Psychology 10th Edition by Carole Wade -Test Bank

 

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Name  __________________________________________________________

 

Chapter 5 – Quick Quiz 1

1. Biological rhythm is defined as:
2. a periodic, more or less regular, fluctuation in a biological system.
3. an awareness of oneself and the environment.
4. a biological fluctuation that occurs less frequently than once a day.
5. a biological fluctuation that is about 24 hours from peak to peak.

 

 

2. The body’s biological clock, the suprachiasmatic nucleus, is located in the _______________.
3. pituitary gland                                                  c.     thalamus
4. pineal gland                                                      d.     hypothalamus

 

3. _______________ is a disorder in which depression occurs in the winter months.
4. SAD                                                                    c.     PMS
5. SCN                                                                    d.     REM

 

4. REM sleep first occurs about _______________ minutes after sleep onset.
5. 30                                                                       c.     60
6. 45-50                                                                 d.     70-90

 

5. Delta waves are characteristic of:
6. REM sleep.                                                       c.     paradoxical sleep.
7. NREM sleep.                                                    d.     waking.

 

6. _______________ is a disorder in which a person briefly stops breathing many times during a night’s sleep.
7. Narcolepsy                                                        c.     Sleep apnea
8. Insomnia                                                           d.     Internal desynchrony

 

7. There is no convincing empirical support for the _______________ theory of dreaming.
8. psychoanalytic                                                 c.     activation-synthesis
9. cognitive                                                            d.     problem-solving

 

8. In very large doses _______________ drugs can cause convulsions, heart failure, and death.
9. depressant                                                         c.     opiate
10. stimulant                                                           d.     psychedelic

 

9. Most psychoactive drugs produce their effects primarily by acting on:
10. hormones.                                                         c.     neurotransmitters.
11. the hypothalamus.                                           d.     the autonomic nervous system.

 

10. Which of the following statements about hypnosis is true?
11. Hypnotized people can be made to do things against their will.
12. Hypnosis increases the accuracy of memory.
13. Hypnosis can be used to produce age-regression.
14. Hypnosis has been used successfully in anesthetizing people undergoing dental procedures, surgery, and

childbirth.

Chapter 5 – Quick Quiz 1

Answer Key

 

 

 

1      a              Rationale:  A biological rhythm is a fairly regular, periodic change in some                                    biological system. (Page 142, Factual)

 

2. d Rationale:  The suprachiasmatic nucleus is located in the hypothalamus. (Page

143, Factual)

 

3. a Rationale:  Seasonal affective disorder, or SAD, involves depression during the

winter months alternating with normal mood during other parts of the year. (Page

145, Factual)

 

4. d Rationale:  REM sleep usually occurs for the first time about 70 to 90 minutes

after falling asleep. (Page 150, Factual)

 

5. b Rationale:  Delta waves occur in Stages 3 and 4 of NREM sleep.  They are

large slow waves.  (Page 150, Factual)

 

6. c Rationale:  This is a description of sleep apnea. (Page 153, Factual)

 

7. a Rationale:  Though some people still accept certain aspects of Freud’s

psychoanalytic theory of dreaming, there is no empirical support for it. (Page 160,

Conceptual)

 

8. b Rationale:  Stimulant drugs can cause convulsions, heart failure, and death in

very large doses.  This is especially true of the more powerful stimulants,

amphetamines, and cocaine. (Page 168, Factual)

 

9. c Rationale:  Most psychoactive drugs have their effect on neurotransmitters at

the synapse. (Page 171, Factual)

 

10. d Rationale:  Most of the popular beliefs about hypnosis are not true.  The only

one of these choices that is true is that hypnosis can be used for pain relief in

dental procedures, minor surgery, and during childbirth. (Page 164, Conceptual)

Name  __________________________________________________________

 

Chapter 5 – Quick Quiz 2

 

 

1. An example of a biological event that follows a circadian rhythm is:
2. the migration of birds.                                     c.     body temperature.
3. the female menstrual cycle.                           d.     daydreaming.

 

2. The pineal gland secretes _______________, a hormone that helps to keep the biological clock in phase with

the light-dark cycle.

1. cortisol                                                               c.     serotonin
2. progesterone                                                     d.     melatonin

 

3. Which of the following statements about PMS is true?
4. About 20 percent of females suffer from PMS.
5. A clear connection exists between PMS and behavior.
6. There is no relation between stage of the menstrual cycle and emotional symptoms.
7. PMS can be successfully treated using testosterone.

 

4. There are _______________ stages of NREM sleep.
5. three                                                                   c.     five
6. four                                                                    d.     six

 

5. In _______________, a person experiences sudden unpredictable and irresistible attacks of sleepiness during

the day.

1. narcolepsy                                                        c.     sleep apnea
2. insomnia                                                           d.     internal desynchrony

 

6. The _______________ theory of dreaming suggests that dreaming is simply a continuation of our daytime

thinking.

1. psychoanalytic                                                 c.     activation-synthesis
2. cognitive                                                            d.     problem-solving

 

7. A _______________ drug causes disruption of normal thought processes such as the perception of time and

space.

1. stimulant                                                           c.     psychoactive
2. depressant                                                         d.     psychedelic

 

8. _______________ is an example of a depressant drug.
9. Marijuana                                                         c.     Mescaline
10. Alcohol                                                              d.     Heroin

 

9. _______________ refers to a person’s expectations about the effects of a drug.
10. Tolerance                                                          c.     Mental set
11. Dissociation                                                      d.     Perceptual bias

 

10. The dissociation theory of hypnosis was proposed by:
11. Ernest Hilgard.                                                 c.     Allan Hobson.
12. Nathaniel Kleitman.                                        d.     Rosalind Cartwright.

Chapter 5 – Quick Quiz 2

Answer Key

 

 

 

1. c Rationale:  Body temperature follows a circadian rhythm, meaning it fluctuates

according to a 24-hour cycle. The menstrual cycle and the migration of birds

follow monthly and annual cycles, respectively. Daydreaming is not an example

of a rhythm. (Page 142, Applied)

 

2. d Rationale:  Melatonin is the hormone secreted by the pineal gland. (Page 144,

Factual)

 

3. c Rationale:  PMS is very misunderstood.  Less than 5 percent of women have

symptoms of PMS.  In general, there is no relation between stage of the menstrual

cycle and emotional symptoms. (Page 147, Factual)

 

4. b Rationale:  There are four stages in NREM sleep, varying from light sleep to

deep sleep. (Pages 150, Factual)

 

5. a Rationale:  This is a description of narcolepsy. (Page 153, Factual)

 

6. b Rationale:  The cognitive theory suggests that dreaming is a continuation of our

daytime thought processes.  Dreams seem diffuse or strange because there is no

sensory input or feedback from the body during sleep. (Pages 158-159,

Conceptual)

 

7. d Rationale:  Psychedelic drugs like LSD and mescaline cause alterations of our

thoughts and perceptions. (Page 170, Factual)

 

8. b Rationale:  Alcohol is a depressant drug because it slows functioning of the           brain.  Some people think it is a stimulant because, at low doses, a lack of

inhibition occurs. (Page 169, Factual)

 

9. c Rationale:  This is a definition of mental set. (Page 173, Factual)

 

10. a Rationale:  Ernest Hilgard proposed the dissociation theory of hypnosis.

Kleitman is a major sleep researcher, Hobson proposed the activation-synthesis

theory of dreaming, and Cartwright conducted research on the problem-solving                          theory of  dreaming. (Pages 164, Factual)

Multiple Choice Questions

 

INTRODUCTION

 

1. Which of the following provides the best definition of consciousness?
2. a state of arousal involving facial and bodily changes
3. awareness of ourselves and the environment
4. memory of personally experienced events
5. the intentional recollection of an item of information

Section:  Chapter Introduction

Page(s): 141                                                        Type: Factual                                                     Answer:  b

Rationale:  Consciousness is defined as a state of awareness of ourselves and our environment.

 

BIOLOGICAL RHYTHMS: THE TIDES OF EXPERIENCE

    Learning Objectives

    5.1  How biological rhythms affect our physiology and performance

    5.2  Why you feel out of sync when you fly across time zones or change shifts at work

    5.3 Why some people get the winter blues                 

    5.4  How culture and learning affect reports of “PMS” and estimates of its incidence

 

2. When researchers have tested the accuracy of biorhythm charts by examining occupational accidents in light of the charts’ predictions, they have found the charts:
3. to be useful only for those working in outdoor occupations.
4. to be useful only for women and not for men.
5. to be useful only for healthy individuals with no chronic illnesses.
6. to be useless.

Section:  Biological Rhythms: The Tides of Experience

Page(s): 142                                                        Type: Factual                                                     Answer: d

Rationale:  Biorhythm charts have been found to be worthless.

 

3. Biological rhythm is defined as:
4. a periodic, more or less regular, fluctuation in a biological system.
5. an awareness of oneself and the environment.
6. a biological fluctuation that occurs less frequently than once a day.
7. a biological fluctuation that is about 24 hours from peak to peak.

Section:  Biological Rhythms: The Tides of Experience       

Page(s): 142                                                        Type: Factual                                                     Answer: a

Rationale:  A biological rhythm is a fairly regular, periodic change in some biological system.

 

4. ____________ reflect the adaptation of organisms to the many changes associated with the rotation of the earth on its axis.
5. Endogenous rhythms
6. Circadian rhythms
7. Hormonal rhythms
8. External rhythms

Section:  Biological Rhythms: The Tides of Experience       

Page(s): 142                                                         Type: Conceptual                                              Answer: b

Rationale:  Circadian rhythms are a reflection of the organism’s response to the earth’s rotation.

 

 

 

 

 

 

5. When we say that biological rhythms are endogenous, we mean that:
6. they are generated by an internal biological clock.
7. they are influenced by our environment.
8. they are produced by our heart’s rhythm.
9. they are determined by an individual’s experience and therefore vary from person to person.

Section:  Biological Rhythms: The Tides of Experience       

Page(s): 142                                                        Type: Factual                                                     Answer: a

Rationale:  Endogenous means produced from within or generated internally.

 

6. Although the most common biological rhythms people experience are circadian:
7. humans also have some longer cycles that are about a month in length.
8. humans also have some shorter cycles that are about 90 minutes in length.
9. humans also experience both longer and shorter cycles.
10. humans experience some shorter cycles, but don’t experience seasonal rhythms like some animals do.

Section:  Biological Rhythms: The Tides of Experience       

Page(s): 142                                                        Type: Factual                                                     Answer: c

Rationale:  Humans experience biological rhythms ranging from relatively short rhythms such as every 90 minutes, through circadian rhythms of about a day in length, to longer seasonal rhythms.

 

7. Circadian rhythm is defined as:
8. a fluctuation in a biological system, synchronized with external cues.
9. an awareness of oneself and the environment.
10. a biological fluctuation that occurs less frequently than once a day.
11. a biological fluctuation that is about 24 hours from peak to peak.

Section:  Biological Rhythms: The Tides of Experience

Page(s): 142                                        Type: Factual                                                     Answer: d

Rationale:  Circadian means about a day in length, so a circadian rhythm is a daily fluctuation in some biological system.

 

8. 8. When people live in an environment free of any time cues and are allowed to sleep, eat, and work whenever

they want, they typically follow a:

28. 28.0-hour cycle.
29. 22.8-hour cycle.
30. 24.3-hour cycle.
31. 26.0-hour cycle.

Section:  Biological Rhythms: The Tides of Experience       

Page(s): 143                                                        Type: Factual                                                     Answer: c

Rationale:  Free-running rhythms are typically a little longer than 24 hours.

 

9. The structure that serves as our biological clock is:
10. the heart with its pace-maker cells.
11. the pituitary gland.
12. the pineal gland.
13. the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus.

Section:  Biological Rhythms: The Tides of Experience       

Page(s): 143                                                        Type: Factual                                                     Answer: d

Rationale:  The suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus serves as our biological clock.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

10. A biological clock, located in a teardrop-shaped cluster of cells in the _______________, controls circadian rhythm.
11. spinal cord
12. neurons
13. axon
14. hypothalamus

Section:  Biological Rhythms: The Tides of Experience

Page(s): 143                                                        Type: Factual                                                     Answer: d

Rationale:  The suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus serves as our biological clock.

 

11..         Circadian rhythms are controlled by a biological clock, located in a teardrop-shaped cluster of cells in the:

1. hypothalamus.
2. thalamus.
3. corpus callosum.
4. occipital lobe.

Section:  Biological Rhythms: The Tides of Experience

Page(s): 143                                                        Type: Factual                                                     Answer: a

Rationale:  The suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus serves as our biological clock.

 

12. Jet lag is also called:
13. internal desynchronization.
14. circadian desynchronization.
15. hormonal rhythms.
16. external desynchronization.

Section:  Biological Rhythms: The Tides of Experience                       

Page(s): 144                                                         Type: Conceptual                                              Answer: a

Rationale:  Jet lag is also called internal desynchronization.

 

13. Melatonin is:
14. a hormone that fluctuates on about a 90-minute cycle.
15. a hormone that is secreted largely during hours of darkness.
16. a hormone that is secreted largely during hours of daylight.
17. a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that triggers sleep.

Section:  Biological Rhythms: The Tides of Experience       

Page(s): 144                                                        Type: Factual                                                     Answer: b

Rationale:  Melatonin is a hormone produced during the night.

 

14. Melatonin treatments have been useful in the treatment of:
15. adolescents showing extreme delays in the onset of puberty.
16. survivors of trauma that experience persistent flashbacks of the terror.
17. depressed individuals who are in need of increased blood-sugar levels.
18. disturbed sleep-wake cycles in blind people who lack light perception.

Section:  Biological Rhythms: The Tides of Experience

Page(s): 144                                                        Type:  Factual                                                    Answer: d

Rationale:  Melatonin treatment has been useful in blind people to regulate the sleep-wake cycle.

 

15. Kiyoshi planned to take over-the-counter melatonin supplements in order to restore the

24-hour sleep-wake cycle that was typical before she began college.  After reading her psychology textbook, Kiyoshi decided that:

1. she should refrain from taking the supplements because the long-term safety is unknown.
2. the supplements would be most effective if she were to take them on a long-term basis.
3. she should check and make sure her supplements meet the federal standards for quality.
4. she should check and make sure her supplements meet the federal standards for dosage.

Section:  Biological Rhythms: The Tides of Experience

Page(s):  144                                                       Type: Applied                                                     Answer: a

Rationale:  Most supplements such as this have not been tested for long-term safety.

