Psychology Modules for Active Learning 12th Edition by Dennis Coon - Test Bank

Psychology Modules for Active Learning 12th Edition by Dennis Coon – Test Bank

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Sample Questions Are Posted Below

Chapter 5: States of Consciousness

Module 5.1

MULTIPLE CHOICE

A nun spending an entire week in silent prayer and contemplation, three businessmen having drinks at a tavern, and an actor consulting a hypnotist to reduce stage fright are all

a.	exhibiting the third-person experience.
b.	attempting to alter their state of consciousness.
c.	exhibiting unconscious drives for success.
d.	exhibiting narcissistic personalities.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Application

To be conscious means

a.	that one is awake.
b.	that one is aware.
c.	that one is completely alert.
d.	none of these.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Consciousness consists of all of the following EXCEPT

a.	sensations and perceptions.
b.	altered states (ASCs).
c.	memories and feelings.
d.	artificial intelligence (AI).

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following consists of all the sensations, perceptions, memories, and feelings you are aware of at any instant?

a.	alertness
b.	personality
c.	consciousness
d.	intelligence

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

We cannot know the first-person experience of

a.	lower animals, like dogs or cats.
b.	primates other than humans.
c.	other humans.
d.	any of these organisms.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Regarding the first-person experience, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	We can learn a lot about other humans and other animals from an objective, third-person point of view.
b.	We cannot directly know the first-person experience of animals.
c.	We cannot know the first-person experience of other persons.
d.	The difficulty of knowing other minds is why introspection replaced behaviorism early in psychology’s history.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

The difficulty of knowing other minds is why the technique of introspection was replaced with more objective measures by the early

a.	psychoanalysts.
b.	behaviorists.
c.	humanists.
d.	structuralists.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Because the mind and consciousness are fundamentally first-person phenomena, the basic challenge of understanding the brain and behavior is to use __________ studies.

a.	intuitive
b.	subjective
c.	objective
d.	parapsychology

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

We spend most of our lives in state of consciousness that is organized, meaningful, and clear and is referred to as

a.	a state of ASCs.
b.	waking consciousness.
c.	an altered state of consciousness.
d.	microsleeps.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

When a person is in a state of clear, organized alertness and perceives times, places, and events as real, meaningful, and familiar, she or he is said to be

a.	in waking consciousness.
b.	experiencing ASCs.
c.	experiencing sensory overload.
d.	in an alerted state of consciousness.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Long-distance running, listening to music, sleep, and daydreaming are just some of the everyday ways that produce

a.	preconsciousness.
b.	altered states of consciousness.
c.	sensory enhancement.
d.	simulated information processing.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

The lower levels of awareness associated with strokes and other forms of brain damage are examples of

a.	preconsciousness.
b.	altered states of consciousness.
c.	sensory gating.
d.	simulated states of unconsciousness.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

During an altered state of consciousness, changes occur in the quality and ________ of mental activity.

a.	assimilation
b.	length
c.	pattern
d.	sensory gating

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

During an altered state of consciousness, changes occur in the pattern and ________ of mental activity.

a.	perceptual adaptation
b.	length
c.	quality
d.	sensory gating

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Psychologists identify marked changes in both the quality and pattern of mental functioning as

a.	preconsciousness.
b.	simulated information processing.
c.	altered states of consciousness.
d.	sensory enhancement.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding altered states of consciousness (ASC), which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	During an altered state of consciousness, there are distinct shifts in our memories, time sense, emotions, and suggestibility.
b.	“Highway hypnotism” on long drives is an example of an altered state.
c.	Most people do not know when they have experienced an altered state of consciousness.
d.	Near-death experiences tend to produce an altered state of consciousness.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Concept

One thing that cocaine, sensory overload, high fever, and meditation all have in common is that they produce

a.	hypnogogic images.
b.	relaxation.
c.	euphoria.
d.	ASCs.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *, www

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Regarding altered states of consciousness (ASC), which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Cultural conditioning greatly affects what altered states we recognize, seek, consider normal, and attain.
b.	Recently, scientists have been able to explain how consciousness occurs.
c.	Most people do know when they have experienced an altered state of consciousness.
d.	It is possible to identify various states of consciousness and to explore the role they play in our lives.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

An important feature of many ASCs is

a.	a clarity of waking consciousness.
b.	cataplexy.
c.	heightened self-awareness.
d.	amnesia for the period of time that one is in the state.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

During which ritual do several men sit in total darkness inside a small chamber heated by coals and chant rhythmically?

a.	Sioux sweat lodge ceremony
b.	Hindu mystics yoga practices
c.	ceremonies of the Whirling Dervishes of Turkey
d.	nightlong ritual of the Maori Tohunga in New Zealand

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following statements does NOT describe the sweat lodge ceremony of the Sioux Indians?

a.	It is meant to cleanse the body and mind.
b.	It is performed in a dark coal-heated chamber.
c.	It is often brings about an altered state of consciousness.
d.	It often causes a sensory overload that can lead to cataplexy.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

What do the Yoga practices of Hindu mystics, the dances of the Whirling Dervishes of Turkey, and the sweat lodge ceremony of the Sioux Indians all have in common?

a.	They are used as a rite of passage for the young men in each culture.
b.	They are all used to produce altered states of consciousness.
c.	They are considered illegal practices in most Western cultures.
d.	They have all of these characteristics in common.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding altered states of consciousness, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	All cultures and most religions recognize and accept some alterations of consciousness with cultural conditioning affecting which states will be recognized.
b.	The meanings given to altered states have includes signs of madness, spirit possession, and life-enhancing breakthroughs.
c.	Currently, it is not possible to identify any of the states of consciousness.
d.	Some people seek various altered states for pleasure, while others see altered states of consciousness as pathways to self-knowledge.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Each of us will spend approximately how many years of our life asleep?

a.	five
b.	15
c.	20
d.	25

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding the state of sleep in humans, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	We are totally unresponsive while asleep.
b.	We can perform very simple tasks while asleep.
c.	We cannot learn complex skills while asleep.
d.	We can respond to familiar words and sounds while asleep.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Regarding sleep, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	A good sleep helps people to consolidate what they learned the day before.
b.	Some people can learn very complex tasks while asleep, such as learning a foreign language.
c.	You are more likely to awaken if you hear your own name spoken instead of another name.
d.	Humans will spend approximately 25 years of their life asleep.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Which of the following could you learn to do in your sleep?

a.	math
b.	foreign language
c.	touch a switch on cue
d.	dream analysis

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Application

Regarding sleep, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Humans are unable to respond to environmental cues when asleep since sleep involves a complete loss of consciousness.
b.	Not all animals sleep.
c.	Dolphins are able to voluntarily breathe air and sleep without drowning by sleeping on just one side of their brain at a time.
d.	If a human does not sleep, he or she will go into a stupor, coma, and then death.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Dolphins are able to sleep without drowning because they

a.	have gills like fish do.
b.	have a special opening that allows air in but not water.
c.	sleep on just one side of their brain at a time.
d.	inflate their bodies before sleep, which maintains them floating upright so they can breathe without taking in any water.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Sleep is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT for

a.	being an innate biological rhythm.
b.	being necessary for life in humans.
c.	giving way in times of great danger.
d.	being a total loss of consciousness.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Any repeating cycle of biological activity, such as sleep and waking cycles or changes in body temperature is known as a(n)

a.	ASC.
b.	biological rhythm.
c.	condensation.
d.	REM rebound.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

A rare disease that prevents sleep

a.	often causes the person to develop manic-depression.
b.	usually occurs in two-week intervals.
c.	usually occurs in combination with Alzheimer’s disease.
d.	always ends with stupor, coma, and death.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Being prevented from getting desired or needed amounts of sleep is called

a.	hypersomnia.
b.	insomnia.
c.	sleep deprivation.
d.	sleep apnea.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding people who have experienced extreme sleep deprivation, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Randy Garnder, at age 17, holds the official Guinness Book record for sleep deprivation.
b.	After Randy Gardner went 264 hours without sleep, he needed three days of sleep to get over this 11-day sleep loss.
c.	Sleep deprivation competitions are no longer recognized by the Guinness Book due to possible health risks.
d.	With few exceptions, most people after four or more days of sleep loss would show hypersomnia, slurred speech, and increased pain sensitivity.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Most symptoms of sleep deprivation

a.	are reversed by a single night’s rest.
b.	require a long period of bed rest for recovery.
c.	are irreversible.
d.	can be prevented by consuming caffeine.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Sleep loss can cause all of the following EXCEPT for

a.	slurred speech and inability to name common objects.
b.	decreased pain sensitivity.
c.	inability to concentrate or remember clearly.
d.	trembling hands, irritability, and staring.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

After even a few hours of sleep loss, most people experience excessive daytime sleepiness known as

a.	hypersomnia.
b.	somnambulism.
c.	insomnia.
d.	sleep apnea.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Because 15-year-old Lisa stays up late texting her friends and then gets up early for school, she tends to be very sleepy in class, a condition common to teenagers known as

a.	insomnia.
b.	narcolepsy.
c.	hypersomnia.
d.	hypnopompic conditioning.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Application

Rapid physical changes during puberty have what effect on the adolescent’s need for sleep?

a.	increases the need
b.	slightly decreases the need
c.	significantly decreases the need
d.	has no effect on the adolescent’s need for sleep

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

During the teen years, the quality and quantity of sleep time tends to

a.	increase.
b.	decrease.
c.	become stable.
d.	involve a better quality even when quantity is reduced.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

You are studying for a string of five finals in a row, and you haven’t slept in the last two days. You will probably

a.	have trouble paying attention and have drooping eyelids.
b.	have trouble doing interesting and complex mental tasks.
c.	have increased pain tolerance.
d.	exhibit all of these characteristics.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Application

If you suffered a couple of days of sleep deprivation, which of the following would most likely occur?

a.	hallucinations and delusions
b.	loss of ability to pay attention and perform simple routine tasks
c.	loss of ability to to do interesting or complex mental tasks
d.	increased pain tolerance

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

The most common reactions to a sleep loss of two days would include all of the following EXCEPT

a.	having trouble doing interesting and complex mental tasks.
b.	having trouble doing simple or boring routines.
c.	having trouble paying attention and staying alert.
d.	being more susceptible to microsleeps.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

A momentary shift in brain wave activity to the pattern normally recorded during sleep is called

a.	REM sleep.
b.	NREM sleep.
c.	microsleep.
d.	waking sleep.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 KEY: www

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Microsleeps occur most often

a.	in Stage 3 sleep.
b.	just before one awakens in the morning.
c.	during sensory restriction treatment.
d.	due to sleep deprivation.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Regarding sleep loss and microsleeps, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	If a task is monotonous, no amount of sleep loss is safe from the occurrence of microsleeps.
b.	A hundred thousand automobile crashes every year are caused by sleepiness.
c.	Even if your eyes are open, you can fall asleep for a few seconds.
d.	Although humans exhibit microsleeps, lower animals, such as dog, cats, and rats do not experience them.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding sleep loss and microsleeps, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Sleep helps keep the brain healthy by regulating its temperature, conserving energy, and aiding brain development and repair.
b.	Most people who have not slept for a day or two can still do interesting or complex mental tasks
c.	Brief shifts in brain activity to the pattern normally recorded during sleep are called sleep apneas.
d.	Coffee can help sleepiness, but if one is struggling to stay awake while driving, it is best to stop and take a short nap.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Many automobile accidents are thought to occur during momentary shifts in brain activity called

a.	REM sleep.
b.	non-REM sleep.
c.	microsleep.
d.	sleep spindles.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Application

You are struggling to stay awake while driving and realize that you may have “dozed off” for a few seconds. This shift in your brain activity is called

a.	a sleep spindle.
b.	a microsleep.
c.	somnambulism.
d.	a sensory deprivation.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Application

The symptoms of a temporary sleep-deprivation psychosis include

a.	sudden, irresistible, daytime sleep attacks.
b.	hallucinations, delusions, and disorientation.
c.	episodes of sleep walking and sleep talking.
d.	narcolepsy and/or cataplexy.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

With extended periods of sleep deprivation (more than 60 hours), one would expect

a.	irreversible psychological damage.
b.	to experience hallucination, delusions, and disorientation.
c.	difficulty in getting to sleep.
d.	minor but lasting changes in mood and personality.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Prolonged sleep loss can cause a temporary condition characterized by confusion, hallucinations, delusions, and disorientation called temporary

a.	sleep apnea.
b.	microsleep.
c.	sleep deprivation psychosis.
d.	narcolepsy.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Under pressure to meet a deadline, a truck driver has just gone more than 60 hours without sleep. He has begun to experience sensations of movement in stationary objects. He apparently has

a.	damaged the retinas of his eyes due to eye strain.
b.	undergone a change in muscle tension affection his kinesthetic sense.
c.	reached the first stages of temporary sleep-deprivation psychosis.
d.	upset the vestibular system through excessive exposure to road vibration.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Application

Concerning temporary sleep deprivation psychosis, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Going without sleep for even 24 hours can lead to temporary sleep-deprivation psychosis.
b.	If you go without sleep for 32 hours, it usually only takes one good night of sleep to erase the effects of the sleep loss.
c.	Hallucinations and delusions rarely appear before 60 hours of wakefulness.
d.	Temporary sleep-deprivation psychosis involves a temporary loss of contact with reality.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

One’s natural sleep need

a.	changes with one’ mood and physical activity.
b.	is indicated when one can wake without an alarm clock and feel rested.
c.	is really nine hours for all adults.
d.	is really six hours for all adults.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Concept

If you are sleeping fewer hours than your natural sleep need, then you

a.	are at risk for developing chronic sleep deprivation psychosis.
b.	have trained yourself to be a short sleeper.
c.	are building a sleep debt.
d.	most likely have chronic insomnia that needs to be treated.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Concept

The ordering and duration of daily sleep and waking periods are known as

a.	meridian rhythms.
b.	sleep patterns.
c.	REM cycles.
d.	sleep stages.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

The rhythms of sleep and waking

a.	coincide with cycles of the moon.
b.	are considerably shorter than 24 hours.
c.	are a little over 24 hours long.
d.	average around 36 hours.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Our sleep rhythms are tied to an exact 24-hour day because

a.	the time of peak activity is invariant from person to person.
b.	they are tied to external time markers like light and dark.
c.	they have adapted to technological improvements made in the last century.
d.	everyone needs at least 8 hours of sleep every night.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Which of the following is an external marker that helps us set up 24-hour sleep rhythms?

a.	hunger
b.	employment
c.	light and darkness
d.	lunar patterns

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

When a person is shut off from the world, such that he or she cannot even tell what time it is by light or dark for a few weeks, this person’s sleep-waking cycle

a.	stays exactly as it was since this cycle is innate and cannot be modified.
b.	shortens to an average of about 20 hours.
c.	lengthens to almost 25 hours.
d.	becomes completely disrupted.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Application

Regarding sleep patterns, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Short sleepers average five hours of sleep or less per night, while long sleepers sleep nine hours or more.
b.	A few rare individuals can get by on an hour or two of sleep a night and feel perfectly fine.
c.	Infants spend up to 20 hours a day sleeping, usually in two- to four-hour cycles.
d.	Those over the age of 50 average about nine hours of sleep a night.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

When you were in high school, you used to sleep 14 hours per night on the weekends. If you did this every night, you would be appropriately called a(n)

a.	lucid sleeper.
b.	insomniac.
c.	hypersomniac.
d.	long sleeper.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Application

A middle-aged housewife tells her physician that she has always slept nine to ten hours a night and wonders if something is wrong with her. She should be

a.	urged to reduce her sleep time to six hours, which is normal for adults.
b.	urged to reduce her sleep time to eight hours, which is normal for adults.
c.	assured that this sleep pattern is within acceptable, normal limits.
d.	given medication to improve the quality of her sleep and thus reduce the amount of time she spends in sleep.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Application

How many hours of sleep do the majority of adults get per night?

a.	five hours
b.	seven to eight hours
c.	ten hours
d.	twelve hours

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Compared to young adults, adults over 50 get

a.	more sleep.
b.	less sleep.
c.	about the same amount of sleep.
d.	an average of eight hours of sleep per night rather than six.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

How many hours of sleep do adults over the age 50 average?

a.	four
b.	six
c.	eight
d.	ten

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Throughout the lifespan, total sleep time

a.	decreases as we get older.
b.	increases as we get older.
c.	decreases then increases after age 50.
d.	remains the same throughout life.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Infants sleep

a.	in six to eight-hour cycles.
b.	12 hours a day.
c.	in two to four-hour cycles.
d.	in totally irregular patterns.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

In a newborn infant, one could expect total sleep time each day to approach

a.	24 hours.
b.	20 hours.
c.	12 hours.
d.	eight hours.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Taking a midafternoon nap

a.	is indicative of a person with insomnia.
b.	are not really restful.
c.	can help people in occupations that require long periods of alertness.
d.	are only beneficial to the very young and the very old.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Midafternoon sleepiness

a.	is a natural part of the sleep cycle.
b.	should not occur after infancy.
c.	is only common among the elderly.
d.	indicates that the person is getting poor quality of sleep at night.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Most studies of sleep patterns show

a.	a consistent ratio of three to one between time awake and time asleep.
b.	that it is unhealthy for anyone to sleep less than six hours a day.
c.	that midafternoon sleepiness is a natural part of the sleep cycle.
d.	they are innate and unchangeable.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Concept

A person on a cycle of three hours of sleep to six hours awake

a.	is exhibiting the natural sleep pattern.
b.	has adapted to a longer-than-normal sleep pattern.
c.	will have difficulty getting to sleep when the cycle calls for it.
d.	would be characterized by all of these.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Concept

The natural sleep pattern has a ratio of between time awake and time asleep that is

a.	one to one.
b.	two to one.
c.	three to one.
d.	undetermined.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding sleep patterns, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	One study showed that 28-hour “days” work for some people.
b.	Astronauts continue to sleep on their normal earth schedule while in space.
c.	The natural sleep pattern has a ratio of two to one between time awake and time asleep.
d.	Adapting to shorter-than-normal days is more promising than adapting to longer-than-normal days.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following BEST describes the stability of sleep cycles?

a.	They are innate so they cannot be modified.
b.	They are innate but can be modified somewhat.
c.	They are entirely learned, but once set are difficult to modify.
d.	They are entirely learned and therefore easily modified.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Concept

The shortening of one’s sleep-waking cycles is not recommended because sleep

a.	cycles cannot be altered by external factors.
b.	is an innate biological rhythm.
c.	is set by number of unchanging external markers.
d.	must match a three to one ratio of time awake and time asleep.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Sleep is sometimes referred to as “a gentle tyrant” because

it is an innate biological rhythm that can be modified only slightly.

sleep patterns are innate and cannot be changed.

. sleep patterns vary from culture to culture.

one requires more and more sleep as they age.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Which of the following is MOST IMPORTANT in the physiological control of sleep?

a.	brain circuits and brain chemicals
b.	the somatic nervous system
c.	external markers for sleep and wakefulness
d.	sleep-promotoing substances in the blood stream

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Whether you are awake or asleep right now depends on

a.	number of hours since one’s last intake of food.
b.	sleep-promoting substances in the blood stream.
c.	external markers for sleep and wakefulness.
d.	balance between separate sleep and waking system.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding sleep, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

a.	Sleep is caused by the accumulation of chemicals in the blood.
b.	Whether one is awake or asleep depends on the balance between separate sleep and waking systems.
c.	The brain tends to “shut down” during sleep with brain activity decreasing dramatically.
d.	All of these statements are true.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Concept

EEG records indicate that during sleep the brain

a.	increases its activity.
b.	changes its pattern of activity.
c.	reduces its activity.
d.	shuts down.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Sleep activity is usually measured using a(n)

a.	EEG.
b.	MRI.
c.	PET scanner.
d.	fetoscope.

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

In sleep labs, changes in tiny electrical signals generated by the brain are usually amplified and recorded with

a.	electroencephalography.
b.	magnetic resonance imaging.
c.	positron emission tomography.
d.	computed tomographic scanning.

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

The pattern of EEG waves present when one is awake and alert is characterized by __________ waves.

a.	alpha
b.	beta
c.	delta
d.	theta

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Beta waves are characteristic in the EEG of a person who is

a.	dreaming.
b.	asleep but not dreaming.
c.	awake and alert.
d.	in Stage 2 sleep.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

John’s EEG pattern as he reads his textbook indicates that he’s alert and awake. This means that his brain is generating __________ waves.

a.	alpha
b.	beta
c.	theta
d.	delta

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Application

The drowsiness one feels immediately before sleep would be characterized by somewhat larger and slower waves than when one was awake and alert. These slower waves are called __________ waves.

a.	alpha
b.	beta
c.	delta
d.	spindle

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Casey finds Dr. Madison’s psychology lecture to be boring and uninteresting. Gradually, his muscles relax and his thoughts begin to drift. This very relaxed but wakeful state is associated with _______ brain waves.

a.	alpha
b.	beta
c.	theta
d.	delta

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Application

Relaxation exercises, recommended for stress management, produce a relaxed, though still awake state, characterized by __________ waves.

a.	alpha
b.	beta
c.	delta
d.	omega

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Application

Levels of sleep identified by brain-wave patterns and behavioral changes are referred to as

a.	sleep stages.
b.	sleep rhythms.
c.	biological rhythms.
d.	ASCs.

