Psychology Around Us 2nd Canadian Edition By Ronald – Test Bank

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CHAPTER 5

Sensation and Perception

CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells, transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of perception.

Our sensory systems convert physical stimuli into neural information with specialized cells called sensory receptor cells that convert a specific form of environmental stimuli into neural impulses by a process called sensory transduction.
The conversion of physical stimuli into neural impulses only occurs when the stimuli reach a certain level, or threshold. The absolute threshold is the minimum level of a stimulus we can detect. The difference threshold is the smallest difference we can detect between two similar stimuli.
Our sensory systems are set up to detect change. With continuous exposure to a stimulus, adaptation occurs.
Bottom up processing begins with the physical stimuli from the environment and proceeds through to perception. In top-down processing prior knowledge is used to interpret perceptual information.

Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Smell, our olfactory sense, converts chemical odorants into neural signals that the brain can use. Taste, our gustatory sense, is closely intertwined with smell. Most flavours are a combination of scents with the five basic tastes we can discern: sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami.
Taste buds in papillae on the tongue convert chemicals in our food to neural signals the brain can use. Taste receptors and smell receptors are routinely replaced, since they are more vulnerable to damage than other sensory receptors.
Information about smell goes directly from the olfactory bulb to the olfactory cortex. Areas of the brain that process smells and tastes are plastic, or changeable. Processing of smells also sometimes overlaps with emotions and memories.
Our preferred tastes change as we mature from childhood to adulthood, probably from a combination of learning and physical changes in the mouth.
True disorders of taste are rare; people more frequently lose part or all of their sense of smell. Anosmia can present safety risks and diminish pleasure in life.

Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

A variety of sensory receptors throughout our bodies convert touch, pressure, or temperature stimuli into neural impulses that our brains can perceive.
The sensory cortex of the brain maps touch sensations. Especially sensitive or important body parts receive disproportionately large representation in the cortex.
Pain travels to the brain via both a fast pathway and a slow pathway.
The gate control theory of pain suggests that certain patterns of neural activity can close a “gate” so that pain information does not reach parts of the brain where it is perceived.
Medical professionals continue to search for ways to relieve people’s chronic pain. Opiate drugs that simulate natural pain-killing endorphins or enkephalins are addictive. Sometimes practitioners resort to neurosurgery, which stops a patient from receiving all touch signals.
People who have lost body parts surgically or through accidents often feel phantom sensations in the missing body part. These may be related to reorganization of the somatosensory cortex after an amputation.

Summarize what happens when we hear.

The frequency and amplitude of sound waves produce our perceptions of pitch and loudness of sounds.
When sounds enter the ear, they move the ear drum, which sets in motion the ossicles. The last of these, the stirrup, vibrates the oval window, setting into motion fluid in the cochlea. Hair cells on the basilar membrane in the cochlea transduce movements along the basilar membrane into neural signals the brain can interpret.
Frequency theory suggests that patterns in the firing rates of the neurons are perceived as different sounds. Place theory suggests that information from different locations along the basilar membrane is related to different qualities of sound.
Top-down processing lets us use the general loudness of sounds, as well as differences in the signals received from each ear, to determine location of a sound.
Different pitches are represented in a tonotopic map in the auditory cortex of the brain. Association areas of the cortex help us recognize familiar sounds, including speech.
The brain integrates information from multiple sensory systems to enable the appropriate recognition and response to stimuli. Some people experience an overlap of sensory systems, known as synesthesia.
As young children, we experience a sensitive period during which it is especially easy for us to learn auditory information, including language and music. Some people, particularly those exposed to pure tones during this sensitive period, develop absolute pitch.
Common hearing problems include hearing loss and deafness, as well as hearing unwanted sounds, such as tinnitus.

Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Rods and cones in the retina at the back of the eye change light into neural impulses. Cones provide detailed vision and help us perceive colour, while rods provide information about intensity of light.
Two different theories in combination—trichomatic theory and opponent process theory—explain a good deal of how we perceive colour.
The fovea at the centre of the retina contains only cones and provides our sharpest vision. We have a blind spot where the optic nerve leaves the retina to carry information to the brain.
Damage to the brain can produce deficits in sensation, as well as abnormal sensory experiences.
Top-down processing is involved in much visual perception. Gestalt theorists have identified several principles by which we recognize stimuli even when visual inputs are limited. We use binocular and monocular cues for depth perception. Perceptual constancies, based on learning from previous experiences, help us to see things as stable despite constant shifts in our visual inputs. These top-down processes can be “fooled” by visual illusions.
Without adequate visual stimulation through both eyes during a critical period of life, we may not develop binocular vision, a condition known as amblyopia.
Individuals with loss of vision can use other sensory modalities to compensate for the loss of visual information. Learning Braille with touch involves the use of brain areas normally used for vision.

TRUE-FALSE STATEMENTS

Transduction is the process by which sensory receptor cells convert environmental stimuli into neural impulses.

Answer: True

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells, transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of perception.

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

Bottom-up processing begins with previously acquired knowledge.

Answer: False

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

Olfaction and gustation emerged early in our evolutionary history.

Answer: True

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Sweet/sour is the taste associated with monosodium glutamate.

Answer: False

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Studies have shown that the piriform cortex is changeable in adulthood.

Answer: True

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

All sensory systems send information through the thalamus.

Answer: False

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Different parts of your body have differing levels of sensitivity.

Answer: True

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

Tactile information is first sent from touch receptors in the skin to the somatosensory cortex.

Answer: False

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

Research suggests that women have twice as many pain receptors in their facial skin as men.

Answer: True

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

Some people are incapable of detecting pain.

Answer: True

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

The frequency of a sound wave is measured in Hertz.

Answer: True

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

The ossicles are fluid-filled membranes in the inner ear.

Answer: False

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

The auditory receptor cells are easily replaceable.

Answer: False

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

To determine the importance of a sound, it is necessary to localize it in space.

Answer: True

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

Approximately 1 in 1000 people in the Western world has the ability to detect absolute pitch.

Answer: False

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

Under certain conditions, people can see radio waves.

Answer: False

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

The blind spot created by the location where the optic nerve leaves the eye is not noticeable in the majority of people.

Answer: True

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

People with red-green colour blindness have a shortage of cones that respond to either greenish or reddish wavelengths.

Answer: True

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

The law of good form states that we tend to group objects that are visually attractive.

Answer: False

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

Linear perspective occurs when parallel lines seem to diverge from one another.

Answer: False

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

When you look up at the sky and see the clouds, your eyes are engaging in the process of ___; when you think about the clouds and try to pick out recognizable shapes or object, you are engaging in the process of ___.
a) perceiving; sensing
b) sensing; perceiving
c) passive observation; active observation
d) active observation; passive observation

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

A musician described how he could see each musical note as a colour. This phenomenon is known as
a) sensory adaptation.
b) synesthesia.
c) difference threshold.
d) polysensory confusion.

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

Detection is to identification as ___ is to ___.
a) sensation; transduction
b) transduction; sensation
c) sensation; perception
d) perception; sensation

Answer: c

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Analysis

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

The conversion of environmental stimuli into neural impulses is called ___.
a) perception
b) translation
c) adaptation
d) transduction

Answer: d

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

The reason you are seeing this test rather than tasting it or hearing it is because the light being reflected off the test is converted to neural impulses that the brain can then understand. This process is called ___.
a) transformation
b) sensory transduction
c) sensory adaptation
d) perception

Answer: b

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

If a light bulb does not cast a light that can be detected, what threshold has not been surpassed?
a) difference
b) absolute
c) stimulus
d) transduction

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

We can detect a single drop of perfume diffused in an area the size of a one-bedroom apartment. This is a(n) ___.
a) absolute threshold
b) difference threshold
c) sensory minimum
d) just noticeable difference

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

A snack manufacturer finds that it must increase the salt content of its chips by 8% in order for a sample of consumers to notice that the chips are saltier than they were before. This example most nearly illustrates the concept of a(n) ___ threshold.
a) transduction
b) difference
c) adaptation
d) absolute

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

“It’s so noisy! How can you stand it?” remarks Caitlyn as the thruway traffic screams past her friend Dave’s ground floor apartment. “I don’t even notice it anymore,” Dave replies. This exchange best exemplifies the concept of ___.
a) adaptation
b) accommodation
c) adjustment
d) attenuation

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

In an experiment, observers first view an adapting stimulus in which small dots on a computer screen all move steadily toward the right. They then view a test stimulus in which they have to determine whether a patch of dots is stationary or moving. Based on your text’s discussion, you might predict that the adapting stimulus would
a) decrease observers’ absolute threshold for motion detection.
b) increase observers’ absolute threshold for motion detection.
c) have little or no effect on observers’ absolute threshold for motion detection.
d) decrease observers’ difference threshold for motion detection.