 

 

16. _______________, a hormone involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms, is secreted by the pineal gland.
17. Norepinephrine
18. Testosterone
19. Estrogen
20. Melatonin

Section:  Biological Rhythms: The Tides of Experience

Page(s): 144                                                        Type: Factual                                                     Answer: d

Rationale:  Melatonin is secreted by the pineal gland.

 

17. Which of the following statements is NOT true about biological rhythms?
18. Our sleep-wake cycle, temperature cycle, and hormone cycle are normally synchronized with each other.
19. Changes in our sleep schedule, for example when working at night, affect only the sleep-wake cycle and not other circadian rhythms.
20. Internal desynchronization occurs when our sleep-wake cycle, our temperature cycle, and our hormone

cycle are out of sync with each other.

1. Internal desynchronization results in decreased in efficiency and an increased number of accidents in night-shift workers.

Section:  Biological Rhythms: The Tides of Experience       

Page(s): 144-145                                                Type: Factual                                                     Answer: b

Rationale:  Changes in our sleep schedule affect only the sleep-wake cycle, not other circadian rhythms.  The other choices are all true.

 

18. The use of bright lights to “reset” the biological clock:
19. has been successful in treating jet lag, but only when flying from east to west.
20. works well with shift workers but not with people who travel across time zones.
21. works well in the laboratory, but not so well in the real world.
22. works well with females, but not with males.

Section:  Biological Rhythms: The Tides of Experience       

Page(s): 144                                                        Type: Factual                                                     Answer: c

Rationale:  Phototherapy, or treatment with bright lights, has been useful in the laboratory, but is less useful in the real world.

 

19. Which of the following statements is NOT accurate according to studies of internal desynchronization?
20. When people fly across several time zones, sleep and wake patterns take several days to return to normal.
21. When people fly across several time zones, temperature and hormone cycles can take several days to return to normal.
22. At present, there is no reliable way to avoid a period of jet lag when flying across several time zones.
23. When an occupation requires a rotating work schedule, then workers should be switched as infrequently as possible.

Section:  Biological Rhythms: The Tides of Experience

Page(s): 144                                                        Type: Conceptual                                                              Answer: a

Rationale:  Sleep and wake cycles adjust quickly, but hormone and temperature cycles can take several days to adjust.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

20. Because of genetics:
21. some people have longer than normal circadian rhythms.
22. some people have shorter than average circadian rhythms.
23. some people have circadian rhythms that vary in length from day to day.
24. some people are early birds and others are night owls

Section:  Biological Rhythms: The Tides of Experience       

Page(s): 145                                                        Type: Factual                                                     Answer: d

Rationale:  Genetics can influence whether we are more efficient early in the day or late in the day.

 

21. _______________ is a controversial disorder in which a person experiences depression during the winter and an improvement of mood in the spring.
22. Entrainment
23. Internal desynchronization
24. Seasonal affective disorder
25. Dissociation

Section:  Biological Rhythms: The Tides of Experience

Page(s): 145                                                        Type: Factual                                                     Answer: c

Rationale:  This is a statement about seasonal affective disorder.

 

22. Controlled studies indicate that:
23. phototherapy is effective in alleviating most cases of SAD.
24. low levels of negative ions are effective in most cases of SAD.
25. phototherapy is not effective in alleviating symptoms of SAD.
26. SAD is not a true disorder.

Section:  Biological Rhythms: The Tides of Experience       

Page(s): 145-146                                Type: Factual                                                     Answer: a

Rationale:  Phototherapy is useful for most people with SAD.

 

23. Research on premenstrual syndrome indicates that about _______________ of women have PMS symptoms predictably over their cycles.
24. 5 percent
25. 15 percent
26. 25 percent
27. 35 percent

Section:  Biological Rhythms: The Tides of Experience

Page(s): 147                                                        Type: Factual                                                     Answer: a

Rationale:  PMS actually occurs in only a very small percentage, about 5 percent, of women.

 

THE RHYTHMS OF SLEEP

    Learning Objectives

    5.5  The stages of sleep

    5.6  How sleep gets disrupted and the consequences that result

    5.7  The mental benefits of sleep

 

 

24. During the night, two types of sleep alternate with each other; they are:
25. alpha sleep and delta sleep.
26. Stage 1 and Stage 2 sleep.
27. REM and NREM sleep.
28. relaxed sleep and alert sleep.

Section: The Rhythms of Sleep     

Page(s): 150                                                        Type: Factual                                                     Answer: c

Rationale:  REM sleep and NREM sleep alternate throughout the night.

 

 

25. NREM sleep is characterized by:
26. slow, rolling eye movements.
27. vivid, unrealistic dreams.

c      slow brain waves called delta waves.

1. muscle paralysis.

Section: The Rhythms of Sleep

Page(s): 150                                                        Type: Factual                                                     Answer: c

Rationale:  NREM sleep is characterized by delta waves in Stages 3 and 4.

 

26. During the night:
27. REM sleep periods become longer.
28. delta waves increase.
29. dreaming decreases in frequency.
30. NREM sleep periods involve a more and more active EEG.

Section: The Rhythms of Sleep

Page(s): 150-151                                Type: Factual                                                     Answer: a

Rationale:  During the night, REM periods gradually increase in length, whereas NREM periods become shorter.

 

27. On average, REM sleep periods last about:
28. 5 minutes.
29. 20 minutes.
30. 30 minutes.
31. 90 minutes.

Section: The Rhythms of Sleep

Page(s): 150                                                        Type: Factual                                                     Answer: b

Rationale:  REM periods average about 20 minutes in length, but become longer through the night.

 

28. REM sleep occurs for the first time:
29. within 10 minutes of falling asleep.
30. after about an hour of sleep.
31. about 70 to 90 minutes after sleep onset.
32. after about 3-4 hours of sleep.

Section: The Rhythms of Sleep

Page(s): 150-151                                                Type: Factual                                                     Answer: c

Rationale:  REM sleep generally occurs for the first time about 90 minutes after falling asleep.

 

29. REM sleep has been called “paradoxical sleep” because:
30. the brain is very active, yet the body is entirely inactive.
31. the body is very active and restless, but the brain is very inactive.
32. the eyes are open, though the person remains asleep.
33. colorful dreams occur, in contrast to the black-and-white dreams of NREM sleep.

Section: The Rhythms of Sleep

Page(s): 151                                                        Type: Conceptual                                              Answer: a

Rationale:  It is paradoxical because the brain is very active, yet the body is almost paralyzed.

 

30. Periods of REM sleep alternate with periods of non-REM sleep in a cycle that recurs about every _______________ minutes or so.
31. 30
32. 90
33. 150
34. 210

Section: The Rhythms of Sleep     

Page(s): 150                                                        Type: Factual                                                     Answer: b

Rationale:  The REM-NREM cycle is about 90 minutes in length.

 

31. When sleep researchers have studied humans and other species they found that:
32. only the higher mammals, such as humans, the great apes, and bottlenose dolphins experience REM sleep.
33. moles, because they can hardly move their eyes at all, are unable to experience REM sleep.
34. humans begin to show evidence of REM sleep during the first two weeks after birth.
35. nearly all mammals, with the exception of spiny anteaters, bottlenose dolphins, and the porpoise, experience REM sleep.

Section:  The Rhythms of Sleep

Page(s):  152                                                       Type: Factual                                                     Answer: d

Rationale:  Almost all mammals, except for very primitive mammals and mammals who spend their entire life in the water, experience REM sleep.

 

32. Judith is startled when her six-year-old daughter, Laura, sleepwalks into the family room and begins to talk. It is most likely that Laura is experiencing the _______________ stage of the sleep cycle.
33. REM
34. first
35. third
36. fourth

Section:  The Rhythms of Sleep    

Page(s): 150                                                        Type: Applied                                                    Answer: d

Rationale:  Sleepwalking generally occurs in Stage 4 of NREM sleep.

 

33. Mitch emphatically states that he never dreams. If Mitch spent the night in a sleep laboratory, it would be most likely that:
34. Mitch would report a dream if awakened during a period of rapid, irregular brain activity.
35. instead of dreaming, Mitch would engage in sleepwalking during REM sleep.
36. Mitch’s sleep cycle would include four stages of non-REM sleep but no stage of REM sleep.
37. Mitch’s electroencephalogram would show only slow, rolling eye movements.

Section:  The Rhythms of Sleep    

Page(s): 152                                                        Type:     Applied                                                 Answer: a

Rationale:  Even though some people do not remember dreaming, research shows that dreams do occur during REM sleep.

 

34. James has been sleeping for about 90 minutes when his brain shows rapid, irregular waves. His blood pressure rises, his heart rate increases, and his skeletal muscles go limp.  Which of the following is the most likely conclusion?
35. James is chronically sleep deprived and his sleep, like his daytime activities, is abnormal.
36. James is experiencing physiological changes that are normal for the third stage of sleep.
37. James is experiencing unusual sleep because earlier he engaged in strenuous physical activities.
38. James is experiencing physiological changes that are normal during paradoxical sleep.

Section:  The Rhythms of Sleep    

Page(s): 151                                        Type: Applied                                                    Answer: d

Rationale:  These are all characteristics of REM sleep.

 

35. When researchers studied whether or not dreaming occurs in non-REM sleep they found that:
36. it does, but the dreams are shorter and less vivid than in REM sleep.
37. it does, but the dreams are longer and more fantastical than in REM sleep.
38. it does not, unless the person has been chronically sleep deprived.
39. it does not, unless the person is a patient with a severed corpus callosum.

Section:  The Rhythms of Sleep    

Page(s): 151                                                        Type:     Factual                                                  Answer: a

Rationale:  Some dreaming does occur in NREM sleep, but it is different in character than REM dreaming.

 

 

 

 

36. The reason that REM sleep occurs is:
37. to allow the mind to solve the day’s problems during sleep.
38. to allow memories to form.
39. to release tensions from the previous day.
40. unknown.

Section:  The Rhythms of Sleep    

Page(s): 152                                                        Type:     Conceptual                                          Answer: d

Rationale:  There are several theories about why REM sleep occurs, but there is no final answer at present.

 

37. Sleep deprivation can result in all of the following EXCEPT:
38. decline of hormones necessary for a proper immune system.
39. decline in mental flexibility, attention, and creativity.
40. occurrence of hallucinations and delusions.
41. increased muscle pain and lack of coordination.

Section:  The Rhythms of Sleep    

Page(s): 152-154                 Type: Factual                                                     Answer: d

Rationale:  Sleep deprivation can cause changes in hormones as well as changes in cognitive functions, but does not cause muscle pain or lack of coordination.

 

38. Chronic insomnia affects about _______________ of all adults.
39. 5 percent
40. 10 percent
41. 25 percent
42. 35 percent

Section:  The Rhythms of Sleep    

Page(s): 153                                                        Type: Factual                                                     Answer: b

Rationale:  About 10 percent of adults report experiencing insomnia.

 

39. Sleep apnea is a disorder in which:
40. a person suddenly falls asleep without warning during the day.
41. a person has difficulty waking from sleep in the morning.
42. a person periodically stops breathing during sleep.
43. a person experiences bursts of aggressive behavior during sleep.

Section:  The Rhythms of Sleep    

Page(s):  153                                                       Type: Factual                                                     Answer: c

Rationale:  Sleep apnea refers to a cessation of breathing during sleep.

 

40. Narcolepsy involves:
41. unpredictable daytime attacks of sleep.
42. inability to breathe while sleeping.
43. a need for 12 to 14 hours of sleep each night.
44. a need for only 5 to 6 hours of sleep each night.

Section:  The Rhythms of Sleep    

Page(s):  153                                                       Type: Factual                                                     Answer: a

Rationale:  Narcolepsy is a disorder involving sudden, overwhelming attacks of sleep during the day.

 

41. Jennifer has been studying day and night for so many weeks that she is chronically sleep deprived. She is now at risk of developing all of the following symptoms EXCEPT:
42. hallucinations and delusions.
43. extreme irritability.
44. reduced levels of the hormone cortisol.
45. the loss of mental flexibility and creativity.

Section: The Rhythms of Sleep     

Page(s):  153                                                      Type: Applied                                                    Answer: c

Rationale:  Jennifer may actually experience increased levels of cortisol.

 

42. _______________ is a sleep disorder involving sudden and unpredictable daytime attacks of sleepiness or lapses into REM sleep.
43. Sleep apnea
44. Insomnia
45. Narcolepsy
46. Non-REM sleep

Section:  The Rhythms of Sleep

Page(s): 153                                                        Type: Factual                                                     Answer: c

Rationale:  This is a description of narcolepsy.

 

43. The average adolescent needs about _______________ hours of sleep a night.
44. 6
45. 8
46. 10
47. 12

Section:  The Rhythms of Sleep    

Page(s): 154                                                        Type: Factual                                                     Answer: c

Rationale:  Research has recently demonstrated a need for about 10 hours of sleep daily in adolescence.

 

44. Sleep appears to be necessary for _______________, a process by which recently stored memories

become durable and stable.

1. consolidation
2. reinforcement
3. encoding
4. preservation

Section:  The Rhythms of Sleep    

Page(s): 154                                                        Type: Factual                                                     Answer: a

Rationale:  Consolidation refers to the strengthening of recently formed long-term memories.

 

45. German researchers have recently discovered that sleep enhances _______________ as well as consolidation.
46. processing speed
47. problem solving
48. physical coordination
49. creativity

Section:  The Rhythms of Sleep    

Page(s):  155                                                        Type: Factual                                                     Answer: b

Rationale:  Sleep appears to enhance problem solving as well as consolidation of memory.

 

46. Biological researchers would agree with all of the following EXCEPT:
47. during REM sleep, brain areas involved in memory and perception are particularly active.
48. during REM sleep, synaptic connections associated with recent memories are strengthened.
49. dreams are an interpretation by cortex of random neural activity in the pons.
50. brain stem mechanisms fire spontaneously and the cortex tries to synthesize the signals.

Section: The Rhythms of Sleep     

Page(s):  159                                                       Type: Conceptual                                              Answer: a

Rationale:  Based on the activation-synthesis theory of dreaming, cortex interprets random spontaneous activity generated by the brain stem to produce dreams.  It has also been demonstrated that memory consolidation occurs during REM sleep.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

47. REM sleep appears to be associated with _______________, which is a process by which the synaptic changes associated with a recently stored memory become durable and stable.
48. consolidation
49. manifest content
50. entrainment
51. seasonal rhythms

Section:  The Rhythms of Sleep

Page(s):   155                                                       Type: Conceptual                                              Answer: a

Rationale:  Memory consolidation seems to occur during REM sleep.