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which waves are characteristic of Stage 1 or light sleep?

a.	beta waves
b.	large regular waves with some sleep spindles
c.	small irregular waves with some alpha waves
d.	delta waves

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

While you are watching TV, your mind begins to drift and you become increasingly drowsy. You know the television is on, but you cannot distinguish which program is on. Then, your friend says, “You’re asleep.” You quickly state, “No, I’m not,” but you really were. The sleep stage described would be

a.	REM sleep.
b.	Stage 1 of NREM sleep.
c.	Stage 2 of NREM sleep.
d.	Stage 3 of NREM sleep.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Application

As the muscles in your body relax during Stage 1 sleep, the reflex muscle twitch that may happen is called

a.	an autonomic cramp.
b.	a hypnic jerk.
c.	the restless leg syndrome.
d.	the hypnogogic image syndrome.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

A hypnic jerk usually occurs during

a.	light sleep.
b.	deep sleep.
c.	episodes of hypersomnia.
d.	episodes of sleep apnea.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

You have gotten into bed with your muscles being to relax when all of a sudden, you “jump” in this light sleep and awaken. You have most likely experienced

a.	cataplexy.
b.	a hypnogogic image episode.
c.	somnambulism.
d.	a hypnic jerk.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following is a correct match?

a.	Stage 1—delta waves
b.	Stage 2—sleep spindles
c.	Stage 3—beta waves
d.	Stage 4—alpha waves

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Short bursts of brain activity in Stage 2 sleep are called

a.	delta waves.
b.	recurrent beta waves.
c.	sleep spindles.
d.	cortical waves.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

The true boundary of sleep is marked by the presence of

a.	alpha waves.
b.	beta waves.
c.	sleep spindles.
d.	a hypnic jerk.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Most people will say they were asleep within four minutes after ______ appear.

a.	alpha waves
b.	beta waves
c.	sleep spindles
d.	a hypnic jerk

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Carla’s sleep is being monitored in a research lab. The assistant notices that Carla’s EEG shows a high presence of sleep spindles. It can be concluded that Carla is in

a.	REM.
b.	Stage 1 of NREM.
c.	Stage 2 of NREM.
d.	Stage 3 of NREM.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Application

Sleep spindles usually first appear in stage ____ sleep.

a.	1
b.	2
c.	3
d.	4

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Delta waves will first appear in

a.	NREM stage 1.
b.	NREM stage 2.
c.	NREM stage 3.
d.	REM.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

During Stage 3 NREM,

a.	delta waves first begin to appear.
b.	sleep spindles occur.
c.	people tend to experience hypnic jerks.
d.	people tend to experience nightmares.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Stage 3 NREM and Stage 4 NREM

a.	show delta waves.
b.	are called paradoxical sleep.
c.	consist of mostly beta waves and a few sleep spindles.
d.	occur only during the last half of the night.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Concept

A hour after you go to sleep, a loud noise awakens you. You emerge from sleep totally confused and do not remember the loud noise. You were in which stage of sleep?

a.	Stage 1
b.	Stage 2
c.	Stage 3
d.	Stage 4

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Application

Most people reach deep sleep (Stage 4) in about

a.	10 minutes.
b.	25 minutes.
c.	40 minutes.
d.	one hour.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

As a sleep researcher is monitoring you, he notices that your brain waves are showing almost all delta waves. He awakens you at this point, and you awaken in a complete state of confusion. You are most likely in which stage of sleep?

a.	Stage 4 of NREM
b.	REM sleep
c.	Stage 2 of NREM
d.	Stage 1 of NREM

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Application

Which of the following is a correct match?

a.	Stage 1—sleep spindles
b.	Stage 2—beta waves
c.	Stage 3—hypnic jerk
d.	Stage 4—delta waves

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding the stages of sleep, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Most wave types are present at all times, but they occur more or less frequently in various sleep stages.
b.	In Stage 3, a new brain wave called beta waves begins to appear.
c.	Most people reach deep sleep in about one hour.
d.	Fluctuations in sleep hormones cause recurring cycles of deeper and lighter sleep throughout the night.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

After spending some time in Stage 4, the sleeper usually

a.	returns to Stage 3, then Stage 2, then Stage 1.
b.	returns directly to Stage 2.
c.	returns directly to Stage 1.
d.	awakens directly from Stage 4.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Shifts between deeper and lighter sleep

a.	skip sleep stages.
b.	occur just once per night unless the sleeper is suddenly awakened.
c.	occur throughout the night.
d.	are the first sign of sleep deprivation.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Concerning the nature of sleep, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	A sleeper upon reaching Stage 4 sleep will remain in this stage for the duration of the night.
b.	A sleeper’s EEG patterns in REM sleep are similar to Stage 1 EEG patterns.
c.	A person will shift between deeper and lighter sleep throughout the night.
d.	A person’s REM sleep is associated with dreaming.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

REM is the acronym that stands for

a.	retinal equilibrium motion.
b.	random eye movement.
c.	rapid eye movement.
d.	retinal eye motion.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Gretchen is watching her infant McKenzie sleep. Gretchen notes that McKenzie’s eyes dart back and forth beneath her eyelids. This suggests that McKenzie is

a.	experiencing sleep spindles.
b.	dreaming.
c.	in Stage 4 sleep.
d.	experiencing delta waves.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Application

During a sleep lab session, Miguel’s EEG patterns show that his brain is so active that he looks like he is awake, but the sleep lab attendant verifies that Miguel is indeed asleep. Miguel is exhibiting

a.	sleep spindles.
b.	REM sleep.
c.	night terrors.
d.	somnambulism.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *, www

MSC: TYPE: Application

Which of the following sleep phenomena could be detected without the aid of an EEG machine by watching a person’s face and eyelids?

a.	Stage 2 sleep
b.	REM sleep
c.	Stage 3 sleep
d.	sleep spindles

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Research suggests that the two most basic states of sleep are

a.	alpha sleep and beta sleep.
b.	conscious sleep and unconscious sleep.
c.	REM sleep and non-REM sleep.
d.	REM sleep and paradoxical sleep.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

NREM sleep consists of

a.	Stages 1 and 2 sleep.
b.	Stages 3 and 4 sleep.
c.	Stage 1, 2, and 3 sleep only.
d.	Stages 1, 2, 3 and 4 sleep.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which theory/hypothesis states that NREM sleep “calms” the brain, while REM sleep “sharpens” our memories of the previous day’s more important experiences?

a.	activation-synthesis theory
b.	neurocognition theory
c.	dual process hypothesis
d.	sensory gating hypothesis

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Throughout the day, our neural networks become more and more active, requiring more and more energy. Then, slow wave sleep early in the night brings overall brain activation levels back down so the brain is refreshed and less important memories fade, according to which theory/hypothesis?

a.	activation-synthesis theory
b.	neurocognition theory
c.	dual process hypothesis
d.	biological biasing hypothesis

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

The dual process hypothesis of sleep describes

a.	how the slow wave sleep early in the night brings activation levels down so the brain can be refreshed and less important memories can fade.
b.	how random activity in lower brain centers results in the manufacture of relatively bizarre dreams by higher brain centers.
c.	how dreams reflect everyday waking thoughts and emotions.
d.	why a dreamer feels awake and capable or normal thoughts and actions.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

According to the dual process hypothesis of sleep, which of the following “calms” the brain during the earlier part of a night’s sleep?

a.	NREM sleep
b.	REM sleep
c.	beta waves
d.	alpha waves

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

According to the dual process hypothesis of sleep, which of the following “sharpens” our memories of the previous day’s more important experiences?

a.	NREM sleep
b.	REM sleep
c.	delta waves
d.	somnambulism

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Dreams can occur in

a.	REM sleep.
b.	NREM sleep.
c.	both REM and NREM sleep.
d.	none of these.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding NREM sleep, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Dreamless slow-wave NREM sleep increases after physical exertion.
b.	NREM sleep is dream free about 90 percent of the time.
c.	NREM sleep occurs during stages 1, 2, 3, and 4.
d.	NREM is deepest late in the night during the last stage 4 periods.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding REM sleep, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	REM sleep has a fast, irregular EEG pattern similar to Stage 1 sleep.
b.	When measured by an EEG, the brain during REM sleep looks as if the person is awake.
c.	Physical exertion tends to increase REM sleep.
d.	REM sleep helps us sort and retain memories, especially memories about strategies for solving problems.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Daytime stress tends to increase ______ sleep.

a.	REM
b.	NREM stage 2
c.	NREM stage 3
d.	NREM stage 4

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Physical exertion tends to increase

a.	REM sleep.
b.	NREM sleep.
c.	hypersomnia.
d.	nightmares.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following is likely to increase NREM sleep?

a.	physical exertion
b.	taking a test
c.	studying for a test
d.	none of these

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Concept

A very stressful day is likely to increase the amount of

a.	episodes of sleep apnea.
b.	microsleeps.
c.	NREM sleep.
d.	REM sleep.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Carrie is extremely worried about her job. There are rumors of the company planning to downsize, and Carrie’s boss has been fussing at everyone she encounters. With this situation, we can expect Carrie to be experiencing

a.	less REM sleep.
b.	more REM sleep.
c.	more NREM sleep.
d.	more sleep spindles.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Application

Regarding REM and NREM sleep, which of the following statements is TRUE?

a.	Daytime stress can increase NREM sleep.
b.	Physical exertion can increase REM sleep.
c.	NREM sleep is deepest early in the night during the first stage 4 periods.
d.	Mammals, such as dogs and cats, and newborn babies do not show REM sleep.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following dramatically increases when there is a death in the family, trouble at work, a marital conflict, or other emotionally-charged events?

a.	deep sleep delta waves
b.	beta waves and sleep spindles
c.	NREM sleep
d.	REM sleep

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Concerning REM and NREM sleep, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	NREM sleep is dream-free about 90 percent of the time.
b.	Your first period of Stage 1 sleep usually lacks REMs and dreams.
c.	Brain areas associated with imagery and emotion become significantly less active during REM sleep.
d.	REM sleep may stimulate the developing brain in newborn babies.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Concerning REM sleep, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Newborn babies spend eight or nine hours a day in REM sleep, which is 50 percent of their total sleep time.
b.	After studying for a long period, you will remember more if you pull an all-nighter studying than if you go to sleep.
c.	Brain areas associated with imagery and emotion become significantly more active during REM sleep.
d.	All mammals show REM sleep, but reptiles show no signs of REM sleep.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Concerning REM sleep, which of the following statements is TRUE?

a.	People who are born blind do not experience REM sleep.
b.	Dreams during REM sleep tend to be longer, clearer, more detailed, more bizarre, and more “dream-like” than thoughts and images that occur in NREM sleep.
c.	Roughly 85 percent of the time, people awakened during REM sleep report having no dreams.
d.	REM sleep is shown in reptiles, such as snakes and iguanas.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Concerning REM sleep, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Roughly 85 percent of the time, people awakened during REM sleep report having vivid dreams.
b.	After studying for a long period, you will remember more if you go to sleep than if you pull an all-nighter.
c.	REM sleep is a combination of sleep spindles and very deep delta waves.
d.	People who are born blind experience REM sleep.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Compared to NREM, dreams in REM tend to be

a.	shorter.
b.	more rational and reality-based.
c.	clearer and more detailed.
d.	characterized by all of these.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Compared to REM, dreams in NREM tend to be

a.	longer.
b.	more bizarre and “dream-like.”
c.	clearer and more detailed.
d.	have none of these characteristics.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following occurs during REM sleep?

a.	irregular heart rate and blood pressure
b.	delta waves
c.	increased voluntary muscle movement
d.	sleepwalking

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of dream sleep?

a.	irregular heart rate and blood pressure
b.	sexual arousal
c.	increased voluntary muscle movement
d.	rapid eye movements

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding REM sleep, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Major voluntary muscles are paralyzed during REM sleep.
b.	Males and females display sexual arousal during all REM sleep.
c.	People usually dream as soon as they enter Stage 1 sleep.
d.	REM sleep is associated with emotional arousal.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Observing a subject who is in REM sleep, a researcher can conclude that the subject will exhibit all of the following characteristics EXCEPT

a.	vivid dreaming.
b.	sexual arousal.
c.	voluntary muscle paralysis.
d.	delta waves.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Application

A person in a sleep lab is showing emotional arousal, blood pressure changes, and sexual arousal, which all primarily occur during

a.	REM sleep.
b.	NREM sleep.
c.	delta sleep.
d.	Stage 4 sleep.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Application

During sleep, which of the following prevents you from acting out your recent dreams?

a.	lucid dreaming
b.	REM-sleep paralysis
c.	REM behavior disorder
d.	somnambulism

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

The disorder that is characterized by a failure of normal muscle paralysis, leading to violent actions during REM sleep, is called

a.	periodic limb movement syndrome.
b.	restless legs syndrome.
c.	REM behavior disorder.
d.	sleep terror disorder.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

While dreaming, your roommate jumps up and thrashes around violently. Your roommate is suffering from

a.	restless legs syndrome.
b.	REM behavior disorder.
c.	narcolepsy.
d.	sleep apnea.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Application

Carlos suffers from REM behavior disorder, which means that Carlos

a.	experiences REM rebound with vivid nightmares.
b.	snores loudly, holds his breath, and then gasps for air.
c.	lacks muscle paralysis, which allows him to thrash about and act out his dreams.
d.	is having sudden, irresistible, daytime sleep attacks.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Application

Sleep paralysis that occurs just as we begin to wake up may produce bizarre experiences in which people may feel something pressing on their chests or think there are space aliens, angels, or demons in the room with them This describes

a.	hypnopompic hallucinations.
b.	narcolepsy.
c.	lucid dreaming.
d.	a nightmare disorder.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Barnard tells his therapist that upon awakening from sleep, he could not move or call out for help. As he struggled to move, he felt alien presences standing over him whispering. Within a few seconds, he is able to move and realizes the frightening “whispering” was probably from his clock radio as it went off. However, this frightening episode has occurred several times this month. Barnard most likely experienced

a.	REM rebound.
b.	paradoxical hallucinations.
c.	hypnopompic hallucinations.
d.	lucid dreaming.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Application

Carrie tells a tabloid news reporter that she had been abducted by aliens. She relates how she awoke in the morning only to find herself paralyzed, hears buzzing sounds, and feels electrical sensations throughout her body. She then becomes aware of figures lurking in your room and then sees vague images of alien beings. When she was a young child, she thought they were angels or fairies. Carrie is most likely experiencing

a.	REM behavior disorder.
b.	hypnopompic hallucinations.
c.	REM rebound.
d.	narcolepsy.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Application

Regarding episodes that occur during sleep paralysis, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	During these episodes, some people who have sleep-related hallucinations believe they have been abducted by space aliens or sexually abused.
b.	Earlier in history, people interpreted the hallucinated intruders in these episodes as angels, demons, or witches.
c.	During these episodes, the hallucinations people experience are called hypnopompic hallucinations, which means “upon awakening.”
d.	A person who experiences the hallucinations, bizarre suffocating, or “out-of-body” experiences while in sleep paralysis have a condition known as REM behavior disorder.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

TRUE/FALSE

In their studies of the brain and behavior, psychologists adopt an objective, third-person point of view.

ANS: T DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Everyone experiences some altered states of consciousness every day.

ANS: T DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Each of us will spend approximately 25 years of life asleep.

ANS: T DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Some people can learn very complex tasks while asleep, such as learning a foreign language.

ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

If you go without sleep for 32 hours, you will need to then sleep 32 hours straight to recover.

ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Concept

As a sleep researcher is monitoring you, he notices that your brain waves are showing almost all delta waves. He awakens you at this point, and you awaken in a complete state of confusion. You are most likely in REM sleep.

ANS: F DIF: Difficult REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Application

Most people’s major muscles are paralyzed during REM sleep.

ANS: T DIF: Difficult REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Fact

A person who has bizarre experiences upon awakening, such as sensing that an alien being is in his or her bedroom, the person is exhibiting the condition known as REM behavior disorder.

ANS: F DIF: Difficult REF: Module 5.1 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Application

COMPLETION

One thing that cocaine, “highway hypnosis,” high fever, and meditation all have in common is that they produce __________ of consciousness.

ANS: altered states

DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 KEY: * MSC: TYPE: Concept

Several men are chanting rhythmically while sitting in darkness inside a small chamber heated by coals and will periodically throw the door open and allow cooling night breezes to rush in. These men are taking part in a ritual of the Sioux Indians known as the __________ ceremony.

ANS: sweat lodge

DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 KEY: * MSC: TYPE: Concept

Arthur has been driving for almost ten hours straight, and he is tired and drowsy. He

momentarily falls asleep for a few seconds. Arthur has experienced a(n) __________.

ANS: microsleep

DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 KEY: * MSC: TYPE: Application

After 60 hours without sleep, a person may suffer from confusion, disorientation, delusions, and mild hallucinations, a condition known as temporary __________.

ANS:

sleep-deprivation psychosis

sleep deprivation psychosis

DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 KEY: * MSC: TYPE: Concept

The pattern of EEG waves present when one is awake and alert is characterized by __________ waves.

ANS: beta

DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 KEY: * MSC: TYPE: Fact

Short bursts of brain activity in Stage 2 sleep are called __________.

ANS: sleep spindles

DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 KEY: * MSC: TYPE: Fact

The type of sleep that is dream free about 90 percent of the time and is deepest early in the night during the first few stage 4 periods is _________ sleep.

ANS: NREM

DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 KEY: * MSC: TYPE: Fact

ESSAY

Concerning altered states of consciousness, (a) describe characteristics of an altered state of consciousness, (b) describe some everyday situations in which people experience these altered states, and (c) describe the intentional uses and meanings of the altered states within another culture.

ANS:

Answer will include that during an altered state of consciousness (ASC) changes occur in the quality and pattern of mental activity. Typically there are distinct shifts in perceptions, emotions, memories, time sense, thoughts, feelings of self-control, and suggestibility. Some everyday situations in which people experience ASCs are sleep, dreaming, daydreaming, highway hypnotism, high fever, sleep loss, drug intoxication, and hyperventilation. All cultures and most religions recognize and accept some alterations of consciousness. Many cultures regard ASCs as a pathway to personal enlightenment. Examples are the Yoga practices of Hindu mystics, the dances of the Whirling Dervishes of Turkey, and the sweat lodges of the Sioux.

DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Concerning the need for sleep, (a) describe the average range and the differences in short and long sleepers’ sleep hours, (b) explain why adolescents need more sleep and why they tend to show hypersomnia, and (c) describe how aging affects the sleep patterns of adults.

ANS:

Answer will include that the answer to: (a): The average number of hours of sleep is seven to eight hours with short sleepers showing an average of five hours and long sleepers averaging nine hours. Answer (b) will include that the rapid growth and physical changes during puberty increase the need for sleep but the quality and quantity of sleep time tends to decrease during the teen years as they try to stay up late and then become excessively sleepy at school. Answer (c) will include that older people rarely get the sleep they need with those over age 50 averaging only 6 hours.

DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.1 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Your psychology instructor states that during a night of sleep, a person goes through cycles of light and deep sleep, while also experiencing bodily changes. Using a description of the stages of NREM and REM, describe a night of sleep, including the type of brain waves present and the characteristics of each NREM and the characteristics of REM sleep.

ANS:

Answer will include that as the eyes close, breathing becomes slow and regular, the pulse rate slows, and body temperature drops. Soon after, four separate sleep stages occur. NREM Stage 1: As you enter light sleep, your heart rate slows even more. Breathing becomes more irregular. The muscles of your body relax. This may trigger a reflex muscle twitch called a hypnic jerk. In Stage 1 sleep the EEG is made up mainly of small, irregular waves with some alpha. Persons awakened at this time may or may not say they were asleep. NREM Stage 2: As sleep deepens, body temperature drops further. Also, the EEG begins to include sleep spindles, which are short burst of distinctive brain-wave activity. Spindles seem to mark the true boundary of sleep. Within four minutes after spindles appear, most people will say they were asleep. NREM Stage 3: In Stage 3, a new brain wave called delta begins to appear. Delta waves are very large and slow. They signal a move to deeper sleep and a further loss of consciousness. NREM Sage 4: Most people reach deep sleep in about an hour. Stage 4 brain waves are almost pure delta and the sleeper is in a state of oblivion. If awakened in this stage, the sleeper will wake up in a state of confusion and may not remember what awakened them. After spending some time in Stage 4, the sleep returns through Stages 3 and 2 to stage 1. This return to Stage 1 is usually accompanied by rapid eye movement and REM dream sleep. Then, the sleeper will descend back through Stages 2, 3, 4, then back through 3, 2, and 1 with a second REM sleep state occurring. This pattern will repeat four to five times during a normal night of sleep. REM sleep (dream sleep) is a time of high emotion. The heart beats irregularly. Blood pressure and breathing waver. Both males and females appear to be sexually aroused with males usually having an erection and genital blood flow increasing in women. During REM sleep the body becomes quite still, as if you were paralyzed, which keeps one from acting out their dreams.

DIF: Difficult REF: Module 5.1 KEY: www MSC: TYPE: Concept

Question Grid by Type

Module 5.1: States of Consciousness and Sleep	Question Type	Fact	Concept	Application
States of Consciousness—The Many Faces of Awareness	Multiple Choice	2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23	5, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18	1
	True/False	2	1
	Completion		1, 2
	Essay		1
Sleep—Catching a Few ZZZ’s	Multiple Choice	24, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 35, 37, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 50, 51, 52, 54, 57, 58, 60, 62, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 75, 76	25, 26, 30, 32, 36, 39, 40, 45, 55, 56, 59, 71, 72, 73, 74, 77, 78, 79	27, 38, 41, 48, 49, 53, 61, 63, 64
	True/False	3, 4, 5
	Completion		4	3
	Essay		2
Stages of Sleep—The Nightly Roller-Coaster	Multiple Choice	80, 81, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 92, 93, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 103, 104, 108, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 118, 119, 120, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 148, 154	82, 89, 105, 106, 121, 122, 123, 131, 132, 147, 151	88, 90, 91, 94, 102, 107, 109, 116, 117, 133, 145, 146, 149, 150, 152, 153
	True/False	7		6, 8
	Completion	5, 6, 7
	Essay		3

Chapter 5: States of Consciousness

Module 5.2

MULTIPLE CHOICE

Artificial lighting, hectic schedules, smoking, and drinking are factors that have

a.	led to the development of narcolepsy in younger people.
b.	led to an increase in lucid dreaming.
c.	contributed to a near epidemic of sleep problems.
d.	resulted in the abnormal occurrence of hypnic jerks during sleep.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding sleep disturbances, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Sleep disturbances have been shown to pose a serious risk to one’s physical health.
b.	Sleep disturbances have not been shown to have any effect on one’s happiness or emotional well-being.
c.	Sleep clinics treat thousands of people each year who suffer from sleep disorders or sleep complaints.
d.	Artificial lighting, exciting pastimes, and hectic schedules have contributed to a near epidemic of sleep problems.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Sharon seems depressed and just wants to nap all the time during the day. She is exhibiting symptoms of the sleep disturbance known as

a.	sleep drunkness.
b.	sleep apnea.
c.	hypersomnia.
d.	sleep-wake schedule disorder.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Application

Which of the following refers to excessive daytime sleepiness and can result from depression, insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, and drug abuse?

a.	somnambulism
b.	REM behavior disorder
c.	hypersomnia
d.	sleep-wake schedule disorder

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

In which sleep disturbance does the person suffer from muscle twitches, primarily in the legs, that occur every 20 to 40 seconds, severely interrupting his or her sleep?

a.	narcolepsy
b.	somnambulism
c.	hypnic jerk syndrome
d.	periodic limb movement syndrome

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Jorge has trouble sleeping at night because his leg muscles seem to twitch every 20 to 40 seconds, severely disturbing his sleep. His doctor diagnosed

a.	narcolepsy.
b.	somnambulism.
c.	hypnic jerk syndrome.
d.	periodic limb movement syndrome.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Application

In which sleep disturbance do people have an irresistible urge to move their legs to relieve sensations of creeping, tingling, prickling, aching, or tension?

a.	hypnic jerk syndrome
b.	somnambulism
c.	restless legs syndrome
d.	narcolepsy

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

As Ed is falling asleep, his legs begin to tingle and then to ache. In order to relieve this painful prickly sensation, he begins to move his legs. This happens several times during the night, dramatically disturbing his sleep. Ed’s sleep problem is most likely

a.	hypnic jerk syndrome.
b.	somnambulism.
c.	restless legs syndrome.
d.	REM behavior disorder.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Application

Sleep drunkenness is associated with

a.	alcohol use.
b.	chronic insomnia.
c.	excessive daytime sleepiness.
d.	being slow to wake up and displaying irritability or aggressiveness.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Ivan has always been very slow to wake up in the morning, and you really want to stay out of his way until he has time to pull himself together, drink his morning coffee, and read the newspaper. This is characteristic of someone with

a.	sleep-wake schedule disorder.
b.	sleep drunkenness.
c.	hypersomnia.
d.	narcolepsy.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Application

Sleep terror disorder involves the repeated occurrence of

a.	nightmares.
b.	narcolepsy episodes.
c.	sleep apnea episodes.
d.	none of these.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

A mismatch between a person’s circadian rhythm and the demands of the environment result in

a.	sleep-wake schedule disorder.
b.	narcolepsy.
c.	nightmares.
d.	sleep apnea.

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Jet lag and changes in shift work would most likely precipitate which sleep disturbance?

a.	narcolepsy
b.	sleep apnea
c.	sleep drunkness
d.	sleep-wake schedule disorder

ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Concept

A person suffering from insomnia has a sleep problem characterized by

a.	difficulty in going and staying asleep.
b.	sudden, irresistible attacks of sleepiness.
c.	night terrors and sleep talking.
d.	a failure of normal muscle paralysis during REM sleep.