Answer: b

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Analysis

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

Why do we adapt after prolonged exposure to a constant stimulus?
a) so that we continue to respond to ongoing stimulation
b) so that we don’t become distracted by irrelevant changes in the environment
c) so that we detect potentially important changes in what’s going on
d) so that we don’t become overstimulated by the environment

Answer: c

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

“Wow! I’m sorry! I didn’t recognize you out of context!” you exclaim, excusing your blank stare when your accounting professor greets you in a café. This vignette illustrates the importance of ___ in perception.
a) transduction
b) adaptation
c) bottom-up processes
d) top-down processes

Answer: d

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

Which of the following sentences expresses bottom-up processing?
a) You see what’s in front of you.
b) You see what you want to see.
c) You see what you expect to see.
d) You see what you’re conditioned to see.

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

Which of the following statements most accurately expresses the relationship between top-down and bottom-up processing?
a) Some stimuli are processed in a bottom-up fashion, while others are processed in a top-down manner.
b) Bottom-up processing precedes top-down processing during the perception of most stimuli.
c) Top-down processes only contribute to perception when stimuli are highly novel, unexpected, or ambiguous.
d) Top-down and bottom-up processes occur simultaneously during the perception of many, if not all, stimuli.

Answer: d

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Analysis

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

Hunter and Samuel are both looking at an ambiguous picture. Hunter was told in advance that it was a picture of a rabbit, whereas Samuel was told it was a duck with a long bill. Based on the concept of perceptual set, what would each say was the object in the picture?
a) Hunter – rabbit; Samuel – duck
b) Hunter – duck; Samuel – rabbit
c) They would both see the same object.
d) It depends on how long they have to look at the picture.

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

You are driving to school and your favourite song comes on the radio. You immediately recognize the song and begin to sing along. What type of processing allowed you to do this?
a) top-down
b) bottom-up
c) top-down and bottom-up
d) perceptual set

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

Julian, Carson, and Zoe are having a disagreement. Julian claims that there are five senses. Carson, on the other hand, says that there are seven, and Zoe says there are six. Which student is actually right?
a) Julian
b) Carson
c) Zoe
d) None of them. There are actually eight senses.

Answer: b

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Analysis

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

Lola has a pet mouse named Mickey. Which of the following statements would most accurately describe the difference between Lola and Mickey’s senses?
a) Lola relies most heavily on vision; Mickey relies on kinesthesia.
b) Lola relies most heavily on the gustation; Mickey relies on olfaction.
c) Lola relies most heavily on vision; Mickey relies on olfaction.
d) There is no difference. Both rely most heavily on vision.

Answer: c

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Karina is cooking hamburger when she suddenly finds that the smell is making her nauseous. When she checks the package, she finds that the “best before” date of the meat had expired a week before, so the meat was no longer safe to eat. What type of psychologist would find this example important to the explanation of the olfactory system?
a) cognitive
b) evolutionary
c) behavioural
d) biological

Answer: b

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

In what hair-like structures are the sensory receptors of the olfactory system located?
a) nasal mucosa
b) papillae
c) odorants
d) cilia

Answer: d

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Maya and Isabella are eating soup in a restaurant. Maya comments that her soup has a lot of flavour, but Isabella complains that all she can taste is salt. Are the words taste and flavour used properly here? Why or why not?
a) Yes. Flavour and taste both refer to the gustatory system.
b) Yes. Flavour and taste both refer to the combination of gustatory and olfactory sensations.
c) No. Maya is wrong. Flavour refers to gustatory; whereas taste refers to the combination of gustatory and olfactory.
d) No. Isabella is wrong. Flavour refers to the combination of gustatory and olfactory; taste refers only to gustatory sensations.

Answer: d

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Approximately how many taste receptors are on each taste bud?
a) 20–40
b) 50–90
c) 30–50
d) 60–100

Answer: d

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Olfaction is to gustation as ___ is to ___.
a) smell; taste
b) hearing; taste
c) taste; hearing
d) taste; smell

Answer: a

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

The sense receptors for olfaction are located on hair-like structures called ___. They convert odorants into neural impulses, an example of a process termed ___.
a) papillae; transduction
b) papillae; perception
c) cilia; transduction
d) cilia; perception

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the responsiveness of an individual olfactory receptor?
a) A given olfactory receptor responds only to a specific airborne chemical.
b) A given olfactory receptor responds to a wide range of odorants.
c) A given olfactory receptor responds to one of four or five basic classes of odorants.
d) A given olfactory receptor responds to virtually any airborne chemical.

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Your text states that “continuous binding of certain odorants . . . will result in the fatigue of the olfactory receptor neurons to which they bind.” This passage should remind you of the concept of
a) tolerance.
b) adaptation.
c) habituation.
d) desensitization.

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Gustatory receptors are contained in the ___, located on the ___.
a) taste buds; cilia
b) cilia; taste buds
c) taste buds; papillae
d) papillae; taste buds

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

How many basic types of taste are there?
a) 3
b) 4
c) 4, perhaps 5
d) 5, perhaps 6

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Regarding taste receptors, which of the following statements is true?
a) Each taste receptor responds to any of the five basic tastes.
b) The different types of taste receptors are located on distinct parts of the tongue.
c) The different types of taste receptors are evenly distributed across the tongue.
d) The different types of taste receptors are not distributed evenly across the tongue.

Answer: d

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Which are the main senses involved in the experience of a spicy meal?
a) olfaction and gustation
b) gustation and the tactile sense of pain
c) gustation, olfaction, and the tactile sense of pain
d) gustation and the tactile sense of temperature

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Brayden has just burnt his tongue eating hot pizza. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
a) Brayden has done damage to the taste receptors on his tongue.
b) If Brayden keeps burning his tongue, he will experience a permanently decreased sense of taste.
c) Burning his tongue will not do any permanent damage as the taste receptors will regenerate.
d) It is unlikely that Brayden has damaged a sufficient number of taste receptors that he will even lose his sense of taste temporarily.

Answer: b

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

When Amber eats the hot peppers she loves so much, a chemical called ___ activates __ receptors in her tongue.
a) capsaicin; taste
b) capsaicin; pain
c) umami; taste
d) umami; pain

Answer: b

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

When olfactory information reaches the olfactory nerve, it travels to which organ located beneath the frontal lobes?
a) cerebral cortex
b) olfactory bulb
c) piriform cortex
d) amygdala

Answer: b

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Which structure serves as a relay station for incoming sensory information to the cerebral cortex?
a) hippocampus
b) amygdala
c) insula
d) thalamus

Answer: d

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Olfactory information is processed in each of these brain areas EXCEPT the
a) thalamus.
b) piriform cortex.
c) hippocampus.
d) amygdala.

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Annelle is a professional “perfume smeller” for a major cosmetics firm. She claims that “the nose” is a gift: Some people are just born with more sensitive olfactory mechanisms than others are. How does Annelle view the relative importance of top-down and bottom-up processes in olfaction? Is Annelle’s view of an innate olfactory talent supported by empirical research?
a) Annelle believes that olfaction is primarily a bottom-up process. Her view is supported by research showing that humans have difficulty learning to discriminate among odours and that the piriform cortex is not plastic.
b) Annelle believes that olfaction is primarily a bottom-up process. Her view is discredited by research showing that humans can learn to discriminate among odours and that the piriform cortex is highly plastic.
c) Annelle believes that olfaction is primarily a top-down process. Her view is discredited by research showing that humans have difficulty learning to discriminate among odours and that the piriform cortex is not plastic.
d) Annelle believes that olfaction is primarily a top-down process. Her view is supported by research showing that humans can learn to discriminate among odours and that the piriform cortex is highly plastic.

Answer: b

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

The relationship between smell and memory reflects connections between the olfactory bulb and the ___. The link between smell and emotion reflects connections between the olfactory bulb and the ___.
a) amygdala; hippocampus
b) amygdala; amygdala, also
c) hippocampus; hippocampus, also
d) hippocampus; amygdala

Answer: d

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Whenever Savannah smells fresh chocolate chip cookies baking, it reminds her of when she was a little girl and her mother use to bake cookies for her after school. Now when she smells chocolate chip cookies she feels safe and secure. Which of the following statements is NOT supported by this example?
a) The olfactory system sends signals to the amygdala.
b) The olfactory system sends signals to the hippocampus.
c) The olfactory system is connected to the reward circuits in the brain.
d) The olfactory system could be considered part of a network.

Answer: c

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Which of the basic tastes are considered rewarding? Which are considered aversive?
a) Salty and sweet are considered rewarding. Sour and bitter are considered aversive.
b) Sweet is considered rewarding. Salty, sour, and bitter are considered aversive.
c) Sweet and sour are considered rewarding. Salty and bitter are considered aversive.
d) Sweet, sour, and salty are considered rewarding. Bitter is considered aversive.

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Dr. Baquero shows one group of participants repulsive scenes on a computer screen. A second group of participants tastes a small portion of revolting food. What should images of the participants’ brains reveal regarding cortical activity in the two groups of participants?
a) The piriform cortex should be active among participants in the visual scene group, whereas the insula should be active among participants in the taste group.
b) The insula should be active among participants in the visual scene group, whereas the piriform cortex should be active among participants in the taste group.
c) The insula should be active among participants in both groups.
d) The piriform cortex should be active among participants in both groups.

