Psychology The Science of Mind And Behaviour 3rd Australian Edition By Michael W. Passer - Test Bank Instant Download - Complete Test Bank With Answers Sample Questions Are Posted Below Chapter 05 Testbank Student: ___________________________________________________________________________ 1. What is the sensory transduction? A. specialised neurons break down and analyse the features of …
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Psychology The Science of Mind And Behaviour 3rd Australian Edition By Michael W. Passer – Test Bank
Instant Download – Complete Test Bank With Answers
Sample Questions Are Posted Below
Chapter 05 Testbank
Student: ___________________________________________________________________________
| 1. | What is the sensory transduction?
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| 2. | The final stage in the process of sensing and perceiving information occurs when:
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| 3. | According to psychologists, the term ______________ refers to the stimulus-detection process in which sensory receptors translate external stimuli into nerve impulses.
|
| 4. | The psychological term perception specifically refers to the process in which:
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| 5. | Occasionally, people who have been blind since birth have their vision restored. Afterwards, they can notice light and colours, but they often have great difficulty making sense of this new sensory information. Examples like these best demonstrate the difference between:
|
| 6. | You are looking at a very blurry photograph. At first, all you can see is a vague oval shape but after studying the picture for a few minutes, you see that it is a football. You have just moved from:
|
| 7. | The area of scientific study that is concerned with people’s abilities to detect differences or changes in stimuli is called:
|
| 8. | A researcher studies owls to determine how sensitive they are to various sounds and what is the smallest sound that they can detect. Her work is most consistent with the goals of which scientific area?
|
| 9. | The difference threshold is defined as the smallest difference in intensity between two stimuli that can be detected ______ of the time.
|
| 10. | When a sensory system or sense modality has a low absolute threshold, it implies that it has:
|
| 11. | How certain a person needs to feel before saying that a particular stimulus is present is referred to as the:
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| 12. | Very weak stimuli, that do not reach awareness, are said to be:
|
| 13. | Bob is a participant in a signal detection study. On the last trial, Bob said that he saw a stimulus but there was NO stimulus present. Bob’s answer would be classified as a:
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| 14. | You are in a car with a friend who is driving a few kilometres an hour over the speed limit and he is watching for police cars. He got a ticket last week, so every time he sees a car that looks like a police car, he slows down. Because of his over-vigilance, he has slowed down several times for what turned out not to be police cars. Your friend’s attempts to notice police cars would have the most relevance to which of the following?
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| 15. | In a signal-detection experiment, a researcher decides to punish incorrect decisions or mistakes but does not reward correct detections. The researcher’s manipulations would probably illustrate how:
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| 16. | A participant in a signal-detection study is bold in her decisions about the presence of a target stimulus. As a result, she has more hits, but she also has more false alarms. This example demonstrates how:
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| 17. | When a stimulus is so small that the sensory receptors can detect it, yet there is no conscious awareness of the stimulus, it is called a:
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| 18. | The smallest difference between two stimuli that can be detected is called the:
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| 19. | Absolute threshold is to difference threshold as:
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| 20. | Weber’s law states that the ____________ threshold is directly proportional to the ____________ of the stimulus with which a comparison is being made.
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| 21. | One of the primary advantages of Weber fractions is that they:
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| 22. | A limitation of Weber’s law is that:
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| 23. | The diminishing sensitivity of a neuron to an unchanging stimulus is called:
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| 24. | You have just run a bath for yourself and when you get in, the water feels very hot. However, you ease yourself into the bath and, soon, even though it has remained the same temperature, the water no longer feels so hot. The characteristic of sensory neurons that is responsible for this phenomenon is known as:
|
| 25. | In the human eye, light from objects at different distances is precisely focused on the back of the retina by the:
|
| 26. | Joey can see when he’s reading books and working on his computer, but he has trouble seeing things in the distance. Joey probably suffers from:
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| 27. | Whether you are shortsighted or longsighted is largely dependent on the functioning of your:
|
| 28. | The visual receptors in the eyes called ___________ function best in dim lighting and are primarily brightness receptors.
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| 29. | In the eye, ________ are the colour receptors and function best in bright illumination.
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| 30. | In humans, rods are about ___ times more sensitive to light than cones.
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| 31. | Once a light stimulus has been detected by the rods or cones, it is passed first to ____________, and then onto ____________, whose axons form the optic nerve.