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

A sleep disturbance in which one awakens several times during the night and has difficulty returning to sleep is

a.	narcolepsy.
b.	sleep apnea.
c.	somnambulism.
d.	insomnia.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding insomnia, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	About 60 million Americans have frequent or chronic insomnia.
b.	Insomnia can harm people’s work, health, and relationships.
c.	If sleep problems last for more than one week, then a diagnosis of chronic insomnia can be made.
d.	If you have insomnia, it is usually best to get up and do something useful or satisfying until you feel that you are struggling to stay awake.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

According to your textbook, the three types of insomnia are

a.	temporary, chronic, drug-dependency.
b.	temporary, transient, long-term.
c.	acute, chronic, and crucial.
d.	organic, functional, and chronic.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which type of insomnia is caused by worry, stress, or excitement, is characterized by excess mental activity and heightened arousal, leading to frustration, and is best dealt with by getting up and doing something useful or satisfying?

a.	cyclic insomnia
b.	temporary insomnia
c.	chronic insomnia
d.	drug-dependency insomnia

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Temporary insomnia is most often caused by

a.	the use of non-prescription sleeping pills.
b.	worry, stress, and excitement.
c.	the use of prescribed sedatives.
d.	eating starchy foods before going to bed.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Getting up and doing something useful works best in combating __________ insomnia.

a.	temporary
b.	chronic
c.	cyclic
d.	drug-dependency

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

When a person has sleeping difficulties that last for more than three weeks, their insomnia is referred to as __________ insomnia.

a.	temporary
b.	chronic
c.	drug-dependency
d.	stimulus-control

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Ever since Agnes lost her husband six months ago, she has been unable to sleep through the night even though she is tired when she goes to bed. This type of insomnia is called __________ insomnia.

a.	rebound
b.	chronic
c.	transient
d.	temporary

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Application

Which condition involves sleep loss caused by a withdrawal from sleeping pills, resulting in terrible nightmares and “rebound insomnia” unless the person starts taking the sleeping pills again?

a.	narcolepsy
b.	drug-dependency insomnia
c.	sleep narcosis
d.	sleep drunkness

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Taking non-prescription drugs to fight insomnia is probably not a good idea because they

a.	have little or no sleep-inducing effect.
b.	suppress Stage 4 and dream sleep.
c.	interfere with normal sleep cycles.
d.	increase the frequency of microsleep.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Prescription sedatives tend to reduce the quality of sleep because they

a.	create paradoxical sleep.
b.	suppress peripheral neurological activity.
c.	decrease Stage 4 and REM sleep.
d.	eliminate Stage 2 sleep.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Concept

According to research on the use of sleeping pills to treat insomnia, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Nonprescription sleeping pills have little sleep-inducing effects.
b.	Prescription sedatives increase Stage 4 sleep and REM sleep.
c.	The use of prescription sedatives can lead to drug-dependency insomnia.
d.	Newer drugs, such as Ambien and Lunesta can induce sleep but can also cause amnesia, depression, and sleepwalking.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Your friend tells you that his doctor has just prescribed a sedative to combat persistent insomnia. He asks for your opinion about taking the sedative. You should advise him to

a.	take non-prescription sleeping pills instead.
b.	be aware of the danger of drug-dependency insomnia.
c.	expect occasional paradoxical sleep if he takes the sedative for an extended period.
d.	tell him to expect to act out some very bizarre dreams since sedatives can cause REM behavior disorder.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Application

The continued use of barbiturates to treat insomnia tends to cause

a.	a reduction in insomnia episodes.
b.	an increase in somnambulism.
c.	a dependency on the barbiturates.
d.	an increase in nocturnal enuresis.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Your friend Anna is suffering from insomnia. Which of the following would help Anna get a good night’s sleep?

a.	nonprescription sleeping pills
b.	barbiturates
c.	alcohol
d.	none of these

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Application

Side effects of the newer sleep medications, such as Ambien and Lunesta, include all of the following EXCEPT for

a.	amnesia and impaired judgment
b.	depression, increased appetite, and decreased sex drive
c.	sleepwalking and rebound insomnia
d.	sleep apnea and restless legs

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

The newer sleep medications, such as Ambien and Lunesta, should be considered

a.	ineffective in the treatment of insomnia.
b.	very effective in the treatment of insomnia with only minor side effects.
c.	a temporary remedy for insomnia.
d.	very effective but with potential life-threatening side effects, such as reduced red blood cell production.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

A treatment based on weaning someone off their sleeping pills is designed for persons having which type of insomnia?

a.	temporary insomnia
b.	chronic insomnia
c.	somatic insomnia
d.	drug-dependency insomnia

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Establishing a regular sleep schedule, eliminating caffeine, and treating depression (if present) is designed to combat __________ insomnia.

a.	temporary
b.	chronic
c.	somatic
d.	drug-dependency

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Concept

At a sleep lab, you learn to utilize sleep restriction and stimulus control techniques. You are most likely being treated for

a.	insomnia.
b.	narcolepsy.
c.	sleepwalking.
d.	REM behavior disorder.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Application

Using your bedroom for sleeping (instead of for studying, paying bills, etc.) is an example of the use of __________ to combat insomnia.

a.	sensory restriction
b.	the orienting response
c.	stimulus control
d.	the paradoxical intention

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Insisting on a regular schedule for sleep helps establish a firm body rhythm. This is best achieved by linking a response, such as sleeping with a specific stimulus, such as going to bed at a specific time, a technique known as

a.	sleep restriction.
b.	stimulus control.
c.	the relaxation response.
d.	the paradoxical intention.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Mandy has chronic insomnia. She has been told that it is important to get up and go to sleep at the same time each day, including weekends. She was also told to avoid studying, watching TV, reading, or doing anything but sleeping when she goes to bed. To treat insomnia, Mandy will be using

a.	sleep restriction.
b.	stimulus control.
c.	the relaxation response.
d.	the paradoxical intention.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Application

According to research done on sleep restriction, if one misses an entire night’s sleep, it is best to

a.	sleep late the next morning.
b.	nap during the day for more than an hour.
c.	restrict sleep to normal bedtime hours.
d.	go to bed early the following night.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following helps to avoid the fragmenting of sleep rhythms?

a.	using sleep restriction
b.	using the paradoxical intention
c.	exercising strenuously an hour before going to bed
d.	drinking a glass of wine before bed

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

The best advice to give a friend who has problems falling asleep is to

a.	try to make up for lost sleep the next day (by napping or going to bed early).
b.	have a glass of wine before trying to go to sleep.
c.	schedule time in the early evening to write down worries or concerns and what you will do about them the next day.
d.	do aerobics or calisthenics right before going to bed so you will be tired.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Application

The best advice to give a fellow student who has problems falling asleep is to

a.	avoid getting upset about this temporary insomnia and go in another room and do something useful, such as reading your textbook.
b.	lower your arousal levels by engaging in vigorous exercise.
c.	fast before going to bed.
d.	take a non-prescription sleeping pill.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Application

If your friend is using paradoxical intention to help overcome a problem, most likely he is contending with

a.	somnambulism.
b.	sleepwalking.
c.	inattention problems.
d.	insomnia.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Application

A technique for dealing with insomnia that involves a deliberate attempt to stay awake, which actually leads to producing sleep is called

a.	the paradoxical intention.
b.	stimulus control.
c.	progressive relaxation.
d.	cataplexy control.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Jacob is trying to go to sleep. So, he tries to keep his eyes open (in the dark) and stay awake as long as possible. This allows sleep to overtake him unexpectedly and lowers performance anxiety. This technique is known as

a.	stimulus control.
b.	sleep restriction.
c.	the paradoxical intention.
d.	the tryptophan effect.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Application

People with insomnia can lower their arousal level before sleep by using all of the following EXCEPT

a.	progressive muscle relaxation.
b.	meditation or blotting out worries with calming images.
c.	writing down worries or concerns and planning what to do about them the next day.
d.	exercising an hour before bedtime.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Exercise can promote sleep in all of the following situations EXCEPT engaging in

a.	strenuous exercise more than six hours before bedtime.
b.	strenuous exercise three hours before bedtime.
c.	light exercise three hours before bedtime
d.	light exercise six hours before bedtime.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

It has been found that what you eat can affect how easily you go to sleep. For example, eating which of the following types of foods increases the amount of tryptophan that reaches the brain and causes sleepiness?

a.	proteins
b.	citrus fruit juices
c.	starchy foods
d.	leafy green vegetables

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *, www

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Eating cookies, bread, pasta, oatmeal, or dry cereal as a snack before bed can increase sleepiness because it increases the amount of

a.	dopamine.
b.	norepinephrine.
c.	acetylcholine.
d.	tryptophan.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Relaxation, a positive mood, and sleepiness occurs when we eat starchy foods because these foods increase the amount of tryptophan and, in turn, increase

a.	epinephrine.
b.	glutamate.
c.	acetylcholine.
d.	serotonin.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

If Jamie has trouble sleeping, he usually gets up and munches on some cookies, pretzels, or dry cereal; and this seems to help him sleep. This sleep-inducing technique

a.	precipitates a placebo effect only.
b.	increases the amount of tryptophan reaching his brain and increases serotonin levels.
c.	is known as the paradoxical intention, since eating should prevent sleep.
d.	decreases the norepinephrine and dopamine levels in the brain, resulting in sleep.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Application

Lindsay is having trouble going to sleep. Which food would be recommended for her to eat or drink if she wanted to increase her intake of tryptophan?

a.	a baked potato
b.	a hamburger
c.	orange juice
d.	a glass of red wine

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Application

Larry is having trouble going to sleep. Which food would NOT be recommended for him to eat or drink if he wanted to increase his intake of tryptophan?

a.	a baked potato
b.	pasta
c.	orange juice
d.	cookies

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Application

Which of the following is NOT a behavioral remedy for insomnia?

a.	avoiding stimulants, such as caffeine and cigarettes
b.	drinking a glass of wine an hour before bedtime each night
c.	using progressive muscle relaxation
d.	engaging in light exercise six hours before bedtime

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following behaviors have somnambulists exhibited during sleep?

a.	cooking and eating
b.	driving a car and handling a weapon
c.	playing a musical instrument
d.	all of these .

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

The scientific name for the sleep disturbance of sleepwalking is

a.	somnambulism.
b.	narcolepsy.
c.	periodic limb movement disorder.
d.	sleep drunkness.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Somnambulists are individuals who

a.	are potential victims of sleep apnea.
b.	experience insomnia.
c.	have taken too many sleeping pills.
d.	walk in their sleep.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding sleepwalkers, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	The sleepwalker’s eyes are usually closed.
b.	The sleepwalker usually has a blank face and shuffles his or her feet.
c.	Awakening a sleepwalker does not harm, but it is not necessary.
d.	Sleepwalkers have been known to play a musical instrument, drive a car, or cook, while asleep.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

It is late at night, and David is studying for an exam. David looks up and sees his older brother Jeff standing in his doorway. David speaks to him but gets no response. Jeff’s eyes are open but he has a blank expression on his face; and Jeff shuffles his feet rather than walking normally. David follows him back to his room, and Jeff gets back into bed. David has just witnessed an episode of

a.	narcolepsy.
b.	somnambulism.
c.	REM behavior disorder.
d.	sleep terror disorder.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Application

Regarding sleepwalking, which of the following statements is TRUE?

a.	Sleepwalking occurs most often in association with narcolepsy.
b.	Sleepwalking is the outward expression of dream content.
c.	Sleepwalking occurs during Stage 3 and 4 sleep.
d.	Sleepwalking is known as somnambulism.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

EEGs have shown that sleepwalking occurs during

a.	NREM stage 1 or stage 2.
b.	NREM stage 3 or stage 4.
c.	sleep spindles.
d.	REM sleep.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding sleeptalking, which of the following statement is TRUE?

a.	Sleeptalking occurs only during light (Stage 1) sleep.
b.	Sleeptalking is the outward expression of dream content.
c.	Sleeptalking generally makes little sense.
d.	Sleeptalking occurs most often occurs during REM sleep.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

The reason that sleeptalking makes little sense and why sleepwalkers are confused and remember little when awakened is that both sleep disturbances occur during

a.	deep NREM sleep.
b.	cataplexic episodes.
c.	REM sleep.
d.	hypnopompic episodes.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

The official name for sleep sex is

a.	sexsomnia.
b.	cataplexic sex.
c.	somnambulism.
d.	hypnopompic sexuality.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following involves someone who is actually sleeping attempting to have sex with another person?

a.	cataplexic sex
b.	sexsomnia
c.	somnambulism
d.	hypnopompic sexuality

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

What do somnambulism, sleeptalking, and night terrors all have in common?

a.	All occur in Stage 1 (light sleep).
b.	All are closely related to dreaming.
c.	Each is a cause of microsleep.
d.	All occur during NREM sleep.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following occur(s) during REM sleep?

a.	nightmares
b.	night terrors
c.	sleepwalking
d.	all of these

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Differences between nightmares and night terrors include

a.	that nightmares occur during REM sleep; night terrors occur during NREM sleep.
b.	that nightmares are difficult for the person to remember; night terrors are easy for the person to remember.
c.	that nightmares involve hallucinations; night terrors are just bad dreams.
d.	all of these.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Concept

A person having a nightmare will

a.	perspire heavily during the nightmare and upon awakening.
b.	be incoherent and inconsolable upon awakening.
c.	show slight or no movement while having the nightmare.
d.	have amnesia for the episode.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Deanna’s recurring “bad dreams” are so real and terrifying that they significantly disturb her sleep. Deanna has

a.	sleep terror disorder.
b.	narcolepsy.
c.	somnambulism.
d.	nightmare disorder.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Application

Frequently occurring nightmares of one a week or more are associated with

a.	also having night terrors.
b.	childhood and adolescence.
c.	middle and older adults.
d.	higher levels of psychological distress.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Jeanie has had the same very vivid “bad dream” twice in the last couple of weeks. In the dream, she is being chased through a dense forest. In this dream, she tries to run fast but she feels like she is “running through molasses”; and when she tries to scream within this dream, she cannot seem to open her mouth. Jeanie then wakes up with a start and has a great deal of trouble going back to sleep. Jeanie is most likely experiencing

a.	a nightmare.
b.	a night terror.
c.	somnambulism.
d.	hypersomnia.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Application

Four-year-old Aaron has been asleep for a little over an hour when his mother hears him scream out. When she gets to his bedroom, little Aaron is sitting up in bed in a state of panic. When his mother attempts to console him, she notes that his pajamas are drenched in sweat, and he is only semi-awake. After this episode, Aaron goes back to sleep. His mother is surprised the next morning that Aaron only vaguely remembers his mother coming into the room. Aaron most likely experienced

a.	a nightmare.
b.	a night terror.
c.	sleep apnea.
d.	narcolepsy.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Application

Four-year-old Terrence awakened the whole household last night. He sat up in bed, kicking and screaming, while he was still asleep. When his parents got to him, he was in a state of panic, mumbling about “monsters all around the room.” It took his parents about 20 minutes to console Terrence, and his mother had to change his pajamas because he was covered in sweat. The next morning, his older sister told Terrence that he really scared her when he screamed last night, but Terrence does not remember anything, except his mother helping him change his pajamas. Terrence most likely experienced

a.	a nightmare.
b.	a night terror.
c.	sleep apnea.
d.	narcolepsy.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Application

During which Stage 4 sleep disturbance does a person suffers total panic for up to 20 minutes and may hallucinate frightening dream images into the bedroom, will awaken drenched in sweat, and will only vaguely remember the episode in the morning?

a.	lucid nightmare
b.	night terror
c.	REM rebound episode
d.	somnambulism episode

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

People who have a night terror

a.	have them during REM sleep in the middle of the night.
b.	are usually middle-age to older adults.
c.	are displaying REM rebound.
d.	only vaguely remember in the morning that they even had a night terror.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding night terrors, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	They occur during REM or dream sleep.
b.	A night terror may last 15 to 20 minutes.
c.	During a night terror, the person may sit up, scream, or run around the room.
d.	Night terrors are most common in childhood, but plague about two out of every 100 adults.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Imagery rehearsal is a

a.	technique to alter consciousness.
b.	state of REM sleep.
c.	technique for eliminating nightmares.
d.	technique for avoiding sleep attacks.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following is a technique for eliminating nightmares that involves making the upsetting dream familiar while the person is awake as well as “mentally re-programming” future dream content?

a.	imagery rehearsal
b.	stimulus control
c.	the paradoxical intention
d.	activation-synthesis

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following has NOT been found helpful in eliminating nightmares?

a.	writing down the nightmare
b.	changing the dream the way you wish
c.	mentally rehearsing the dream you want
d.	decreasing your amount of sleep time

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

According to your text, if you want to eliminate a nightmare, your best course of action is to

a.	decrease your sleeping time.
b.	increase your sleeping time.
c.	mentally rehearse the dream you want.
d.	change your eating habits.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Sleep apnea is a condition which involves

a.	vivid recurrent nightmares.
b.	a breathing problem during sleep.
c.	a lack of sleep paralysis during REM sleep.
d.	sudden sleep attacks.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

A sleep disturbance characterized by snoring, short silences, and then gasps for air is called

a.	sleep apnea.
b.	narcolepsy.
c.	somnambulism.
d.	insomnia.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Kyanna is extremely sleepy almost every day. Her roommate says that Kyanna snores at night and sometimes stops breathing for more than 20 seconds while sleeping. Kyanna most likely is experiencing

a.	a sleep terror disorder.
b.	narcolepsy.
c.	sleep apnea.
d.	a nightmare disorder.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Application

Nat is a middle-aged man who stops breathing in his sleep, awakens slightly to gulp in air, then goes back to sleep. This cycle is repeated throughout the night. Nat is suffering from

a.	narcolepsy.
b.	sleep apnea.
c.	somnambulism.
d.	REM behavior disorder.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Application

Which of the following sleep disturbances may occur because the brain stops sending signals to the diaphragm to maintain breathing or because there is a blockage in the upper air passages?

a.	sleep apnea.
b.	narcolepsy.
c.	somnambulism.
d.	insomnia.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding sleep apnea, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Sleep apnea victims are extremely sleepy during the day due to the hundreds of apnea episodes that occur during the night.
b.	Sleep apnea may occur because the brain stops sending signals to the diaphragm to maintain breathing.
c.	Sleep apnea may be caused by the blockage of the upper air passages.
d.	Sleep apnea is often treated using stimulus control and sleep restriction techniques.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

The most effective treatments for sleep apnea include all of the following EXCEPT

a.	weight loss.
b.	the use of stimulant drugs.
c.	the use of a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) mask.
d.	surgery for breathing obstructions.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

The use of a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) mask is an effective treatment for

a.	sleep apnea.
b.	narcolepsy.
c.	somnambulism.
d.	night terrors.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Some researchers believe that SIDS or crib death may be caused by the sleep disorder known as

a.	REM rebound.
b.	somnambulism.
c.	narcolepsy.
d.	sleep apnea.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

A premature infant with a high pitched cry, who engages in breath holding and remains passive when its face rolls into a pillow or blanket, should be monitored to prevent

a.	night terrors.
b.	SIDS.
c.	infantile narcolepsy.
d.	congenital cataplexy.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Regarding SIDS, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	SIDS babies seem to have a weak arousal reflex that prevents them from changing positions and resuming breathing after an episode of apnea.
b.	A special monitor for SIDS may be used that sounds an alarm when a baby’s pulse or breathing becomes weak.
c.	Each year 2500 babies are victims of SIDS.
d.	SIDS rarely occurs after two months of age.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Jorge and Sietta’s three-month-old baby is very small and has a high-pitched cry. The baby has been showing signs of a cold and cough, has been breathing through his mouth, and has been waking up frequently during the night. Jorge and Sietta’s baby should be monitored to prevent

a.	narcolepsy.
b.	night terrors.
c.	somnambulism.
d.	SIDS.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Application

Which of the following is NOT a danger signal for SIDS?

a.	Infant snores and holds its breath.
b.	The baby is slightly premature and has a shrill, high-pitched cry.
c.	The baby is placed on its back to sleep.
d.	Baby remains passive when its face rolls into a pillow or blanket.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Which of the following is believed to prevent SIDS babies from changing positions and resuming breathing after an episode of apnea?

a.	weak arousal reflex
b.	an absence of delta waves
c.	an absence of REM sleep
d.	lack of adequate motor control

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Which of the following is NOT a danger signal for SIDS?

a.	The baby breathes through its mouth and has frequent awakenings during the night.
b.	The baby is 14 months old.
c.	The baby’s bed contains soft objects, like comforters and pillows.
d.	The baby is placed on its stomach to sleep.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

In order to prevent SIDS, healthy infants should be

a.	placed face down to sleep.
b.	placed on their backs to sleep.
c.	propped up with a small pillow to sleep.
d.	covered with a down comforter to prevent developing a chill while sleeping.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Concept

If parents have a premature baby who has respiratory problems and vomits often, they should

a.	have the infant sleeping with the parents.
b.	place the baby on its back to sleep.
c.	prop the baby up on a small pillow.
d.	ask a pediatrician for guidance regarding the sleeping position for this baby.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

A considerable proportion of infant suffocation deaths have occurred when a sleeping adult rolls over on top of an infant, which is referred to as

a.	overlaying.
b.	clustering.
c.	SIDS.
d.	cocooning.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding SIDS and infant suffocation, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	A risk factor for SIDS includes a baby’s bed that contains soft objects, like comforters and pillows.
b.	SIDS rarely occurs after an infant is one year old.
c.	The safest position for most infants is sleeping on their stomach.
d.	Overlaying, which occurs when a sleeping adult rolls over on top of an infant, is responsible for a considerable proportion of infant suffocation death.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Narcolepsy refers to

a.	sudden sleep attacks.
b.	excessive daytime sleepiness.
c.	vivid, recurrent nightmares.
d.	a breathing problem during sleep.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following is described as a sudden, irresistible urge to sleep, which lasts a few minutes to half an hour with victims falling asleep while standing, talking, or even driving?

a.	narcolepsy
b.	hypersomnia
c.	sleep apnea
d.	somnambulism

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Ashley seems to fall asleep in the middle of a conversation. She has even suffered one of these sleep attacks while standing. She is likely to suffer from the sleep disturbance referred to as

a.	hypersomnia.
b.	insomnia.
c.	narcolepsy.
d.	sleepwalking disorder.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 KEY: www

MSC: TYPE: Application

Jimmy is about to eat supper when suddenly he has an irresistible, sudden attack of sleepiness that lasts fifteen minutes. When Jimmy awakens, he finds that he has fallen face first into his large plate of spaghetti Jimmy’s “nap attack” is characteristic of which sleep disorder?

a.	insomnia
b.	narcolepsy
c.	sleep apnea
d.	night terrors

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Application

A sudden temporary paralysis of the muscles leading to complete body collapse describes

a.	sleep apnea.
b.	insomnia.
c.	hypersomnia.
d.	cataplexy.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Many individuals with narcolepsy also suffer from a sudden temporary paralysis of the muscles called

a.	sleep apnea.
b.	somnambulism.
c.	hypersomnia.
d.	cataplexy.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding narcolepsy?

a.	Emotional excitement, especially laughter, commonly triggers narcolepsy.
b.	Many victims of narcolepsy also suffer from cataplexy.
c.	Individuals with narcolepsy tend to fall directly into Stage 4 NREM sleep.
d.	Narcolepsy tends to run in families, which suggests that it is hereditary

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding narcolepsy?

a.	Maintaining a high level of emotional excitement, such as laughing, tends to prevent the occurrence of narcoleptic episodes.
b.	Individuals with narcolepsy tend to fall directly into REM sleep.
c.	There is no known cure for narcolepsy, but a drug named sodium oxybate reduces the frequency and intensity of attacks.
d.	The hereditary basis for narcolepsy has been confirmed by breeding several generations of narcoleptic dogs.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Concept

The sleep attacks and paralysis of individuals with narcolepsy appear to occur when

a.	a person is experiencing hypnopompic hallucinations.
b.	a person is experiencing microsleeps.
c.	NREM stage 4 sleep intrudes into the waking state.
d.	REM sleep intrudes into the waking state.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Concerning dreaming, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Dreams are usually spaced about 90 minutes apart.
b.	Your first dream of the night occurs in a flash, lasting a few seconds.
c.	Most people dream four to five times a night.
d.	Your last dream of the night lasts an average of 30 minutes, but may run as long as 50 minutes.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding REM dreams, which of the following statements is TRUE?

a.	Most REM dreams occur in an instantaneous flash, but are perceived as lasting a long time.
b.	The first REM dream lasts about 30 minutes.
c.	The last dream of the night only averages about 10 minutes in length.
d.	REM sleep was discovered in 1952.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Josh tells his roommate that he does not dream. His roommate, who is a psychology major should tell Josh that

a.	if he does not dream, he will go “crazy.”
b.	most people dream four or five times a night.
c.	dreams occur in such a “flash” that he was not aware of the dreams.
d.	all of these statements are true.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Application