Answer: c

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Clay is a newborn. Which of the following statements is true with respect to his chemical senses?a) Clay prefers the odour of his mother’s milk to the odour of another woman’s milk.
b) Clay will rapidly develop a preference for sour tastes.
c) Clay’s ability to taste is quite poor.
d) Clay does not yet show a preference for sweet tastes over bitter tastes.

Answer: a

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Daphne is 2. Eva is 8. Felipe is 14. Which alternative correctly identifies the basic tastes for which of these individuals have developed a preference?
a) Daphne – sweet; Eva – sweet and sour; Felipe – sweet, sour, and bitter
b) Daphne – sweet; Eva – sweet and sour; Felipe – sweet and sour
c) Daphne – sweet; Eva – sweet, sour, and bitter; Felipe – sweet, sour, and bitter
d) Daphne – sweet and sour; Eva – sweet and sour; Felipe – sweet, sour, and bitter

Answer: b

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Your text states that many of the developmental changes in taste preferences “ . . . are the result of learning . . . However . . . the gustatory system itself changes from infancy to adulthood.” The nonitalicized phrase underscores the importance of ___ processes in gustatory development. The italicized phrase points out the role of ___.
a) top-down; bottom-up processes
b) top-down; top-down processes as well
c) bottom-up; top-down processes
d) bottom-up; bottom-up processes as well

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Your text offers the hypothesis that picky eating in children may be adaptive in helping us survive. Which of the following findings would offer the strongest support for this hypothesis if it were true?
a) Children are picky eaters in a range of very different cultures around the world.
b) Children’s pickiness in their food preferences is related to their parents’ disciplinary styles.
c) In some of the world’s cultures, children are no pickier than adults in their food preferences.
d) Identical twins raised in different adoptive families are equally picky in their food preferences.

Answer: a

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Based on your text’s discussion of the development of the sense of taste, which of the following statements is most likely true?
a) Research has confirmed the plasticity of both the piriform cortex and the insula.
b) Research has yet to confirm the plasticity of either the piriform cortex or the insula.
c) Research has established the plasticity of the insula. Research has yet to confirm the plasticity of the piriform cortex.
d) Research has established the plasticity of the piriform cortex. Research has yet to confirm the plasticity of the insula.

Answer: d

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Dwight is a man. Estella is his sister. How does Estella’s sensitivity to smell probably compare to Dwight’s?
a) Estella is less sensitive to smell than is Dwight, except during ovulation.
b) Estella is more sensitive to smell than is Dwight, except during ovulation.
c) Estella is less sensitive to smell than is Dwight, especially during ovulation.
d) Estella is more sensitive to smell than is Dwight, especially during ovulation.

Answer: d

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Supertasters
a) have learned to become more sensitive to the four basic tastes.
b) make up 10% of the population.
c) can better detect a specific bitter chemical than other people can.
d) are more likely to be men than women.

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

According to your text, the fact that a greater percentage of women than men are supertasters may have had adaptive significance. Which of the following psychologists is most likely to endorse this hypothesis?
a) Dr. Hahn, an evolutionary psychologist
b) Dr. Iverson, a neuropsychologist
c) Dr. Joseph, a cognitive psychologist
d) Dr. King, a behavioural psychologist

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Which of the following best describe relative prevalence of ageusia and anosmia?
a) Ageusia and anosmia are equally common.
b) Ageusia is rarer than anosmia.
c) Ageusia is somewhat more common than anosmia.
d) Ageusia is much more common than anosmia.

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Galen is anosmic. Which of the following is true?
a) Galen has lost the ability to smell.
b) Galen cannot distinguish among the four or five basic tastes described in your text.
c) Galen can taste the basic tastes as well as other, more complex flavours.
d) Galen can distinguish among the four basic odours but cannot detect more complex smells.

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

The inability to taste is called ___.
a) agnosia
b) ageusia
c) anosmia
d) aphasia

Answer: b

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Marissa suffered a head injury in a motor vehicle accident. As a result, she complains that she is unable to taste even though her gustatory system is intact. What is most likely Marissa’s problem?
a) Marissa can actually taste, but her brain is not allowing the message to be transmitted.
b) Marissa is suffering from ageusia.
c) Marissa has suffered damage to her olfactory system.
d) Marissa has probably sustained damage to her olfactory cilia.

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Some people experience hallucinations before or during migraines or epileptic seizures. What are these hallucinations called? Which sensory system(s) do they involve?
a) These hallucinations are called auras and usually involve vision.
b) These hallucinations are called auras and may involve any sensory system.
c) These hallucinations are called ageusias and usually involve taste or smell.
d) These hallucinations are called ageusias and may involve any sensory system.

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Which tactile receptors respond to vibrations and heavy pressure?
a) Merkel’s discs
b) Ruffini’s end-organs
c) Pacinian corpuscles
d) Meissner’s corpuscles

Answer: c

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

Which tactile receptors respond to temperature?
a) Merkel’s discs
b) Ruffini’s end-organs
c) free nerve endings
d) Meissner’s corpuscles

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

Which tactile receptors register the movement of joints?
a) Merkel’s discs
b) Ruffini’s end-organs
c) free nerve endings
d) Meissner’s corpuscles

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

Which tactile receptors are found in the hairless regions of the body?
a) Merkel’s discs
b) Ruffini’s end-organs
c) free nerve endings
d) Meissner’s corpuscles

Answer: d

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

Jennifer is in a fabric store. As she runs her fingers over different fabrics, which tactile receptors would give her information about different textures?
a) Merkel’s discs
b) Ruffini’s end-organs
c) free nerve endings
d) Meissner’s corpuscles

Answer: d

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

Macy is baking a pie. When she reaches in to take the pie out of the oven, she burns the top of her arm. Which tactile receptors will inform Macy she has been burned?
a) Merkel’s discs
b) Ruffini’s end-organs
c) free nerve endings
d) Meissner’s corpuscles

Answer: c

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

Which of the following tactile sensory receptors is correctly matched with a location?
a) free nerve endings – deep in the skin
b) Meissner’s corpuscles – near the surface of the skin
c) Pacinian corpuscles – in the hairless parts of the body
d) Ruffini’s end-organs – deep in the skin

Answer: d

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

Which of the following tactile sensory receptors is correctly matched with a function?
a) Merkel’s discs – respond to vibrations and heavy pressure.
b) Ruffini’s end-organs – register light to Medium pressure.
c) Meissner’s corpuscles – transduces information about sensitive touch.
d) Pacinian corpuscles – register heavy pressure and movement of the joints.

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

The absolute threshold for touch is ___ correlated with the density of touch receptors in the part of the body being stimulated.
a) negatively
b) positively
c) perfectly
d) not

Answer: a

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

Touch information is relayed from the thalamus to ___ cortex in the ___ lobe.
a) motor; frontal
b) motor; parietal
c) somatosensory; frontal
d) somatosensory; parietal

Answer: d

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

Relative to the location of the stimulation, tactile information is processed on the __ side of the brain; that is, it is processed ___.
a) opposite; ipsilaterally
b) opposite; contralaterally
c) same; ipsilaterally
d) same; contralaterally

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

Ouch! A paper cut! You jerk your hand away from the sheet just as a tiny droplet of blood appears on your finger. The cut’s pain signal travels to your brain along the ___ axons of the ___ pain pathway.
a) unmyelinated; slow
b) myelinated; slow
c) unmyelinated; fast
d) myelinated; fast

Answer: d

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

The slower pain pathway uses ___ axons and communicates with the ___ in the brain.
a) myelinated; amygdala
b) myelinated; hypothalamus
c) unmyelinated; amygdala
d) unmyelinated; hypothalamus

Answer: c

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

Christine has fallen and broken her leg. Although initially, she felt a very sharp pain, it has now progressed to a constant burning pain. Which of the following accurately describes the pain Christine is experiencing?
a) Christine’s pain messages are travelling along the fast pathway of myelinated neurons.
b) Christine’s pain messages are travelling along the slow pathway of unmyelinated neurons.
c) Christine’s pain messages were initially sent along the myelinated neurons, but is now being sent along unmyelinated neurons.
d) Christine’s pain messages were initially sent along unmyelinated neurongs, but is now being sent along myelinated neurons.

Answer: c

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

With respect to the development of the tactile senses, which of the following statements is true?
a) Although the tactile senses are highly developed at birth, there is still substantial development in these senses for many years following birth.
b) The tactile senses are almost fully developed at birth; there is only minimal development in these senses following birth.
c) Although the tactile senses are poorly developed at birth, the development of these senses is virtually complete by the age of 2.
d) The tactile senses are poorly developed at birth. The development of these senses continues for many years following birth.