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| 32. | Which of the following shows the correct route taken by a light stimulus travelling to the brain?
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| 33. | One interesting feature of the retina is that:
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| 34. | The process in which the qualities of a sensory stimulus are converted into nerve impulses is specifically called:
|
| 35. | Which of the following is most similar to the transduction of visual stimuli in the retina?
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| 36. | Cones have less brightness sensitivity than rods in all areas of the colour spectrum EXCEPT the __________ end, where rods are relatively insensitive.
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| 37. | Some towns are changing the colour of their fire engines from red to yellow-green. This is because this colour increases the dim-lighting visibility of the trucks to:
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| 38. | ________________ adaptation specifically refers to the process whereby brightness sensitivity progressively improves under conditions of low illumination.
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| 39. | When the human eye is exposed to very high illumination:
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| 40. | The initial stages of dark adaptation (e.g. the first five minutes) are controlled by the _____________, but the second part of the darkness adaptation curve is determined by the functioning of the _____________.
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| 41. | The theory that assumes there are three types of colour receptors in the retina and that individual cones are most sensitive to one of three wavelengths of light is called:
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| 42. | The Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory of colour vision is LEAST able to explain which of the following?
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| 43. | An observation that was INCONSISTENT with the Young-Helmholtz theory of colour perception was that:
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| 44. | Although colour afterimages are NOT adequately explained by the ________________ theory of colour, they can be readily explained by ____________ theory.
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| 45. | According to the opponent-process theory of colour, if you stare steadily at a green stimulus, then look at a white surface, the afterimage will be:
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| 46. | The dual-process theory of colour combines elements of the _____________ theory and the ______________ theory to account for the colour transduction process.
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| 47. | The current theory of colour sensation uses the ____________ theory to explain the behaviour of the cones in colour vision, while a modified version of the ___________ theory that emphasises the role of ganglion cells is used to explain the presence of afterimages and certain types of colour blindness.
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| 48. | A person with normal colour vision is referred to as a:
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| 49. | A person who only has a deficiency in the yellow–blue colour system would be called:
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| 50. | Colour blindness is typically assessed by:
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| 51. | Cells in the occipital lobe that fire selectively in response to specific visual characteristics are called:
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| 52. | A friend holds up an object in front of you and you immediately identify it as a mobile phone. Which of the following is most responsible for your ability to do this?
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| 53. | All forms of colour blindness are caused by:
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| 54. | Two important physical characteristics of sound waves are:
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| 55. | The amplitude of a sound wave determines which sensory quality?
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| 56. | ____________ is measured in cycles per second and translates into the auditory quality of pitch.
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| 57. | Sounds above 130 decibels:
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| 58. | The coiled, snail-like tube in the inner ear that is filled with fluid is called the:
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| 59. | When a nerve impulse is sent to the brain from the ear, that impulse originates from:
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| 60. | In the processing of sound, the neurons known as hair cells are important because:
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| 61. | The _____________ theory of pitch perception argues that nerve impulses triggered by a given auditory stimulus should match the pitch of that stimulus.
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| 62. | The place theory of pitch perception states that pitch is determined by:
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| 63. | Which of the following statements regarding pitch perception is TRUE?
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| 64. | Information regarding the time differences and intensity differences of arriving sounds is important in:
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| 65. | The ability of the nervous system to localise the source of various sounds is primarily determined by:
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| 66. | Steve punctures his right eardrum and cannot hear out of this ear. Steve’s injury would be classified as an example of:
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| 67. | Which of the following would be classified as an example of nerve deafness?
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| 68. | Hearing aids correct many forms of __________ deafness but do little to rectify problems caused by _________ deafness.
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| 69. | The two senses that are so associated with one another that they have sometimes been referred to as the ‘common chemical sense’ are:
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| 70. | The four main qualities that our sense of taste responds to are:
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| 71. | ‘Umami’ refers to:
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| 72. | Pheromones are most relevant to which sense?
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| 73. | The tactile sensations that people are sensitive to are:
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| 74. | The primary receptors for pain and temperature are specifically called:
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| 75. | In the skin, specialised cells known as basket cell fibres are important for sensing:
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| 76. | The phantom limb phenomenon is apparently caused by:
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| 77. | The immune system contributes to pain perception when:
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| 78. | Which of the following senses would be most essential to a circus performer walking across a tightrope?