People dream

a.	about two 15 minute episodes per night.
b.	about four or five times a night, spaced 90 minutes apart.
c.	more often in NREM sleep than in REM sleep.
d.	only during the third cycle of sleep before they awaken in the morning.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding dreaming, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	All people dream, but not all people remember their dreams.
b.	The first REM dream lasts about ten minutes.
c.	The last dream of the night averages about 30 minutes and may run as long as 50 minutes.
d.	REM sleep was discovered in 1917.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which sleep researcher awakened volunteers each time they entered REM sleep and discovered the effect known as REM rebound?

a.	Rosalind Cartwright
b.	Calvin Hall
c.	William Dement
d.	Robert McCarley

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

The sleep researcher William Dement awakened volunteers each time they entered REM sleep. Which of the following was NOT one of Dement’s findings?

a.	Many of the volunteers having to be awakened 20 to 30 times to prevent REM sleep by the fifth night.
b.	The volunteers complaining about memory lapses, poor concentration, and anxiety during waking hours after having been REM sleep deprived.
c.	Volunteers showing extra amounts of dream sleep after finally being allowed to sleep undisturbed.
d.	Volunteers exhibiting more instances of sleep terrors and/or somnambulism after having been REM sleep deprived.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

The occurrence of extra rapid eye movement sleep following REM sleep deprivation is known as

a.	somnambulism.
b.	REM behavior disorder.
c.	REM rebound.
d.	sleep drunkness.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Subjects deprived of REM sleep

a.	attempt to dream less frequently after several nights.
b.	show a REM rebound effect when allowed to sleep normally.
c.	show no signs of distress during the day.
d.	do not dream for two or three nights.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Concept

The fact that people have a need for REM sleep is suggested by

a.	REM rebound.
b.	REM tolerance.
c.	a person going “crazy” if deprived of REM sleep.
d.	the emotional catharsis during REM sleep.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Which of the following BEST describes the effect of alcohol on sleep?

a.	It has no significant impact on the quality or quantity of sleep.
b.	It increases the quantity and quality of sleep by increases all stages of sleep.
c.	It decreases the quality of sleep by reducing REM sleep.
d.	It increases REM sleep but decreases the deeper stages of sleep.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

A patient is prescribed a medication and is told that the only side-effect is that the medication suppresses REM sleep. After finishing the medication, what might the patient expect in terms of a sleep change?

a.	REM rebound
b.	narcolepsy
c.	sleeptalking
d.	chronic insomnia

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Application

Alcoholics may have terrible nightmares for a while after they stop drinking because of

a.	narcolepsy.
b.	sleep apnea.
c.	the drug enhanced sleep effect.
d.	REM rebound.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Although Dement’s studies disproved this myth, it was once thought that people deprived of REM sleep were

a.	more likely to become addicted to drugs.
b.	more likely to develop mental illness.
c.	not getting enough exercise, rest, or proper nutrition.
d.	characterized by all of these.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

The experiments on sleep and dream deprivation showed that when there was a deprivation of a sleep or dream stage, a rebound effect would occur

a.	only for REM sleep.
b.	only for NREM sleep.
c.	for any NREM or REM sleep stage.
d.	for none of the sleep or dream stages.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding research on sleep and dream deprivation, which of the following was NOT one of the findings?

a.	Missing any sleep stage can cause a rebound for that stage.
b.	If deprived of REM sleep, people will dream extra amounts if allowed to sleep undisturbed.
c.	Daytime disturbances are related to the total amount of sleep lost, not to the type of sleep lost.
d.	People who are deprived of REM sleep are at greater risk of developing a mental illness.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which theory of dreaming emphasizes that dreams are based on wish fulfillment with these unconscious desires and conflicts being disguised as dream symbols?

a.	activation-synthesis
b.	neurocognitive
c.	psychodynamic
d.	humanistic

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

The psychodynamic theory of dreaming was developed by

a.	Hobson and McCarley
b.	Sigmund Freud
c.	William Domhoff
d.	James Braid

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Psychodynamic theories of dreaming emphasize

a.	internal conflicts and unconscious forces.
b.	how random activity in lower brain centers results in the manufacture of relatively bizarre dreams by higher brain centers.
c.	that dreams reflect everyday waking thoughts and emotions rather than hidden meanings.
d.	that a detached part of the dreamer’s awareness silently observes events.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

According to Freud’s landmark book, The Interpretation of Dreams, dreams are very often a means of

a.	wish fulfillment.
b.	recording and solving daytime problems.
c.	telling oneself about feelings that need to be “re-owned.”
d.	categorizing one’s experience.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

According to Freud, an expression of one’s unconscious desires is called

a.	the ideal self.
b.	wish fulfillment.
c.	superego.
d.	libidinal energy.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Marta has recently divorced her husband of 15 years after he moved out to be with his much younger girlfriend. During the past two weeks, Marta has dreamed that she was a young princess being pursued by many suitors. According to Freud’s theory of dreaming, Marta’s dream would be considered

a.	an expression of her ideal self.
b.	wish fulfillment.
c.	a synthesis of random neurological activations.
d.	a striving for self-actualization.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Application

One of Freud’s key proposals was that dreams express unconscious desires and conflicts as

a.	the ideal self.
b.	the superego.
c.	disguised dream symbols.
d.	a psychosexual fixation.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Freud’s psychodynamic dream theory was based on the assumption that

a.	dreams are a continuation of current everyday waking thoughts and emotions.
b.	a person can learn to take control of their dreams through lucid dreaming.
c.	the content of dreams has symbolic meaning.
d.	dreams are nothing more than random neural impulses.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Freud considered the distinction between manifest content and latent content essential for
developing a healthy personality.

a.	understanding dreams.
b.	the development of the id, ego, and superego.
c.	reaching self-actualization.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

The obvious and visible aspects of a dream comprise its

a.	manifest content.
b.	lucid content.
c.	conscious core.
d.	latent content.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Freud’s dream theory is based on the assumption that the true meaning of a dream is found in its __________ content.

a.	manifest
b.	lucid
c.	NREM
d.	latent

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

The hidden, symbolic meaning is called the __________ content.

a.	manifest
b.	lucid
c.	actualized
d.	latent

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Raul remembers that he had a dream last night in which he was riding in his car when he flew out the window and up towards the clouds. According to Freud, these remembered parts of the dream are known as the __________content.

a.	latent
b.	NREM
c.	lucid
d.	manifest

ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Application

In Raul’s dream, he flew out the window of his car and up into the clouds. Raul’s therapist interprets this dream to mean that Raul is feeling a strong need to be free “as a bird” rather than being tied down by his family and work responsibilities. This therapist’s interpretation would be considered the __________ content of Raul’s dream.

a.	latent
b.	NREM
c.	lucid
d.	manifest

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Application

Margo dreams of stealing her friends’ wedding ring and placing it on her hand. According to Freud, Margo’s dream probably represents

a.	her desire to own “pretty” and expensive things.
b.	her plan to steal her friend’s jewelry in the future.
c.	her sexual attraction to her friend’s husband.
d.	a carryover from ordinary waking events.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Application

Tony dreams that he goes to a party and is the only one at the party wearing a costume and a mask. However, no one at the party seems to notice his attire. According to Freud’s theory of dreaming, Tony’s dream of wearing the costume and mask would constitute the __________ content of the dream.

a.	lucid
b.	NREM
c.	latent
d.	manifest

ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Application

Tony dreams that he goes to a party and is the only one at the party wearing a costume and a mask. However, no one at the party seems to notice his attire. According to Freud’s theory of dreaming, the therapist’s interpretation of the dream as Tony’s fear of showing his true self to the world would be the __________content.

a.	latent
b.	NREM
c.	lucid
d.	manifest

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Application

According to which theory of dreaming would a “dream of a journey” imply a “fear of death” or a dream about “horseback riding or dancing” represent “sexual intercourse”?

a.	activation-synthesis
b.	Gestalt
c.	psychodynamic
d.	humanistic

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Regarding Freud’s theory of dreams, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Freud proved that each dream has a single unambiguous meaning found in its lucid content.
b.	Freud believed that dreams reflecting a person’s current wishes and concerns but in a symbolized form.
c.	Freud realized that some dreams are trivial “day residues” or carryovers from ordinary waking events.
d.	Freud’s psychodynamic theory of dreaming emphasized internal conflicts and unconscious forces.

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

The activation-synthesis hypothesis was developed by

a.	Rosalind Cartwright.
b.	Fritz Perls.
c.	Stephen LaBerge.
d.	Hobson and McCarley.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

At the center of the activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreaming is the need to

a.	give expression to unfulfilled wishes.
b.	provide an outlet for repressed thoughts.
c.	provide explanations for physiological activity.
d.	exhibit socially acceptable behavior.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Concept

The activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreaming emphasizes

a.	the importance of internal conflicts and unconscious forces.
b.	how random activity in lower brain centers results in the manufacture of relatively bizarre dreams by higher brain centers.
c.	that dreams reflect everyday waking thoughts and emotions.
d.	the detached part of the dreamer’s awareness that silently observes events.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Concept

The theory that relates dream content to motor commands in the brain, which are made but not carried out during sleep, is called the

a.	psychodynamic theory.
b.	wish fulfillment hypothesis.
c.	activation-synthesis hypothesis.
d.	neurocognitive dream theory.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

According to which dream theory does the cortex of the brain combine random brain activity into stories and visual images that form your dreams?

a.	psychodynamic
b.	Gestalt
c.	activation-synthesis
d.	neurocognitive

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

According to which dream theorist(s) are the messages from activated brain cells blocked from reaching the body with the brain having to search through stored memories to interpret these messages and, in so doing, creating dream content?

a.	Sigmund Freud
b.	William Domhoff
c.	Fritz Perls
d.	Hobson and McCarley

ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Which theory of dreaming would explain that if neurons were activated telling the brain that the body is running but the brain receives no feedback from the motionless legs, then a chase dream drama would be created by the brain?

a.	psychodynamic theory
b.	activation-synthesis hypothesis
c.	Gestalt theory
d.	neurocognitive dream theory

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

According to Hobson and McCarley, dreams are more primitive and more bizarre than daytime thoughts because

a.	dreaming provides an outlet for repressed thoughts and unfulfilled wishes.
b.	the frontal areas of the cortex, which control higher mental abilities, are mostly shut down during REM sleep.
c.	the id part of the personality is expressed more strongly during the dream state.
d.	of lucid dreaming.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Concerning the activation-synthesis hypothesis, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	The activation-synthesis hypothesis was developed by William Domhoff.
b.	Since dreams are created from memories and past experiences, the activation-synthesis hypothesis does not rule out the idea that dreams have some meaning.
c.	The activation-synthesis hypothesis helps explain why bizarre images are more common in dreams than they are in daytime fantasies.
d.	According to the activation-synthesis hypothesis, during REM sleep several lower brain centers are “turned on” in more or less random fashion.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

The neurocogntive dream theory emphasizes

a.	the importance of internal conflicts and unconscious forces.
b.	how random activity in lower brain centers results in the manufacture of relatively bizarre dreams by higher brain centers.
c.	that dreams reflect everyday waking thoughts and emotions.
d.	the detached part of the dreamer’s awareness that silently observes events.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

The neurocogntive dream theory was developed by

a.	William Domhoff.
b.	Rosalind Cartwright.
c.	Fritz Perls.
d.	Hobson and McCarley.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which dream theory states that many brain areas that are active when we are awake remain active during dreaming with dreams being a conscious expression of the REM sleep processes that sort and store daily experiences?

a.	psychodynamic theory of dreaming
b.	neurocognitive dream theory
c.	humanistic theory of dreaming
d.	Gestalt dream theory

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

A lonely person may dreams of romance, while a student who is angry with a teacher may dream of embarrassing the teacher in class. According to the neurocognitive theory, these dreams

a.	reflect ordinary waking concerns.
b.	should be probed for deeper symbolic meanings.
c.	are the synthesis of random neural firings.
d.	are prophetic expressions of the future.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Application

Although each dream theory has strengths and weaknesses, studies of dream content have shown a continuity between dreams and waking thought, which supports the

a.	psychodynamic theory of dreaming.
b.	neurocognitive dream theory.
c.	activation-synthesis hypothesis.
d.	Gestalt dream theory.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *, www

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Athletes tend to dream about the previous day’s athletic activities, and teachers tend to dream about their classrooms supports which theory of dreaming?

a.	psychodynamic theory of dreaming
b.	Gestalt theory of dreaming
c.	activation-synthesis hypothesis
d.	neurocognitive dream theory

ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Application

Current research on dream content indicates that

a.	the setting of most dreams is strange and unfamiliar.
b.	in the dream, the dreamer is interacting with friends, enemies, loved ones, or employers.
c.	most dreams involve the actions of flying, floating, and/or falling.
d.	about 80 percent of dreams have a sexual content.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding the current research on dream content, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Most dreams are extensions of everyday experience.
b.	Ninety percent of all dreams are sexual in content.
c.	The occurrence of bizarre dreams lends some support to the activation-synthesis hypothesis.
d.	Dreams of flying, floating, and falling occur less frequently than running, sitting, and talking.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Current studies of dream content indicate that

a.	people dream about strange and unfamiliar settings.
b.	about half the time, dreams have sexual content.
c.	the dream content tends to support the psychodynamic theory.
d.	the other people in the dreams are usually movie stars and sports celebrities that one admires.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

According to dream research, which of the following actions listed would occur the LEAST in one’s dreams?

a.	sitting
b.	talking
c.	falling
d.	watching

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

According to dream research, which of the following actions listed would occur the MOST in one’s dreams?

a.	running
b.	floating
c.	falling
d.	flying

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Having a bizarre dream in which you are flying through the air like a bird lends support to which dream theory?

a.	psychodynamic theory of dreaming
b.	Gestalt theory of dreaming
c.	activation-synthesis hypothesis
d.	neurocognitive dream theory

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Application

TRUE/FALSE

Eating starchy foods tends to decrease one’s levels of tryptophan, thus, increases one’s tendency toward insomnia.

ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Sleepwalkers have been known to play a musical instrument, drive a car, or cook while asleep.

ANS: T DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Night terrors and sleepwalking occur during REM sleep.

ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Night terrors and sleepwalking occur during REM sleep.

ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Most people dream about four or five times a night, spaced 90 minutes apart.

ANS: T DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Fact

According to the activation-synthesis hypothesis, the cortex of the brain combines random brain activity into stories and visual images that form your dreams.

ANS: T DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 MSC: TYPE: Concept

COMPLETION

Aaron is trying to go to sleep, so he tries to keep his eyes open (in the dark) and stay awake as long as possible. This allows sleep to overtake him unexpectedly and lowers performance anxiety through a technique is known as the __________.

ANS: paradoxical intention

DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 KEY: * MSC: TYPE: Application

About an hour-and-a-half after Ned’s parents put Ned to bed, they find him in total panic,

screaming, and drenched in sweat. They change his pajamas and put him back to bed. The next morning they ask him about his “bad dream.” Ned remembers very little about the night before. Ned was not having a nightmare, but was exhibiting a(n) __________.

ANS: night terror

DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 KEY: * MSC: TYPE: Application

Some physicians believe that SIDS, or crib death, may be caused by the sleep disorder known as ____________.

ANS: sleep apnea

DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 KEY: * MSC: TYPE: Fact

Abby seems to fall asleep in the middle of a conversation. She has even suffered one of these sleep attacks while standing. She is likely to suffer from the sleep disturbance referred to as __________.

ANS: narcolepsy

DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 KEY: * MSC: TYPE: Application

The tendency to dream more than usual after a period of REM sleep deprivation is called __________.

ANS: REM rebound

DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 KEY: * MSC: TYPE: Fact

In order for Freud to analyze the hidden, symbolic meaning of his patients’ dreams, he would have his patients remember and retell the obvious, visible parts of their dream known as the__________ content.

ANS: manifest

DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 KEY: * MSC: TYPE: Concept

The proposal that dreams reflect everyday waking thoughts and emotions is called the __________ dream theory.

ANS: neurocognitive

DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 KEY: * MSC: TYPE: Concept

ESSAY

Your sister and her daughter are visiting you. On the first night of their visit, your preschool niece awakens everyone by sitting up in bed screaming. She is still screaming when you and your sister get to her. As you try to console her, you realize that she is sweating profusely and is not really awake. The next morning, you ask her what caused her to scream. Was it a bad dream? Your niece does not seem to know what you are talking about. Then, you remember what the problem could be. Describe the sleep disturbance your niece is experiencing and explain why it is not a bad dream.

ANS:

Answer will include that the niece is having a night terror, which is different from ordinary nightmares. Night terrors occur during NREM when a person’s muscles are not paralyzed, so the niece could sit up in bed and scream. If she had just had a nightmare, she would not have been able to sit up or scream because muscles are paralyzed during REM sleep. People often remember nightmares, but night terrors are rarely remembered by the person having them. Night terrors are common in childhood. During these Stage 4 night terrors, the child will suffer total panic and may hallucinate frightening dream images with an attack lasting 15 to 20 minutes and the child awakening profusely sweating.

DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.2 KEY: www MSC: TYPE: Application

Contrast the activation-synthesis hypothesis with the neurocognitive dream theory and include the names of the theorists who proposed each theory.

ANS:

Answer will include that according to Hobson and McCarley’s activation-synthesis hypothesis, several parts of the brain are activated during REM sleep. This triggers sensations, motor commands, and memories. The cortex of the brain, which also becomes more active during REM sleep, synthesizes this activity into stories and visual images. However, frontal areas of the cortex, which control higher mental abilities, are mostly shut down during REM sleep. This explains why dreams are more primitive and more bizarre than daytime thoughts. Viewed this way, dreams are merely a different type of thinking that occurs during sleep. According to William Domhoff’s neurocognitive dream theory, dreams actually have much in common with waking thoughts and emotions. Domhoff believed that most dreams reflect ordinary waking concerns because many brain areas that are active when we are awake remain active during dreaming. From this perspective, dreams are a conscious expression of REM sleep processes that are sorting and storing daily experiences.

DIF: Difficult REF: Module 5.2 KEY: * MSC: TYPE: Concept

Question Grid by Type

Module 5.2: Sleep Disturbances and Dreaming	Question Type	Fact	Concept	Application
Sleep Disturbances—The Sleepy Time Blues	Multiple Choice	1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 20, 21, 23, 26, 38, 39, 43, 46, 47, 48, 49, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 70, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 81, 82, 85, 86, 87, 89, 91, 98, 99, 100, 101, 104, 105	13, 16, 24, 25, 28, 30, 31, 32, 35, 36, 45, 62, 67, 68, 80, 88, 90, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 106, 101, 108	3, 6, 8, 10, 22, 27, 29, 34, 37, 40, 41, 42, 44, 50, 51, 52, 58, 69, 71, 72, 73, 83, 84, 92, 102, 103
	True/False	2, 3	1
	Completion	3		1, 2, 4,
	Essay			1, 2
Dreams—A Separate Reality?	Multiple Choice	109, 110, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 131, 132, 134, 135, 136, 144, 147, 148, 153, 154, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163`	117, 118, 119, 121, 133, 142, 143, 145, 146, 149, 150, 151, 152, 155, 157	111, 120, 130, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 156, 158, 164
	True/False	4	5
	Completion	5	6, 7
	Essay		3

Chapter 5: States of Consciousness

Module 5.3

MULTIPLE CHOICE

An early practitioner of hypnosis, who believed it was caused by animal magnetism, was

a.	William James.
b.	Wolfgang Kohler.
c.	Franz Mesmer.
d.	Stanford Babinski.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Interest in hypnosis stems from the work of which of the following, who believed he could cure diseases with magnets?

a.	James Braid
b.	Franz Mesmer
c.	Sigmund Freud
d.	G. Stanley Hall

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Mesmer’s strange “treatments” are related to hypnosis because they actually relied on

a.	animal magnetism.
b.	a deep sleep or trance-like state of consciousness.
c.	the power of suggestion.
d.	intentional fraud and deception.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Regarding the history of hypnosis, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Interest in hypnosis began in the 1700s with Franz Mesmer, whose name gave us the term mesmerize, which means “to hypnotize.”
b.	Mesmer believed he could cure disease with magnets and called his theory “animal magnetism.”
c.	The term hypnosis was later coined by English surgeon James Braid and is the Greek word for sleep.
d.	Current research shows that the EEG patterns recorded during hypnosis are deep sleep patterns consisting of delta waves.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

The term hypnosis was coined by an English surgeon named

a.	James Braid.
b.	Franz Mesmer.
c.	Sigmund Freud.
d.	G. Stanley Hall.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

The EEG brain wave patterns of a person who is hypnotized

a.	consist of Stage 2 sleep waves with numerous sleep spindles.
b.	resemble those of a person in a very deep sleep.
c.	resemble those of a person pretending to be hypnotized.
d.	are different from any of these patterns.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding hypnosis, which of the following statements is TRUE?

a.	Hypnosis was introduced by the Austrian physician, Karl Zener.
b.	Hypnosis is characterized by brain wave patterns similar to sleep.
c.	Hypnosis is an altered state characterized by narrowed attention and increased openness to suggestion.
d.	Hypnosis is a sleep state in which the subjects are partially aware of their actions and able to perform many activities not normally carried out during sleep.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following states of consciousness is based on the power of suggestion with its name coming from the Greek word for sleep, although it is not a sleep state?

a.	meditation
b.	hypnosis
c.	catatonia
d.	fugue

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

The chief characteristic of hypnosis is

a.	heightened arousal.
b.	increased suggestibility.
c.	enhanced creativity.
d.	increased clairvoyance.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Hypnosis is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT

a.	brain waves that resemble sleep.
b.	narrowed attention.
c.	an increased openness to suggestion.
d.	relaxation.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following proposed the best-known state theory of hypnosis and argued that hypnosis causes a dissociative state of “split” in awareness?

a.	Franz Mesmer
b.	James Braid
c.	Ernest Hilgard
d.	Martin Orne

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

According to Ernest Hilgard, hypnosis may cause

a.	severe psychosis.
b.	a loss of control of one’s behavior.
c.	withdrawal symptoms for a repressed emotion.
d.	a dissociation state or a “split in awareness.”