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

Studies of pain thresholds suggest that which groups of individuals have a lower threshold for detecting pain?
a) women
b) Japanese individuals and women
c) men
d) Japanese individuals and men

Answer: a

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

How does your text explain the fact that the pain threshold is lower among women than among men? Is this a bottom-up or a top-down account?
a) Women are not encouraged to be stoic in the face of pain. This is a bottom-up account.
b) Women have more pain receptors in their skin than do men. This is a bottom-up account.
c) Women are not encouraged to be stoic in the face of pain. This is a top-down account.
d) Women have more pain receptors in their skin than do men. This is a top-down account.

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

In an fMRI study, Dr. Marvin exposes participants to high heat. Participants rate how painful they find the heat. Which of the following hypotheses is most reasonable in light of your text’s discussion?
a) Pain ratings should be positively correlated with activity in the thalamus.
b) Pain ratings should be negatively correlated with activity in the thalamus.
c) Pain ratings should be positively correlated with activity in the cingulate cortex.
d) Pain ratings should be negatively correlated with activity in the cingulate cortex.

Answer: c

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

How has the gate control theory of pain changed in recent years?
a) Early versions of the theory focused on pain gates in the spinal cord. Recently, the theory has incorporated pain blocking mechanisms in the brain itself.
b) Early versions of the theory focused on pain gates in the brain. Recently, the theory has incorporated pain blocking mechanisms in the spinal cord.
c) Early versions of the theory focused on pain gates in the spinal cord. Recently, the theory has rejected this mechanism of pain control.
d) Early versions of the theory focused on pain gates in the brain. Recently, the theory has rejected this mechanism of pain control.

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

In Canada, approximately 1 in ___ people suffers from chronic pain.
a) 3
b) 6
c) 8
d) 10

Answer: a

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

The pain-relieving chemicals naturally produced by the nervous system belong to a class of substances called ___; this class also includes ___.
a) stimulants; cocaine and amphetamine
b) depressants; alcohol and valium
c) opiates; heroin and morphine
d) opiates; alcohol and valium

Answer: c

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

Fadi injured her back and, after four surgeries, she is no longer able to work due to the pain. Based on research discussed in your textbook, there is a 50 percent probability that Fadi also suffers from ___.a) cancer
b) anxiety
c) depression
d) Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

Martin has just run the Boston Marathon. After the first 10 km his legs began to pain. As he continued running, he found that the pain went away and he was able to finish the marathon. Which of the following best explains the subsiding of Martin’s pain?
a) gate theory of pain
b) adaptation
c) exogenous opiates
d) endogenous opiates

Answer: d

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

Each of the following is mentioned in your text as a potential disadvantage of the use of opiate drugs to relieve pain EXCEPT
a) such drugs are highly addictive.
b) such drugs become less effective with continued use.
c) such drugs may suppress breathing.
d) such drugs may prevent patients from detecting minor but potentially important sources of discomfort.

Answer: d

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

Odelia stubbed her toe on the corner of a desk. What would be the most practical way of dealing with her pain?
a) Wait it out – endorphins will ease the pain.
b) Wait it out – according to gate theory, the pain will subside.
c) Rub it – this will cause endorphins to be released and ease the pain.
d) Rub it – according to gate theory this will prevent pain from travelling on slow pathways.

Answer: d

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

Noah was born with the inability to detect pain. Opal lost the ability to detect pain through a medical condition blocking messages from her extremities. Noah suffers from ___. Opal suffers from ___.
a) neuropathy; neuropathy too
b) neuropathy; dysautonomia
c) dysautonomia; dysautonomia too
d) dysautonomia; neuropathy

Answer: d

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

Your text book discusses why it is important for us to feel pain. Which type of psychologists would support the argument that recognizing pain is critical for preventing physical damage to the body?
a) cognitive
b) evolutionary
c) clinical
d) behavioural

Answer: b

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

Your text states that “when a body part is removed . . . somatosensory inputs from intact body parts expand to occupy those regions of the cortex.” Recall the processes of neural development described in Chapter 4. Which concepts are most clearly suggested by this passage?
a) plasticity and neurogenesis
b) plasticity and synaptogenesis
c) plasticity and neuropathy
d) neurogenesis and synaptogenesis

Answer: b

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

Of the following, who is MOST likely to suffer from phantom limb pain?
a) Roberta, who had her leg amputated after suffering very painful bone cancer.
b) Julian, who was born missing his right hand.
c) Letisha, who always wore a wrist watch on the arm she had amputated.
d) They are all equally likely to suffer phantom limb pain.

Answer: a

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

Phantom limb sensations reflect not only the reorganization of somatosensory cortex, but also patients’ memory for sensations they actually experienced prior to the removal of the body part. The contribution of cortical reorganization to phantom limb sensations exemplifies a ___ influence. The contribution of memory exemplifies a ___.
a) top-down; top-down influence also
b) top-down; bottom-up influence
c) bottom-up; bottom-up influence also
d) bottom-up; top-down influence

Answer: d

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

One treatment for phantom limb is the placement of mirrors around the individual on the same side as the missing limb. The patient is then instructed to move the intact limb. This treatment is known as ___.
a) reflection therapy
b) pseudo-limb replacement therapy
c) mirror box therapy
d) limb illusion therapy

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

Seeing sound. Hearing colours. These phrases describe a phenomenon termed ___.
a) multithesia
b) polythesia
c) synesthesia
d) hyperthesia

Answer: c

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

___ is a phenomenon in which one sensation may evoke multiple perceptions, even ones associated with different sensory systems.
a) Synesthesia
b) Polythesia
c) Multithesia
d) Hyperthesia

Answer: a

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

Which type of sensory information does the auditory system convert into neural impulses?
a) vibrations in the air
b) air temperature
c) chemicals in the air
d) air texture

Answer: a

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

The number of cycles a sound wave completes in a certain amount of time is referred to as the sound’s ___ and is measured in ___.
a) amplitude; Hertz
b) frequency; decibels
c) amplitude; decibels
d) frequency; Hertz

Answer: d

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

The frequency of a sound is responsible for producing ___.
a) amplitude
b) Hertz
c) pitch
d) timbre

Answer: c

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

The strength of a given sound wave cycle is the sound’s ___, and is measured in ___.
a) frequency; Hertz
b) frequency; decibels
c) amplitude; Hertz
d) amplitude; decibels

Answer: d

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

The amplitude of a sound wave cycle is responsible for the sound’s ___.
a) pitch
b) loudness
c) timbre
d) decibels

Answer: b

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

Pitch is to loudness, as ___ is to ___.
a) frequency; decibels
b) decibels; frequency
c) timbre; amplitude
d) amplitude; timbre

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

Frequency is to amplitude as ___ is to ___.
a) loudness; pitch
b) pitch: hue
c) pitch; loudness
d) decibels; Hertz

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

What is the technical term for the ear drum?
a) occipital membrane
b) tympanic membrane
c) rhythmic membrane
d) temporal membrane

Answer: b

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

Collectively, the three small bones in the ear are called the ___.
a) maleus
b) incus
c) ossicles
d) stapes

Answer: c

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

Which of the following reflects the correct order of structures that sound waves must encounter for hearing?
a) tympanic membrane – oval window—ossicles—cochlea—
b) oval window – tympanic membrane – ossicles—cochlea
c) tympanic membrane – ossicles – oval window –cochlea
d) tympanic membrane — ossicles – cochlea – oval window

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

The ossicles are
a) a thin membrane where sound waves enter the cochlea.
b) a thin membrane in the cochlea.
c) another word for the eardrum.
d) tiny bones in the ear.

Answer: d

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

The auditory sensory receptors are
a) bipolar cells that are embedded in the cochlea.
b) bipolar cells that are embedded in the basilar membrane.
c) hair cells that are embedded in the cochlea.
d) hair cells that are embedded in the basilar membrane.

Answer: d

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

In a study Dr. Enderby is systematically varying the amplitude of a sound wave and asking observers to indicate how loud the sound seems. In this study, amplitude is a(n) ___ variable. Dr. Enderby should display the results of the study using a(n) ___.
a) dependent; line graph
b) dependent; bar graph
c) independent; line graph
d) independent; bar graph

Answer: c

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

Which of the following ear structures is correctly paired with a description?
a) tympanic membrane – covered with auditory hair cells
b) ossicles – bones of the middle ear
c) basilar membrane – fluid-filled structure in the inner ear
d) cochlea – ear drum

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

Which of the following sequences correctly reflects the order of events in which sound waves are converted into neural impulses in the ear, from first to last?
a) deflection of the basilar membrane – formation of wave in cochlea – vibration of the ossicles – deflection of the tympanic membrane
b) deflection of the basilar membrane – vibration of the ossicles – formation of wave in cochlea – deflection of the tympanic membrane
c) deflection of the tympanic membrane – formation of wave in cochlea –vibration of the ossicles – deflection of the basilar membrane
d) deflection of the tympanic membrane – vibration of the ossicles – formation of wave in cochlea – deflection of the basilar membrane

Answer: d

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

Which of the following sequences correctly arranges the structures of the inner ear from the largest and most inclusive to the smallest and most specific?
a) cochlea – basilar membrane – hair cells
b) cochlea – hair cells – basilar membrane
c) basilar membrane – hair cells – cochlea
d) basilar membrane – cochlea – hair cells

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

Part of the primary auditory cortex is organized in a tonotopic map. The term “tonotopic map” refers to
a) a structure in the cochlea that maps out where hair cells should be.
b) a structure in the auditory cortex that maps out where sounds of different amplitudes should be.
c) representation in the auditory cortex of different sound amplitudes.
d) representation in the auditory cortex of difference sound frequencies.