 

 

EXPLORING THE DREAM WORLD

    Learning Objectives

    5.8   Freud’s theory that dreams are the “royal road to the unconscious”   

    5.9   How dreams might be related to your current problems and concerns

    5.10 How dreams might be related to ordinary daytime thoughts

    5.11 How dreams could be caused by meaningless brain-stem signals

 

 

48. During _______________ dreams, people are aware that they are dreaming and feel as though they are

conscious.

1. REM sleep
2. slow-wave sleep
3. lucid
4. latent

Section:  Exploring the Dream World

Page(s):  156                                                       Type: Factual                                                     Answer: c

Rationale:  This is a description of lucid dreaming.

 

49. Which of the following is NOT a proposed explanation of dreams?
50. Dreams provide a channel for the release of built-up energy.
51. Dreams represent the current concerns or problems in our life.
52. Dreams represent creative activity during sleep.
53. Dreams are a modification of our normal cognitive processes.

Section:  Exploring the Dream World

Page(s):  156-158                                               Type: Factual                                                     Answer: c

Rationale:  All of the choices, except for creativity, have been proposed as functions of dreaming.

 

50. Sigmund Freud would agree with all of the following EXCEPT:
51. dreams are the royal road into the unconscious.
52. every dream is meaningful, no matter how absurd the images seem.
53. the key to analyzing a dream will be found in the manifest content.
54. not everything in a dream is symbolic.

Section:  Exploring the Dream World

Page(s):  157                                       Type: Conceptual                                              Answer: c

Rationale:  The key to the meaning of a dream is its latent content.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

51. All of the following have been results from the problem-focused approach to dreaming EXCEPT:
52. college students tend to dream about grades and being unprepared for an exam.
53. Palestinian children in violent areas report more themes of persecution in their dreams than do Palestinian children in peaceful environments.
54. until recently, women were more likely than men to dream about children, family members, and household objects.
55. men are more likely to dream about their anxieties, such as failing an important exam.

Section:  Exploring the Dream World

Page(s):  157                                                       Type: Conceptual                                              Answer: d

Rationale:  Both men and women dream about their anxieties.

 

52. Research suggests that we typically forget our dreams upon waking because:
53. dreams often arouse anxiety that could intrude into our daily life.
54. they are based on random neural activity forming disjointed images with no meaning.
55. they often are sexual or violent in nature and our conscious mind represses them.
56. cortical neurons that control the initial storage of new memories are turned off during sleep.

Section: Exploring the Dream World         

Page(s):  159                                                        Type: Conceptual                                              Answer: d

Rationale:  Cortical areas involved in the initial storage of new memories seem to be inactive during sleep.

 

53. The psychoanalytic theory of dreaming states that:
54. the purpose of dreaming is to express unconscious wishes, thoughts, and conflicts.
55. there is no purpose to dreaming, dreams occur because of random brainstem signals.
56. the purpose of dreaming is to resolve current concerns and problems.
57. dreaming is a by-product of a process of eliminating or strengthening neural connections.

Section:  Exploring the Dream World

Page(s):   161                                                       Type: Conceptual                                              Answer: a

Rationale:  Freud viewed dreaming as a way to express unconscious wishes, thoughts, and conflicts in hidden or symbolic form.

 

54. A problem-focused explanation of dreaming suggests that:
55. all dreams are attempts to solve our problems.
56. dreams are usually about our everyday problems and may even help us to solve those problems.
57. although dreams often represent our problems, they do not help us solve them.
58. we are more likely to dream about good things that happen to us than about our problems.

Section:  Exploring the Dream World        

Page(s):  158                                        Type: Conceptual                                              Answer: b

Rationale:  The problem-focused explanation focuses on dreams as a way of trying out solutions to our everyday problems.

 

55. Which approach to dreaming suggests that our dreams are simply a modification of the thinking that goes

on when we are awake?

1. the problem-focused approach
2. the psychoanalytic approach
3. the cognitive approach
4. the activation-synthesis approach

Section:  Exploring the Dream World

Page(s):  158-159                                               Type: Factual                                                     Answer: c

Rationale:  The cognitive approach suggests that dreams are simply a continuation in a modified form of the thinking that occurs when we are awake.

 

 

 

 

 

 

56. According to the cognitive approach, our dreaming thoughts are more unfocused and diffuse than our

waking thoughts because:

1. the brain is less active during dreams.
2. we have no sensory input or feedback from our bodies during dreams.
3. dreams are not focused on a particular problem.
4. dreams have symbolic rather than actual meaning.

Section:  Exploring the Dream World

Page(s):  159                                                       Type: Conceptual                                              Answer: b

Rationale:  According to the cognitive approach, dreams differ from waking thoughts because there is no sensory input or feedback from our bodies.

 

57. The dreams of males and females differ because:
58. their daily concerns differ.
59. their brains differ, both anatomically and chemically.
60. their unconscious desires differ.
61. their needs differ.

Section:  Exploring the Dream World

Page(s):  159                                                       Type: Factual                                                     Answer: a

Rationale:  The dreams of males and females differ because their waking concerns differ, according to the cognitive approach.

 

58. Which of the following does NOT support the cognitive approach to dreaming?
59. The dreams of young children do not have true narratives until age 7 or 8.
60. Sensory deprivation results in daytime thoughts much like dreaming.
61. As cognitive abilities change during childhood, dreams do not change.
62. As the brain matures, the nature of dreaming changes.

Section:  Exploring the Dream World

Page(s):  159                                                       Type: Conceptual                                              Answer: c

Rationale:  Our dreams do change during childhood as our cognitive abilities change.

 

59. Who said that dreams are “the royal road to the unconscious”?
60. Allan Hobson
61. William Shakespeare
62. Sigmund Freud
63. Rosalind Cartwright

Section:  Exploring the Dream World

Page(s):  157                                                        Type: Factual                                                     Answer: c

Rationale:  Freud made this statement because he viewed dreams as an expression of unconscious drives, conflicts, and wishes.

 

60. Who said that sometimes “a cigar is only a cigar”?
61. Allan Hobson
62. William Shakespeare
63. Sigmund Freud
64. Rosalind Cartwright

Section:  Exploring the Dream World

Page(s):  157                                                        Type: Factual                                                     Answer: c

Rationale:  Even Freud admitted that not everything in dreams is symbolic.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

61. Who said that getting through a crisis takes “time, good friends, good genes, good luck, and a good dream

system”?

1. Allan Hobson
2. William Shakespeare
3. Sigmund Freud
4. Rosalind Cartwright

Section:  Exploring the Dream World

Page(s):  158                                                        Type: Factual                                                     Answer: d

Rationale:  This statement was made by Rosalind Cartwright, who espoused the problem-focused approach to dreaming.

 

62. Who said that dreams are “children of an idle brain”?
63. Allan Hobson
64. William Shakespeare
65. Sigmund Freud
66. Rosalind Cartwright

Section:  Exploring the Dream World

Page(s):   159                                                      Type: Factual                                                     Answer: b

Rationale:  This statement was made by William Shakespeare.

 

63. According to the activation-synthesis theory of dreaming, the source of a dream is neuronal firing in the:
64. reticular activating system.
65. cortex.
66. pons.
67. medulla.

Section:  Exploring the Dream World        

Page(s):  159                                                       Type: Factual                                                     Answer: c

Rationale:  The brain activity of REM sleep begins in the pons.

 

64. The activation-synthesis theory of dreaming states that:
65. the purpose of dreaming is to express unconscious wishes, thoughts, and conflicts.
66. there is no purpose to dreaming, dreams occur because of random brainstem signals.
67. the purpose of dreaming is to resolve current concerns and problems.
68. dreaming is a by-product of a process of eliminating or strengthening neural connections.

Section:  Exploring the Dream World

Page(s): 159                                                        Type: Conceptual                                              Answer: b

Rationale:  This theory views dreams as an attempt by cortex to make sense of random firing of neurons in the brainstem.

 

65. During REM sleep, neurons in the _______________ fire spontaneously.
66. medulla
67. cerebellum
68. reticular activating system
69. pons

Section:  Exploring the Dream World

Page(s):  159                                                       Type: Factual                                                     Answer: d

Rationale:  The brain activity of REM sleep begins with spontaneous activity of neurons in the pons.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

66. The activation-synthesis theory proposes that:
67. cortex tries to make sense of random neural activity by creating dream narratives.
68. cortex is active during dreaming and triggers activity in other brain structures.
69. the activity in the pons constructs or synthesizes dream narratives.
70. dreams are active attempts to synthesize solutions to problems.

Section:  Exploring the Dream World

Page(s): 159                                                        Type: Factual                                                     Answer: a

Rationale:  This theory views dreams as an attempt by cortex to make sense of random firing of neurons in the brainstem.

 

67. One of the weaknesses of the problem-focused theory of dreaming is that:
68. there is no reliable way to determine latent meanings.
69. some theorists are skeptical about the ability to resolve ongoing concerns during sleep.
70. the theory doesn’t explain non-REM dreams.
71. the theory says more about REM sleep than about dreaming.

Section:  Exploring the Dream World

Page(s): 160                                                        Type: Conceptual                                              Answer: b

Rationale:  Some theorists are skeptical about our ability to solve problems during sleep.

 

68. During his lecture on dream theories, Professor Hundt points out that the interpretations are often far-fetched in _______________ theory.
69. psychoanalytic
70. problem-focused
71. cognitive
72. activation-synthesis

Section:  Exploring the Dream World

Page(s): 160                                                        Type: Applied                                                     Answer: a

Rationale:  A problem with the psychoanalytic theory of dreaming is that there is no reliable way to understand the hidden meaning of dreams, and interpretations are often far-fetched.

 

69. This dream theory states that the purpose of dreaming is to express unconscious wishes, thoughts and conflicts:
70. problem focused.
71.   cognitive.
72. psychoanalytic.
73. activation-synthesis.

Section: Exploring the Dream World         

Page(s): 161                                                        Type Factual                                       Answer: c

Rationale:  This describes the psychoanalytic view of dreaming.

 

70. This dream theory states that the purpose of dreaming is to express ongoing concerns of waking life:
71. problem focused.
72. cognitive.
73. psychoanalytic.
74. activation-synthesis.

Section:  Exploring the Dream World        

Page(s): 161                                                        Type Factual                                       Answer: a

Rationale:  This describes the problem-focused theory of dreaming.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

71. During his lecture on dream theories, Professor Grant points out that a weakness of _______________ theory is that some theorists are skeptical about the ability to resolve concerns during sleep.
72. psychoanalytic
73. problem-focused
74. cognitive
75. activation-synthesis

Section:  Exploring the Dream World

Page(s): 160                                                        Type: Applied                                                     Answer: b

Rationale:  It seems clear that some dreams are related to current worries and concerns, but they merely give expression to our problems.

 

72. In his dream, Andy is an infant crawling through a dark tunnel looking for something he has lost. Which theory would be most receptive to an explanation that while Andy was sleeping, neurons in his pons that stimulate leg-muscle movement were active?
73. psychoanalytic
74. problem-focused
75. mental housekeeping
76. activation-synthesis theory

Section:  Exploring the Dream World

Page(s): 159                                                        Type: Applied                                                     Answer: d

Rationale:  This interpretation would be consistent with the activation-synthesis theory of dreaming.

 

73. The dream theory that currently seems to have the most support is the:
74. Freudian theory of dreaming.
75. problem-solving approach to dreaming.
76. cognitive approach to dreaming.
77. activation-synthesis theory of dreaming.

Section:  Exploring the Dream World

Page(s): 161                                                        Type: Factual                                                     Answer: c

Rationale:  Cognitive theory, though relatively new, seems to have the greatest support.

 

THE RIDDLE OF HYPNOSIS

    Learning Objectives

    5.12  Common misconceptions about what hypnosis can do

    5.13  The legitimate uses of hypnosis in psychology and medicine

    5.14  Two ways of explaining what happens during hypnosis

 

 

74. Hypnosis:
75. increases the overall accuracy of the subject’s memories because individuals do not confabulate when hypnotized.
76. is a procedure in which a practitioner suggests changes in the sensation or behavior of the subject, who cooperates by altering cognitive functioning in accordance with the suggestions.
77. can produce age regressions in which adult subjects show the brain waves and mental performance of a young child.
78. has been recommended by the American Psychological Association as an effective procedure to refresh eyewitness testimony in a court of law.

Section:  The Riddle of Hypnosis

Page(s): 162                                                        Type: Factual                                                     Answer: b

Rationale:  Hypnosis does not produce true age regression and does not necessarily improve memory.

 

 

 

 

 

75. Which of the following is true about hypnosis?
76. The likelihood of being hypnotized depends on the skill of the hypnotist.
77. Hypnotized people cannot be forced to do something against their will.
78. Hypnosis increases the accuracy of memory.
79. A hypnotized person can do things that they could not do otherwise.

Section:  The Riddle of Hypnosis

Page(s): 162-163                                Type: Factual                                                     Answer: b

Rationale:   A hypnotist cannot force a person to do something dangerous or against his or her moral standards.

 

76. The American Psychological Association would agree that hypnosis may be used successfully in all of the following circumstances EXCEPT in:
77. alleviating chronic pain.
78. reducing nausea in people undergoing chemotherapy.
79. refreshing the memories of robbery victims.
80. anesthetizing people undergoing dental work.

Section:  The Riddle of Hypnosis 

Page(s): 163                                                        Type: Conceptual                                              Answer: c

Rationale:  Hypnosis does not improve memory.

 

77. Which of the following statements about hypnosis is correct?
78. Hypnosis enables people to relive memories from infancy and early childhood.
79. Hypnosis reduces errors in memory because hypnotized people do not confabulate.
80. Hypnosis has been used successfully in anesthetizing women during childbirth.
81. Hypnosis demonstrates that memories are accurately stored in the brain.

Section:  The Riddle of Hypnosis 

Page(s): 164                                                        Type: Factual                                                     Answer: c

Rationale:  Hypnosis does not improve memory, but it has been used successfully to reduce the pain of childbirth.

 

78. 78. Ernest Hilgard argued that hypnosis involves:
79. dissociation.
80. a loss of memory.
81. failure to monitor behavior.
82. role playing.

Section:  The Riddle of Hypnosis

Page(s): 164-165                                                Type: Factual                                                     Answer: a

Rationale:  Hilgard viewed hypnosis as an example of dissociation.

 

79. A “hidden observer” is:
80. a person, out of sight of the hypnotist, who monitors the process to make sure the hypnotist does not violate ethical standards.
81. a part of the mind of the hypnotized person that watches but does not participate.
82. a friend or family member who observes the hypnosis to protect the hypnotized person.
83. the part of a person’s mind that participates in hypnosis.