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Hypnotized subjects who were told to plunge one hand into a painful bath of ice water, and were told to feel no pain,

a.	awoke from their hypnosis immediately.
b.	wrote it hurts with their free hand.
c.	did not acknowledge feeling any pain verbally or in writing.
d.	became hysterical.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Hilgard refers to the part of hypnotized subjects’ consciousness that reports pain, but remains in the background as the

a.	reality observer.
b.	phantom observer.
c.	hidden observer.
d.	alter ego.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

A detached part of the hyponotized person’s awareness that silently watches what is happening is known as the

a.	actualized self.
b.	phantom observer.
c.	hidden observer.
d.	alter ego.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 KEY: www

MSC: TYPE: Fact

According to Hilgard, the hidden observer is

a.	a detached part of the hypnotized person’s awareness that silently observes events.
b.	the person’s alter ego that is expressed in dream symbols.
c.	a person who becomes hypnotized from just observing the process rather than actively participating in the process.
d.	the person that helps the “stage hypnotist” by pretending to be hypnotized.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Non-state theorists believe that hypnosis involves a blend of

a.	light sleep and waking consciousness.
b.	heighted intuition and cognitive disassociation.
c.	imagination, obedience and role-playing.
d.	receptive meditation and sensory restriction.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which theorists believe that hypnosis involves a blend of conformity, relaxation, imagination, obedience, and role-playing?

a.	state theorists
b.	non-state theorists
c.	psychodynamic theorists
d.	Gestalt theorists

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Many theorists believe that all hypnosis is really self-hypnosis because

a.	a deeply hypnotized person may relax “reality testing” so that normal “willpower,” or self-control, is reduced.
b.	little or no hypnosis is needed to do a good stage hypnosis act.
c.	hypnosis can relieve pain.
d.	a person must cooperate to become hypnotized, and so the hypnotist actually acts as a guide to the hypnotized person.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Many theorists believe that a hypnotist is merely a facilitator that helps another person to follow a series of suggestions. Thus, hypnosis

a.	involves autosuggestion.
b.	is not real, but faked.
c.	involves an uncontrollable psi ability.
d.	involves an altered sleep state.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Concept

The role of the hypnotist in hypnotism is best described as a

a.	commander-in-chief.
b.	guide.
c.	fellow traveler.
d.	judge or evaluator.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Autosuggestion can alter

a.	sensations and perceptions.
b.	thoughts and feelings.
c.	behaviors.
d.	all of these.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Barry held a ring attached to a string at eye level and concentrated on the ring. He is surprised that the ring begins to move and that he appears to be making it move using only mental force. Barry has shown all of the following EXCEPT

a.	autosuggestion.
b.	psychokinesis.
c.	tiny micromovements of the hand.
d.	involuntary actions resulting from self-hypnosis.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Application

You tie a short length of string to a small ring and hold this ring at eye level, about a foot from your face. By focusing on the ring, you are able to make the ring swing back and forth. You are surprised by this automatic movement. You most likely have experienced

a.	autosuggestion.
b.	psychokinesis.
c.	a physical phenomenon involving gravitational pull of the earth.
d.	a fraudulent gadget used by stage hypnotists.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Application

Regarding autosuggestion, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	When people are hypnotized, autosuggestion would explain why their actions seem to occur without any voluntary intent.
b.	Autosuggestion likely underlies how Ouija boards spell out answers to questions despite no apparent conscious interference.
c.	Those theorists that view all hypnosis as self-hypnosis (or autosuggestion) would see the hypnotist’s role as that of a facilitator.
d.	Hypnosis as a form of autosuggestion would support the state theory of hypnosis.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Module 5.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Which of the following sets of instructions would be the most likely to be given to the subject during a hypnotic induction?

a.	Just let go, relax, focus on my voice, and imagine yourself in the situations I describe.
b.	Tense and then relax your muscles, concentrate on what is troubling you then wipe it from your mind, choose a simple word and repeat it over and over.
c.	Tense and then relax your muscles, imagine yourself in an anxiety-provoking situation, switch it off, and repeat until you feel no anxiety at all.
d.	Reduce all sensory input gradually, even my voice, until you experience vivid sensory hallucinations, and concentrate on them exclusively.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Application

All the different methods used in which procedure involve having people to focus attention on what is being said, to relax and feel tired, to “let go” and accept suggestions, and to use their imagination?

a.	sensory deprivation
b.	brainwashing
c.	hypnosis
d.	receptive meditation

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

You have agreed to be hypnotized. You can expect the hypnotist to encourage you to do all of the following EXCEPT

a.	accept suggestions easily.
b.	relax and feel tired.
c.	use vivid imagination.
d.	alternately tense and release one’s muscles.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

During a therapy session, Sierra is asked to relax and feel tired, to focus on what the therapist is saying and to accept the suggestions, and to use her imagination. Sierra begins to have mild feelings of floating and even a separation from her body. Sierra is

a.	experiencing sensory deprivation.
b.	experiencing concentrative meditation.
c.	being hypnotized.
d.	entering REM sleep.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Application

If you are hypnotized, which of the following are you NOT likely to experience?

a.	feelings of floating or sinking.
b.	anesthesia or separation from your body.
c.	feeling that your actions are automatic.
d.	hypnopompic imagery and hypnic reflex.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

If you quizzed subjects of a hypnotic session on the nature of their experience, subjects who had experienced the basic suggestion effect would describe their experiences and actions as

a.	coerced.
b.	contrived.
c.	automatic.
d.	deliberate.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Concept

The tendency of hypnotized subjects to carry out suggested actions as if they were involuntary is called

a.	the hypnotic reflex factor.
b.	the basic suggestion effect.
c.	an involuntary trance.
d.	the relaxation response.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

In describing his hypnotic session, Jarrod said that he felt like he was floating, like his feet were about to leave the floor and that his arms were so light it was like balloons were pulling them toward the ceiling without Jarrod having to do anything to raise his own arms. Jarrod is describing

a.	hypnotic autosusceptibility.
b.	hypnotic psychokinesis.
c.	the basic suggestion effect.
d.	the relaxation response.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Application

Regarding how a person would act under hypnosis, which of the following statements is TRUE?

a.	Most people will do anything they are asked to do under hypnosis, including violent acts against others.
b.	Most people will not act out hypnotic suggestions that they consider to be immoral or repulsive.
c.	Most people are unaware of what is going on and, therefore, lack control of their behavior.
d.	Most people can be hypnotized against their wills or without conscious knowledge that it is happening.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Concerning hypnosis, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	People generally remain in control of their behavior when under hypnosis.
b.	People are usually aware of what is going on around them when under hypnosis.
c.	Most people will act out the hypnotic suggestions to disrobe or to harm someone.
d.	A person must cooperate in order to become hypnotized.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Which of the following actions will a hypnotized person probably NOT act out?

a.	cluck like a chicken
b.	smell ammonia and act like it is a wonderful perfume
c.	take off his or her clothes in front of an audience
d.	sing a Broadway show tune

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Application

Which of the following actions will a hypnotized person probably NOT act out?

a.	smell ammonia and act like it is a wonderful perfume
b.	harm someone
c.	cluck like a chicken
d.	act like a young child

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Application

How many people out of ten can actually be hypnotized?

a.	four
b.	six
c.	eight
d.	nine

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Although eight out of ten people can be hypnotized to some degree, how many people out of ten would be considered good hypnotic subjects?

a.	one
b.	three
c.	four
d.	six

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

According to Kallio and Revonsuo, people who are highly responsive to hypnosis are usually

a.	highly intelligent.
b.	very introverted and logical.
c.	very extroverted and friendly.
d.	imaginative and prone to fantasy.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Whether a person can be hypnotized or not depends mainly on

a.	the skill of the hypnotist.
b.	the willingness of the person to be hypnotized.
c.	the intelligence and logical reasoning abilities of the person to be hypnotized.
d.	how well the person and hypnotist can fake the “hypnosis.”

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Concept

The ability to be hypnotized can be measured by testing a person’s

a.	brain-wave patterns.
b.	responsiveness to suggestion.
c.	psi ability.
d.	ASC index.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following is used to assess how easily a person can become hypnotized and involves the examiner giving a series of suggestions and counting the number of times a person responds?

a.	ASC indices measurement
b.	Stimulus suggestibility level
c.	Hypnotic relaxation response
d.	Hypnotic susceptibility

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

The test used to assess hypnotic susceptibility is referred to as the

a.	Braid Test of Hypnotic Susceptibility.
b.	Leiter International Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility.
c.	Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale.
d.	Raven’s Progressive Hypnotic Scale.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Tests of susceptibility to hypnosis

a.	include the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale.
b.	are administered by stage hypnotists at the very beginning of their act.
c.	are, in effect, tests of a subject’s psi abilities.
d.	include all of these.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

You are asked to close your eyes and told that your left arm is becoming more and more rigid and that it will not bend. If you can’t bend your arm during the next ten seconds, you have shown

a.	hypnopompic imaging.
b.	hypnotic susceptibility.
c.	a feature of concentrative meditation.
d.	transient narcolepsy.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Application

Which of the following is NOT a component of the Stanford Susceptibility Scale?

a.	eye closure
b.	finger lock
c.	amnesia test
d.	eyebrow raise

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

The amnesia test, postural sway, finger lock, arm rigidity, and eye catalepsy are components of a test for

a.	hypnotic susceptibility.
b.	Stage 3 alcoholism.
c.	amphetamine psychosis.
d.	the meditation relaxation response.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following CANNOT be obtained through hypnosis?

a.	brief memory loss
b.	pain relief
c.	superhuman strength
d.	sensory changes

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following is most likely to occur as a consequence of hypnosis?

a.	increases in strength to superhuman levels
b.	genuine regression to earlier age levels
c.	altered sensory experiences
d.	increased accuracy of memory that can be used as court evidence

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

In which area has research shown hypnosis to be most effective?

a.	altering sensations
b.	decreasing the number of false memories
c.	producing superhuman strength
d.	providing valid regression to childhood

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

According to research, hypnosis can be helpful by

a.	enhancing the accuracy of crime witnesses’ memories.
b.	age regressing individuals so they can relive a past event.
c.	reducing phantom limb pain in amputees.
d.	doing all of these.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding hypnosis and its uses, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Hypnosis has no more effect on physical strength than instructions that encourage a person to make his or her best effort.
b.	No state has yet barred persons from testifying in court if they were hypnotized to improve their memory of a crime they witnessed.
c.	When a person is told not to remember something heard during hypnosis, a brief memory loss does actually seem to occur.
d.	Most theorists now believe that “age-regressed” subjects are only acting out a suggested role.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding hypnosis and its uses, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Hypnosis may enhance memory but frequently increases the number of false memories as well.
b.	Hypnosis has been able to relieve pain when chemical painkillers are ineffective, as in the case of phantom limb pain.
c.	Hypnosis has been shown to be more effective in modifying specific behaviors, such as smoking and overeating, than in changing one’s subjective experiences.
d.	Hypnotic suggestions can alter a person’s color vision, hearing sensitivity, and time sense.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Module 5.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Hypnosis is particularly useful in

a.	improving test taking by increasing the accuracy of memory.
b.	helping a subject regress to childhood.
c.	creating momentary superhuman bursts of strength.
d.	controlling phantom limb pain.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

One’s color vision, hearing sensitivity, perception of illusions, and time sense have been altered through

a.	sensory adaptation.
b.	lucid dreaming.
c.	hypnotic suggestibility.
d.	dishabituation.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

For those listed, hypnosis has been shown to be LEAST effective

a.	in helping people make better progress during therapy.
b.	as a way of controlling pain.
c.	in modifying behaviors, such as smoking or overeating.
d.	as a tool for inducing relaxation.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following has been shown to help people relax, feel less pain, and make better progress in therapy?

a.	stimulus control
b.	hypnosis
c.	lucid dreaming
d.	the use of microsleeps

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Hypnosis has been shown to be most effective in helping clients to

a.	change subjective experiences.
b.	quit smoking.
c.	stop overeating.
d.	remember past instances of child abuse.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 KEY: www

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Concerning stage hypnotists, which of the following statements is TRUE?

a.	Stage hypnotists make use of waking suggestibility.
b.	Stage hypnotists use volunteers who may be inhibited and unwilling to participate.
c.	Stage hypnotists may have difficulty convincing subjects they are hypnotized.
d.	Stage hypnotists can regress subjects to their childhoods.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Concerning hypnotism as a stage performance, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Stage hypnotists make use of waking suggestibility.
b.	Stage hypnotists randomly select subjects to participate in the show.
c.	Stage hypnotists often create a simulation of hypnotic effects, not actual hypnosis.
d.	Stage hypnotists often use deception and tricks.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Which of the following is NOT a reason that stage hypnotists can get people to do strange things?

a.	The “hypnotized” volunteers don’t want to “spoil the act” while on stage.
b.	The volunteers can act silly without fear or embarrassment since they are “hypnotized.”
c.	The audience response tends to bring out the “ham” in the volunteers.
d.	The volunteers are experiencing a dissociative state of hypnosis.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

By suspending a person between two chairs with no support in between, a stage hypnotist demonstrates his or her

a.	ability to induce unusual feats of strength.
b.	willingness to use deception to entertain.
c.	ability to use hypnosis to suspend reality testing.
d.	use of the basic relaxation response.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Suspending a person between two chairs with no support in between

a.	is an impossible feat.
b.	can only be done if the person is hypnotized.
c.	can only be done by a person who utilizes meditation.
d.	can be done by anyone.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Which of the following is LEAST often used by stage hypnotists?

a.	actual induction of hypnosis
b.	waking suggestibility
c.	selection of responsive subjects
d.	tricks and deception

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following have been widely used throughout history as a means of altering consciousness through deep relaxation?

a.	visual imagery and progressive muscle relaxation
b.	combinations of hot baths and cold showers
c.	meditation and sensory deprivation
d.	hypnosis and drug usage

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following is a mental exercise for producing relaxation or heighted nonjudgmental awareness?

a.	REM rebound
b.	imagery rehearsal
c.	meditation
d.	depersonalization

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

The main purpose of meditative exercises is to

a.	increase energy and creativity.
b.	focus attention and interrupt the typical flow of thoughts.
c.	solve problems and relieve worries.
d.	sharpen normal consciousness.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Concept

A mental exercise that focuses attention, interrupts the flow of thoughts, worries, and analysis, and reduced physical tension and anxiety is

a.	hypnopompic imagery.
b.	sensory adaptation.
c.	lucid dreaming.
d.	meditation.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Meditation is considered a distinct state of consciousness because

a.	it produces a deep relaxation.
b.	it requires more intense focus than waking consciousness.
c.	PET and fMRI scans reveal changes in the activity of the frontal lobes of the brain.
d.	heart rates and blood pressures changes occur when a person is meditating.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Concept

The two major forms of meditation are

a.	ascetic and prothetic.
b.	endogeneous and exogeneous.
c.	concentrative and mindfulness.
d.	behavioral and humanistic.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Meditation techniques that involve focusing your attention on an image, a phrase, or your own breathing are referred to as _________ meditation.

a.	mindfulness
b.	concentrative
c.	dissociative
d.	inhibition

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Diane is sitting cross-legged and concentrating only on her breathing. She is practicing

a.	concentrative meditation.
b.	mindfulness meditation.
c.	self-hypnosis.
d.	lucid dreaming.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Application

Taylor is using a technique where she focuses her attention on a specific object or word or on her breathing to block out distraction and enhance well-being. This technique is called

a.	dissociative meditation.
b.	imagery rehearsal.
c.	concentrative meditation.
d.	mindfulness meditation.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 KEY: www

MSC: TYPE: Application

Meditation techniques that involve widening one’s attention to become aware of everything experienced at any given moment are referred to as _________ meditation.

a.	mindfulness
b.	concentrative
c.	dissociative
d.	inhibition

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

While meditating, Bernard tries to achieve a total non-judgmental awareness of the world. Bernard is using _________ meditation.

a.	latent content
b.	dissociative
c.	concentrative
d.	mindfulness

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Application

Ben is walking through the desert with a quiet and receptive mind, so that he has lost all self-consciousness and is open to all aspects of his surroundings, such as the smell of the air and the feel of the sand beneath his feet and the sun on his face and arms. Ben is practicing

a.	concentrative meditation.
b.	mindfulness meditation.
c.	self-hypnosis.
d.	lucid dreaming.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Application

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of mindfulness meditation?

a.	It involves an open, expansive, non-judgmental awareness of the world.
b.	It is more difficult to attain than concentrative meditation.
c.	It is a practical self-control method that utilizes a mantra.
d.	It is a mental exercise used to alter one’s consciousness.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Regarding meditation, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	PET and fMRI scans reveal changes in the activity of the frontal lobes of the brain during meditation.
b.	Concentrative meditation is more difficult to attain than mindfulness meditation.
c.	Concentrative meditation utilizes a mantra.
d.	People who use meditation to reduce stress often report less daily physical tension and anxiety.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Concept

A mantra is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT being

a.	a smooth word, like “om.”
b.	used in concentrative meditation.
c.	used in mindfulness meditation.
d.	a device used to focus attention.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following is often used as the focus of attention in concentrative meditation?

a.	mantra
b.	genome
c.	hypnopomic image
d.	focal delusion

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

A mantra would most commonly be used in

a.	Perls’ method of dream interpretation.
b.	sensory deprivation research.
c.	inducing hypnosis.
d.	concentrative meditation.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

To help one focus when using concentrative meditation, a person can use smooth, flowing sounds that are easily repeated, such as any pleasant word or phrase from a familiar song, poem, or prayer, as a

a.	mantra.
b.	hypnopomic image.
c.	genome.
d.	relaxation response.

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Sheliah is trying to meditate. She repeats the soothing phrase “om” as necessary to maintain meditation. Sheliah is using

a.	dissociation.
b.	inhibition.
c.	a mantra.
d.	a GHB.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Application

Researcher Herbert Benson believes that the core of meditation is the

a.	mantra used.
b.	relaxation response.
c.	basic suggestion effect.
d.	disinhibiting effects of the meditation label.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

An innate physiological pattern that opposes your body’s fight-or-flight mechanism is known as

a.	the relaxation response.
b.	a mantra.
c.	the basic suggestion effect.
d.	sensory adaptation.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding Benson’s research, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Most people have forgotten how to relax deeply.
b.	In producing the relaxation response, people are taught to focus on upsetting thoughts, to solve them quickly, and then set them aside.
c.	The relaxation response is responsible for the beneficial effects of meditation.
d.	People can be taught to produce the relaxation response by progressively relaxing their muscles and becoming aware of their breathing.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

In one study, a group of college students that received 90 minutes of training in the relaxation response experienced

a.	no benefit from the training.
b.	a slight increase in their stress levels.
c.	greatly reduced stress levels.
d.	significantly improved grades and increased socialization.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

The effects of meditation include all of the following EXCEPT

a.	decreased immune system activity.
b.	lowered heart rate.
c.	increased muscle relaxation.
d.	decreased blood pressure.

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

According to research, which of the following techniques has been shown to be a good choice for people who find it difficult to “turn off” upsetting thoughts when they need to relax?

a.	lucid dreaming
b.	hypersomnia
c.	meditation
d.	hypnosis

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

According to research, which of the following has been shown to reduce insomnia, excessive anxiety, aggression, and the illegal use of psychoactive drugs?

a.	mindfulness meditation
b.	hypersomnia
c.	lucid dreaming
d.	hypnosis

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following has NOT be shown to be an outcome of the regular use of meditation?

a.	development of self-awareness, maturity, and psychological skills, such as clarity and concentration
b.	relief of a variety of psychological disorders, from insomnia to excessive anxiety
c.	reduction in aggression and the use of illegal psychoactive drugs.
d.	effective in treating the sleep disorders of sleep apnea and narcolepsy.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Any major reduction in the amount and variety of sensory stimulation is referred to as

a.	meditation.
b.	sensory deprivation.
c.	cataplexy.
d.	REM rebound.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

According to your text, sensory deprivation is defined as

a.	a loss of vivid and accurate memories of events.
b.	a loss of perceptual consciousness.
c.	splitting consciousness into two streams of mental activity.
d.	any major reduction in the amount or variety of sensory stimulation.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Lapses in awareness, bizarre sensations, and perceptual distortions are all responses associated with

a.	perceptual enhancement.
b.	perceptual fatigue.
c.	sensory deprivation.
d.	selective perception.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Prisoners in solitary confinement, arctic explorers, and long-distance truck drivers, who are faced with limited or monotonous stimulation may experience

a.	mindfulness.
b.	a paranoid delusional state.
c.	bizarre or distorted perceptions.
d.	functional “waking” coma state.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Application

Whether one experiences the benefits of sensory deprivation or suffers its consequences largely depends upon

a.	individual personality traits.
b.	length of exposure.
c.	rewards provided for participation.
d.	prior experience with hallucinogenic drugs.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Psychologists have used small isolation tanks in which a participant floats in shallow body-temperature water containing hundreds of pounds of Epsom salts to explore the possible benefits of

a.	sensory restriction.
b.	hydroponic therapy.
c.	mindfulness meditation.
d.	weightlessness.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 KEY: www

MSC: TYPE: Fact

A small, shallow flotation tank in which subjects float in body-temperature water in darkness and silence is known as a

a.	lucid dreaming tank.
b.	depersonalization tank.
c.	sensory isolation chamber.
d.	conditioning chamber.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Tara is spending an hour in a flotation tank that will restrict sensory stimuli and will most likely produce

a.	REM symbolizations.
b.	deep relaxation.
c.	imagery rehearsal.
d.	tryptophanic images.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Application

Kira just spent an hour in a flotation tank that will restrict sensory stimuli and will likely produce

a.	REM rebound.
b.	hallucinations, delusions, and other psychotic symptoms.
c.	a decrease in blood pressure and muscle tension.
d.	increased numbers of beta waves.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Application

Brief periods of sensory deprivation often produce

a.	cataplectic images.
b.	the relaxation response.
c.	tryptophanic images.
d.	REM symbolizations.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

The Restricted Environmental Stimulation Therapy (REST) shows promise as a way to

a.	quit smoking and lose weight.
b.	improve performance in skilled sports, such as basketball.
c.	reduce the use of alcohol and drugs.
d.	do all of these.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Psychologist Peter Suedfeld calls the benefits of mild sensory deprivation

a.	REST.
b.	Simulated REM.
c.	REBT.
d.	EMDR

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Deep relaxation through sensory restriction has been able to help people quit smoking or lose weight because it

a.	makes people more open to suggestion and interrupts habitual behavioral patterns.
b.	activates the limbic system, particularly the lateral hypothalamus.
c.	decreases the person’s focus on negative feelings about themselves.
d.	enhances the person’s metabolic balance so that they feel healthier.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following has NOT been shown to be an effect of REST?

a.	reducing chronic pain
b.	enhancing performance in sports, such as tennis
c.	reducing psychotic symptoms
d.	stimulating creative thinking

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

According to research, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Sitting quietly and “resting” can be as effective as meditation and mild sensory deprivation for some people.
b.	Stress reduction can occur when people set aside time daily to engage in positive daydreaming and leisure reading.
c.	If a person finds it difficult to ignore upsetting thoughts, then concentrative meditation would be a good way to promote relaxation.
d.	Mindfulness involves being “spaced out” or having occasional moments of reduced awareness in order to reduce anxiety and promote relaxation.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following is the opposite of being “spaced out,” that is, the opposite of having occasional moments of reduced awareness?

a.	the relaxation response
b.	mindfulness
c.	concentrative cataplexy
d.	anhedonia

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

A person who is fully “awake,” attuned to the immediate reality, and acutely aware of every thought, emotion, or sensation, but does not judge it or react to it is exhibiting

a.	lucid dreaming.
b.	mindfulness.
c.	concentrative cataplexy.
d.	anhedonia.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Regarding mindfulness and meditation, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Mindfulness occurs when we are “spaced out” in those occasional moments of reduced awareness that we experience each day.
b.	Cancer patients who are taught mindfulness meditation have lower levels of distress.
c.	In general, mindfulness is associated with self-knowledge and well-being.
d.	Mindfulness involves an open, non-judgmental awareness of current experience.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Concept

TRUE/FALSE

Interest in hypnosis began in the 1700s with Franz Mesmer, who believed he could cure diseases with magnets and called his theory “animal magnetism.”

ANS: T DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Current research shows that the EEG patterns recorded during hypnosis are deep sleep patterns consisting of delta waves.

ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Stage hypnotists often create a simulation of hypnotic effects, not actual hypnosis.

ANS: T DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

PET and fMRI scans reveal changes in the activity of the frontal lobes of the brain during meditation.

ANS: T DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Concentrative meditation is more difficult to attain than mindfulness meditation.

ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Restricted Environmental Stimulation Therapy (REST) has been shown to enhance the performance in skilled sports, such as gymnastics, tennis, basketball, and marksmanship.

ANS: T DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

COMPLETION

The theory of hypnosis that explains that hypnosis causes a dissociative state or “split” in awareness was proposed by _________.

ANS:

Ernest Hilgard

Hilgard

DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 KEY: * MSC: TYPE: Fact

The detached part of the hypnotized person’s awareness that silently views the events is called the __________.

ANS: hidden observer

DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 KEY: * MSC: TYPE: Fact

You tie a short length of string to a small ring and hold this ring at eye level, about a foot from your face. By focusing on the ring, you are able to make the ring swing back and forth. You are surprised by this automatic movement. You most likely have experienced a(n) __________.

ANS: autosuggestion

DIF: Difficult REF: Module 5.3 KEY: * MSC: TYPE: Application

While meditating, Bradley tries to achieve a total non-judgmental awareness of the world. Bradley is using __________ meditation.

ANS: indfulness

DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 KEY: * MSC: TYPE: Application

By using small isolation tanks in which a participant floats in shallow body-temperature water containing hundreds of pounds of Epsom salts, psychologists have explored the possible benefits of __________.