Answer: d

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

Part of primary auditory cortex is organized as a ___ map of the different pitches in the sounds we hear.
a) sonotopic
b) audiotopic
c) tonotopic
d) cochleotopic

Answer: c

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

Malcolm hates watching dubbed movies because the soundtrack doesn’t correspond with the images of the actors’ faces when they speak. Malcolm finds this distracting because his brain’s ___ cannot integrate auditory and visual information as easily in dubbed movies as it can normally.
a) primary auditory cortex
b) tonotopic cortex
c) thalamus
d) association areas in the auditory cortex

Answer: d

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

When you are sitting in class listening to a lecture, it is important that you understand what your professor is saying. Which of the following statements is NOT true about language comprehension?
a) Language comprehension takes place in a brain region linked to the auditory association areas.
b) It is more difficult to comprehend speech sounds if we do not also have visual information.
c) Part of language comprehension involves top-down processing.
d) The majority of language comprehension occurs in the primary auditory cortex.

Answer: d

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

Which theory of audition states that different frequencies are converted into different rates of action potentials in our auditory nerves?
a) tonotopic
b) place
c) frequency
d) association

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

Frequency theory attempts to explain the perception of ___. Place theory attempts to explain the perception of ___.
a) loudness; loudness as well
b) loudness; pitch
c) pitch; pitch as well
d) pitch; loudness

Answer: c

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

Which of the following statements best captures the relative adequacy of the frequency and place theories as accounts of sound perception?
a) Neither frequency theory nor place theory offers an adequate account of sound perception.
b) Place theory seems a better theory of sound perception than does frequency theory.
c) Frequency theory seems a better theory of sound perception than does place theory.
d) Both frequency theory and place theory offer adequate accounts of sound perception.

Answer: b

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

Which term refers to the rare ability to recognize an individual note in isolation?
a) absolute pitch
b) absolute frequency
c) absolute amplitude
d) absolute sound

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

Which of the following persons is likely to have absolute pitch?
a) David, a Canadian, who began guitar lessons when he was 4 years old
b) Jaiko who was born and raised in Japan and began playing piano at 5 years old
c) Celeste whose fMRI suggests she has a thickening in some areas of the cortex
d) Julia, a German, who has been playing piano since she was 9 years old

Answer: a

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

In Western countries, about 1 in ___ people has absolute pitch.
a) 100
b) 1000
c) 10,000
d) 100,000

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

Rhona hypothesizes that the ability of absolute pitch conveys an adaptive advantage. Your text reports that absolute pitch is more common among speakers of tonal languages than among speakers of nontonal languages. How does this finding relate to Rhona’s hypothesis?
a) It doesn’t; the finding is irrelevant to Rhona’s hypothesis.
b) The finding argues against Rhona’s hypothesis.
c) The finding offers Medium support for Rhona’s hypothesis.
d) The finding offers strong support for Rhona’s hypothesis.

Answer: b

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

Tone deafness is also called ___.
a) anaudia
b) asonia
c) amusia
d) atonia

Answer: c

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

Absolute pitch is to amusia as ___ is to ___.
a) nature; nurture
b) nurture; nature
c) nature; nature
d) nurture; nurture

Answer: b

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

The noise of the crowd in the bar fades into the background as Latriece becomes engrossed in a conversation with her date. Suddenly, she hears her name mentioned a dozen feet down the bar: her ears perk up. This example illustrates the ___ effect, a ___ influence on auditory perception.
a) cocktail party; top-down
b) cocktail party; bottom-up
c) happy-hour; top-down
d) happy-hour; bottom-up

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

What cues are used to localize sound?
a) loudness in each ear
b) timing
c) adjusting our heads
d) all of the above

Answer: d

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

Hadley hears the faint sound of a police siren. As time passes, the sound of the siren gets louder. Which of the following sound cues will provide Hadley with the most useful information about the location of the police car?
a) loudness in each ear
b) general loudness
c) distance of loudness
d) timing

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

While sitting in a coffee shop, Hildebrande is listening to a scandalous conversation at a neighbouring table. Without turning her head, which of the following sound cues will provide Hildebrande with the MOST useful information in figuring out at which neighbouring table the conversation is taking place?
a) general loudness
b) loudness in each ear
c) timing
d) both a) & b)

Answer: b

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

With respect to the development of the ability to recognize sounds, which of the following statements is true?
a) Although many sounds can be recognized at birth, there is still substantial development in the ability to recognize sounds for many years following birth.
b) The ability to recognize sounds is almost fully developed at birth; there is only minimal development following birth.
c) Although the ability to recognize sounds is poorly developed at birth, the development of this ability is virtually complete by the age of 2.
d) The ability to recognize sounds is poorly developed at birth. The development of this ability continues for many years following birth.

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

Dr. Tannenhaus is seeking funding to support a program to develop music skills among middle-school students in the fifth through seventh grades. You are on the committee evaluating his grant application. Which of the following pieces of feedback should you give him?
a) I would reject Dr. Tannenhaus’ proposal. The ability to acquire music skills is fixed at birth and is unlikely to be influenced by instruction or learning.
b) I would support Dr. Tannenhaus’ proposal. The program is right on target.
c) I would encourage Dr. Tannenhaus to revise the proposal, targeting the program at high-schoolers in the ninth through twelfth grades rather than middle-schoolers. Older students are more likely to have the cognitive skills necessary to benefit from the program.
d) I would encourage Dr. Tannenhaus to revise the proposal, targeting the program at preschoolers rather than middle-schoolers. The preschool years are the sensitive period in which the ability to acquire music skills is at its peak.

Answer: d

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

Dr. Horner is conducting research on the development of the tonotopic map in the auditory cortex of rats. He repeatedly exposes both young and old rats to pure tones. Which of the following statements most accurately reflects what Dr. Horner will find?
a) There will be a larger representation of those sounds in the auditory cortex of the older rats.
b) There will be equal representation of those sounds in the auditory cortex of both the old and young rats.
c) There will be a larger representation of those sounds in the auditory cortex of the young rats.
d) Bottom-up processes can help reorganize the auditory cortex of older rats even after the sensitive period is over.

Answer: c

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

Earleen has accumulated so much wax in her left ear that sounds are muffled. Earleen is experiencing
a) conduction deafness.
b) obstructive deafness.
c) nerve deafness.
d) waxalin deafness.

Answer: a

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

Research has found that, since the introduction of the ‘ear bud” earphone, the hearing ability of the average 21 year old of today is equivalent to the average 80 year old of ten years ago. This suggests that the “ear bud” might be causing
a) conduction deafness.
b) obstructive deafness.
c) amplitude deafness.
d) nerve deafness.

Answer: d

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

Regarding cochlear implants, which of the following statements is true?
a) Many deaf individuals choose to avoid cochlear implants.
b) Cochlear implants are improving only slowly.
c) Cochlear implants can enable almost every deaf person to hear sounds.
d) Most deaf individuals have embraced cochlear implants.

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

According to your text, tinnitus affects about 1 in ___ people.
a) 50
b) 100
c) 200
d) 500

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

The stimulus for vision is
a) thermal radiation.
b) electric radiation.
c) electromagnetic radiation.
d) photon radiation.

Answer: c

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

What is defined as the visible spectrum of light?
a) 100–200 nm
b) 250–350 nm
c) 400–700 nm
d) 750–950 nm

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the relationship between the electromagnetic spectrum and visible light?
a) “The electromagnetic spectrum” is just geek-speak for “visible light.” They’re the same thing.
b) The electromagnetic spectrum refers to a small portion of the spectrum of visible light.
c) A small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum is seen as visible light.
d) Most but not all of the electromagnetic spectrum is seen as visible light.

Answer: c

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

As compared to cones, rods
a) are more sensitive to light.
b) are more densely concentrated in the fovea.
c) are more responsible for colour perception.
d) are less numerous.

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

Antarctica scientists have just discovered the frozen body of a new animal species. Upon examination, they discover that the retina of one of the species is only comprised of rods. What could scientists hypothesize about this animal’s lifestyle?
a) It had full colour vision.
b) It did not see colour.
c) It is nocturnal.
d) Both b) and c)

Answer: d

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of vision associated with rods?
a) night vision
b) poor visual acuity
c) colour vision
d) peripheral vision

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

An owl conducts most of its hunting at night. Which of the following would you expect to find if you examined its visual system?
a) rods
b) cones
c) bipolar cells
d) ganglion cells

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

The optic nerve is composed of axons of ___.
a) bipolar cells
b) ganglion cells
c) rods and cones
d) foveal cells

Answer: b

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

The place on the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye is called the
a) black hole
b) visual hole
c) visual gap
d) blind spot

Answer: d

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

Addison lost the sight in her left eye when she was a child. Although she has excellent vision in her right eye, she notices that when an object is moving into sight on her right side, she will lose sight of it for a very brief second. How would you explain this to Addison?
a) The vision in Addison’s right eye is deteriorating.
b) The image of the object is projecting to an area of the retina that only has rods.
c) The image of the object is projecting to an area of the retina called the fovea.
d) The image of the object is projecting to an area of the retina called the optic disc.