Section:  The Riddle of Hypnosis

Page(s): 164                                                        Type: Factual                                                     Answer: b

Rationale:  According to Hilgard, dissociation results in a part of the person that responds to the hypnotist and a separate part, the “hidden observer,” that sits back and observes what is happening.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

80. The sociocognitive approach to hypnosis suggests that:
81. the hypnotized person is unconsciously playing a role.
82. the hypnotized person is consciously faking or playing a role.
83. hypnosis is a unique state distinct from normal consciousness.
84. hypnosis is an interaction between the executive and the imaginative functions of an individual’s mind.

Section:  The Riddle of Hypnosis

Page(s): 165                                                        Type: Factual                                                     Answer: a

Rationale:  The sociocognitive approach views hypnosis as a form of unconscious role-playing.

 

81. Ernest Hilgard, a pioneer in hypnosis research, argued that:
82. hypnosis results from the social interaction of a therapist and the expectations of the subject.
83. hypnosis involves dissociation in which one part of the mind operates independently of others.
84. the hypnotized person is merely faking or playacting.
85. hypnosis creates a unique state in which people can do extraordinary things.

Section:  The Riddle of Hypnosis 

Page(s): 164                                                        Type: Factual                                                     Answer: b

Rationale:  According to Hilgard, dissociation results in a part of the person that responds to the hypnotist and a separate part, the hidden observer, that sits back and observes what is happening.

 

 

CONSCIOUSNESS-ALTERING DRUGS

    Learning Objectives

    5.15  The major types of psychoactive drugs

    5.16  How recreational drugs affect the brain

    5.17  How people’s prior drug experiences, individual characteristics, expectations, and                mental sets influence their reactions to drugs

 

82. Psychoactive drugs are:
83. drugs that speed up activity in the central nervous system.
84. drugs capable of influencing perception, mood, cognition, or behavior.
85. drugs that slow down activity in the central nervous system.
86. drugs derived from the opium poppy which relieve pain and produce euphoria.

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs

Page(s): 168                                                        Type: Factual                                                     Answer: b

Rationale:  Psychoactive drugs are drugs that influence behavior, consciousness, and mental activity.

 

83. A substance that alters perception, mood, thinking, memory, or behavior by changing the body’s

biochemistry is:

1. an opiate drug.
2. a psychedelic drug.
3. a stimulant drug.
4. a psychoactive drug.

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs

Page(s): 168                                                        Type: Factual                                                     Answer: d

Rationale:  This is a description of a psychoactive drug.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

84. Stimulants are:
85. drugs that speed up activity in the central nervous system.
86. drugs capable of influencing perception, mood, cognition, or behavior.
87. drugs that slow down activity in the central nervous system.
88. drugs derived from the opium poppy which relieve pain and produce euphoria.

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs

Page(s): 168                                                        Type: Factual                                                     Answer: a

Rationale:  Stimulant drugs increase activity in the brain.

 

85. Which of the following is NOT a stimulant?
86. alcohol
87. nicotine
88. cocaine
89. amphetamines

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs

Page(s): 168                                                        Type: Factual                                                     Answer: a

Rationale:  Alcohol is a depressant drug.

 

86. The effects of stimulant drugs include all of the following EXCEPT:
87. feelings of excitement, confidence, and euphoria.
88. feelings of increased energy and pep.
89. a sense of calmness and relaxation.
90. convulsions, heart failure, and death.

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs

Page(s): 168                                        Type: Factual                                                     Answer: c

Rationale:  A sense of calmness and relaxation results from depressant drugs, not stimulant drugs.

 

87. When amphetamines are abused, the resulting effects may include:
88. nervousness, loss of appetite, high blood pressure, delusions, psychosis, heart damage, convulsions, and death.
89. excitability, sleeplessness, sweating, paranoia, panic, depression, heart damage, and heart failure.
90. heart disease, high blood pressure, impaired circulation, and erectile problems in men.
91. restlessness, insomnia, muscle tension, heartbeat irregularities, and high blood pressure.

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs

Page(s): 169                                                        Type: Factual                                                     Answer: a

Rationale:  Choice ‘a’ correctly describes the symptoms of amphetamine abuse. 

 

88. When cocaine is abused, the resulting effects may include:
89. nervousness, loss of appetite, high blood pressure, delusions, psychosis, heart damage, convulsions, and death.
90. excitability, sleeplessness, sweating, paranoia, panic, depression, heart damage, and heart failure.
91. heart disease, high blood pressure, impaired circulation, and erectile problems in men.
92. restlessness, insomnia, muscle tension, heartbeat irregularities, and high blood pressure.

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs

Page(s): 169                                                       Type: Factual                                                     Answer: b

Rationale:  Choice ‘b’ correctly describes the symptoms of cocaine abuse. 

 

89. When nicotine is abused, the resulting effects may include:
90. nervousness, loss of appetite, high blood pressure, delusions, psychosis, heart damage, convulsions, and death.
91. excitability, sleeplessness, sweating, paranoia, panic, depression, heart damage, and heart failure.
92. heart disease, high blood pressure, impaired circulation, and erectile problems in men.
93. restlessness, insomnia, muscle tension, heartbeat irregularities, and high blood pressure.

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs

Page(s): 169                                                        Type: Factual                                                     Answer: c

Rationale:  Choice ‘c’ correctly describes the symptoms of nicotine abuse. 

90. These drugs mimic the action of endorphins:
91. barbiturates
92. opiates
93. depressants
94. psychedelics

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs     

Page(s): 170                                                         Type Factual                                       Answer: b

Rationale:  Opiates mimic the action of endorphins.

 

 

91. Which of the following is NOT an effect of depressants?
92. reduced anxiety, guilt, and tension
93. increased energy
94. decreased inhibitions
95. decreased heart rate and respiratory rate

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs

Page(s): 169                                                       Type: Factual                                                     Answer: b

Rationale:  Depressants cause decreased energy.

 

92. Which of the following is a depressant?
93. nicotine
94. barbiturates
95. heroin
96. mescaline

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs

Page(s): 169-170                                Type: Factual                                                     Answer: b

Rationale:  Barbiturate drugs are depressants.  Nicotine is a mild stimulant, heroin is an opiate, and mescaline is a psychedelic.

 

93. Moderate alcohol consumption can have all of the following effects EXCEPT:
94. reduced risk of heart attack and stroke.
95. antidiabetic effect.
96. increased longevity.
97. reduced risk of cancer.

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs

Page(s): 170                                        Type: Factual                                                     Answer: d

Rationale:  No relationship has been demonstrated between moderate alcohol consumption and a reduced risk of cancer.

 

94. When alcohol is abused, the resulting effects may include:
95. blackouts, cirrhosis of the liver, mental and neurological impairment, psychosis, and possibly death.
96. impaired motor and sensory function, as well as impaired permanent storage of new information, withdrawal symptoms, and possibly death.
97. loss of appetite, nausea, constipation, withdrawal symptoms, and possibly death.
98. psychosis, paranoia, and panic reactions.

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs

Page(s): 170                                                        Type: Factual                                                     Answer: a

Rationale:  Choice ‘a’ correctly describes the symptoms of alcohol abuse. 

95. When tranquilizers are abused, the resulting effects may include:
96. blackouts, cirrhosis of the liver, mental and neurological impairment, psychosis, and possibly death.
97. impaired motor and sensory function, as well as impaired permanent storage of new information, withdrawal symptoms, and possibly death.
98. loss of appetite, nausea, constipation, withdrawal symptoms, and possibly death.
99. psychosis, paranoia, and panic reactions.

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs

Page(s): 169                                                        Type: Factual                                                     Answer: b

Rationale:  Choice ‘b’ correctly describes the symptoms of tranquilizer abuse. 

 

96. When opium and heroin are abused, the resulting effects may include:
97. blackouts, cirrhosis of the liver, mental and neurological impairment, psychosis, and possibly death.
98. impaired motor and sensory function, as well as impaired permanent storage of new information, withdrawal symptoms, and possibly death.
99. loss of appetite, nausea, constipation, withdrawal symptoms, and possibly death.
100. psychosis, paranoia, and panic reactions.

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs

Page(s): 169                                                        Type: Factual                                                     Answer: c

Rationale:  Choice ‘c’ correctly describes the symptoms of opiate abuse. 

 

97. Which of the following is NOT true of opiates?
98. they reduce pain
99. they cause an intense emotional rush or euphoria
100. they mimic endorphins
101. they may increase anxiety

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs

Page(s): 170                                                        Type: Factual                                                     Answer: d

Rationale:  Opiates generally do not increase anxiety.

 

98. When LSD and psilocybin are abused, the resulting effects may include:
99. blackouts, cirrhosis of the liver, mental and neurological impairment, psychosis, and possibly death.
100. impaired motor and sensory function, as well as impaired permanent storage of new information, withdrawal symptoms, and possibly death.
101. loss of appetite, nausea, constipation, withdrawal symptoms, and possibly death.
102. psychosis, paranoia, and panic reactions.

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs

Page(s): 169                                                        Type: Factual                                                     Answer: d

Rationale:  Choice ‘d’ correctly describes the symptoms of LSD and psilocybin abuse. 

 

99. Which of the following is NOT true of psychedelic drugs?
100. They may be natural substances or may be synthesized in a laboratory.
101. They consistently cause pleasant reactions which is why they are used recreationally.
102. They can cause visual hallucinations.
103. They disrupt normal thought processes.

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs

Page(s): 170                                                        Type: Factual                                                     Answer: b

Rationale:  Psychedelic drugs can unpredictably cause negative reactions or “bad trips.”

 

100. When marijuana is abused, the resulting effects may include:
101. throat and lung irritation, and impaired immunity.
102. impaired motor and sensory function, as well as impaired permanent storage of new information, withdrawal symptoms, and possibly death.
103. loss of appetite, nausea, constipation, withdrawal symptoms, and possibly death.
104. psychosis, paranoia, and panic reactions.

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs

Page(s): 171                                                        Type: Factual                                                     Answer: a

Rationale:  Choice ‘a’ correctly describes the symptoms of marijuana abuse. 

 

101.        Which of the following is NOT true about marijuana?

1. It is the most commonly used illicit drug in North American and Europe.
2. It is a mild stimulant drug.
3. It does not fit well into any one category of drugs.
4. It has several medical benefits.

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs

Page(s): 171                                                        Type: Factual                                                     Answer: b

Rationale:  Marijuana does not fit well into any one category of drugs.  In part, its actions may resemble those of mild stimulants though it is not a stimulant drug.

 

102. Which of the following drugs is a stimulant?
103. mescaline
104. alcohol
105. amphetamines
106. psilocybin

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs

Page(s): 168-169                                                Type: Factual                                                     Answer: c

Rationale:  Amphetamines are stimulants.  Mescaline and psilocybin are psychedelics and alcohol is a depressant.

 

103.        Which of the following drugs is a depressant?

1. mescaline
2. alcohol
3. cocaine
4. psilocybin

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs

Page(s): 169-170                                Type: Factual                                                     Answer: b

Rationale:  Alcohol is a depressant drug.  Mescaline and psilocybin are psychedelics and cocaine is a stimulant.

 

104. Which of the following drugs is a psychedelic?
105. mescaline
106. alcohol
107. amphetamines
108. heroin

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs

Page(s): 170                                        Type: Factual                                                     Answer: a

Rationale:  Mescaline is a psychedelic drug.  Alcohol is a depressant, heroin is an opiate, and amphetamines are stimulants.

 

105. Which of the following drugs is an opiate?
106. mescaline
107. psilocybin
108. LSD
109. heroin

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs

Page(s): 170                                                        Type: Factual                                                     Answer: d

Rationale:  Heroin is an opiate drug.  Mescaline, psilocybin, and LSD are psychedelics.

 

106. Among the common effects of amphetamines are:
107. wakefulness, alertness, raised metabolism, and elevated mood.
108. euphoria, excitation, boost of energy, and suppressed appetite.
109. mood variation from alertness to calmness depending on mental set, setting, and prior arousal.
110. wakefulness, alertness, and a shortened reaction time.

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs

Page(s): 169                                                        Type: Factual                                                     Answer: a

Rationale:  Choice ‘a’ correctly describes the effects of amphetamine use.

 

107. Among the common effects of cocaine are:
108. wakefulness, alertness, raised metabolism, and elevated mood.
109. euphoria, excitation, boost of energy, and suppressed appetite.
110. mood variation from alertness to calmness depending on mental set, setting, and prior arousal.
111. wakefulness, alertness, and a shortened reaction time.

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs

Page(s): 169                                                        Type: Factual                                                     Answer: b

Rationale:  Choice ‘b’ correctly describes the effects of cocaine use.

 

108. Among the common effects of tobacco are:
109. wakefulness, alertness, raised metabolism, and elevated mood.
110. euphoria, excitation, boost of energy, and suppressed appetite.
111. mood variation from alertness to calmness depending on mental set, setting, and prior arousal.
112. wakefulness, alertness, and a shortened reaction time.

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs

Page(s): 169                                                        Type: Factual                                                     Answer: c

Rationale:  Choice ‘c’ correctly describes the effects of tobacco use.

 

109. Among the common effects of caffeine are:
110. wakefulness, alertness, raised metabolism, and elevated mood.
111. euphoria, excitation, boost of energy, and suppressed appetite.
112. mood variation from alertness to calmness depending on mental set, setting, and prior arousal.
113. wakefulness, alertness, and a shortened reaction time.

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs

Page(s): 169                                                        Type: Factual                                                     Answer: d

Rationale:  Choice ‘d’ correctly describes the effects of caffeine use.

 

110. Among the common effects of several drinks of alcohol a day are:
111. slowed reaction time, reduced ability to store new memories or to retrieve old ones, and poor coordination.
112. sedation, reduced tension, and reduced anxiety.
113. euphoria and relief from pain.
114. exhilaration, visions and hallucinations, and insightful experiences.

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs

Page(s): 169                                                        Type: Factual                                                     Answer: a

Rationale:  Choice ‘a’ correctly describes the effects of having several alcoholic drinks a day.

 

 

111. Among the common effects of tranquilizers are:
112. slowed reaction time, depression, reduced ability to store new memories or to retrieve old ones, and poor coordination.
113. sedation, reduced tension, and reduced anxiety.
114. euphoria and relief from pain.
115. exhilaration, visions and hallucinations, and insightful experiences.

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs

Page(s): 169                                                        Type: Factual                                                     Answer: b

Rationale:  Choice ‘b’ correctly describes the effects of tranquilizers.