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| 79. | Audition and the vestibular sense are similar in that they both:
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| 80. | Researchers have used all of the following when developing sensory prosthetic devices for blind individuals, EXCEPT:
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| 81. | The cochlear implant device overcomes nerve deafness by:
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| 82. | ____________ processing occurs when sensory information is interpreted relative to pre-existing ideas, knowledge and concepts.
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| 83. | Although very different, top-down processing and bottom-up processing are similar in that they both:
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| 84. | Two complementary processes in attention are:
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| 85. | Focusing on specific stimuli and filtering out others are complementary processes that are most central to:
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| 86. | The experimental procedure where a participant is presented with two auditory messages (i.e. one in each ear) and then is asked to repeat one of the messages word-for-word is called:
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| 87. | Which of the following is an advantage of selective attention?
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| 88. | Research on attention using the shadowing technique has revealed that:
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| 89. | A man dressed in a gorilla suit walks through a crowd of people playing basketball. Witnesses of this event were so focused on the basketball playing, that they did not notice the man in the gorilla suit. This is referred to as:
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| 90. | The finding that observers react faster when they believe an object is coming towards than when they believe it will miss their heads demonstrates:
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| 91. | Gestalt psychologists refer to the tendency to organise incoming stimuli into a central object with some kind of backdrop behind as:
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| 92. | The Gestalt law of ____________ asserts that objects near one another are more likely to be perceived as belonging together.
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| 93. | Our tendency to fill in an incomplete figure and perceive it as more complete than it really is, is called the law of:
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| 94. | Taken collectively, the Gestalt laws of perceptual organisation best illustrate which of the following?
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| 95. | Sheri is at a party and wants to ask Jarrod to dance. However, because Jarrod is standing rather close to Tu-Ha, Sheri assumes that they are a couple and looks elsewhere for a dance partner. This example is most relevant which of the following concepts?
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| 96. | The recognition of an incoming stimulus is presumably facilitated by __________, which is a mental representation or image that we compare the stimulus to.
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| 97. | Think of the psychology lecturer who is teaching this class. Does this person seem like a typical university lecturer to you? In answering this question, you are probably making use of:
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| 98. | It has been argued that each of our perceptions is like a(n) _____________ that is tested by comparing incoming stimuli to a pre-existing ________________.
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| 99. | A perceptual set is best defined as a:
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| 100. | Which of the following would be the most susceptible to the effects of fear and expectation?
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| 101. | ______________ specifically allow us to recognise familiar stimuli under varying conditions and in different contexts.
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| 102. | ________________ refers to the tendency of the visual system to perceive an object as having the same dimensions and measurements, even though the image of the object on the retina may change with distance.
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| 103. | The fact that the face of a friend looks the same whether you are viewing it from directly in front or from the side is best accounted for by:
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| 104. | You are driving down the road in a national park and heading toward a large, beautiful mountain. As you get closer to it, the size of the mountain’s image on your retina gets larger but you don’t perceive the mountain as ‘growing’. Instead, you sense that the size of the mountain doesn’t change as you get nearer. Which of the following can best explain this phenomenon?
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| 105. | The depth perception cues that require the use of only one eye are called:
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| 106. | All of the following are examples of monocular cues for depth perception, EXCEPT:
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| 107. | If you know that two objects have the exact same physical dimensions and you notice that one of them appears to be smaller, you perceive the smaller one as being ___________ and you are using the monocular depth cue of _________ to make this decision.
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| 108. | The fact that each eye receives a slightly different visual stimulus is significant in the creation of the binocular depth cue called:
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| 109. | Motion parallax is:
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| 110. | According to the text, visual illusions can be viewed as examples of:
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| 111. | Most visual illusions can be attributed to _________________ that ordinarily help us to perceive the world accurately.
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| 112. | The flight simulator study conducted by Conrad Kraft is most relevant to which of the following?
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| 113. | Research on the impact of cultural factors on perception has found that:
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| 114. | When shown a picture of a hunting scene, African people perceived a hunter as attempting to kill a baby elephant, whereas Westerners tended to perceive that the hunter was after another animal and thought that the ‘baby elephant’ was actually an adult elephant off in the distance. These results were presented as an example of how the use of __________ depth cues _________ consistent across cultures.