Answer: d

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

Which of the following sequences accurately reflects the order in which light passes through the structures of the eye during vision, from first to last?
a) pupil – retina – lens
b) lens –pupil – retina
c) retina – pupil – lens
d) pupil – lens – retina

Answer: d

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

Which of the following structures of the eye is correctly matched with its function?
a) iris – detects light
b) pupil – regulates the amount of light entering the eye
c) lens – adjusts the size of the pupil
d) rods – focus the image on the retina

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

In what region of the retina is vision the sharpest due to the largest concentration of cones?
a) fovea
b) optic nerve
c) saturation
d) where the optic nerve leaves the eye

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

Which of the following best expresses the relationship between the retina and the fovea?
a) They are one and the same: The terms are synonymous.
b) The retina is part of the fovea.
c) The fovea is part of the retina.
d) Light passes through the fovea on its way to the retina.

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

Connie is watching a movie and is looking straight ahead. Which of following would NOT accurately describe what she would see?
a) Objects directly in front of her would be clear.
b) She would see objects moving in from the periphery.
c) Coloured objects in the periphery would be seen in bright colours.
d) Objects in front of her would be seen most clearly in daylight.

Answer: c

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

Melanie has just come out of a dark movie theatre into bright sunlight. Which of the following would best describe her visual process as she leaves the theatre?
a) The cones in her eye allow Melanie to immediately notice the bright colours in her environment.
b) The rods in her eye allow Melanie to immediately notice objects moving in her periphery.
c) Her pupils constrict to block out the bright light, allowing her eyes to adapt.
d) Her pupils dilate to allow more light in so she can adjust to the change from the dark theatre.

Answer: c

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

Which alternative below correctly pairs a dimension of colour with its description?
a) hue – how much light is reflected from the visual stimulus
b) hue – how much white is mixed into the colour
c) brightness – the wavelength of light that the stimulus produces
d) saturation – how much white is mixed into the colour

Answer: d

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

According to the trichromatic theory of colour vision, humans have three different types of cone receptors, and yet we can detect about seven million different colours. Which of the following is the best explanation of this?
a) Each cone type is responsible for detecting many different colours.
b) Top-down processing (i.e. knowing the colour of specific objects) contributes to our perception of colours.
c) It is the combination of the signals produced by the cones that allows us to perceive so many colours.
d) The light wavelengths are perceived as different shades depending on the strength of the wavelengths.

Answer: c

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

The ___ theory of colour vision proposes that there are three different receptors for colour.
a) trichromatic
b) frequency
c) opponent-process
d) place

Answer: a

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

With respect to colour vision, the lateral geniculate nucleus is to the retina as ___ theory is to ___ theory.
a) opponent-process; trichromatic
b) opponent-process; frequency
c) trichromatic; opponent-process
d) place; trichromatic

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

Which of the following is consistent with the opponent processing theory of colour vision?
a) colour afterimages
b) three types of cone receptors
c) colour blindness
d) antagonistic cone receptors

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

For over a minute, Laura has been staring at an image with seemingly random areas of white-on-black. When she shifts her gaze from the original image to a white wall, she suddenly sees an image of Jesus on the wall. Which of the following explains this phenomenon?
a) Photoreceptors in the retina have become fatigued.
b) Photoreceptors in the lateral geniculate nucleus have become fatigued.
c) negative afterimage
d) positive afterimage

Answer: c

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

Malika has been staring at an image of a green heart framed in blue for almost a minute. When Malika shifts her gaze to a white wall, what is she likely to see?
a) a red heart framed in yellow
b) a yellow heart framed in red
c) a green heart framed in blue
d) a red heart framed in black

Answer: a

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

To what extent are colour afterimages adequately explained by trichromatic theory on the one hand, and opponent-process theory on the other?
a) Trichromatic theory offers a more satisfactory account of colour afterimages than does opponent-process theory.
b) Opponent-process theory offers a more satisfactory account of colour afterimages than does trichromatic theory.
c) Both trichromatic theory and opponent-process theory offer satisfactory accounts of colour afterimages.
d) Neither trichromatic theory nor opponent-process theory offers a satisfactory account of colour afterimages.

Answer: b

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

What type of colour blindness is most common?
a) yellow-red
b) blue-green
c) blue-red
d) red-green

Answer: d

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

Ludvig is a 6 year old boy who is colouring a picture of Santa Claus standing next to a Christmas tree, When he proudly presents the finished picture to his mother, she notices that he has coloured the tree red, and Santa’s outfit green. How might you explain this to Ludvig’s mother?
a) Ludvig has damage to his lateral geniculate nucleus.
b) Ludvig has a shortage of either the red or green cones.
c) Ludvig has a shortage of either the red or blue cones.
d) Ludvig has damage to his what pathway.

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

Which of the following sequences correctly orders the structures along the visual pathway, from first to last?
a) thalamus – superior colliculus – visual cortex
b) visual cortex – thalamus – superior colliculus
c) superior colliculus – thalamus – visual cortex
d) thalamus – visual cortex – superior colliculus

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

Visual information from the middle part of the visual field is processed on the ___ side of the cortex. Visual information from the lateral part of the visual field is processed ___.
a) same; on the opposite side of the cortex
b) opposite; on the same side of the cortex
c) same; on the same side of the cortex as well
d) opposite; on the opposite side of the cortex as well

Answer: b

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

Which of the following alternatives BEST captures the distinction between the two major visual pathways described in your text?
a) One processes object location. The other processes object identity.
b) One processes chromatic aspects of the visual scene. The other processes nonchromatic aspects of the scene.
c) One processes simple object features. The other processes complex object features.
d) One processes stationary objects in the visual scene. The other processes moving objects.

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

The “what” pathway terminates in the ___ lobe. The “where” pathway terminates in the ___ lobe.
a) temporal; parietal
b) parietal; temporal
c) occipital; parietal
d) temporal; occipital

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

Which visual objection recognition disorder is correctly identified?
a) the inability to recognize faces – visual agnosia
b) the inability to recognize objects visually – prosopagnosia
c) the apparent unawareness of one side of the visual field – hemi-neglect
d) the inability to recognize faces – anosmia

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

Queenie can recognize objects by smell or touch, but not by sight. She has no trouble recognizing objects verbally. Patsy recognizes faces only by focusing on features such as hairstyle, eyeglasses, or jewellery. Queenie suffers from ___. Patsy suffers from ___.
a) hemi-neglect; prosopagnosia
b) visual agnosia; hemi-neglect
c) prosopagnosia; visual agnosia
d) visual agnosia; prosopagnosia

Answer: d

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

Which alternative below correctly pairs a visual pathway with an object perception disorder?
a) “what” pathway – visual agnosia
b) “what” pathway – hemi-neglect
c) “where” pathway – ageusia
d) “where” pathway – prosopagnosia

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

Selena is looking at the pictures in one of her high-school yearbooks. In which parts of her brain is heightened activity probably occurring?
a) occipital lobe only
b) occipital and temporal lobes
c) occipital and parietal lobes
d) temporal lobe only

Answer: b

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

Betty has just drawn a picture of a landscape. After she is finished, her daughter notices that Betty did not draw any objects or finish the scene on the left side of the drawing. Based on this it is likely that Betty has sustained damage to the ___ pathway, leaving her with a disorder known as ___.
a) left what pathway; prosopagnosia
b) left where pathway; prosopagnosia
c) right what pathway; hemi-neglect
d) right where pathway; hemi-neglect

Answer: d

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

Early in psychology’s history, the ___ psychologists identified the principles by which visual information is organized into coherent images.
a) structural
b) psychoanalytic
c) humanist
d) Gestalt

Answer: d

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

The Gestalt psychologists believed that with respect to visual perception, the whole is more than the sum of its parts. By contrast, the ___ psychologists assumed that the whole is the sum of its parts.
a) functional
b) structural
c) behavioural
d) psychoanalytic

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

The basic premise upon which Gestalt psychology was founded is
a) each sensory input results in the top-down processing of the parts.
b) bottom-up processing forms the basis of true perception.
c) our perception of the whole may give us more information than simply looking at the parts separately.
d) our recognition of objects is better for complex forms than simple forms.