ANS: sensory restriction

DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 KEY: * MSC: TYPE: Fact

ESSAY

Describe what effect(s) hypnosis has on the following areas: physical strength; memory; amnesia; pain relief; age regression, and sensory changes; and explain the techniques used by stage hypnotists that make people believe they are seeing a demonstration of hypnosis when they are not.

ANS:

Answer will include that hypnosis has no more effect on physical strength than instructions that encourage a person to make his or her best effort. There is some evidence that hypnosis can enhance memory. However, it frequently increases the number of false memories as well. For this reason, many states now bar persons from testifying in court if they were hypnotized to improve their memory of a crime they witnessed. A person told not to remember something heard during hypnosis may claim not to remember but may be nothing more than a deliberate attempt to avoid thinking about specific ideas. However, brief memory loss of this type actually does seem to occur. Hypnosis can relieve pain and is especially useful when chemical painkillers are ineffective, such as with phantom limb pain. Given the proper suggestions, some hypnotized people appear to “regress” to childhood. However, most theories now believe that “age-regressed” subjects are only acting out a suggested role. Hypnotic suggestions concerning sensations are among the most effective. It is possible to alter color vision, hearing sensitivity, time sense, perception of illusions, and smell. Stage hypnosis is about 50 percent taking advantage of the situation and 50 percent deception. stage hypnotists make use of several features of the stage setting to perform their acts. (1) Waking suggestibility: On stage people are unusually cooperative because they don’t want to “spoil the act.” (2) Selection of responsive subjects: Participants in stage hypnotism are first “hypnotized” as a group, but then, anyone who doesn’t yield to instructions is eliminated. (3) The “hypnosis label” disinhibits: On stage, being “hypnotized” takes away personal responsibility for one’s actions, so one can act silly without fear or embarrassment. (4) The hypnotists acts as a “director” with the responses of the audience bringing out the “ham” in many people. (5) The stage hypnotists uses tricks.

DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 KEY: www MSC: TYPE: Concept

Describe the two major forms of meditation and the technique known as REST and its uses.

ANS:

Answer will include that meditation takes two major forms. In concentrative meditation, you attend to a single focal point, such as an object, a thought, or your own breathing. (Often, a mantra, which is a smooth word like “om,” is used as the focal point.) In contrast, mindfulness meditation is “open,” or expansive. In this case, you widen your attention to embrace a total, non-judgmental awareness of the world. An example is losing all self-consciousness while walking in the wilderness with a quiet and receptive mind. Mindfulness meditation is more difficult to attain than concentrative meditation. REST stands for Restricted Environmental Stimulation Therapy, which is the use of sensory restriction, such as having the individual spend an hour or two in a floatation tank. This mild sensory deprivation causes a large drop in blood pressure, muscle tension, and other signs of stress. Deep relaxation makes people more open to suggestion and interrupts habitual behavior patterns. As a result, REST can “loosen” belief systems and make it easier to change bad habits. Mild sensory deprivation can help people quit smoking, lose weight, and reduce their use of alcohol and drugs. It has also shown promise in stimulating creative thinking and enhancing performance in skilled sports, such as gymnastics, tennis, basketball, darts, and marksmanship. There is also evidence that REST can relieve chronic pain and reduce stress.

DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.3 KEY: * MSC: TYPE: Concept

Question Grid by Type

Module 5.3: Hypnosis, Meditation, and Sensory Deprivation	Question Type	Fact	Concept	Application
Hypnosis—Look into My Eyes	Multiple Choice	1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 32, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 65	3. 19. 22. 25. 27. 28. 30. 31. 34. 35. 41. 61. 62. 63, 64	23, 24, 26, 29, 33, 36, 37, 46
	True/False	1, 2, 3
	Completion	1, 2		3
	Essay		1
Meditation—Chilling, the Healthy Way	Multiple Choice	66, 67, 69, 71, 72, 75, 80, 81, 82, 85, 86, 88, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 98, 99, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108`	68, 70, 78, 79, 83, 87, 89, 90, 97, 102, 109, 110	73, 74, 76, 77, 84, 96, 100, 101
	True/False	4, 5, 6
	Completion	5		4
	Essay		2

Chapter 5: States of Consciousness

Module 5.4

MULTIPLE CHOICE

The most common way to alter human consciousness is

a.	through meditation.
b.	through hypnosis.
c.	to administer a psychoactive drug.
d.	to use sensory deprivation.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

A substance capable of altering attention, judgment, perception, and emotions

a.	is classified as a psychoactive drug.
b.	is classified as a narcotic.
c.	is an addictive drug.
d.	produces withdrawal symptoms.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Psychoactive drugs are

a.	those that are physiologically addicting.
b.	substances capable of altering attention, perception, and mood.
c.	a class of dangerous prescription drugs that have potentially harmful physiological side effects.
d.	those which cause withdrawal symptoms and tolerance.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Psychoactive drugs can be placed on a scale ranging from

a.	addiction to withdrawal.
b.	dependency to addiction.
c.	stimulation to depression.
d.	addiction to detoxification

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Alcohol, marijuana, caffeine, LSD, cocaine, and nicotine are examples of chemical agents that alter perceptions and moods. These substances are collectively known as

a.	narcotics.
b.	stimulants.
c.	depressants.
d.	psychoactive drugs.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Drugs that increase the functioning of the central and peripheral nervous systems are

a.	narcotics.
b.	stimulants.
c.	depressants.
d.	hallucinogens.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Drugs that decrease the functioning of the central and peripheral nervous systems are

a.	narcotics.
b.	stimulants.
c.	depressants.
d.	hallucinogens.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

The stimulation-depression scale is less relevant for psychoactive drugs whose principal characteristic is their mind-altering quality. These drugs are classified as

a.	amphetamines.
b.	uppers.
c.	downers.
d.	hallucinogens.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Since their principal characteristic is their mind-altering quality, LSD, mescaline, and marijuana are classified as

a.	amphetamines.
b.	uppers.
c.	hallucinogens.
d.	downers.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Psychoactive drugs influence the activity of the brain by causing more of which of the following substances to be released or by prolonging or mimicking these substances’ actions?

a.	neurotransmitters
b.	charged positrons
c.	sodium ions
d.	potassium ions

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Jacob has taken Ecstasy. The activity within his brain will increase because this drug

a.	causes more neurotransmitters to be released.
b.	will prolong the action of certain neurotransmitters.
c.	will directly stimulate brain cells by mimicking specific neurotransmitters in the brain.
d.	will fill receptor sites on brain cells and block incoming messages.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Application

Which of the following drugs cause more neurotransmitters to be released, which increases the activity of brain cells?

a.	alcohol
b.	cocaine
c.	amphetamines
d.	nicotine

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which drug has a stimulating effect by prolonging the action of the transmitter chemicals?

a.	alcohol
b.	cocaine
c.	heroin
d.	nicotine

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

When Lewis smokes, the nicotine from the cigarettes will affect his brain cells by

a.	causing more neurotransmitters to be released.
b.	prolonging the action of certain neurotransmitters.
c.	directly stimulating brain cells through the mimicry of specific neurotransmitters in the brain.
d.	filling receptor sites on brain cells and blocking incoming messages.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Application

Which of the following drugs causes relaxation and relieves anxiety by filling receptor sites on brain cells and blocking incoming messages?

a.	alcohol
b.	cocaine
c.	Ecstasy
d.	nicotine

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Nearly all addictive drugs

a.	increase the activity to brain cells.
b.	prolong the action of transmitter chemicals.
c.	stimulate the brain’s reward circuitry.
d.	mimic natural neurotransmitters.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Concept

By stimulating which brain region do addictive drugs cause the neurotransmitter dopamine to be released and result in intensified feelings of pleasure?

a.	pons
b.	nucleus accumbens
c.	lateral reticular formation
d.	pineal gland

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Addictive drugs stimulate a brain region called the nucleus accumbens which results in intensified feelings of pleasure as the neurotransmitter __________ is released.

a.	acetylcholine
b.	melatonine
c.	norepinephrine
d.	dopamine

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Addictive drugs increase dopamine activity in the medial forebrain bundle and the nucleus accumbens, which, in turn, gives rise to intensified feelings of pleaseure as the _________ cortex is stimulated.

a.	parietal
b.	temporal
c.	frontal
d.	occipital

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Addictive drugs do all of the following EXCEPT

a.	causing the neurotransmitter acetylcholine to be released, resulting in intensified feelings of pleasure.
b.	fooling brain-reward pathways into creating a compulsion to repeat the drug experience.
c.	stimulating a brain region called the nucleus accumbens.
d.	physically changing the brain’s reward circuitry, making it harder for the addict to overcome his or her addiction.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Adolescents are especially susceptible to addiction because

a.	children and adolescents release more neurotransmitters than adults.
b.	the corpus callosum in the brains of adolescents are not fully developed.
c.	the brain systems that restrain risk-taking are not as mature as those that reward pleasure-seeking.
d.	of the hormones that are released at puberty that interact with the drugs to produce a more pleasurable effect.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Concept

The most powerful psychoactive drugs are

a.	stimulants.
b.	depressants.
c.	controlled substances.
d.	mimic endorphins.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding psychoactive drugs, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	More than 20 million Americans are currently illicit drug users.
b.	Most psychoactive drugs can be placed on a scale ranging from stimulation to depression.
c.	Caffeine, alcohol, and nicotine are not considered psychoactive drugs.
d.	Drugs that ease pain, induce sleep, or end depression have a high potential for abuse.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Drug abuse is a common problem for all of the following reasons EXCEPT

a.	the immediate feelings of pleasure produced by the drug.
b.	the lack of negative consequences.
c.	a desire to belong to a group.
d.	an escape from feelings of inadequacy.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Regarding the abuse of drugs, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	All of the frequently abused drugs produce immediate pleasure and delayed negative consequences.
b.	People who stop using drugs often say that they quit because they had solved their problems as they got older and no longer required the escape.
c.	Adolescents who abuse drugs tend to be maladjusted, alienated, impulsive, and emotionally distressed.
d.	If an abuser merely feels better, even briefly, after taking a drug, drug taking can become compulsive.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Most people who stop using drugs often say that they quit because they

a.	found better prescription drugs to help cope with their life stresses.
b.	had solved their problems as they got older and no longer required the escape.
c.	found the drawbacks to drug use were exceeding the benefits.
d.	found other ways to deal with the stresses of life, such as a spiritual outlet.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Regarding the abuse of drugs, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Many drug abusers turn to drugs in a self-defeating attempt to cope with life.
b.	The combination of immediate pleasure and delayed punishment allow abusers to feel good on demand.
c.	Antisocial behavior, school failure, and risky sexual behavior are commonly associated with drug abuse.
d.	If an abuser merely feels briefly better after taking a drug, drug taking will not become compulsive.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

All of the following are predictors of adolescent drug use EXCEPT for

a.	social conformity.
b.	parental drug use.
c.	poor self-esteem.
d.	stressful life changes.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Since antisocial behavior, school failure, and risky sexual behavior are commonly associated with drug abuse, these patterns make it clear that taking drugs is

a.	a symptom, rather than a cause of personal and social maladjustment.
b.	the cause, rather than a symptom of personal and social maladjustment.
c.	genetically-influenced along with these other problems.
d.	due to a lack of enforcement of rules in many social areas.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

When a person compulsively uses a drug to maintain physical or bodily comfort, a(n) ________ exists

a.	drug tolerance.
b.	psychological dependence.
c.	emotional dependence.
d.	physical dependence.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

The presence of a drug tolerance and withdrawal symptoms is indicative of

a.	polydrug abuse.
b.	a physical dependence.
c.	an emotional dependence.
d.	a psychological dependence.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Physical cravings for a drug and unpleasant reactions when the drug is withheld are signs of a(n)

a.	drug tolerance.
b.	psychological dependence.
c.	emotional dependence.
d.	physical dependence.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

If Terry stops taking oxycotin, he develops severe flu-like symptoms, such as chills, cramps, vomiting, and diarrhea. Terry is experiencing a

a.	drug tolerance.
b.	physical dependence.
c.	psychological dependence.
d.	drug psychosis.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Application

The physical illness that follows removal of a drug is referred to as

a.	addiction symptoms.
b.	withdrawal symptoms.
c.	tolerance level.
d.	a psychological dependence syndrome.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Bill has been a heavy alcohol user for a number of years. When he decides to quit “cold turkey,” he experiences nausea, cramps, severe sweating, and diarrhea. Bill is experiencing

a.	drug tolerance.
b.	drug psychosis.
c.	a psychological dependence.
d.	withdrawal symptoms.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Application

After smoking a pack of cigarettes each day for over ten years, Jackie decided to quit. Unfortunately, she got bad headaches, felt tired, and experienced mood swings. These physical changes are known as _______ symptoms.

a.	tolerance
b.	addiction
c.	withdrawal
d.	dependency

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Application

The reduction in the body’s response to a drug which may accompany drug use is called

a.	withdrawal.
b.	drug addiction.
c.	psychological dependence.
d.	drug tolerance.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following leads users to take larger and larger doses of a drug to get the desired effect?

a.	withdrawal symptoms
b.	reduced activity of neurotransmitters
c.	psychological dependence
d.	drug tolerance

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Concept

When Carl first started drinking, all he needed to get a buzz was two beers. Now it takes two six packs. This reduction in Carl’s responsiveness to his “drug of choice” is called a

a.	drug compulsion.
b.	drug tolerance.
c.	physical withdrawal.
d.	psychological addiction.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Application

If drugs are considered necessary to maintain emotional well-being, then ________ exists.

a.	a psychological dependence
b.	a situational dependence
c.	a physical dependence
d.	drug withdrawal

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Carolyn likes to have her morning cup of coffee. Having this cup of coffee each morning helps her to maintain feelings of well-being; thus, Carolyn has

a.	a psychological dependence.
b.	a physical dependence.
c.	an addiction.
d.	built-up a tolerance to caffeine.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Application

Regarding drug dependencies, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Psychological dependence can be just as powerful as physical addiction.
b.	Some psychologists define addiction as any compulsive habit pattern.
c.	A reduction in the body’s response to a drug is known as drug withdrawal.
d.	People who develop a psychological dependence feel that a drug is necessary to maintain comfort or well-being.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

According to some psychologists, a person who has lost control over their drug use and used more drugs than he or she meant to in the last year has a compulsive habit known as a(n)

a.	addiction.
b.	drug tolerance.
c.	psychological withdrawal.
d.	binge pattern.

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Ramon is asked by his family doctor is he has in the last year ever drank more than he meant to and if he has felt that he needed to cut down on his drinking. If Ramon answers “yes” to both of these questions, his doctor should tell him that he

a.	would e classified as an average social drinker and should not worry.
b.	is probably under some stress and should just watch his consumption.
c.	may have the beginning of a problem, but not to worry and just cut back some.
d.	most likely has an alcohol problem and needs professional help.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Application

Which of the following is NOT one of patterns of abuse mentioned in your textbook?

a.	social-recreational
b.	experimental
c.	regressive
d.	compulsive

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Cara tried marijuana because she was curious about what effects this drug would have on her. Cara’s pattern of drug-taking behavior would be classified as

a.	experimental.
b.	compulsive.
c.	situational.
d.	social-recreational.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Application

Kim only has one or two alcoholic drinks when she goes out to a restaurant with her friends a few times a month. Kim’s pattern of drug-taking behavior would be classified as

a.	experimental.
b.	compulsive.
c.	situational.
d.	social-recreational.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Application

Sam drinks alcohol only on the days that work has been extremely stressful so that he can relax and “try to forget.” Sam’s pattern of drug-taking behavior would be classified as

a.	intensive.
b.	compulsive.
c.	situational.
d.	social-recreational.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Application

David is a truck driver that usually drives within the stage, but he uses amphetamines when he is having trouble staying awake on the cross-country haul he has to make once a month. David’s pattern of drug-taking behavior would be classified as

a.	intensive.
b.	compulsive.
c.	situational.
d.	social-recreational.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: www

MSC: TYPE: Application

Four months ago, Randi stated drinking one alcoholic beverage to relax enough to go to sleep. Soon she was having two drinks each night; and recently, she has increased to three drinks. So far, this drinking has not significantly affected her work, although she does not feel very alert when she awakens each morning. Randi’s pattern of drug-taking behavior, at this point, would be classified as

a.	intensive.
b.	compulsive.
c.	situational.
d.	social-recreational.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Application

Gene has been using crystal meth every day for the last six months. He has lost his part-time job and is flunking out of college. He has pawned many of his possessions and even stolen money from his family to “take care of his habit.” Gene’s drug-taking behavior, at this point, would be classified as

a.	intensive.
b.	compulsive.
c.	situational.
d.	social-recreational.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Application

The most damaging patterns of drug taking are

a.	recreational, situational, and experimental.
b.	social, experimental, and recreational.
c.	situational, intensive, and compulsive.
d.	social, situational, and intensive.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

According to the Florida Medical Examiners Commission in 2008, which of the following accounted for the “vast majority” of deaths due to drug overdose?

a.	situational abuse
b.	polydrug abuse
c.	crystal meth abuse
d.	alcohol poisoning

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Thousands of fatal drug overdoses occur each year due to drug interactions of legally or illegally obtained drugs. This pattern of abuse is called

a.	multi-situational abuse.
b.	polydrug abuse.
c.	compound abuse.
d.	compulsive-recreational abuse.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

The combined effect of two drugs that exceeds what would be expected from the mere addition of one drug to the other is known as

a.	drug interaction.
b.	stimulus control.
c.	amphetamine psychosis.
d.	the paradoxical intention.

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

When drugs like barbiturates or tranquilizers are mixed with alcohol, their effects are multiplied, due to a

a.	binge effect.
b.	drug interaction.
c.	drug overloads.
d.	lethal side effects.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Concept

According to Table 5.3 in your textbook, a physical dependence occurs with which of the following drugs?

a.	alcohol
b.	cocaine
c.	nicotine
d.	all of these

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

According to Table 5.3 in your textbook, which of the following drugs causes a physical dependence?

a.	LSD
b.	GHB
c.	mescaline
d.	MDMA

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

According to the comparison of drugs in your textbook, which of the following drugs leads to a psychological dependence but does NOT appear to lead to a physical addiction?

a.	psilocybin
b.	cocaine
c.	alcohol
d.	nicotine

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following drugs can result in psychological dependence, but has NOT been shown to be physically addicting?

a.	alcohol
b.	nicotine
c.	MDMA
d.	methadone

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

According to Table 5.3 in your textbook, which of the following drugs is classified as a narcotic?

a.	codeine
b.	cocaine
c.	MDMA
d.	GHB

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

According to Table 5.3 in your textbook, the drugs that are classified as sedative-hypnotics include which of the following?

a.	alcohol
b.	barbiturates
c.	GHB
d.	all of these

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

People who take drugs intravenously are at high risk for all of the following EXCEPT for

a.	addiction.
b.	hepatitis.
c.	HIV.
d.	narcolepsy.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following are synthetic stimulants that go by the common street names of “speed,” “bennies,” and “uppers”?

a.	amphetamines
b.	barbiturates
c.	tranquilizers
d.	Rohypnol and GHB

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

The most legitimate medical uses of amphetamines include which of the following?

a.	to treat depression
b.	to treat childhood hyperactivity and overdoses of depressant drugs
c.	to help people to stay awake and to improve their mental or physical performance
d.	for weight loss

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following were once widely prescribed for weight loss or depression, but today, their main legitimate medical uses are to treat childhood hyperactivity and /overdoses of depressant drugs?

a.	amphetamines
b.	barbiturates
c.	tranquilizers
d.	sedative-hypnotics

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Illicit use of which of the following drugs has become widespread, especially by people seeking to stay awake and by those who think these drugs can improve mental or physical performance?

a.	mescaline and psilocybin
b.	amphetamines
c.	GHB and Rohypnol
d.	sedative-hypnotics

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Adderall and Ritalin are both mixes of amphetamines and are used to treat

a.	hypersomnia and sleep apnea.
b.	obsessive compulsive disorder.
c.	schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders.
d.	attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Adderall and Ritalin are used to treat attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and are both mixes of

a.	amphetamines.
b.	barbiturates.
c.	sedative-hypnotics.
d.	tranquilizers.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Increasing numbers of normal college students are illegally taking which of the following drugs in the hopes they will also be able to focus better while doing school work?

a.	adderall and ritalin
b.	GHB and crystal meth
c.	valium and Xanax
d.	mescaline and tuinal

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding amphetamines, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Taking amphetamines as “study drugs” has been shown to produce slight improvements in problem-solving performance.
b.	Taking amphetamines to improve college performance has been shown to result in a slight loss of creativity.
c.	Amphetamines have not been shown to be physically addicting, but cause only a psychological dependence.
d.	Amphetamines speed up the use of the body’s resources and do not magically supply energy.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

A long-distance truck driver who abuses a drug in order to stay awake for long hours would probably be an abuser of

a.	PCP.
b.	amphetamines.
c.	benzodiazepines.
d.	GHB.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Application

Which of the following can be smoked, snorted, injected, or eaten; is known by the street names of “bergs” and “glass,” can be made cheaply in backyard labs, and has fueled a violent criminal subculture?

a.	GHB
b.	marijuana
c.	methamphetamine
d.	MDMA

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding amphetamine use, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Amphetamines rapidly produce a drug tolerance.
b.	Amphetamines can cause amphetamine psychosis with repeated use damaging the brain.
c.	Amphetamine abusers typically go on binges lasting several days, after which they “crash” from a lack of sleep and food.
d.	Although potentially destructive, amphetamines do supply the body with extra energy.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following statements about amphetamine usage is TRUE?

a.	Frequent users can continue to get “high” on smaller doses of amphetamines.
b.	Large doses of amphetamines can cause nausea, vomiting, extremely high blood pressure, fatal heart attacks, and disabling strokes.
c.	Although potentially destructive, amphetamines do supply the body with extra energy.
d.	Amphetamines are classified as narcotic hallucinogens.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Jermaine has been binging on a stimulant drug for several days and is suffering from paranoid delusions and a loss of contact with reality. In the past when he has binged on this drug, he has become violent toward himself and others. Jermaine is most likely suffering from

a.	disorganized schizophrenia.
b.	generalized anxiety.
c.	alcohol poisoning.
d.	amphetamine psychosis.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Application

For several weeks, Garrett has been taking increasing amounts of “crystal meth.” If Garrett continues taking this drug, he is at risk for developing

a.	delirium tremors.
b.	hypnogogic delusions.
c.	amphetamine psychosis.
d.	panic attacks.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Application

Jacob is suffering from amphetamine psychosis. When in this state, Jacob’s most prominent symptom will be

a.	severe depression.
b.	panic attacks.
c.	paranoid delusions.
d.	auditory hallucinations.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Application

Smoked forms of methamphetamine are commonly called

a.	goof balls.
b.	ice.
c.	crack.
d.	scoop.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Cocaine is very similar in its effects to

a.	tranquilizers.
b.	alcohol.
c.	codeine.
d.	methamphetamine.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Smoked forms of cocaine are commonly called

a.	ice
b.	crack.
c.	goof balls.
d.	scoop.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following is a powerful central nervous system stimulant that produces feelings of alertness, euphora, well-being, power, boundless energy, and pleasure and goes by the street names of “snow,” ‘blow,” and “snuff”?

a.	GHB
b.	cocaine
c.	heroin
d.	LSD

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

From 1886 to 1906, Coca-Cola contained small amounts of

a.	alcohol.
b.	marijuana.
c.	cocaine.
d.	morphine.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

From 1886 to 1906, Coca-Cola contained small amounts of cocaine, which was replaced with

a.	chocolate flavoring.
b.	non-hypnotic spices and herbs.
c.	caffeine.
d.	nicotine.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

The main difference between cocaine and amphetamines is that cocaine

a.	is a depressant.
b.	is a shorter acting drug.
c.	is not associated with binging.
d.	produces more permanent brain damage.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Cocaine increases which two chemical messengers?

a.	noradrenaline and dopamine
b.	acetylcholine and THC
c.	histamine and phosphene
d.	RNA and serotonin

