDT. But after years of repeated sprayings, the number of mosquitoes has been increasing in spite of the continued use of DDT. Explain why this is the case.

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116. Explain the alternative models of phyletic gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

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117. The main factor that initiates speciation is geographic isolation. Discuss this factor and what might occur after the geographic isolation of segments of species that could ultimately lead to speciation.

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118. What does it mean when we say a species is either more generalized or more specialized than another species? Explain these concepts in detail.

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