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

Which Gestalt law of grouping indicates that we tend to fill in the gaps of objects so they are perceived as whole?
a) Proximity
b) Similarity
c) Continuity
d) Closure

Answer: d

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

Matilda is counting the money from her piggy bank. When she dumps it out on the table she sees toonies, loonies, quarters, dimes, and nickels. Which Gestalt law is consistent with this example?
a) Closure
b) Proximity
c) Similarity
d) Continuity

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

When you are untangling strings of Christmas lights, it is difficult to tell where one string ends and another begins. Which Gestalt law is consistent with this example?
a) Closure
b) Proximity
c) Similarity
d) Continuity

Answer: d

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

The artist, M. C. Escher is most famous for his drawings depicting perceptual illusions. For example, he often includes stairs that “go nowhere”. This would be an example of
a) continuity.
b) puzzling picture.
c) impossible figure.
d) figure-ground.

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

Which of the following Gestalt laws is correctly defined?
a) proximity – we tend to fill in small gaps in objects.
b) continuity – stimuli falling along the same plane tend to be grouped together.
c) good form – stimuli near to one another tend to be grouped together.
d) closure – stimuli resembling one another tend to be grouped together.

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

Which of the following terms is the best synonym for ‘disparity’?
a) distance
b) depth
c) constancy
d) difference

Answer: d

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

The difference between the image of a scene received by the right eye and that received by the left eye can serve as a depth cue termed binocular ___.
a) disparity
b) gradient
c) perspective
d) constancy

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

Since Jolly Roger, the pirate, lost one eye in a sword fight, he can no longer use ___ as a cue for the perception of depth and distance.
a) convergence
b) retinal disparity
c) monocular cues
d) accommodation

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

Jared was sitting on the patio watching a butterfly flutter around. As he watched, the butterfly flew toward him and seemed to be planning to land on his nose. As the butterfly came closer to his nose, he could feel his eyes turn inwards. The cue that is telling Jared how close the butterfly is getting to him is known as
a) retinal disparity.
b) linear perspective.
c) convergence.
d) texture gradient.

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

Convergence is a binocular cue based on ___.
a) the brain’s ability to converge signals from both eyes into a single image
b) the feeling of a change in muscular tension required to turn the eyes inward when focusing on closer objects
c) the ability of the brain to triangulate the distance from the retina to the object
d) the detection of movement when objects are coming toward us

Answer: b

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

Which of the following is NOT a monocular depth cue?
a) interposition
b) linear perspective
c) texture gradient
d) convergence

Answer: d

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

You are standing on the beach; the sea is choppy. You observe that the crests of distant waves appear not only smaller, but also closer together than do the crests of waves nearer the beach. This example illustrates a depth cue known as ___.
a) linear perspective
b) relative size
c) texture gradient
d) binocular disparity

Answer: c

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

When your favourite singer is on stage, the singer can tell which fans are closer to the stage because their facial features are more distinct than those in distant rows. Which depth cue is the singer using?
a) texture gradient
b) interposition
c) relative size
d) clarity

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

When your favourite singer is on stage, the singer can tell which fans are closer to the stage because those closer obstruct his or her view of fans in more distant rows. Which depth cue is the singer using?
a) texture gradient
b) interposition
c) relative size
d) clarity

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

As Taralee looked out her window she noticed that the distant mountains looked hazy while the trees in her yard were sharp and clear. Which depth cue is Taralee using?
a) light and shadow
b) clarity
c) texture gradient
d) relative size

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

In a beginning drawing class, your instructor suggests that an illusion of depth may be created in a two-dimensional picture by including parallel lines that converge at a vanishing point. Your instructor is making reference to a monocular depth cue known as ___.
a) linear perspective
b) linear parallax
c) relative size
d) texture gradient

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

From the window of an office on a skyscraper’s 90^thfloor, taxis on the street look tiny. Of course, you know they’re not toy cars; you’re just really far up. This example illustrates the ___ depth cue of ___.
a) monocular; familiar size
b) binocular; familiar size
c) monocular; texture gradient
d) binocular; texture gradient

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

You are shown two lines and, although they are actually the same length, you identify one of the lines as being shorter than the other. Which of the following are you experiencing?
a) Muller-Lyer illusion
b) Ponzo illusion
c) perceptual constancy
d) linear perspective

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

When you are standing at the bottom of a ladder looking up, the rungs at the bottom of the ladder look larger than the rungs at the top. This is an example of ___.
a) the Muller-Lyer illusion
b) the Ponzo illusion
c) size constancy
d) shape constancy

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

Which of the following persons would be most susceptible to the Ponzo illusion?
a) Haiko from Japan
b) Jennifer from Canada
c) Rahid from India
d) All of these would be equally susceptible.

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

Which of the following terms reflects our tendency to view objects as unchanging in some ways even though the actual visual sensations we receive are constantly changing?
a) perceptual illusion
b) perceptual constancy
c) binocular depth cue
d) monocular depth cue

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

John and Lucia are eating dinner in a restaurant. Although the restaurant manager dims the lights halfway through their meal, they still recognize that their food is the same colour. Which of the following terms explains this phenomenon?
a) perceptual illusion
b) colour constancy
c) ponzo illusion
d) colour illusion

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

If you hold your hand in front of you at arm’s length, you recognize it as your hand. If you slowly move your hand in toward your face, the image of your hand covers a larger portion of your retina, however, you do not tend to think that your hand has suddenly begun to grow. Which of the following explains this?
a) colour constancy
b) Ponzo illusion
c) Muller-Lyer illusion
d) size constancy

Answer: d

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

Lara is watching the moon rise. When the moon is on the horizon it appears to be much larger than when it is higher up in the sky. This phenomenon is called the ___ and is caused by ___.
a) lunar illusion; size constancy cues
b) lunar illusion; a reduction in the size constancy effect
c) moon illusion; a reduction in the size constancy effect
d) moon illusion; size constancy cues

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

Regardless of the angle at which you look at a book (e.g., if it is lying flat or standing on a shelf), you still recognize it as a book. This is an example of ___.
a) size constancy
b) object constancy
c) shape constancy
d) angle constancy

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

The effect seen in the Ames Room is the result of ___.
a) perceptual consistency
b) shape constancy
c) size constancy
d) both shape and size constancy

Answer: d

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

Your text implies that as compared to the other senses, vision is ___ developed at birth.
a) less well
b) equally
c) more highly
d) much more highly

Answer: a

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

Vinnie is 1 month old. Uri is 3 months old. Tanisha is a 9 month old. Which alternative below most accurately describes the visual development of these infants?
a) Vinnie focuses mostly on contrasts. Uri focuses on faces. Tanisha’s focal range is about one foot.
b) Vinnie focuses mostly on contrasts. Uri focuses on faces. Tanisha’s visual acuity is similar to that of an adult.
c) Vinnie focuses mostly on contrasts. Uri’s focal range is about one foot. Tanisha focuses on faces.
d) Vinnie focuses on faces. Uri’s focal range is about one foot. Tanisha’s visual acuity is similar to that of an adult.

Answer: b

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

Four-year-old Warrick wears an eye patch over his right eye. Why might this be?
a) Warrick is amblyopic.
b) Warrick is strabismic.
c) Warrick is myopic.
d) Warrick is either amblyopic or strabismic.

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

Which of the following statements best expresses the relationship between strabismus and amblyopia?
a) Strabismus can produce amblyopia.
b) Amblyopia can produce strabismus.
c) Strabismus can produce amblyopia but occasionally amblyopia can cause strabismus.
d) Strabismus and amblyopia are unrelated.

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

Approximately how many people in the Canada may be characterized as blind?
a) 38,000
b) 108,000
c) 278,000
d) 438,000

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

When blind people read Braille, which parts of their brains become active?
a) portions of the occipital lobe
b) portions of somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobe
c) portions of the occipital and temporal lobes – the “what” pathway in vision
d) portions of the occipital and parietal lobes – the “where” pathway in vision

Answer: c

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

The sense that tells us if we are moving and in which direction we are moving is called the ___.
a) vestibular sense
b) kinesthetic sense
c) synesthetic sense
d) multisthetic sense

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

Darren and Lily are dancing. As they sway to the music, which sense detects their body’s position in space?
a) vestibular
b) kinesthetic
c) synesthetic
d) multisthetic

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

Kinesthetic is to vestibular as ___ is to ___.
a) ear; muscle
b) muscle; ear
c) superior colliculus; inferior colliculus
d) Inferior colliculus; superior colliculus

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

Madeline is taking a ferry to Vancouver Island and is feeling seasick. Seasickness is caused by
a) a mismatch between the kinesthetic sense and the vestibular sense.
b) a mismatch between the kinesthetic sense and the eyes.
c) a mismatch between the vestibular sense and the eyes.

a d) mismatch between the kinesthetic sense and the synesthetic sense.

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

MATCHING QUESTION

Match the appropriate words in the left column to the definitions in the right column.