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

With cocaine use, the chemical messenger called noradrenaline is increased leading to brain arousal, while the “rush” of pleasure results from the increase in

a.	dopamine.
b.	acetylcholine.
c.	histamine.
d.	THC.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Miguel has been abusing a particular drug and is not experiencing the typical withdrawal symptoms. He did experience a jarring “crash” of his mood and energy. Then, within a few days, Miguel entered a long period of fatigue, anxiety, paranoia, boredom, and anhedonia. Before long, the urge to use this drug became intense. Miguel is most likely abusing

a.	alcohol
b.	GHB
c.	cocaine
d.	heroin

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Application

Concerning cocaine use, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Cocaine when snorted is quickly metabolized, so that its effect lasts only 15 to 30 minutes.
b.	Even a person who gets through withdrawal may crave cocaine months or years later.
c.	When rats and monkeys are given free access to cocaine, many end up dying of convulsions from self-administered overdoses of the drug.
d.	Cocaine increases the chemical messengers of acetylcholine and serotonin.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Concerning cocaine use, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	First-time users of cocaine risk having convulsions, a heart attack, or a stroke.
b.	The effects of cocaine administration usually last several hours.
c.	Three out of four cocaine abusers who remain in treatment do succeed in breaking their coke dependence.
d.	Coca-Cola once contained a small amount of cocaine.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Ian is withdrawing from cocaine. He can expect all of the following to occur EXCEPT

a.	a jarring “crash” of mood and energy.
b.	a long period of fatigue, anxiety, paranoia, and boredom.
c.	anhedonia.
d.	heroin-like withdrawal symptoms.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Application

Mona has been abusing cocaine and now suffers from an inability to feel pleasure. This condition is called

a.	hypomania.
b.	anhedonia.
c.	affective neurosis.
d.	cyclothymia.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Application

Concerning cocaine use, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	If cocaine was cheaper, 9 out of 10 users would progress to compulsive abuse.
b.	Withdrawal from cocaine produces symptoms similar to that of heroin.
c.	Cocaine increases the chemical messengers dopamine and noradrenaline.
d.	A vaccine is currently undergoing clinical trial that prevents cocaine from stimulating the nervous system.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following is NOT a sign of cocaine abuse?

a.	disregarding consequences of cocaine abuse
b.	compulsive use cocaine
c.	loss of control when cocaine is available
d.	heroin-like withdrawal symptoms

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

The drug MDMA is also known as

a.	scoop.
b.	Ecstasy.
c.	crack.
d.	ice.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following is chemically similar to amphetamine, causes brain cells to release extra amounts of serotonin, and produces a rush of energy with users saying that it makes them feel closer to others and heightens sensory experiences?

a.	GHB
b.	MDMA
c.	Rohypnol
d.	LSD

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

The physical effects of which drug include a rush of energy, dilated pupils, elevated blood pressure, jaw clenching, loss of appetite, and elevated body temperature?

a.	GHB
b.	valium
c.	Rohypnol
d.	Ecstasy

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Ecstasy causes brain cells to release extra amounts of

a.	acetylcholine.
b.	serotonin.
c.	histamine.
d.	dopamine.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

At a “rave” party, Marilyn used Ecstasy. The physical effects of this drug include

a.	low blood pressure.
b.	increased appetite.
c.	elevated body temperature.
d.	all of these symptoms.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Application

Regarding Ecstasy use, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Ecstasy diminishes sexual performance, impairing erections and retarding orgasms.
b.	Ecstasy use at “rave” parties intensifies the impact of the music, overstimulating the brain and resulting in a “rebound” depression.
c.	Ecstasy causes brain cells to release extra amounts of acetylcholine.
d.	Ecstasy use can lead to fatal heat exhaustion even if the person drinks water to cool themselves.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Serious problems related to MDMA use include

heart arrythmias.

b, fatal heat exhaustion.

severe liver damage.

all of these.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding the research on MDMA, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	MDMA causes long-term feelings of anxiety and depression that persist for months after a person stops taking Ecstasy.
b.	MDMA has been shown to increase sexual performance.
c.	MDMA can intensify the impact of music for the user.
d.	MDMA impairs performance on tests of learning and memory with some signs of underlying brain damage being shown by heavy users.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding Ecstasy use, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Ecstasy users are more likely to abuse alcohol and other drugs, to neglect studying, to party excessively, and to engage in risky sex.
b.	Research on Ecstasy has found that it does not intensify the impact of music as thought by those who attend “rave” parties.
c.	Ecstasy use tends to decrease sexual performance in both men and women.
d.	Although heavy users of Ecstasy do show some signs of underlying brain damage, the long-term consequences are not as severe as once feared.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Greg utilizes the most frequently used drug in North America, which is

a.	caffeine.
b.	alcohol.
c.	marijuana.
d.	cocaine.

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Application

Caffeine does NOT produce which of the following symptoms?

a.	decreased alertness
b.	sweating
c.	tinnitus (ringing in the ears)
d.	talkativeness

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

The effects of caffeine become apparent with doses as small as the amount found in about one-half cup of brewed coffee, which is ____ milligrams.

a.	five
b.	25
c.	50
d.	100

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding caffeine, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Caffeine blocks chemicals that normally inhibit or slow nerve activity.
b.	Less than ten percent of all caffeine users show signs of dependence.
c.	Physically, caffeine causes sweating, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), and hand tremors.
d.	Pregnant women who consume as little as two cups of coffee a day increase the risk of having a miscarriage.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Cola soft drinks, tea, chocolate, cold remedies, and many name-brand aspirin products all contain the psychoactive drug

a.	caffeine.
b.	GHB.
c.	alcohol.
d.	nicotine.

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Helen is suffering from caffeinism. Her symptoms may include all of the following EXCEPT

a.	an elevated body temperature.
b.	insomnia.
c.	increased appetite.
d.	increased heart rate.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Application

Insomnia, irritability, loss of appetite, chills, racing heart, and elevated body temperature are all signs of

a.	caffeinism.
b.	valium addiction.
c.	GHB use.
d.	cocaine withdrawal.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding caffeine, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Pregnant women should consider giving up caffeine entirely because of a suspected link between caffeine and birth defects.
b.	A person would have to drink between 15 and 20 cups of coffee a day to experience withdrawal symptoms from caffeine.
c.	About half of all caffeine users show some signs of dependence.
d.	Withdrawal from caffeine includes anxiety, depression, fatigue, headaches, and flu-like symptoms.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

The use of caffeine has been linked as a cause to all of the following conditions EXCEPT

a.	the increased growth of breast cysts in women.
b.	birth defects and miscarriages.
c.	bladder cancer.
d.	narcolepsy.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Drug abuse associated with which of the following drugs is correlated with breast cysts, birth defects, miscarriage, and contributes to bladder cancer, heart problems, and high blood pressure?

a.	caffeine
b.	cocaine
c.	nicotine
d.	heroin

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding caffeine, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	People who drink 15 to 20 cups of coffee a day show symptoms of caffeinism.
b.	A person drinking as few as 2.5 cups of coffee a day may experience withdrawal symptoms.
c.	Withdrawal from caffeine includes anxiety, depression, fatigue, headaches, and flu-like symptoms.
d.	Caffeine stimulates the brain by causing more neurotransmitters to be released, thus, increasing the activity of brain cells.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

The three most widely used psychoactive drugs are

a.	Prozac, alcohol, and marijuana.
b.	caffeine, alcohol, and nicotine.
c.	alcohol, marijuana, and crystal meth
d.	valium, nicotine, and alcohol.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Nicotine is classified as a

a.	narcotic.
b.	depressant.
c.	relaxant.
d.	stimulant.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: www

MSC: TYPE: Fact

According to the research presented in your textbook, which of the following is a FALSE statement about nicotine and cigarette smoking?

a.	Nicotine is classified as a depressant, or downer.
b.	Nicotine is so toxic that it is sometimes used to kill insects.
c.	Sixty percent of the smokers between 15 and 24 years old are addicted to nicotine.
d.	Up to 90 percent of people who quit smoking relapse within a year.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

According to the research on smoking presented in your textbook, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	For a nonsmoker, the nicotine in 17 to 25 cigarettes taken in a single dose could be lethal.
b.	A 30-minute exposure to one pinch of smokeless tobacco is equivalent to smoking three or four cigarettes.
c.	The average age of first use of tobacco is 15 and it usually takes about a year before dependence sets in.
d.	Second-hand smoke can lead to minor respiratory problems, but has not resulted in any deaths.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

According to the research on nicotine presented in your textbook, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Withdrawal symptoms from nicotine may last from two to six weeks and may be worse than heroin withdrawal.
b.	The health risks of smoking reduce the life expectancy of the average smoker by 10 to 15 years.
c.	The average age of first use of tobacco is 18 and it usually takes three years before dependence sets in.
d.	Smoking leads to an increased risk of many cancers, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, and reproductive disorders.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

For most smokers, withdrawal from nictone causes all of the following characteristics EXCEPT for

a.	excessive daytime sleepiness.
b.	sweating.
c.	cramps and digestive upset.
d.	irritability.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Evidence that nicotine is addicting includes

a.	convulsions, respiratory failure, and death at high dose rates.
b.	increased reliance on nicotine to the exclusion of other drugs.
c.	an increase in tolerance levels and withdrawal symptoms when discontinued.
d.	the early age at which people become addicted to nicotine.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Cigarettes release both nicotine and

a.	acetylcholine.
b.	tryptophan.
c.	noradrenaline.
d.	carcinogens.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Smoking puts people at risk for all of the following EXCEPT

a.	lung cancer.
b.	stroke.
c.	increased fertility.
d.	chronic bronchitis.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

According to the research on nicotine presented in your textbook, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Users of smokeless tobacco run a higher risk of oral cancer.
b.	The “cold turkey” approach to quitting smoking is considered the most effective approach in producing permanent nonsmokers.
c.	Secondary smoke causes about 3,000 lung cancer deaths and as many as 62,000 heart disease death each year in the United States.
d.	Young children are especially vulnerable to secondhand smoke.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

A scheduled gradual reduction to quitting smoking

a.	is not as effective as a cold turkey approach because smokers who smoke even one cigarette after “quitting” tend to feel they’ve failed.
b.	does not help people cope with the urge to smoke.
c.	works equally as well as the cold turkey approach.
d.	tends to create more permanent non-smokers.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Carmen, Jill, and Alexia are trying to quit smoking. Carmen delays when she has her first cigarette each morning and tries to delay it a little longer each day. Jill is gradually reducing the total number of cigarettes she smokes each day. Alexia quits smoking for one week, then quits again, a week at a time, continuing until she quits completely. Which of the following statements BEST describes these procedures?

a.	Carmen and Jill are each using a scheduled gradual reduction method that will be successful, while Alexia is going “cold turkey” and will probably fail.
b.	Jill is using an effective step-down method, while Carmen and Alexia are using the less successful scheduled method and “cold turkey,” respectively.
c.	Carmen, Jill, and Alexia are all using different types of the scheduled gradual reduction method that have all proven to be effective.
d.	Carmen, Jill, and Alexia are all using less effective methods and should switch to the more effective method of “cold turkey.”

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Application

A therapist is working with someone who wants to quit smoking. The most effective strategy to help this person to quit smoking would be for the smoker to

a.	go “cold turkey.”
b.	switch to light cigarettes.
c.	gradually stretch the time periods between cigarettes.
d.	begin systematic desensitization therapy.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Application

According to your textbook, which of the following would NOT be classified as a scheduled gradual reduction technique?

a.	A person delays having the first cigarette in the morning and then tries to delay a little longer each day.
b.	A person gradually reduces the total number of cigarettes smoked each day.
c.	A person quits completely, but for just one week, then quits again, a week at a time, for as many times as necessary to make it stick.
d.	A person who smokes heavily one day and then goes “cold turkey” the next day, alternating every other day.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Regarding approaches used to quit smoking, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Nicotine patches or nicotine gum can help people get through the withdrawal period.
b.	The “cold turkey” approach is still considered the most effective approach in producing permanent nonsmokers.
c.	Scheduled smoking helps people to learn to cope with the urge to smoke.
d.	The gradual approach to quitting smoking allows the smoker to not feel like a “failure” if they smoke one cigarette.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following techniques can be useful for breaking habits, such as smoking?

a.	systematic desensitization
b.	behavioral self-management
c.	REBT
d.	EMDR

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

You are writing a paper on depressants. Of the following drugs, which will you NOT discuss in your paper?

a.	alcohol
b.	benzodiazepine
c.	GHB
d.	nicotine

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Alcohol, barbiturates, GHB, and benzodiazepine tranquilizers are all classified as

a.	stimulants.
b.	depressants.
c.	hallucinogens.
d.	containing THC.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following drugs are sometimes referred to as “solid alcohol”?

marijuana and hashish

barbiturates and tranquilizers

“crystal meth” and cocaine

d. amphetamines and heroin

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Ambarbital, pentobarbital, secobarbital, and tuinal are examples of

a.	stimulants.
b.	hallucinogens.
c.	barbiturates.
d.	amphetamines.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

“Blue heavens,” “yellow jackets,” “goof balls,” “reds,” “pink ladies,” “rainbows,” and “tooies” are street names for

a.	Ecstasy.
b.	barbiturates.
c.	hallucinogens.
d.	amphetamines.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Barbiturates are a class of sedative drugs that

a.	act by depressing the general activity in the brain.
b.	are useful in counteracting the stimulant action of alcohol.
c.	are not physically addictive.
d.	are rarely associated with overdoses.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

In mild dosages, barbiturates have an effect similar to

a.	amphetamine psychosis.
b.	caffeinism.
c.	alcohol intoxication.
d.	sleep-deprivation psychosis.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Barbiturate drugs are used to

a.	calm patients and to induce sleep.
b.	counteract alcohol intoxication.
c.	encourage weight loss.
d.	improve the attention span of children with attention-deficit disorder.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding barbiturates, which of the following statement is FALSE?

a.	Mild doses of barbiturates have an effect similar to caffeinism.
b.	Barbiturates are often taken in excess amounts because the first dose may be followed by others as the user becomes uninhibited and forgetful.
c.	High doses of barbiturates can cause severe mental confusion and even hallucinations.
d.	Overdoses of barbiturates cause a loss of consciousness first and then the brain centers that control heartbeat and breathing are severely depressed with the result being death.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which depressant drug is made from a mixture of degreasing solvent and drain clearner and goes by the street names of “scoop” and “max”?

a.	crystal meth
b.	GHB
c.	MDMA
d.	LSD

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following statements about GHB is FALSE?

a.	GHB inhibits the gag reflex.
b.	GHB is classified as a controlled substance.
c.	GHB is classified as a stimulant.
d.	GHB is addictive.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following statements about GHB is FALSE?

a.	GHB’s intoxicating effects typically last three to four hours.
b.	Users of GHB describe its effects as being similar to amphetamines.
c.	Two out of three frequent users of GHB have lost consciousness after taking it.
d.	Potentially fatal doses of GHB are only three times the amount typically taken by users.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Users of GHB describe its effects as being similar to

a.	cocaine.
b.	LSD.
c.	amphetamines.
d.	alcohol.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *, www

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Higher doses of GHB can result in any of the following EXCEPT

a.	violent, aggressive behaviors toward others.
b.	inhibiting the gag reflex so the person chokes to death on their own vomit.
c.	loss of consciousness.
d.	coma or death.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Chandra is going to a nightclub and wants to overcome her shyness and meet new people, so a friend tells her about a drug that will make her relax and “feel good” and increase her desire to socialize. This drug is

a.	LSD.
b.	mescaline.
c.	GHB.
d.	“crystal meth.”

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Application

Heavy users who stop taking GHB have withdrawal symptoms that include all of the following EXCEPT

a.	anxiety and tremors.
b.	agitation and delirium.
c.	hallucinations.
d.	lethargy and depression.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Drugs with names like Xanax, Halcion, and Valium are

a.	barbiturates.
b.	stimulants.
c.	hallucinogens.
d.	tranquilizers.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Shawanda is suffering from panic attacks and has been prescribed a drug that will lower her anxiety and reduce tension. She has most likely be prescribed

a.	MDMA.
b.	benzodiazepines.
c.	amphetamines.
d.	Adderall.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following is a tranquilizer that is odorless, tasteless, cheap, ten times more potent than Valium, and has been used as a date-rape drug?

a.	LSD
b.	MDMA
c.	Rohypnol
d.	Psilocybin

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding tranquilizers, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Benzodiazepines are used to lower anxiety and reduce tension.
b.	When tranquilizers are used at too high a dosage or for too long, addiction can occur.
c.	Large doses of Rohypnol induce short-term amnesia and sleep.
d.	Valium is ten times more potent than Rohypnol.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which combination of drugs is most likely to produce a lethal drug interaction?

a.	alcohol and nicotine
b.	barbiturates and alcohol
c.	hallucinogens and amphetamines
d.	barbiturates and amphetamines

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Alcohol is classified as a(n)

a.	depressant.
b.	stimulant.
c.	hallucinogen.
d.	amphetamine.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding alcohol, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

a.	Alcohol is classified as a stimulant drug.
b.	Alcohol reduces inhibitions and produces feelings of relaxation and euphoria.
c.	Alcohol is an aphrodisiac and improves sexual performance.
d.	All of these statements are true.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

In terms of the number of people involved and the amount of damage done, America’s biggest drug problem is caused by

a.	cocaine.
b.	marijuana.
c.	Quaaludes.
d.	alcohol.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding binge drinking, which of the following statements is TRUE?

a.	Binge drinking, for males, is defined as downing five or more drinks in a short period of time or four or more drinks for females.
b.	Binge drinking refers to social drinking and is not a serious problem.
c.	Binge drinking as a teen has no impact on long-term memory capacity.
d.	Binge drinking among moderate drinkers does not have a serious effect.

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Downing five or more drinks in a short time for men and four or more for women is called

a.	addictive behavior.
b.	binge drinking.
c.	alcohol-seeking behavior.
d.	sedation.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding alcohol abuse, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Because the brain continues to develop into the early 20s, teenagers and young adults who drink too much may lose as much as ten percent of their brain power.
b.	Alcohol abuse increases with the level of stress in people’s lives.
c.	The stimulant qualities of alcohol produce talkativeness and animated behavior.
d.	More than 20 million people in the United States and Canada have serious drinking problems.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding alcohol abuse, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	People who drink to relieve bad feelings are at a great risk of becoming alcoholics
b.	Binge drinking is considered three or more drinks in a short time for men and two or more for women.
c.	Binge drinking is considered a serious sign of alcohol abuse.
d.	One American dies every 20 minutes in an alcohol-related car crash.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

What sets alcohol abusers apart from other drinkers is that they drink

a.	for positive reinforcement.
b.	for pleasure.
c.	to cope with negative emotions.
d.	as a means of socializing and “being part of the crowd.”

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Concept

According to your textbook, which of the following is NOT a danger signal that one may have a problem with drinking alcohol?

a.	drinking for pleasure and to socialize with people
b.	not using protection when engaging in sex after drinking alcohol
c.	feeling bad about oneself after drinking
d.	problems with appetite and sleeping as a result of drinking alcohol

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following is NOT one of the recommendations for social-recreational drinkers to “pace” their drinking?

a.	Drink slowly and eat while drinking.
b.	Limit drinking primarily to the first hour of a party.
c.	If drinking hard liquor, make every other drink a beer or a glass of wine.
d.	Practice how to politely but firmly refuse drinks.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding paced drinking, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Research has shown that you are likely to overestimate how much your fellow students are drinking.
b.	When people are tempted to drink too much, their main reason for stopping is that “other people were quitting and deciding they’d had enough.”
c.	To pace your drinking, eat while drinking or drink on a full stomach and make every other drink or more a nonalcoholic beverage.
d.	To control your drinking, limit drinking primarily to the last hour of a party.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Treatment for alcoholism generally begins with

a.	vitamin therapy.
b.	tranquilizers.
c.	psychotherapy.
d.	detoxification.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

In the treatment of alcoholism, detoxification refers to

a.	the intensive counseling involved in the initial stages.
b.	sobering the person up and cutting off his supply.
c.	injection of chemicals into the blood to neutralize the effects of the alcohol.
d.	the use of sedatives to counter the effects of the alcohol.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Detoxification literally means to

a.	dry out.
b.	support and encourage.
c.	remove poison.
d.	restore health.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

After detoxification, the next step in the treatment of alcoholism is

a.	to try to restore the person’s health.
b.	to begin aversion therapy.
c.	the injection of chemicals into the blood to neutralize the effects of the alcohol.
d.	involves requiring the alcoholic to make amends for the damage he or she has caused to relationships.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

The approach that has proved to be the most successful at helping alcoholics to stay sober is

a.	individual behavioral therapy.
b.	using antidepressants with individual counseling.
c.	mutual-help approaches, like Alcoholics Anonymous.
d.	the regular use of detoxification techniques.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following is a “12-step” program that takes a spiritual approach in which participants admit that they have a problem, share feelings, and resolve to stay “dry” one day at a time with other group members providing support for those struggling to end dependency?

a.	Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)
b.	Rational Recovery
c.	Secular Organizations for Sobriety (SOS)
d.	Gestalt Psychotherapy groups

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding the treatment of alcoholism, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Eighty percent of those who remain in AA for more than one year get through the following year without a drink.
b.	AA’s success rate may simply reflect the fact that members join voluntarily, meaning that they have admitted they have a serious problem.
c.	Rational Recovery and SOS are rational, non-spiritual approaches to alcohol treatment.
d.	The regular use of detoxification techniques have been found to be more effective than AA in treating alcohol abuse.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding the treatment of alcoholism and other drug addictions, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Detoxification frequently produces all the symptoms of drug withdrawal and can be extremely painful.
b.	Cocaine Anonymous and Narcotics Anonymous use a similar spiritual “12-step” program as AA.
c.	After detoxification, the next step is usually individual behavior therapy using aversion techniques.
d.	Alcohol abusers will often not face their problems until they have “hit rock bottom.”

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

The most popular illicit drug in America is

a.	marijuana.
b.	crystal meth.
c.	cocaine.
d.	Ecstasy.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

The active ingredient in marijuana is

a.	serotonin.
b.	lysergic acid diethylamide.
c.	THC.
d.	psilocybin.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Jeffery has just taken a substance that alters his sensory impressions. Which type of drug did he most likely consume?

a.	hallucinogen
b.	stimulant
c.	depressant
d.	sedative

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Application

Which of the following is considered a hallucinogen?

a.	GHB
b.	marijuana
c.	valium
d.	Rohypnol (“roofies”)

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Mescaline and psilocybin are classified as

a.	sedatives.
b.	tranquilizers.
c.	stimulants.
d.	hallucinogens.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following is the correct match between the hallucinogen and its street name?

a.	PCP————“acid”
b.	LSD———–“angel dust”
c.	mescaline—–“weed”
d.	psilocybin—-“magic mushrooms”

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

The drug PCP

a.	can have hallucinogenic effects.
b.	is an anesthetic.
c.	has stimulant and depressant effects.
d.	is characterized by all of these.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Marijuana, LSD, mescaline, and psilocybin cause their effects by

a.	slowing the removal of glutamate after it is released.
b.	depressing the activity in the nervous system.
c.	mimicking the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
d.	affecting neurotransmitter systems that carry messages between brain cells.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

A resinous material scraped from the Cannabis leaves is called

a.	psilocybin.
b.	marijuana.
c.	hashish.
d.	mescaline.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

The dried leaves and flowers of the hemp plant make up the drug known as

a.	psilocybin.
b.	marijuana.
c.	hashish.
d.	mescaline.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding recent evidence on the active ingredient in marijuana, which of the following is a FALSE statement about THC?

a.	Overall, THC can be considered harmless.
b.	THC accumulates in fatty tissues, especially in the brain and reproductive organs.
c.	THC receptors are found in areas involved in the control of skilled movement.
d.	THC may help the brain cope with pain and stress.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding marijuana, which of the following statements is TRUE?

a.	Overdose deaths from marijuana have been reported.
b.	Experts agree that marijuana has little effect on driving performance.
c.	Although a physical dependency is possible, marijuana’s potential for abuse lies primarily in the realm of psychological dependence.
d.	Marijuana smoke has significantly less cancer-causing hydrocarbons and less tar than tobacco smoke does.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding marijuana, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Marijuana’s immediate effects are euphoria, altered time sense, and perceptual distortions.
b.	Experts agree that marijuana has little effect on driving performance.
c.	Extreme dosages of marijuana can cause paranoia, hallucinations, and delusions.
d.	No overdose deaths from marijuana have been reported.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Below normal activity levels in which part of the brain were found in marijuana abusers, which explains why chronic marijuana users tned to show some loss of coordination?

a.	reticular formation
b.	corpus callosum
c.	cerebellum
d.	hypothalamus

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding marijuana, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	If a person smokes marijuana just once a week, the body is never entirely free of THC since it accumulates in fat tissues.
b.	THC receptor sites are found in large numbers in the cerebral cortex and in areas involved in the control of skilled movements.
c.	Activity levels in the cerebellum are higher than normal in marijuana abusers.
d.	People who smoke five or more “joints” a week score four points lower on IQ tests with the scores rebounding within a month after the person quits using marijuana.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

After years of studying the harmfulness of marijuana, scientists have concluded that frequent marijuana use can cause all of the following EXCEPT

a.	lowering sperm production in men with users producing more abnormal sperm.
b.	causing some loss of coordination and concentration.
c.	increasing the risk of prostate and cervical cancer.
d.	decreasing the brain’s ability to deal with pain and stress.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding marijuana and THC, which of the following statements is TRUE?

a.	When surveyed at age 29, nonusers are healthier, earn more, and are more satisfied with their lives than people who smoke marijuana regularly.
b.	Men and women who smoke marijuana have not shown any reproductive problems associated with this use.
c.	Marijuana smoke has been found to contain less cancer-causing hydrocarbons and less tar than tobacco smoke does.
d.	Marijuana has been shown to decrease the brain’s ability to deal with pain and stress.