 

112. Among the common effects of heroin are:
113. slowed reaction time, reduced ability to store new memories or to retrieve old ones, and poor coordination.
114. sedation, reduced tension, and reduced anxiety.
115. euphoria and relief from pain.
116. exhilaration, visions and hallucinations, and insightful experiences.

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs

Page(s): 169                                                        Type: Factual                                                     Answer: c

Rationale:  Choice ‘c’ correctly describes the effects of heroin.

 

 

113. Among the common effects of LSD are:
114. slowed reaction time, and reduced ability to store new memories or to retrieve old ones.
115. sedation, reduced tension, and reduced anxiety.
116. euphoria and relief from pain.
117. exhilaration, visions and hallucinations, and insightful experiences.

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs

Page(s): 169                                                        Type: Factual                                                     Answer: d

Rationale:  Choice ‘d’ correctly describes the effects of LSD.

 

114. What effect do depressants have on the body?
115. they speed up activity in the central nervous system
116. they influence perception, mood, cognition, or behavior
117. they slow down activity in the central nervous system
118. they relieve pain and produce euphoria

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs

Page(s): 169-170                                                Type: Factual                                                     Answer: c

Rationale:  Depressants decrease activity in the brain and spinal cord.

 

115. What effect do opiates have on the body?
116. they speed up activity in the central nervous system
117. they influence perception, mood, cognition, or behavior
118. they slow down activity in the central nervous system
119. they relieve pain and produce euphoria

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs

Page(s): 170                                                        Type: Factual                                                     Answer: d

Rationale:  Opiates are drugs derived from the opium poppy that have analgesic and euphoric effects.

 

116. Psychoactive drugs have their effects primarily by:
117. acting on brain neurotransmitters.
118. blocking the release of neurotransmitters.
119. changing the structure of neurotransmitters.
120. binding to neurotransmitter receptors.

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs

Page(s): 168                                                        Type: Factual                                                     Answer: a

Rationale:  Psychoactive drugs have their effects by acting on the neurotransmitter at the synapse.

 

 

117. Which of the following statements is FALSE?
118. Psychoactive drugs produce their effects primarily by acting on brain neurotransmitters.
119. Cocaine blocks the brain’s reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine.
120. There is no evidence that light use of alcohol can damage the brain enough to affect cognitive functioning.
121. Former users of Ecstasy who had abstained for at least a year did not have long-term effects of the drug on memory tests when compared to nonusers.

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs

Page(s): 169                                                        Type: Conceptual                                              Answer: d

Rationale:  Ecstasy can have long-term or permanent effects on memory.

 

118. _______________ is the increased resistance to a drug’s effects accompanying continued use.
119. Tolerance
120. Withdrawal
121. Intoxication
122. Reuptake

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs     

Page(s): 172                                                        Type: Factual                                                     Answer: a

Rationale:  This is a definition of tolerance.

 

119. Which of the following is NOT true of recreational drugs?
120. There is no evidence that light or moderate use damages the brain.
121. There is general agreement that heavy or very frequent use can cause permanent damaging effects to the brain.
122. Some drugs are more dangerous than others.
123. All psychoactive drugs can cause tolerance and withdrawal.

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs

Page(s): 172                                                        Type: Factual                                                     Answer: d

Rationale:  Although many psychoactive drugs cause tolerance and withdrawal, not all do.  Most psychedelics, for example, do not cause tolerance and withdrawal.

 

120. Which of the following is NOT an individual factor that can alter the effect that a drug has?
121. body weight
122. blood type
123. initial state of arousal
124. personality traits

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs

Page(s): 172                                                        Type: Factual                                                     Answer: b

Rationale:  Blood type is unrelated to the effects of drugs.

 

121. “Mental set” refers to:
122. the context in which a person takes a drug.
123. the personality traits of the person taking a drug.
124. a person’s expectations about a drug’s effects.
125. the genetic characteristics of a person taking a drug.

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs

Page(s): 173                                                        Type: Factual                                                     Answer: c

Rationale:  Mental set refers to a person’s expectations.

 

122. The “think-drink” effect is related to:
123. the reason a person drinks.
124. social pressures to drink when others are drinking.
125. the belief that a drink contains alcohol.
126. the actual alcoholic content of a drink.

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs

Page(s): 173                                                        Type: Factual                                                     Answer: c

Rationale:  This effect is related to the belief that a drink contains alcohol.  If a person believes they are drinking alcohol, they may experience some of the effects of alcohol even if their drink is actually nonalcoholic.

 

123. Drugs that have been declared illegal:
124. have more negative effects on health than legal drugs.
125. are more addicting than legal drugs.
126. have no known medical uses.
127. may actually be safer, in some cases, than some legal drugs.

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs

Page(s): 174                                                        Type: Factual                                                     Answer: d

Rationale:  In reality, the legality or illegality of a drug has less to do with its safety than with its tendency to be abused.

 

124. Medical benefits of marijuana use include all of the following EXCEPT:
125. reducing pain in glaucoma patients.
126. reducing nausea and vomiting in people undergoing cancer chemotherapy.
127. reducing some of the symptoms of multiple sclerosis.
128. reducing the frequency of seizures in epileptics.

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs

Page(s): 171                                                        Type: Factual                                                     Answer: a

Rationale:  Marijuana reduced intraocular pressure in glaucoma patients.

 

125. Which of the following statements is FALSE?
126. Tobacco use contributes to more deaths each year than all other forms of drug use combined.
127. Marijuana reduces the nausea and vomiting that accompany chemotherapy for the treatment of cancer.
128. Illegal drugs are, by definition, more dangerous than legal drugs.
129. Heavy, prolonged use of marijuana poses physical dangers, including lung damage.

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs     

Page(s): 174                                                        Type: Conceptual                                              Answer: c

Rationale:  In reality, the legality or illegality of a drug has less to do with its safety than with its tendency to be abused.

 

 

 

 

True-False Questions

 

1. Consciousness is defined as an awareness of oneself and the environment.

Section:  Chapter Introduction

Page(s):  141                                                       Type: Factual                                                     Answer: True

Rationale:  Statement of fact.

 

2. Biological rhythm is defined as a periodic, more or less regular, fluctuation in a biological system.

Section:  Biological Rhythms:  The Tides of Experience      

Page(s):  142                                                       Type: Factual                                                     Answer: True

Rationale:  Statement of fact.

 

 

3. A circadian rhythm is a biological fluctuation that occurs less frequently than once a day.

Section:  Biological Rhythms:  The Tides of Experience

Page(s): 142                                                         Type: Factual                                                     Answer: False

Rationale:  Circadian rhythms are about 24 hours in length.

 

4. Circadian rhythms exist in plants.

Section:  Biological Rhythms: The Tides of Experience

Page(s):  142                                                       Type: Factual                                                     Answer: True

Rationale:  Statement of fact.

 

5. Circadian rhythms are controlled by a biological clock, located in a teardrop-shaped cluster of cells in the

hypothalamus.

Section:  Biological Rhythms:  The Tides of Experience

Page(s):  142                                                       Type: Factual                                                     Answer: True

Rationale:  Statement of fact.

 

6. The suprachiasmatic nucleus is a teardrop-shaped cluster of cells located in the spinal cord.

Section:  Biological Rhythms:  The Tides of Experience

Page(s):  143                                                       Type: Factual                                                     Answer: False

Rationale:  The suprachiasmatic nucleus is located in the hypothalamus.

 

7. Melatonin, a hormone involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms, is secreted by the pineal gland.

Section:  Biological Rhythms:  The Tides of Experience

Page(s):  144                                                       Type: Factual                                                     Answer: True

Rationale:  Statement of fact.

 

8. A comprehensive review of melatonin research mentioned in your textbook found little or no support for melatonin’s effectiveness in treating shift-work desynchronization.

Section:  Biological Rhythms: The Tides of Experience

Page(s):  144                                                       Type: Factual                                                     Answer: True

Rationale:  Statement of fact.

 

9. When people fly across several time zones, sleep and wake patterns usually take several days to return to

normal.

Section:  Biological Rhythms:  The Tides of Experience

Page(s):  144                                                       Type: Factual                                                     Answer: False

Rationale:  Sleep and wake patterns return to normal very quickly.

 

10. When an occupation requires a rotating work schedule, then workers should be switched as infrequently as

possible.

Section:  Biological Rhythms:  The Tides of Experience

Page(s):  144                                                       Type: Factual                                                     Answer: True

Rationale:  Statement of fact.

11. A national study mentioned in your textbook estimated the lifetime prevalence of major seasonal depression in the United States at 25%.

Section:  Biological Rhythms: The Tides of Experience

Page(s):  145                                                       Type: Factual                                                     Answer: False

Rationale:  The prevalence was found to be only 0.4 percent.

 

12. Seasonal affective disorder is a controversial disorder in which a person experiences depression during the

winter and an improvement of mood in the spring.

Section:  Biological Rhythms:  The Tides of Experience

Page(s):  145                                                       Type: Factual                                                     Answer: True

Rationale:  Statement of fact.

 

13. Internal desynchronization is a controversial disorder in which a person experiences depression during the

winter and an improvement of mood in the spring.

Section:  Biological Rhythms:  The Tides of Experience

Page(s):  145                                                       Type: Factual                                                     Answer: False

Rationale:  This is a description of seasonal affective disorder or SAD, not of internal desynchronization.

 

14. Research on premenstrual syndrome indicates that fewer than 5 percent of women have PMS symptoms

predictably over their cycles.

Section:  Biological Rhythms:  The Tides of Experience

Page(s):  147                                                       Type: Factual                                                     Answer: True

Rationale:  Statement of fact.

 

15. Research on premenstrual syndrome indicates that about 50 percent of women have PMS symptoms

predictably over their cycles.

Section:  Biological Rhythms:  The Tides of Experience

Page(s):  147                                                       Type: Factual                                                     Answer: False

Rationale:  Only about 5 percent of women actually have PMS.

 

16. When men and women in a study (mentioned in your textbook) filled out a symptom questionnaire that made no mention of menstruation, the proportion of men who met the criteria for PMDD did not differ         significantly from the proportion of women who did so.

Section:  Biological Rhythms: The Tides of Experience

Page(s):  148                                                       Type: Factual                                                     Answer: True

Rationale:  Statement of fact.

 

 

 

17. One of the functions of sleep is to allow time for the body to eliminate waste products from muscles.

Section:  The Rhythms of Sleep

Page(s):  152                                                       Type: Factual                                                     Answer: True

Rationale:  Statement of fact.

 

18. The loss of a single night’s sleep does not affect mental flexibility during the years of young adulthood.

Section:  The Rhythms of Sleep                                    

Page(s):  153                                                       Type: Factual                                                     Answer: False

Rationale:  The loss of even a single night’s sleep can impair mental flexibility, attention, and creativity.

 

19. The loss of a single night’s sleep does not affect creativity during the years of young adulthood.

Section:  The Rhythms of Sleep                                   

Page(s):  153                                                       Type: Factual                                                     Answer: False

Rationale:  The loss of even a single night’s sleep can impair mental flexibility, attention, and creativity.

 

20. Sleep apnea is seen most often in older women and overweight people.

Section:  The Rhythms of Sleep

Page(s):  153                                                       Type: Factual                                                     Answer: False

Rationale: Sleep apnea is seen most often in older men and overweight people.

21. Sleep apnea has been associated with a shortened life expectancy.

Section:  The Rhythms of Sleep

Page(s):  153                                                       Type: Factual                                                     Answer: True

Rationale: Statement of fact.

 

22. Narcolepsy often develops during infancy.

Section:  The Rhythms of Sleep

Page(s):  153                                                       Type: Factual                                                     Answer: False

Rationale: Narcolepsy often develops in the teenage years.

 

23. Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder involving sudden and unpredictable lapses into REM sleep.

Section:  The Rhythms of Sleep                                   

Page(s):  153                                                       Type: Factual                                                     Answer: True

Rationale:  Statement of fact.

 

24. Sleep apnea is a sleep disorder involving sudden and unpredictable daytime attacks of sleepiness or lapses

into REM sleep.

Section:  The Rhythms of Sleep                                    

Page(s):  153                                                       Type: Factual                                                     Answer: False

Rationale:  This is a description of narcolepsy, not of sleep apnea.

 

25. Insomnia is a disorder in which breathing briefly stops during sleep, causing the person to choke and gasp

and momentarily awaken.

Section:  The Rhythms of Sleep                                   

Page(s):  153                                                       Type: Factual                                                     Answer: False

Rationale:  This is a description of sleep apnea, not of insomnia.

 

26. Research in sleep laboratories reveals that the slow, rolling eye movements that characterize the onset of

sleep continue throughout the night.

Section:  The Rhythms of Sleep                                   

Page(s):  150                                                       Type: Factual                                                     Answer: False

Rationale:  Rapid eye movements occur in REM sleep, but not in NREM sleep.

 

27. When sleep researchers have studied humans and other species, they found that only the higher mammals,

such as humans, great apes, and bottlenose dolphins experience REM sleep.

Section:  The Rhythms of Sleep                                   

Page(s):  152                                                       Type: Factual                                                     Answer: False

Rationale:  Almost all mammals experience REM sleep.  The only exceptions are very primitive mammals and mammals who spend their entire life in the water.

 

28. All mammals experience REM sleep.

Section:  The Rhythms of Sleep

Page(s):  152                                                       Type: Factual                                                     Answer: False

Rationale:  Almost all mammals experience REM sleep.  The only exceptions are very primitive mammals and mammals who spend their entire life in the water.

 

29. Consolidation is a process by which the synaptic changes associated with a recently stored memory become

durable and stable.

Section:  The Rhythms of Sleep

Page(s): 154                                                         Type: Factual                                                     Answer: True

Rationale:  Statement of fact.

 

30. Emotional memories are improved with sleep.

Section:  The Rhythms of Sleep

Page(s):  155                                                       Type: Factual                                                     Answer: True

Rationale: Statement of fact.

 

31. Depriving participants of REM sleep decreases their memory for motor or perceptual skills.

Section:  The Rhythms of Sleep

Page(s):  155                                                       Type: Factual                                                     Answer: False

Rationale:  Depriving participants of REM sleep increases their memory for motor or perceptual skills.

 

32. Sigmund Freud would agree that dreams are the royal road into the unconscious.

Section:  Exploring the Dream World

Page(s):  157                                                       Type: Factual                                                     Answer: True

Rationale:  Statement of fact.

 

33. Sigmund Freud would agree that every dream is meaningful, no matter how absurd the images seem.

Section:  Exploring the Dream World                        

Page(s):  157                                                       Type: Factual                                                     Answer: True

Rationale:  Statement of fact.