Terms

A. Saturation

B. Visual Agnosia

C. Hemi-neglect

D. Amblyopia

E. Vestibular sense

F. Merkel’s discs

G. Ageusia

H. Ruffini end-organs

I. Insula

J. Olfactory bulb

K. Anosmia

L. Perceptual set

M. Bottom-up processing

N. Sensory adaptation

O. Transduction

P. Cochlea

Q. Absolute threshold

R. Hue

_____

Definitions

1. Perception begins with the physical stimuli in the environment.

2. Located in the semicircular canals of the inner ear.

3. Related to the “what” pathway.

4. Area of the cortex that receives taste information.

5. Reduced response from repeated sensory stimuli.

6. Experience of colour based on wavelength.

7. Loss of visual abilities in weaker eye.

8. Sensory receptors that convert information about light to Medium pressure on the skin.

9. The ability to taste is lost.

10. Minimal stimulus necessary for detection.

ANSWERS TO MATCHING QUESTION

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

FILL-IN-THE-BLANK

The physical stimuli used by the gustatory sensory system are called ___.

Answer: chemicals

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

The sensory system that responds to pressure or damage to the skin is called the ___ system.

Answer: somatosensory (touch, heat, pain)

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

The method used by odorants to enter the nose and bind to specific receptor sites is similar to the method used by neurotransmitters binding to receptors sites on receiving neurons. Both bind in a(n) ___ fashion.

Answer: lock-and-key

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

The human tongue is covered with bumps called ___.

Answer: papillae

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

The olfactory bulb sends information to the ___, an area important for learning and memory.

Answer: hippocampus

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

People who have lost the ability to smell have a disorder known as ___.

Answer: anosmia

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

The sensory receptors that detect pain are ___.

Answer: free nerve endings

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

The fast pathway for pain uses ___ neurons so we can respond quickly to pain.

Answer: myelinated

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

The chemicals produced by our bodies that have pain relieving properties are called ___.

Answer: endorphins or enkephalins

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

A rare genetic condition associated with the inability to detect pain is known as ___.

Answer: familial dysautonomia

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

When we describe the “loudness” of a sound, we are referring to its ___.

Answer: amplitude

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

The auditory sensory receptors that cover the basilar membrane in the cochlea are rows of ___.

Answer: hair cells

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

The muscles around the opening of the ears ___ in response to loud noises.

Answer: contract

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

Part of the primary auditory cortex is organized in a(n) ___ map.

Answer: tonotopic

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

Another term for tone deafness is ___.

Answer: amusia

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

The specialized sheet of nerve cells located in the back of the eye is called the ___.

Answer: retina

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

Dilation and constriction of the ___ is one way that the visual system adapts to light.

Answer: pupil

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

People with a specific form of visual agnosia known as ___ CANNOT recognize faces.

Answer: prosopagnosia

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

The term that refers to each eye experiencing a slightly different image of environmental stimuli is ___.

Answer: retinal disparity

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

Our tendency to view objects as unchanging is referred to as ___.

Answer: perceptual constancy, perceptual constancies

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

SHORT ANSWER ESSAY QUESTIONS

List the technical names for each of the five sensory systems.

Answer: olfactory, gustatory, somatosensory, auditory, visual

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

What sensory process describes why the continual presence of a stimulus results in a decreased response to that stimulus over time?

Answer: adaptation

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

What type of perceptual processing begins with physical energies that enter the body from the environment?

Answer: bottom-up

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

What sense is most closely tied to taste?

Answer: smell

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Name the five major taste receptors.

Answer: sweet, salty, bitter, sour, and umami

Difficulty; Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

“Hot” or spicy foods activate what component of the tongue that communicates pain?

Answer: tactile system

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

What structure that is activated by the olfactory bulb is associated with regulation of emotions and fear?

Answer: amygdala

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Many people report that smells are evocative of past events. What two structures in the brain may be activated during these olfactory “trips down memory lane”?

Answer: hippocampus and amygdala

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Why may a person develop the disorder of ageusia, the loss of the ability to taste?

Answer: head trauma or oral surgery

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

What term describes how tactile information on one side of the body is processed on the opposite side of the brain?

Answer: contralaterally

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

What tactile receptors located deep in the skin respond to the movement of joints?

Answer: Ruffini’s end-organs

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

What class of molecules includes endorphins and enkephalins?

Answer: opiates

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

Why is insensitivity to pain dangerous?

Answer: Prevents detection of discomfort that may lead to serious injury.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

What measure do we use to describe levels of sound?

Answer: decibels

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

Name the three ossicles.

Answer: maleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and stapes (stirrup)

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

What fluid-filled structure in the inner ear contains the basilar membrane?

Answer: cochlea

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

What areas within the auditory cortex act to integrate or coordinate auditory information with signals from other sensory modalities?

Answer: association

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

What irritating condition is described as “ringing in the ears”?

Answer: Tinnitus

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

Name the two major classes of photoreceptors.

Answer: rods and cones

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

What term refers to the wavelength of light that a visual stimulus produces?

Answer: hue

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

What condition results in a person ignoring one side of their visual field?

Answer: hemi-neglect

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

What term is used to describe how we determine the distance of objects from us and their spatial relationship with one another?

Answer: depth perception

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

What disorder is characterized by the inability to naturally develop coordinated movement of both eyes?

Answer: Strabismus

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

ESSAY QUESTIONS

Describe the difference between absolute threshold and difference threshold.

Answer: An absolute threshold refers to the minimum amount of one stimulus necessary for detection to occur, whereas a difference threshold refers to the smallest amount of difference between two or more stimuli necessary for a person to be able to discriminate one stimulus from another.

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Analysis

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

Describe how top-down processing and bottom-up processing differ.

Answer: Top-down uses previously acquired knowledge and experience to assist us in recognizing environmental stimuli, whereas bottom-up uses the physical energies that enter the body from the environment.

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Analysis

Section Reference: Common Features of Sensation and Perception

Why are taste and smell referred to as chemical senses?

Answer: Both senses involve responses to specific chemicals such as those in ants (for smell) and in food (for taste).

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

How is the consistency of food communicated to the brain?

Answer: Touch receptors located on the tongue relay textural information such as “slimy” to the brain.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Identify an age-related disease that produces a diminished sense of smell. What does this relationship between disease and smell indicate about brain structures?

Answer: Alzheimer’s disease and the related loss of smell may indicate that the neurons in brain structures located in olfactory brain regions are deteriorating.

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste.

Section Reference: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Describe the pathway whereby touch receptors send information to the brain.

Answer: Tactile information is sent via the spinal cord to the brain where it is first received by the thalamus before being routed to the somatosensory cortex (in the parietal lobe).

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

Describe the characteristics of the slow and fast pain pathways.

Answer: Fast pain pathways use myelinated neurons whereas the slow pain pathways do not. Pain perceived through the fast pathways is sharp pain whereas pain perceived through the slow pathways is nagging or burning pain.

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

Describe the gate control theory.

Answer: Some neural patterns of activity in the brain itself can create a “gate” to prevent pain messages from reaching the brain.

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

Define phantom limb sensations.

Answer: People with amputated limbs report tactile hallucinations or sensations from body parts that no longer exist.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong.

Section Reference: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

Mickey Mouse has a “high-pitched” voice. What does this mean in terms of frequency?

Answer: The frequency of a sound wave refers to the number of cycles the wave completes in a certain amount of time. “High-pitched” sounds indicate that a great number of cycles are completed in a short period of time.

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

Describe the place theory of audition.

Answer: Differences in sound frequency activate different regions of the basilar membrane.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

Describe the cocktail party effect.

Answer: The brain is able to filter out irrelevant noises in a loud environment so that we can focus attention on meaningful conversations around us.

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

Define synesthesia and provide an example.

Answer: Sensation disorder in which people receive sensations in a different modality than that of the original stimulus; tasting light is an example.

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

Describe three common causes of deafness.

Answer: Infections, physical trauma, overdoes of common medications, genetics, prolonged exposure to loud noises, etc.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear.

Section Reference: The Auditory Sense: Hearing

Describe the difference in the type of stimuli rods and cones are used to perceive.

Answer: Rods are used to detect light and are useful in night vision. Cones are used to detect colour and fine details.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

Explain the trichromatic theory of vision?

Answer: There are three different sensors for colour that respond to different wavelengths of light.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

How does Gestalt inform theories of vision?

Answer: Helps add meaning to visual information; laws of grouping and figure/ground help identify how visual information is organized into coherent images.

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

What is the difference between monocular and binocular depth cues?

Answer: Binocular depth cues require the use of both eyes whereas monocular cues require the use of only one eye.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

Name three diseases that can produce blindness?

Answer: Diabetes, glaucoma, macular degeneration, etc.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

An image of the Ames room illusion is shown below. Explain why the illusion leads us to perceive one individual to be larger than the other individual.

Answer: The Ames room illusion is the result of both shape and size constancy. First, we expect the room to be square, but it actually is irregularly shaped. Second, because we think the room is square, we believe that both people are the same distance from us, leading us to perceive one as much larger than the other.

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

LABELLING QUESTION

Indicate the two visual pathways and respective brain cortices on the following diagram.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception.

Section Reference: The Visual Sense: Sight

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Psychology Around Us 2nd Canadian Edition By Ronald - Test Bank

Description

Additional Information

Reviews

Sensation and Perception

CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES

TRUE-FALSE STATEMENTS

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