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding marijuana, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	THC accumulates in the body’s fatty tissues, especially in the brain and reproductive organs.
b.	Marijuana smoke contains 50 percent more cancer-causing hydrocarbons and 16 times more tar than tobacco smoke does.
c.	Children whose mothers smoked marijuana during pregnancy show lowered ability to succeed in challenging, goal-oriented activities.
d.	THC enhances the body’s immune system, decreasing one’s risk of disease.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding marijuana, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Many people who have stopped using marijuana say they quit because they were bothered by short-term memory loss and concentration problems.
b.	Marijuana smoke contains less cancer-causing hydrocarbons and less tar than tobacco smoke does.
c.	In animal experiments, marijuana has been shown to cause abnormal menstrual cycles, miscarriages, and genetic damage in cells.
d.	THC can suppress the body’s immune system, increasing one’s risk of disease.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *, www

MSC: TYPE: Fact

TRUE/FALSE

Addictive drugs stimulate a brain region called the nucleus accumbens to release the neurotransmitter dopamine, which results in intensified feelings of pleasure.

ANS: T DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Sara tried marijuana because she was curious about what effects this drug would have on her. Sara’s pattern of drug-taking behavior would be classified as situational.

ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Application

From 1886 until 1906, Coca-Cola contained small amounts of cocaine, which were later replaced with caffeine.

ANS: T DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Ecstasy diminishes sexual performance, impairing erections and retarding orgasms in both men and women.

ANS: T DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

GHB is a mixture of degreasing solvent and drain cleaner.

ANS: T DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Alcohol is classified as a stimulant, while nicotine is classified as a depressant.

ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Binge drinking is defined as downing five or more drinks in a short period of time for men and four or more drinks for women.

ANS: T DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

The drug PCP is an anesthetic that can have hallucinogenic effects as well as stimulant and depressant effects.

ANS: T DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

The THC in marijuana can suppress the body’s immune system, increasing the risk of disease.

ANS: T DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

COMPLETION

The reduction in the body’s response to a drug which may accompany drug use is called __________.

ANS: drug tolerance

DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: * MSC: TYPE: Fact

The pattern of drug abuse in which a person uses the drug to cope with a specific problem, such as needing to stay awake is called __________ use.

ANS: situational

DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: * MSC: TYPE: Concept

Adderall and Ritalin, two popular “study drugs”, that are used to treat attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are both mixtures of __________.

ANS: amphetamines

DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: * MSC: TYPE: Fact

Maria has been abusing cocaine and now suffers from an inability to feel pleasure. This condition is called _________.

ANS: anhedonia

DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: * MSC: TYPE: Application

Valium, Xanax, Halcion, and Librium are examples of the depressant drug class known as __________.

ANS: tranquilizers

DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: * MSC: TYPE: Fact

Downing five or more drinks in a short period of time for men and four or more drinks

for women is referred to as __________.

ANS: binge drinking

DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.4 KEY: * MSC: TYPE: Fact

Marijuana, LSD, mescaline, and psilocybin are classified as __________.

ANS: hallucinogens

DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: * MSC: TYPE: Fact

The resinous material scraped from cannabis leaves is called __________.

ANS: hashish

DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 KEY: * MSC: TYPE: Fact

ESSAY

Describe the five patterns of drug use and explain which are the most damaging no matter what drug is used.

ANS:

Answer will include that drug use can be classified as experimental, which involves short-term use based on curiosity; social-recreational, which involves occasional social use for pleasure or relaxation; situational in which drugs are used to cope with a specific problem, such as needing to stay awake; intensive in which there is daily use with elements of dependence; and compulsive, which involves intense use and extreme dependence. The last three categories, situational, intensive, and compulsive, tend to be damaging no matter what drug is used.

DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.4 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Question Grid by Type

Module 5.4: Psychoactive Drugs	Question Type	Fact	Concept	Application
Drug-Altered Consciousness—The High and Low of It	Multiple Choice	1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 12, 13, 15, 17, 18, 19, 22, 23, 28, 29, 30, 32, 34, 37, 40, 45, 52, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63	5, 8, 10, 16, 20, 21, 24, 25, 26, 27, 31, 38, 42, 43, 56	11, 14, 33, 35, 36, 39, 41, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51
	True/False	1		2
	Completion	1	2
	Essay	1
Uppers—Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine	Multiple Choice	64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 75, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89, 90, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 100, 101, 102, 103, 105, 106, 107, 108, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 129	67, 80, 125, 128, 130	72, 76, 77, 78, 88, 91, 92, 99, 104, 109, 126, 127
	True/False	3, 4
	Completion	3		4
	Essay			2
Downers—Sedatives, Tranquilizers, and Alcohol	Multiple Choice	132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170	131, 137, 151, 159, 178	145
	True/False	5, 6, 7
	Completion	5, 6
	Essay			3

Module 5.4: Psychoactive Drugs

Question

Type

Fact

Concept

Application

Hallucinogens—Tripping the Light Fantastic	Multiple Choice	171, 172, 174, 175, 176, 177, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189		173
	True/False	8, 9
	Completion	7, 8
	Essay		4

Chapter 5: States of Consciousness

Module 5.5

MULTIPLE CHOICE

Remembering them and writing them down, looking for messages they contain, and becoming acquainted with your own symbol system are all part of understanding

a.	sensory restriction imagery.
b.	revelations gained from mindfulness meditation.
c.	understanding recovered memories from hypnosis.
d.	understanding one’s dreams.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.5 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

You only vaguely remember your dreams. To remember them better, which of the following should you do?

a.	Upon awakening, rise quickly and verbalize parts of the dream out loud.
b.	Set an alarm to go off every two hours during the night so you can catch the dreams.
c.	Keep a dream diary.
d.	Take sleeping pills that suppress REM sleep

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.5 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Which of the following would NOT be a preferred method of “catching” and understanding a dream?

a.	Keep a paper and pen or recorder next to your bed.
b.	Recall your dreams with your eyes open and staring at the ceiling or a fixed object.
c.	If possible, arrange to awaken gradually without an alarm.
d.	Put your dreams into a permanent dream diary, and keep the dreams in chronological order.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.5 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

In order to “catch a dream,” upon awakening, one should

a.	sit up and begin writing immediately since dreams disappear quickly.
b.	sit up and begin talking into a tape recorder immediately since this is faster than writing.
c.	lie still and review the dream images with your eyes closed.
d.	do none of these since dream analysis requires a therapist who can perform hypnosis.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.5 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding “catching” and understanding dreams, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Natural awakening almost always follows soon after a REM period.
b.	Remember that drinking too much caffeine can decrease REM sleep.
c.	Opening your eyes will disrupt dream recall.
d.	Keep dreams in chronological order and review them periodically to reveal recurrent themes.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.5 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

In catching a dream, it is important to remember that some drugs have an effect on REM sleep. Which of the following drug and effect matches is correct?

a.	barbiturates———decreases REM
b.	alcohol————–increases REM
c.	caffeine————-decreases REM
d.	marijuana———–increases REM

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Module 5.5 MSC: TYPE: Fact

In catching a dream, it is important to remember that some drugs have an effect on REM sleep. Which of the following drug and effect matches is correct?

a.	amphetamines——increases REM
b.	alcohol————–increases REM
c.	cocaine————- decreases REM
d.	LSD—————–decreases REM

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Module 5.5 MSC: TYPE: Fact

In catching a dream, it is important to remember that some drugs have an effect on REM sleep. Which of the following drug and effect matches is correct?

a.	valium————–increases REM
b.	caffeine————-increases REM
c.	opiates————- slight increases in REM
d.	LSD—————–slight increases in REM

ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Module 5.5 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following drugs has been shown NOT to increase or decrease REM sleep?

a.	valium
b.	caffeine
c.	alcohol
d.	marijuana

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Module 5.5 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following theorists identified four dream processes that are believed to disguise the hidden meanings of dream images?

a.	Freud
b.	Cartwright
c.	Hall
d.	Faraday

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.5 MSC: TYPE: Fact

According to Freud, the mental filters that disguise the meanings of dreams are called

a.	dream processes.
b.	ego defense mechanisms.
c.	fixations.
d.	archetypes.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.5 MSC: TYPE: Fact

According to Freud, condensation, displacement, and secondary elaboration are types of

a.	dream processes.
b.	ego defense mechanisms.
c.	fixations.
d.	archetypes.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.5 MSC: TYPE: Concept

According to Freud, the dream process in which a single character in a dream may represent several people at once is

a.	secondary elaboration.
b.	condensation.
c.	displacement.
d.	sublimation.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.5 MSC: TYPE: Fact

If you have a dream in which one character in the dream looks like your teacher, acts like your father, talks like your mother, and is dressed like your employer, this one character is representing all the authority figures in your life and is an example of the dream process known as

a.	secondary elaboration.
b.	condensation.
c.	displacement.
d.	sublimation.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.5 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Sue dreams about a child sitting in her bedroom crying, while Sue runs around trying to console the child. According to Freud, this one child represents all the people in her life that Sue is attempting to care for, including her elderly mother, her husband, her children, and her students. Because this one dream character represents so many aspects of Sue’s life, it illustrates the dream process called

a.	displacement.
b.	sublimation.
c.	condensation.
d.	secondary elaboration.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Module 5.5 MSC: TYPE: Application

According to Freud, the dream process in which important emotions are redirected toward safe or seemingly unimportant images is

a.	secondary elaboration.
b.	condensation.
c.	displacement.
d.	symbolization.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.5 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Anna has an argument with her roommate and then dreams that she accidentally put a red towel in with her roommate’s white clothes in the washer. According to Freud, this could be an example of

a.	condensation.
b.	displacement.
c.	compensation.
d.	secondary elaboration.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Module 5.5 MSC: TYPE: Application

A teenager angry with his parents might dream of accidentally wrecking their car instead of directly attacking them. According to Freud, this could be an example of

a.	condensation.
b.	displacement.
c.	compensation.
d.	secondary elaboration.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Module 5.5 MSC: TYPE: Application

Eugene is angry at a teacher and that night dreams that the teacher falls down a flight of stairs, rather than dreaming that he hits the teacher. According to Freud, which dream process would explain this dream action substitution?

a.	condensation
b.	secondary elaboration
c.	compensation
d.	displacement

ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Module 5.5 MSC: TYPE: Application

According to Freud, the four dream processes include condensation, displacement, secondary elaboration, and

a.	symbolization.
b.	fixations.
c.	ego ideals.
d.	self-efficacies.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.5 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

If you feel vulnerable in your class, or are unprepared for a test, and dream that you came to class naked, then you are experiencing

a.	condensation.
b.	displacement.
c.	symbolization.
d.	secondary elaboration.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Module 5.5 MSC: TYPE: Fact

When a dreamer makes a dream more logical by adding details to the dream after awakening, the dream process being used is

a.	displacement.
b.	secondary elaboration.
c.	condensation.
d.	symbolization.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.5 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Although the fresher a dream memory is, the more useful it is likely to be. The dreamer upon awakening often adds details that makes the dream more logical and complete. According to Freud, this dream process is known as

a.	secondary elaboration.
b.	displacement.
c.	condensation.
d.	symbolization.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.5 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Which of the following dream theorists viewed dreams as plays to be interpreted by carefully analyzing the setting, cast of characters, and plot of each dream?

a.	Rosalind Cartwright
b.	Stephen LaBerge
c.	Calvin Hall
d.	Fritz Perls

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.5 MSC: TYPE: Fact

While dream images and ideas tend to be more primitive than waking thoughts, much can be learned by simply considering the setting, cast of characters, plot, and emotions, as suggested by which of the following dream theorists?

a.	Freud
b.	Cartwright
c.	Hall
d.	Perls

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.5 MSC: TYPE: Fact

In analyzing dreams, Calvin Hall tended to

a.	use four dream processes.
b.	focus only on the emotional tone of the dreams.
c.	think of dreams as plays and the dreamer as a playwright.
d.	consider dreams as messages of “what was missing” in one’s life.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.5 MSC: TYPE: Fact

If you were to follow Rosalind Cartwright’s approach to understanding your dreams, you would focus on

a.	the symbolism underlying dream events.
b.	everyday events surrounding the dream setting.
c.	the emotional tone of the dreams.
d.	dream processes such as displacement and condensation.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.5 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following parts of a dream does Rosalind Cartwright believe to be the most important element to interpret?

a.	overall emotional tone of the dream
b.	specific traits of the characters in the dream
c.	the setting where the dream takes place
d.	the plot or story line of the dream

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.5 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Dreams would most likely be referred to as “feeling statements” by

a.	Perls.
b.	Hall.
c.	Cartwright.
d.	Globus.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.5 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

After Perry told his dream to his therapist, his therapist asks, “But, how did you feel in this dream? Your emotions are the key to the meaning of your dream.” Perry’s therapist is using _______’s technique for interpreting dreams.

a.	Freud
b.	Globus
c.	Hall
d.	Cartwright

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.5 MSC: TYPE: Application

Which of the following would be NOT be good advice to aid in dream interpretation?

a.	Watch for verbal or visual puns and other playful elements in dreams.
b.	It is important to describe your dream so that you can relive some of the feelings in the dream.
c.	Avoid discussing your dreams with family members or friends since they may add interpretations that will confuse your more personal analysis.
d.	Remember each dream has several possible meanings or levels of meaning with no fixed way to work with it.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.5 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

According to your textbook, which of the following is NOT one of the questions that was suggested to ask yourself in probing a dream?

a.	Were there humans, animals, or mythical characters in the dream?
b.	Was there striving in the dream and was it successful or not?
c.	What were the physical surroundings like and were any physical objects present?
d.	How long did the dream seem like it lasted?

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.5 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Perls believed that dreams are best interpreted as

a.	symbolic wishes.
b.	a rehash of the occurrences of the day.
c.	a message about what is missing in our lives.
d.	random brain activity with little meaning.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.5 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which of the following was the originator of Gestalt therapy and encouraged people to speak to the characters in their dreams?

a.	Freud
b.	Hall
c.	Cartwright
d.	Perls

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.5 KEY: www

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Which dream theorist believed that most dreams are special messages about what’s missing in our lives, what we avoid doing, or feelings that need to be “re-owned”?

a.	Rosalind Cartwright
b.	Stephen LaBerge
c.	Calvin Hall
d.	Fritz Perls

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.5 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Eric is telling his dream to his therapist and describes walking through a forest with bats flying overhead and the moon over his shoulder. Eric’s therapist encourages him to speak aloud as each character in his story, the moon, the bats, and the trees. Eric’s therapist is using the dream analysis technique of

a.	Rosalind Cartwright.
b.	Fritz Perls.
c.	Sigmund Freud.
d.	Calvin Hall.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Module 5.5 MSC: TYPE: Application

Marty dreams about a strange man standing behind a door. To interpret his dream, Marty speaks aloud to the man, then answers for him, and even speaks for the door, saying “I am a barrier. I keep you safe, but I also keep you locked inside. The stranger has something to tell you. You must risk opening me to learn it.” Marty is using the dream analysis technique of

a.	Rosalind Cartwright.
b.	Fritz Perls.
c.	Sigmund Freud.
d.	Calvin Hall.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Module 5.5 MSC: TYPE: Application

In order to conclude or carry a dream on to a more meaningful ending, a person may use an interesting dream exercise

a.	called secondary displacement.
b.	involving the sublimation of dream imagery.
c.	in which one continues the dream as a waking fantasy.
d.	in which one dissects the dream and reconstitutes it in as many different forms as possible

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.5 MSC: TYPE: Concept

To modify their own nightmares, nightmare sufferers can use

a.	secondary displacement.
b.	imagery rehearsal.
c.	dream condensation.
d.	dream sublimation.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.5 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

Dr. Otto Loewi, a winner of a Nobel prize, dreamed the same dream three nights in a row regarding his research. On the third night, he

a.	scribbled down on a pad what he had dreamed.
b.	went straight to the laboratory and performed the experiment.
c.	rejected the experiment in the dream and was able to eventually solve the problem through waking fantasy.
d.	used Freud’s techniques involving symbolization to forecast the completion of his research and his own death one year later.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.5 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Reviewing and thinking about a problem before you go to sleep

a.	is of little value in problem-solving.
b.	helps only imaginative people to solve problems.
c.	is a way to tap the creativity of dreams.
d.	is a guaranteed way to solve problems.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.5 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding the use of dreams, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	About half of a group of college students who “set” their dreams before going to sleep for one week recalled a dream that helped them to solve a personal problem.
b.	Imaginative persons have been shown to be the only people who can effectively use dreams for problem solving.
c.	Dreaming produces more creative solutions because your inhibitions are reduced.
d.	Nightmare suffers can use imagery rehearsal to modify their nightmares.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.5 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

The text outlines a procedure for using dreams in problem-solving that involves which of the following?

a.	Use stimulus control and sleep restriction to tap into creativity during dreaming.
b.	Use prescription medication to increase your likelihood of dreaming.
c.	Concentrate on the problem just before going to bed and then use dream catching techniques.
d.	Increase your time spent in sleep, thus directly increasing the time for dreams to occur.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.5 MSC: TYPE: Fact

One reason that dreams tend to produce more creative solutions to problems is because which of the following are reduced during dreaming?

a.	expectations
b.	brain waves
c.	inhibitions
d.	generalizations

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Module 5.5 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Which of the following dream researchers is BEST known for his work with lucid dreaming?

a.	Calvin Hall
b.	Stephen LaBerge
c.	Robert McCarley
d.	Fritz Perls

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.5 MSC: TYPE: Fact

While sleeping, you begin to feel as if you are awake during the dream and capable of normal thought. You are experiencing

a.	somnambulism.
b.	imagery rehearsal.
c.	lucid dreaming.
d.	daydreaming.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.5 MSC: TYPE: Application

If you ask yourself in your sleep, “Could this be a dream?” and you answer “Yes,” you are experiencing

a.	somnambulism.
b.	imagery rehearsal.
c.	lucid dreaming.
d.	daydreaming.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.5 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Your accuracy in recalling lucid dreams and the usefulness of these dreams in problem-solving is improved by

a.	deliberately rehearsing your intention of becoming aware that you are dreaming.
b.	engaging in strenuous physical exercise just before going to bed.
c.	asking someone to wake you frequently during the night.
d.	taking careful notes during your dream experience.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.5 MSC: TYPE: Concept

Stephen LaBerge and his colleagues at the Stanford University Sleep Research Center were able to show that lucid dreams are real and that they occur

a.	during NREM sleep.
b.	during REM sleep.
c.	occur only when people are sleep deprived and are experiencing REM rebound.
d.	occur most often in children and adolescents, but rarely in adults.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.5 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Stephen LaBerge and his colleagues at the Stanford University Sleep Research Center were able to show that lucid dreams are real and that lucid dreamers were able to do all of the following EXCEPT

a.	partially overcome REM sleep paralysis.
b.	be able to look up abruptly in a dream, causing a distinct upward eye movement.
c.	verbally mumble “awake” or “yes.”
d.	clench their right and left fists in a prearranged pattern.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.5 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Researchers have found that stimulation from which sensory system tends to increase lucid dreaming?

a.	vestibular
b.	auditory
c.	tactile
d.	kinesthetic

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.5 MSC: TYPE: Fact

Jared has awakened spontaneously from a dream. He takes a few minutes to try to memorize the dream. Next, he engages in 10 to 15 minutes of reading that requires his full wakefulness. Then, while lying in bed and returning to sleep, he says to himself, “Next time I’m dreaming, I want to remember I’m dreaming.” Finally, he visualizes himself lying in bed asleep while in the dream he just rehearsed. At the same time, he pictures himself realizing that he is dreaming. Jared is trying to learn how to use

a.	the paradoxical intention.
b.	secondary elaboration.
c.	the basic suggestion effect.
d.	lucid dreaming.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.5 MSC: TYPE: Application

Regarding lucid dreaming, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Lucid dreaming is a relatively rare experience.
b.	Sleeping in a hammock, on a boat, or on a waterbed may increase the number of lucid dreams a person has.
c.	Stimulation of the auditory system has been shown to increase lucid dreaming.
d.	In lucid dreaming, a person can partially overcome REM sleep paralysis.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.5 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Fact

Regarding lucid dreaming, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a.	Lucid dreaming tends to increase REM sleep paralysis.
b.	People who have lucid dreams tend to feel a sense of emotional well-being.
c.	Lucid dreaming is a way to voluntarily enter altered states of consciousness without the risks of taking mind-altering drugs.
d.	A person can revise nightmares during lucid dreaming to make them less fearful or to solve problems.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.5 MSC: TYPE: Fact

TRUE/FALSE

LSD tends to decrease REM sleep slightly, while alcohol increases REM sleep.

ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.5 MSC: TYPE: Fact

According to Freud, when several people, objects, or events are combined into a single dream image, the dream process of secondary elaboration has taken place.

ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.5 KEY: *

MSC: TYPE: Concept

COMPLETION

Jana has an argument with her husband and then dreams that she accidentally backs into his motorcycle, damaging it slightly. According to Freud, this is an example of __________.

ANS: displacement

DIF: Difficult REF: Module 5.5 KEY: * MSC: TYPE: Application

The Gestalt psychology who proposed that most dreams are special messages about what’s missing in our lives, what we tend to avoid doing, or feelings that need to be “re-owned” was __________.

ANS:

Fritz Perls

Perls

DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.5 KEY: * MSC: TYPE: Fact

A dreamer wakes within the dream and feels capable of normal thought and action during a state known as __________.

ANS: lucid dreaming

DIF: Moderate REF: Module 5.5 KEY: * MSC: TYPE: Fact

Question Grid by Type

Module 5.5 Psychology in Action	Question Type	Fact	Concept	Application
Exploring and Using Dreams	Multiple Choice	4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 16, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 33, 34, 35, 40, 41, 42, 43, 45, 49, 51, 53, 54	1, 2, 3, 12, 14, 23, 31, 32, 38, 39, 44, 47, 48	15. 17. 18. 19. 30. 36. 37. 46. 52
	True/False	1	2
	Completion	2, 3		1
	Essay		1

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Psychology Modules for Active Learning 12th Edition by Dennis Coon - Test Bank

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