 

34. Sigmund Freud would agree that the key to analyzing a dream will be found in the manifest content.

Section:  Exploring the Dream World

Page(s):  157                                                       Type: Factual                                                     Answer: False

Rationale:  According to Freud, the key to analyzing a dream is the latent content.

 

35. Sigmund Freud would agree that not everything in a dream is symbolic.

Section:  Exploring the Dream World

Page(s):  157                                                       Type: Factual                                                     Answer: True

Rationale:  Statement of fact.

 

36. College students tend to dream about grades and being unprepared for an exam.

Section:  Exploring the Dream World

Page(s):  158                                                       Type: Factual                                                     Answer: True

Rationale:  Statement of fact.

 

37. Palestinian children in violent areas report more themes of persecution in their dreams than do Palestinian

children in peaceful environments.

Section:  Exploring the Dream World

Page(s):  158                                                       Type: Factual                                                     Answer: True

Rationale:  Statement of fact.

 

38. The psychoanalytic theory of dreaming states that the purpose of dreaming is to express unconscious

wishes, thoughts, and conflicts.

Section:  Exploring the Dream World

Page(s):  157                                       Type: Factual                                                                     Answer: True

Rationale:  Statement of fact.

 

39. The activation-synthesis theory of dreaming states that there is no purpose to dreaming, dreams occur

because of random brainstem signals.

Section:  Exploring the Dream World

Page(s):  159                                                       Type: Factual                                                     Answer: True

Rationale:  Statement of fact.

 

40. The problem-focused theory of dreaming states that the purpose of dreaming is to resolve current concerns.

Section:  Exploring the Dream World

Page(s):  158                                                       Type: Factual                                                     Answer: True

Rationale:  Statement of fact.

 

41. Hypnosis is a procedure in which a practitioner suggests changes in the sensations, perceptions, thoughts,

feelings, or behaviors of the subject.

Section:  The Riddle of Hypnosis

Page(s):  162                                                        Type: Factual                                                     Answer: True

Rationale:  Statement of fact.

 

42. Hypnosis increases the overall accuracy of memory.

Section:  The Riddle of Hypnosis

Page(s):  163                                                       Type: Factual                                                     Answer: False

Rationale:  Hypnosis does not result in the improvement of memory.

 

43. When hypnotized individuals are regressed to earlier ages, their brain waves reflect the age that they are re-

experiencing.

Section:  The Riddle of Hypnosis

Page(s):  163                                                        Type:  Factual                                                    Answer: False

Rationale:  Actual age regression does not occur and brain waves do not change accordingly in hypnosis.

 

44. College students who reported being able to regress into previous lives under hypnosis were unable to

describe the money used in their “past life” community.

Section:  The Riddle of Hypnosis

Page(s):  165                                                       Type: Factual                                                     Answer: True

Rationale:  Statement of fact.

 

45. Psychoactive drugs produce their effects primarily by acting on brain neurotransmitters.

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs

Page(s):  168                                                       Type: Factual                                                     Answer: True

Rationale:  Statement of fact.

 

46. Cocaine is a natural drug, derived from leaves.

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs

Page(s):  168                                                       Type: Factual                                                     Answer: True

Rationale:  Statement of fact.

 

47. There is no evidence that light or moderate use of alcohol can damage the brain enough to affect cognitive

functioning.

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs

Page(s):  169                                       Type: Factual                                                     Answer: True

Rationale:  Statement of fact.

 

48. For decades, research on psychedelics have languished due to a lack of funding.

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs

Page(s):  170                                                       Type: Factual                                                     Answer: True

Rationale: Statement of fact.

 

49. Psychedelics reduce the nausea and vomiting that often accompany chemotherapy.

Section: Consciousness-Altering Drugs 

Page(s):  171                                                       Type: Factual                                                     Answer: False

Rationale:  Marijuana reduces the nausea and vomiting that often accompany chemotherapy.

 

50. Marijuana reduces the nausea and vomiting that accompany chemotherapy for the treatment of cancer.

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs

Page(s):  171                                                       Type: Factual                                                     Answer: True

Rationale:  Statement of fact.

 

51. Heavy, prolonged use of marijuana poses physical dangers, including lung damage.

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs

Page(s):  169                                                       Type: Factual                                                     Answer: True

Rationale:  Statement of fact.

 

52. Illegal drugs are always more dangerous than legal drugs.

Section:  Taking Psychology With You

Page(s):  174                                                       Type: Factual                                                     Answer: False

Rationale:  The legality of a drug has more to do with its tendency to be abused than with its safety.

 

 

 

 

Matching Questions

 

Set A

Instructions:  Match each drug with the appropriate drug category.

 

1. Nicotine
2. Tranquilizers
3. Methadone
4. Alcohol
5. Mescaline
6. Cocaine
7. Morphine
8. LSD
9. Stimulant drug
10. Depressant drug
11. Opiate drug
12. Psychedelic drug

 

Answers:  1-a, 2-b, 3-c, 4-b ,5-d, 6-a, 7-c, 8-d

 

Set B

Instructions:  Match each sleep stage with the appropriate brain wave.

 

9. The four stages of non-REM sleep, each one deeper than the

previous stage.

10. Short bursts of rapid, high-peaking brain waves that occur in

Stage 2.

11. Sleep periods characterized by rapid eye movements, loss of

muscle tone, and dreaming.

12. Very slow brain waves with very high peaks.
13. A regular slow rhythm of brain waves with high amplitude that

occurs in bursts when you close your eyes and relax.

1. Alpha waves
2. REM sleep
3. Sleep spindles
4. Slow-wave sleep
5. Delta waves

 

Answers:  9-d, 10-c, 11-b, 12-e, 13-a

 

Set C

Instructions:  Match each definition with the appropriate term.

 

14. The synchronization of biological rhythms with external cues, such as fluctuations in daylight.
15. A split in consciousness in which one part of the mind operates

independently of others.

16. Generated from within rather than by external cues.
17. Lasting about 24 hours.
18. Increased resistance to a drug’s effects accompanying continued

use.

1. Circadian
2. Tolerance
3. Dissociation
4. Entrainment
5. Endogenous

 

Answers:  14-d, 15-c, 16-e, 17-a, 18-b

 

Set D

Match each description with the appropriate term.

 

19. A sleep disorder involving sudden and unpredictable daytime

attacks of sleepiness or lapses into REM sleep.

20. A controversial disorder in which a person experiences

depression during the winter and an improvement of mood in the

spring.

21. Dreaming during which the dreamer is aware of dreaming and

may believe that he or she is conscious.

22. A state in which biological rhythms are not in phase with one

another.

23. A disorder in which breathing briefly stops during sleep, causing

the person to choke and gasp, and momentarily awaken.

1. Sleep apnea
2. Narcolepsy
3. Internal

desynchronization

1. Seasonal affective

disorder

1. Lucid dreaming

 

Answers:  19-b, 20-d, 21-e, 22-c, 23-a

 

Set E

Instructions:  Match each function with the hormone that controls it.

 

24. A hormone secreted by the pineal gland that is involved in the

regulation of circadian rhythms.

25. A sexual hormone that has masculinizing effects in males.
26. A hormone secreted by the ovaries that causes the uterine lining

to thicken in preparation for a possible pregnancy.

27. Synthetic derivatives of the hormone testosterone that are often

used to increase muscle mass and strength.

28. A hormone secreted by the ovarian follicle that helps prepare the

uterine lining to receive an egg

1. Testosterone
2. Anabolic steroids
3. Melatonin
4. Estrogen
5. Progesterone

 

Answers:  24-c, 25-a, 26-d, 27-b, 28-e

 

Set F

Instructions:  Match each description with the appropriate theory.

 

29. The theory that dreaming results from the cortical synthesis and

interpretation of neural signals triggered by activity in the lower

part of the brain.

30. The theory that a person’s dreams are simply a modification of

the thinking that goes on when awake.

31. A theory that suggests that the effects of hypnosis result from an

interaction between the social influences of the hypnotist and the

abilities, beliefs, and expectations of the subject.

32. The theory that in dreams a person thinks about and tries to solve

current concerns and problems.

33. A theory that says hypnosis involves a split in consciousness

between one part that observes and a second part that participates

in the hypnosis.

1. Cognitive approach
2. Activation-synthesis

theory

1. Sociocognitive

explanation

1. Dissociation theory
2. Problem-focused

approach

 

Answers:  29-b, 30-a, 31-c, 32-e, 33-d

Short-Answer Questions                                                                                                                  

 

1. What biological rhythms are controlled by the suprachiasmatic nucleus? Where is the SCN located?

Section:  Biological Rhythms:  The Tides of Experience                                       Page(s):  143

Type:  Factual

Answer:  A good answer will include the following key points.

• The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is located in the hypothalamus.
• It controls circadian rhythms such as sleep-wake cycles and body temperature cycles.
• Other biological clocks exist, but the SCN is regarded as the master pacemaker.

 

 

2. A trip to the grocery store reveals products for PMS. How common is PMS?  What are the major findings

from research on hormones and mood?

Section:  Biological Rhythms:  The Tides of Experience                                       Page(s):  147-148

Type:  Factual

Answer:  A good answer will include the following key points.

• PMS actually occurs in only about 5 percent of women.
• Research on hormones and mood has revealed that:
  • No gender differences exist in mood,
  • No relation exists between stage of the menstrual cycle and emotional symptoms,
  • No consistent “PMS” pattern exists across menstrual cycles, and
  • No connection exists between “PMS” and behavior.

 

 

3. What are the effects of sleep deprivation?

Section:  The Rhythms of Sleep                                                                                     Page(s):  153-154

Type:  Factual

Answer:  A good answer will include the following key points.

• After the loss of even a single night’s sleep, mental flexibility, attention, and creativity all suffer.
• In chronic sleep deprivation, high levels of cortisol may damage or impair brain cells necessary for learning and memory.
• After several days of staying awake, people may experience hallucinations and delusions.
• Traffic and work accidents are more likely when people are sleepy.
• Hormones necessary for normal muscle development and proper immune-system functioning decline.
• Death can occur with prolonged sleep deprivation.

 

 

4. Define and describe sleep apnea.

Section:  The Rhythms of Sleep                                                                                     Page(s):  153

Type:  Factual

Answer:  A good answer will include the following key points.

• Sleep apnea is a disorder in which breathing periodically stops for a few moments during sleep.
• The person then briefly awakens, without awareness, and chokes and gasps before falling asleep again.
• This can occur hundreds of times a night.
• This will result in daytime sleepiness.
• Over time, high blood pressure and irregular heartbeat can develop.

 

 

 

 

 

 

5. A quarter of a million people in the United States suffer from narcolepsy. Describe this sleep disorder and

explain its possible cause.

Section:  The Rhythms of Sleep                                                                                     Page(s):  153

Type:  Factual

Answer:  A good answer will include the following key points.

• Narcolepsy involves irresistible and unpredictable daytime attacks of sleepiness lasting from 5 to 30 minutes.
• The cause may involve degeneration of certain neurons in the hypothalamus.
• Genetic factors are likely.

 

6. While spending the night at a sleep laboratory, Jaclyn experiences paradoxical sleep. Explain what is

happening in her body during this time.

Section: The Rhythms of Sleep                                                                                      Page(s):  151

Type:  Factual

Answer:  A good answer will include the following key points.

• During paradoxical or REM sleep brain activity increases so that the EEG is similar to an awake EEG.
• Heart rate increases, blood pressure rises, and breathing becomes faster and more irregular.
• Small twitches occur in the face and fingers along with rapid eye movements.
• Penile erection in men and vaginal lubrication in women occurs.
• The major muscles of the body are paralyzed.

 

7. What is the purpose of dreaming, according to Sigmund Freud?

Section:  Exploring the Dream World                                                                         Page(s):  157

Type:  Conceptual

Answer:  A good answer will include the following key points.

• Freud believed that dreaming is a safety valve, allowing unconscious wishes and drives to be acted out.
• Our unconscious wishes are often sexual and violent in nature, so they are acted out in disguised form (the latent content of a dream) so they do not wake us up.
• The story line of a dream is the manifest content.
• Interpretation of a dream can give insight into a person’s unconscious mind.

 

8. What is the purpose of dreaming, according to the problem-focused theory of dreaming?

Section:  Exploring the Dream World                                                                         Page(s):  157-158

Type:  Conceptual

Answer:  A good answer will include the following key points.

• The problem-focused theory says that dreams reflect the ongoing conscious preoccupations and concerns of waking life.
• The symbols and metaphors in a dream express its true meaning.
• Many psychologists also believe that dreams provide us with an opportunity to resolve our waking concerns.

 

 

9. What is the purpose of dreaming, according to the cognitive theory of dreaming?

Section:  Exploring the Dream World                                                                         Page(s):  158-159

Type:  Conceptual

Answer:  A good answer will include the following key points.

• According to the cognitive theory, dreaming is simply a modification of the cognitive activity that goes on when we are awake.
• Dreams seem more unfocused and diffuse because we lack sensory input and feedback from our bodies during dreams.
• The brain is doing the same kind of work during dreams as it does when we are awake.

 

 

 

10. What is the purpose of dreaming, according to the activation-synthesis theory of dreaming?

Section:  Exploring the Dream World                                                                         Page(s):  159

Type:  Conceptual

Answer:  A good answer will include the following key points.

• The activation-synthesis theory of dreaming says that cortex tries to interpret spontaneous, random activity of the brainstem during dreams.
• This spontaneous activity originates in the pons.
• The idea that one part of the brain (cortex) interprets what goes on in other parts (pons) is consistent with many modern theories of how the brain works.

 

11. What is one of the weaknesses of the psychoanalytic theory of dreaming?

Section:  Exploring the Dream World                                                                         Page(s):  160

Type:  Conceptual

Answer:  A good answer will include the following key points.

• Most psychoanalytic interpretations of dreams are far-fetched.
• No reliable rules exist for interpreting the latent content of dreams and there is no objective way to know whether a particular interpretation is correct.
• There is no convincing empirical support for most of Freud’s claims.

 

12. What is one of the weaknesses of the problem-focused theory of dreaming?

Section:  Exploring the Dream World                                                                         Page(s):  160

Type:  Conceptual

Answer:  A good answer will include the following key points.

• Skeptics doubt that people can actually solve problems or resolve conflicts while asleep.
• Dreams may express problems, but the solutions probably occur after a person awakens.

 

13. What is one of the weaknesses of the cognitive theory of dreaming?

Section:  Exploring the Dream World                                                                         Page(s):  161

Type:  Conceptual

Answer:  A good answer will include the following key points.

• Some of its claims remain speculative.
• It needs further testing against neurological and cognitive evidence.

 

14. What is one of the weaknesses of the activation-synthesis theory of dreaming?

Section: Exploring the Dream World                                                                          Page(s):  161

Type:  Conceptual

Answer:  A good answer will include the following key points.

• Not all dreams are as disjointed or as bizarre as the theory predicts.
• This theory cannot account for dreams that occur outside of REM sleep.

 

15. Describe the common effects of amphetamines.

Section: Consciousness-Altering Drugs                                                                       Page(s):  169

Type:  Factual

Answer:  A good answer will include the following key points.

• Wakefulness
• Alertness
• Raised metabolism
• Elevated mood

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

16. Describe the common effects of cocaine.

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs                                                                      Page(s):  169

Type:  Factual

Answer:  A good answer will include the following key points.

• Euphoria
• Excitation
• Boost of energy
• Suppressed appetite

 

17. Describe the common effects of tobacco.

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs                                                                      Page(s):  169

Type:  Factual

Answer:  A good answer will include the following key points.

• Varies from alertness to calmness depending on mental set, setting, and prior arousal
• Decreases appetite for carbohydrates

 

18. Describe the common effects of caffeine.

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs                                                                      Page(s):  169

Type:  Factual

Answer:  A good answer will include the following key points.

• Wakefulness
• Alertness
• Shortened reaction time

 

19. Describe the common effects of consuming alcohol.

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs                                                                      Page(s):  169

Type:  Factual

Answer:  A good answer will include the following key points.

• Depends on setting, mental set, and amount consumed
• Tends to act like a stimulant (with low doses) because it reduces inhibitions and anxiety
• Slowed reaction time
• Tension
• Depression
• Reduced ability to store new memories or to retrieve old ones
• Poor coordination

 

20. Describe the common effects of tranquilizers.

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs                                                                      Page(s):  169

Type:  Factual

Answer:  A good answer will include the following key points.

• Reduced anxiety and tension
• Sedation

 

21. Describe the common effects of barbiturates.

Section: Consciousness-Altering Drugs                                                                       Page(s):  169

Type:  Factual

Answer:  A good answer will include the following key points.

• Reduced anxiety and tension
• Sedation

 

22. Describe the common effects of opium.

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs                                                                      Page(s):  169

Type:  Factual

Answer:  A good answer will include the following key points.

• Euphoria
• Relief of pain

23. Describe the common effects of heroin.

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs                                                                      Page(s):  169

Type:  Factual

Answer:  A good answer will include the following key points.

• Euphoria
• Relief of pain

 

24. Describe the common effects of morphine.

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs                                                                      Page(s):  169

Type:  Factual

Answer:  A good answer will include the following key points.

• Euphoria
• Relief of pain

 

25. Describe the common effects of LSD.

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs                                                                      Page(s):  169

Type:  Factual

Answer:  A good answer will include the following key points.

• Exhilaration
• Visions and hallucinations
• Insightful experiences

 

26. Describe the common effects of psilocybin.

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs                                                                      Page(s):  169

Type:  Factual

Answer:  A good answer will include the following key points.

• Exhilaration
• Visions and hallucinations
• Insightful experiences

 

27. Describe the common effects of mescaline.

Section: Consciousness-Altering Drugs                                                                       Page(s):  169

Type:  Factual

Answer:  A good answer will include the following key points.

• Exhilaration
• Visions and hallucinations
• Insightful experiences

 

28. Describe the common effects of marijuana.

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs                                                                      Page(s):  169

Type:  Factual

Answer:  A good answer will include the following key points.

• Relaxation
• Euphoria
• Increased appetite
• Reduced ability to store new memories
• Other effects depend on mental set and setting

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

29. Describe the results of abuse/addiction to amphetamines.

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs                                                                      Page(s):  169

Type:  Factual                                                                                                                                            

Answer:  A good answer will include the following key points.

• Nervousness
• Headaches
• Loss of appetite
• High blood pressure
• Delusions and psychosis
• Heart damage
• Convulsions
• Death

 

30. Describe the results of abuse/addiction to cocaine.

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs                                                                      Page(s):  169

Type:  Factual

Answer:  A good answer will include the following key points.

• Excitability
• Sleeplessness
• Sweating
• Paranoia, anxiety, and panic
• Depression
• Heart damage and heart failure
• Injury to nose if sniffed

 

31. Describe the results of abuse/addiction to tobacco.

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs                                                                      Page(s):  169

Type:  Factual

Answer:  A good answer will include the following key points.

• Heart disease
• High blood pressure and impaired circulation
• Erectile problems in men
• Damage through the body due to lowering of a key enzyme
• Lung, mouth, and throat cancer
• Emphysema
• Other health risks

 

32. Describe the results of abuse/addiction to caffeine.

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs                                                                      Page(s):  169

Type:  Factual

Answer:  A good answer will include the following key points.

• Restlessness and insomnia
• Muscle tension
• Heartbeat irregularities
• High blood pressure

 

33. Describe the results of abuse/addiction to alcohol.

Section: Consciousness-Altering Drugs                                                                       Page(s):  169

Type:  Factual

Answer:  A good answer will include the following key points.

• Blackouts
• Cirrhosis of the liver
• Other organ damage
• Mental and neurological impairment
• Psychosis
• Possibly death

34. Describe the results of abuse/addiction to tranquilizers.

Section: Consciousness-Altering Drugs                                                                       Page(s):  169

Type:  Factual

Answer:  A good answer will include the following key points.

• Increased dosage needed for effects
• Impaired motor and sensory functions
• Impaired permanent storage of new information
• Withdrawal symptoms
• Convulsions
• Coma and death (especially when taken with other drugs)

 

35. Describe the results of abuse/addiction to barbiturates.

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs                                                                      Page(s):  169

Type:  Factual

Answer:  A good answer will include the following key points.

• Increased dosage needed for effects
• Impaired motor and sensory functions
• Impaired permanent storage of new information
• Withdrawal symptoms
• Convulsions
• Coma and death (especially when taken with other drugs)

 

36. Describe the results of abuse/addiction to opium.

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs                                                                      Page(s):  169

Type:  Factual

Answer:  A good answer will include the following key points.

• Loss of appetite
• Nausea
• Constipation
• Withdrawal symptoms
• Convulsions
• Coma and possibly death

 

37. Describe the results of abuse/addiction to heroin.

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs                                                                      Page(s):  169

Type:  Factual

Answer:  A good answer will include the following key points.

• Loss of appetite
• Nausea
• Constipation
• Withdrawal symptoms
• Convulsions
• Coma and possibly death

 

38. Describe the results of abuse/addiction to morphine.

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs                                                                      Page(s):  169

Type:  Factual

Answer:  A good answer will include the following key points.

• Loss of appetite
• Nausea
• Constipation
• Withdrawal symptoms
• Convulsions
• Coma and possibly death

 

 

39. Describe the results of abuse/addiction to LSD.

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs                                                                      Page(s):  169

Type:  Factual

Answer:  A good answer will include the following key points.

• Psychosis
• Paranoia
• Panic reactions

 

40. Describe the results of abuse/addiction to psilocybin.

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs                                                                      Page(s):  169

Type:  Factual

Answer:  A good answer will include the following key points.

• Psychosis
• Paranoia
• Panic reactions

 

41. Describe the results of abuse/addiction to mescaline.

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs                                                                      Page(s):  169

Type:  Factual

Answer:  A good answer will include the following key points.

• Psychosis
• Paranoia
• Panic reactions

 

42. Describe the results of abuse/addiction to marijuana.

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs                                                                      Page(s):  169

Type:  Factual

Answer:  A good answer will include the following key points.

• Throat and lung irritation
• Possible lung damage if smoked heavily

 

43. Explain why Wade and Tavris state that “Hypnotic responsiveness depends more on the efforts and

qualities of the person being hypnotized than on the skill of the hypnotist.”

Section:  The Riddle of Hypnosis                                                                                  Page(s):  162

Type:  Conceptual

Answer:  A good answer will include the following key points.

• Some people are more responsive to hypnosis than others.
• This responsiveness to hypnosis is stable over time.

 

44. Does hypnosis increase the accuracy of memory? Explain your answer.

Section:  The Riddle of Hypnosis                                                                                  Page(s):  163

Type:  Conceptual

Answer:  A good answer will include the following key points.

• Hypnosis does not increase the accuracy of memory.
• Sometimes hypnosis can be used successfully to jog the memories of crime victims, but such memories are not always accurate.
• Though hypnosis sometimes boosts the amount of information recalled, it also increases errors.
• It may also cause the person to remember something that never happened and be convinced that this pseudomemory is true.

 

 

 

 

 

 

45. Does hypnosis produce a literal reexperiencing of long-ago events? Explain your answer.

Section: The Riddle of Hypnosis                                                                                   Page(s):  163

Type:  Conceptual

Answer:  A good answer will include the following key points.

• Hypnosis does not produce a literal reexperiencing of long-ago events.
• When people are regressed to an earlier age, their mental and moral performance remains adult-like.
• Their brain-wave patterns and reflexes do not become childish.
• They act as if they are playing the role of a young child.

 

46. Hypnosis can be useful in the treatment of psychological and medical problems. List three of these uses.

Section:  The Riddle of Hypnosis                                                                                  Page(s):  164

Type:  Factual

Answer:  A good answer will include three of the following key points.

• Hypnotic suggestions have been used to reduce stress, anxiety, and severe pain.
• Hypnosis can be used to anesthetize people undergoing dental work, surgery, or childbirth.
• It can help to eliminate unwanted habits such as smoking or nail biting.
• It can help to improve study skills.
• It can reduce nausea in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy.
• It can boost the confidence of athletes.

 

 

Essay Questions

 

1. What evidence is there that circadian rhythms are controlled by a biological clock? What brain structure

and hormone are involved?

Section: Biological Rhythms:  The Tides of Experience                                        Page(s):  143-144

Type:  Conceptual

Answer:  A good answer will include the following key points.

• Circadian rhythms continue to occur in the absence of any external time cues.
• The biological clock is the suprachiasmatic nucleus located in the hypothalamus.
• The hormone melatonin is secreted by the pineal gland during darkness.
• Melatonin appears to help keep the biological clock synchronized with external daylight.

 

2. Under normal conditions, the rhythms governed by the SCN are synchronized. But when people take

airplane flights across several time zones then internal desynchronization occurs. Explain what

psychologists have discovered about “being out of sync.”

Section:  Biological Rhythms:  The Tides of Experience                                       Page(s):  143-144

Type:  Factual

Answer:  A good answer will include the following key points.

• Under normal conditions, the rhythms governed by the SCN are synchronized. That is, they occur in phase with one another.
• When your normal routine changes, such as in shift work or when flying across several time zones, circadian rhythms may be thrown out of phase with one another.
• This is referred to as internal desynchronization.
• Sleep and wake patterns adjust quickly to the new schedule but temperature and hormone cycles can take several days to return to normal.
• During this time, energy levels, mental skills, and motor coordination are decreased.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3. According to Ecclesiastes, “To every thing there is a season, and a time for every purpose under heaven.”

In what ways do the findings of modern science confirm, or disconfirm, this statement?

Section:  Biological Rhythms:  The Tides of Experience                                       Page(s):  145

Type:  Conceptual

Answer:  A good answer will include the following key points.

• Modern science confirms this statement.
• Long-term cycles have been observed in everything from the threshold for tooth pain to conception rates.

 

4. Does the menstrual cycle affect moods? Explain your answer.

Section:  Biological Rhythms:  The Tides of Experience                                       Page(s):  147-148

Type:  Conceptual

Answer:  A good answer will include the following key points.

• The evidence shows that less than 5 percent of women have emotional symptoms that fluctuate with their menstrual cycle.
• Research has shown that:
  • No gender differences exist in mood,
  • No relation exists between stage of the menstrual cycle and emotional symptoms,
  • No consistent “PMS” pattern exists across menstrual cycles, and
  • No connection exists between “PMS” and behavior.

 

5. One of the oldest mysteries about the brain is why it seems to “shut down” for sleep, yet it provides us with

strange and colorful nightly dreams.  Having mastered the material in Chapter Five, what answers are you

able to provide regarding this mystery?  What questions remain to be answered through further research?

Section: Exploring the Dream World                                                                          Page(s):  152

Type:  Conceptual

Answer:  A good answer will include the following key points.

• There is no clear agreement about why we need to sleep, what purpose sleep serves, why dreams occur, or what purpose dreams serve.
• There are numerous theories, but little agreement.
• All of these questions remain to be answered.

 

6. All cultures have found ways to alter consciousness. Explain two ways that do not involve drugs and then

describe the recreational drugs that are used in Western societies to alter consciousness.

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs                                                                      Page(s):  167-170

Type:  Factual

Answer:  A good answer will include the following key points.

• Daydreaming, meditation, hypnosis, and sleep are ways of altering consciousness without using drugs.
• Recreational drugs can be classified as stimulants, depressants, opiates, and psychedelics.
• Stimulants such as amphetamines, cocaine, nicotine, and caffeine speed up activity in the central nervous system.
• Depressants such as alcohol, tranquilizers, and barbiturates slow down activity in the central nervous system.
• Opiates such as opium, heroin, morphine, and methadone cause relief from pain and euphoria.
• Psychedelics such as LSD, mescaline, and psilocybin disrupt normal thought processes and sometimes produce hallucinations.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

7. Psychoactive drugs produce their effects primarily by acting on brain neurotransmitters. Explain this

process, using cocaine’s effect on the brain as your example.

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs                                                                      Page(s):  168-169

Type:  Conceptual

Answer:  A good answer will include the following key points.

• Psychoactive drugs produce their effects primarily by acting on brain neurotransmitters.
• A drug may increase or decrease the release of neurotransmitters at the synapse.
• A drug may prevent the reabsorption of excess neurotransmitter molecules by the cells that released them.
• A drug may block the effects of a neurotransmitter on a receiving cell.
• A drug may bind to receptors that would ordinarily be triggered by a neurotransmitter.
• For example, cocaine increases the amount of norepinephrine and dopamine in the brain by blocking their reabsorption.
• Cocaine also seems to increase the transmission of serotonin.

 

8. Evaluate the evidence for and against the legalization of marijuana. Where do you stand in the drug

debate?

Section:  Consciousness-Altering Drugs                                                                      Page(s):  171

Type:  Conceptual

Answer:  A good answer will include the following key points.

• Arguments for the legalization of marijuana include:
  • It is not carcinogenic,
  • The physical and psychological risks appear to be much lower than for other common drugs, and
  • Marijuana has several medical benefits.
• Arguments against the legalization of marijuana include:
  • Prolonged use and very heavy smoking may increase the risk of lung damage and possibly lung cancer.
• Personal positions on legalization of marijuana will vary.

 

9. Compare and contrast the two theories of hypnosis presented in the textbook.

Section:  The Riddle of Hypnosis                                                                                  Page(s):  164-165

Type:  Conceptual

Answer:  A good answer will include the following key points.

• The dissociation theory proposed by Ernest Hilgard says that hypnosis produces dissociation, a split in consciousness in which one part of the mind operates independently of the rest of consciousness.
• Another dissociation theory holds that dissociation occurs between an “executive” system in the brain (frontal lobes) and other systems involved in thinking and acting.
• Dissociation theories of hypnosis are consistent with modern brain theories.
• The sociocognitive approach holds that the effects of hypnosis result from an interaction between the social influences of the hypnotist and the abilities, beliefs, and expectations of the subject.
• The hypnotized person is basically playing a role, though not consciously.
• Both positions agree that hypnosis does not create a unique state in which people can do extraordinary things.
• Many psychologists feel that both approaches have something to offer.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Integrative Essay Questions: Linking the Chapters

 

1. In Chapter Five (Body Rhythms and Mental States) we learned that the suprachiasmatic nucleus is

important in terms of biological rhythms.  What kind of rhythms does the SCN govern?  In what brain

structure is the SCN  located?  What other functions did you learn about in Chapter Four (The Brain:

Source of Mind and Self) that are associated with this brain structure?

Chapter 4                              Page(s): 121

Chapter 5                             Page(s): 143-144

Type:  Factual

Answer:  A good answer will include the following key points.

• The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is located in the hypothalamus.
• The SCN regulates circadian rhythms such as the sleep cycle, changes in body temperature, and changes in hormones.
• The hypothalamus is involved in drives associated with the survival of both the individual and the species such as hunger, thirst, emotion, sex, and reproduction.
• It regulates body temperature and controls the autonomic nervous system.
• It controls the pituitary gland and, through it, several other endocrine glands.
• It contains “pleasure centers.”

 

 

2. In Chapter Four (The Brain: Source of Mind and Self) several different hormones were described as the

body’s “long-distance messengers.”  Describe, in detail, the role played by a hormone secreted deep within

the brain by the pineal gland.  In what ways does this hormone help us regulate our daily rhythms, as

explained in Chapter Five (Body Rhythms and Mental States).

Chapter 4                              Page(s):  114                      

Chapter 5                             Page(s):  144-145

Type:  Factual

Answer:  A good answer will include the following key points.

• Melatonin is secreted by the pineal gland during periods of darkness.
• Melatonin serves to keep the biological clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus synchronized to the light/dark cycle.

 

3. Chapter Two (How Psychologists Do Research) explained that case studies are sometimes used by

academic researchers when they are just beginning to study a topic.  What can happen when conclusions

are drawn solely on the basis of case studies? Evaluate the prevalence of SAD, and the treatment for it,

based on contemporary research presented in Chapter Five (Body Rhythms and Mental States).

Chapter 2                              Page(s):  39                         

Chapter 5                             Page(s):  145-146

Type:  Factual

Answer:  A good answer will include the following key points.

• Conclusions drawn solely on the basis of case studies may be inaccurate or incomplete.
• The actual prevalence of SAD is less than 1 percent, though clinicians often think it is much higher.
• SAD is treated using daily sessions of bright light.
• Light treatment has been demonstrated by research to be effective, suggesting that SAD patients may have some abnormality in the secretion of melatonin.
• SAD patients were shown to produce melatonin for a half hour longer in winter than summer. There was no seasonal variation in normal controls.
• Winter depression could also be due to other factors such as a dislike of cold weather, decreased physical activity, or feelings of loneliness.

 

 

 

 

 

 

4. We learned in Chapter Five (Body Rhythms and Mental States) that people often assume that the effects of

a drug are automatic, the inevitable result of the drug’s chemistry.  But in Chapter One (What Is

Psychology) we learned the importance of considering other interpretations.  Use your critical thinking

skills to evaluate factors that influence the psychology of drug effects.

Chapter 1                             Page(s):  12                         

Chapter 5                             Page(s):  171-173

Type:  Conceptual

Answer:  A good answer will include the following key points.

• Reactions to a particular drug vary not only with the drug’s chemical properties, but also with psychological factors.
• Individual factors such as body weight, metabolism, initial state of emotional arousal, personality characteristics, and physical tolerance affect response to a drug.
• Experience with a drug may change its effects.
• The environmental setting may influence the way a person responds to a drug.
• Mental set, or expectations, about the drug’s effects and a person’s reasons for taking it affect response to a drug.
• Mental set and expectations are particularly strong psychology factors that influence drug effects.

 

5. In Chapter Five (Body Rhythms and Mental States) we learned that some therapists use hypnosis and other

suggestive techniques in order to recover a client’s memories of the past. Does hypnosis overcome the

limitations on memory presented in our textbook?  What does research have to say about the accuracy of

memory under hypnosis?  Chapter Two (How Psychologists Do Research) explained different research

methods used by psychologists.  Design your own experiment to investigate this topic.

Chapter 2                             Page(s):  48-50

Chapter 5                             Page(s):  163

Type:  Conceptual

Answer:  A good answer will include the following key points.

• Research shows that hypnosis may increase the amount of material remembered, but it also increases the inaccuracy of the memory and may even produce false memories.
• To test this an experiment might be done.
• All subjects would view a film of a crime in progress.
• After an interval of time (such as a week), the control group would be quizzed on their memory of the film.
• The experimental group would be tested after the same time interval, but while hypnotized.
• The amount remembered and the number of errors could then be compared for the two groups.

 

Chapter 5 Body Rhythms and Mental States

 

 

 

[NOTE: Correct answer and item analysis are located ABOVE question.]

 

Biological Rhythms: The Tides of Experience

 

Answer b      % correct 80   a= 5 b= 80 c= 5 d= 10   r = .28

 

1. Which of the following is true of circadian rhythms?
2. They are artificial inventions of timekeepers.
3. They are internally generated cycles.
4. They are sequences of events that occur once a month.
5. They occur on the same schedule regardless of the changes from day to night.

 

Answer a       % correct 100   a= 100 b= 0 c= 0 d= 0   r = .0

 

2. Daydreaming, meditation, intoxication, sleep, and hypnosis are all types of __________.
3. altered states of consciousness
4. self-awareness
5. waking consciousness
6. self-absorption

 

Answer b       % correct 85   a= 0 b= 85 c= 15 d= 0   r = .59

 

3. Our sleeping-waking cycle follows a(n) __________ rhythm.
4. infradian
5. circadian
6. diurnal
7. ultradian

 

 

 

 

The Rhythms of Sleep

 

Answer d       % correct 55   a= 10 b= 5 c= 30 d= 55   r = .58

 

4. Researchers investigating sleep __________.
5. have observed a decrease in protein synthesis while we sleep
6. have identified a substance destroyed during sleep
7. have found a substance created only during sleep
8. have not been able to fully explain why we sleep

 

Answer c      % correct 75   a= 10 b= 75 c= 15 d= 0   r = .25

 

5. The low-voltage brain waves produced during relaxed wakefulness or the twilight stage between waking and sleeping are called __________ waves.
6. alpha
7. beta
8. delta
9. theta

 

Answer a      % correct 10   a= 10 b= 25 c= 65 d= 0   r = .35

 

6. The stage of sleep marked by the production of very slow delta waves is __________ sleep.
7. Stage 1
8. Stage 2
9. Stage 3
10. Stage 4

Answer d      % correct 55   a= 0 b= 25 c= 20 d= 55   r = .40

 

7. The deepest stage of sleep is __________ sleep.
8. Stage 1
9. Stage 2
10. REM
11. Stage 4

 

Answer  b     % correct 75      a= 5  b= 75  c= 0  d= 0      r= .48

 

8. Our awareness of various mental processes such as making decisions, daydreaming, reflecting, and concentrating is called __________.
9. intelligence
10. consciousness
11. self-awareness
12. creativity

 

Answer  a     % correct 100      a= 100  b= 0  c= 0  d= 0      r= .0

 

9. Daydreaming, meditation, intoxication, sleep, and hypnosis are all types of __________.
10. altered states of consciousness
11. self-awareness
12. waking consciousness
13. self-absorption

 

Answer  d     % correct  55     a= 10  b= 5  c= 30  d= 55      r= .58

 

10. Researchers investigating sleep __________.
11. have observed a decrease in protein synthesis while we sleep
12. have identified a substance destroyed during sleep
13. have found a substance created only during sleep
14. have not been able to fully explain why we sleep

 

Answer  b     % correct 85      a= 0  b= 85  c= 15  d= 0      r= .59

 

11. Our sleeping-waking cycle follows a(n) __________ rhythm.
12. infradian
13. circadian
14. diurnal
15. ultradian

 

Answer  a     % correct 10      a= 10  b= 25  c= 65  d= 0      r= .35

 

12. The low-voltage brain waves produced during relaxed wakefulness or the twilight stage between waking and sleeping are called __________ waves.
13. alpha
14. beta
15. delta
16. theta

 

Answer  d     % correct 80      a= 0  b= 0  c= 20  d= 80      r= .55

 

13. The deepest stage of sleep is __________ sleep.
14. Stage 1
15. Stage 2
16. REM
17. Stage 4

 

Answer  d     % correct 55      a= 0  b= 25  c= 20  d= 55      r= .40

 

14. The stage of sleep marked by the production of very slow delta waves is __________ sleep.
15. Stage 1
16. Stage 2
17. Stage 3
18. Stage 4

 

Answer  d     % correct 95      a= 0  b= 0  c= 0  d= 95      r= .40

 

15. If Alice’s strange adventures in Wonderland were actually the dreams of a young girl, they probably occurred when she was in __________ sleep.
16. Stage 1
17. Stage 2
18. Stage 4
19. REM

 

 

 

 

 

Exploring the Dream World

 

Answer d      % correct 80   a= 5 b= 5 c= 10 d= 80   r = .21

 

16. Freud called the hidden meaning of a dream its _______ content.
17. surface
18. manifest
19. unconscious
20. latent

 

Answer  c     % correct 59      a= 29  b= 0  c= 59  d= 10      r= .74

 

17. According to Freud, the visible, or directly observable, content of a dream is its __________ content.
18. primary
19. secondary
20. manifest
21. latent

 

Answer  d     % correct 88      a= 4  b= 4  c= 4  d= 88      r= .18

 

18. According to Freud, the hidden, unconscious desires expressed indirectly in a dream’s symbolic content is its __________ content.
19. primary
20. secondary
21. manifest
22. latent

 

 

 

 

The Riddle of Hypnosis

 

Answer b      % correct 100   a= 0 b= 100 c= 0 d= 0   r = .0

 

19. The trancelike state in which a subject responds readily to suggestions is __________.
20. Stage 4 sleep
21. hypnosis
22. coma
23. meditation

 

 

 

 

 

Consciousness-Altering Drugs

 

Answer c      % correct 59   a= 29 b= 0 c= 59 d= 10   r = .74

 

20. Chemical substances that change moods and perceptions are called __________ drugs.
21. psychosomatic
22. analgesic
23. psychoactive
24. prescription

 

Answer a      % correct 57   a= 57 b= 42 c= 0 d= 0   r = .29

 

21. The most frequently used drug in Western societies is __________.
22. alcohol
23. nicotine
24. cocaine
25. marijuana

 

Answer a      % correct 60   a= 60 b= 38 c=0 d= 12   r = .40

 

22. __________ are used today for treating insomnia, epilepsy and other disorders.
23. Barbiturates
24. Opiates
25. Hallucinogens
26. Stimulants

 

Answer b      % correct 81   a= 8 b= 81 c= 4 d= 7   r = .27

 

23. Amphetamines are __________.
24. barbiturates
25. stimulants
26. hallucinogens
27. opiates

 

Answer b      % correct 69   a= 19 b= 69 c= 8 d= 4   r = .24

 

24. Cocaine is a(n) __________.
25. opiate
26. stimulant
27. barbiturate
28. hallucinogen

 

Answer d     % correct 40 a= 2 b= 22 c= 35 d= 40 r = .43

 

25. Despite its dangers, a young man continues to take cocaine because of the feeling of euphoria it produces for him. This powerful arousal of his nervous system is probably due to cocaine’s ability to:
26. inhibit enzymes that break down neurotransmitters.
27. increase the release of neurotransmitters.
28. block the receptor sites for neurotransmitters.
29. prevent neurotransmitters from being reabsorbed into the synaptic vesicles.

 

Answer b      % correct 92   a= 0 b= 92 c= 0 d= 7   r = .22

 

26. The active ingredient in marijuana is __________.
27. PCB
28. THC
29. LSD
30. PCP

 

Answer c      % correct 89      a= 12  b= 0  c= 89  d= 0      r= .45

 

27. Chemical substances that change moods and perceptions are called __________ drugs.
28. psychosomatic
29. analgesic
30. psychoactive
31. prescription

 

Answer  c     % correct 100      a= 0  b= 0  c= 100  d= 0      r= .0

 

28. The phenomenon whereby higher doses of a drug are required to produce its original effects is __________.
29. a craving
30. potentiation
31. tolerance
32. withdrawal

 

Answer a      % correct 57      a= 57  b= 42  c= 0  d= 0      r= .29

 

29. The most frequently used drug in Western Europe is __________.
30. alcohol
31. nicotine
32. cocaine
33. marijuana

 

Answer  a     % correct 60      a= 50  b= 38  c=0   d= 12      r= .40

 

30. __________ are used today for treating insomnia, epilepsy and other disorders.
31. Barbiturates
32. Opiates
33. Hallucinogens
34. Stimulants

 

Answer  d     % correct 100      a= 0  b= 0  c= 0  d= 100      r= .

 

31. Drugs that activate the sympathetic nervous system and produce feelings of optimism and boundless energy are called __________.
32. hallucinogens
33. opiates
34. barbiturates
35. stimulants

 

Answer b      % correct 69      a= 19  b= 69  c= 8  d= 4      r= .24

 

32. Amphetamines are __________.
33. barbiturates
34. stimulants
35. hallucinogens
36. opiates

 

Answer  b     % correct 81      a= 8  b= 81  c= 4  d= 7      r= .27

 

33. Cocaine is a(n) __________.
34. opiate
35. stimulant
36. barbiturate
37. hallucinogen

 

Answer  b     % correct 92      a= 0  b= 92  c= 0  d= 7      r= .22

 

34. The active ingredient in marijuana is __________.
35. PCB
36. THC
37. LSD
38. PCP