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| 115. | The Müller-Lyer illusion occurs when a line appears longer when the V-shaped lines at its ends radiate outward rather than inward. Cross-cultural research on this illusion has found that:
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| 116. | Times when certain kinds of experiences must occur if perceptual abilities are to develop are called:
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| 117. | Kittens only exposed to vertical stimuli (e.g. vertical stripes) had visual receptor cells that would only fire in response to vertical stimuli. Stimuli with other orientations evoked no response. This research best illustrates the importance of:
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| 118. | Which one of the following structures or organs is NOT involved in the transduction of sound waves into neural activity?
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| 119. | Flavours are composed of a combination of activity in the four types of taste receptors. Which of the following is NOT a type of taste receptor?
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| 120. | Svetlana is sitting in the TGV very fast train in France and is cruising along at a constant 300 kmh. When she closes her eyes, she feels no sense of motion. This is probably due to the fact that the vestibular apparatus:
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| 121. | An East African Indigenous person has issues with one of the following perceptions, which leads researchers to the conclusion that this ability is partially culturally determined. Which perception would it be?
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| 122. | How does the definition of ‘threshold’ vary when considering absolute versus signal-detection theory points of view?
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| 123. | What is sensory adaptation and why is it important in everyday life?
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| 124. | Letitia is an avid observer of stars and galaxies in a clear night sky with her naked eye. Given your knowledge of photoreceptors and adaptation, what is the best advice you can give her to enable her to see the dimmest stars and galaxies?
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| 125. | Compare and contrast the trichromatic theory and opponent-process theory in colour vision, and why are both important in seeing colour?
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| 126. | What are the monocular depth cues an artist can use in a painting to create three-dimensional effects?
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| 127. | Define and give an example of why critical periods are important in the development of vision.
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Chapter 05 Testbank Key
| 1. | What is the sensory transduction?
|
| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.01 Understand how the sensitivity of the sensory system and the degree to which stimuli we are unaware of can influence our behaviour Topic: Sensory processes |
| 2. | The final stage in the process of sensing and perceiving information occurs when:
|
| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.01 Understand how the sensitivity of the sensory system and the degree to which stimuli we are unaware of can influence our behaviour Topic: Sensory processes |
| 3. | According to psychologists, the term ______________ refers to the stimulus-detection process in which sensory receptors translate external stimuli into nerve impulses.
|
| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.01 Understand how the sensitivity of the sensory system and the degree to which stimuli we are unaware of can influence our behaviour Topic: Sensory processes |
| 4. | The psychological term perception specifically refers to the process in which:
|
| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.01 Understand how the sensitivity of the sensory system and the degree to which stimuli we are unaware of can influence our behaviour Topic: Sensory processes |
| 5. | Occasionally, people who have been blind since birth have their vision restored. Afterwards, they can notice light and colours, but they often have great difficulty making sense of this new sensory information. Examples like these best demonstrate the difference between:
|
| Blooms: Understand Learning Objective: 05.01 Understand how the sensitivity of the sensory system and the degree to which stimuli we are unaware of can influence our behaviour Topic: Sensory processes |
| 6. | You are looking at a very blurry photograph. At first, all you can see is a vague oval shape but after studying the picture for a few minutes, you see that it is a football. You have just moved from:
|
| Blooms: Understand Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 05.01 Understand how the sensitivity of the sensory system and the degree to which stimuli we are unaware of can influence our behaviour Topic: Sensory processes |
| 7. | The area of scientific study that is concerned with people’s abilities to detect differences or changes in stimuli is called:
|
| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.01 Understand how the sensitivity of the sensory system and the degree to which stimuli we are unaware of can influence our behaviour Topic: Sensory processes |
| 8. | A researcher studies owls to determine how sensitive they are to various sounds and what is the smallest sound that they can detect. Her work is most consistent with the goals of which scientific area?
|
| Blooms: Understand Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.01 Understand how the sensitivity of the sensory system and the degree to which stimuli we are unaware of can influence our behaviour Topic: Sensory processes |
| 9. | The difference threshold is defined as the smallest difference in intensity between two stimuli that can be detected ______ of the time.
|
| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.01 Understand how the sensitivity of the sensory system and the degree to which stimuli we are unaware of can influence our behaviour Topic: Stimulus detection: the absolute threshold |
| 10. | When a sensory system or sense modality has a low absolute threshold, it implies that it has:
|
| Blooms: Understand Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.01 Understand how the sensitivity of the sensory system and the degree to which stimuli we are unaware of can influence our behaviour Topic: Stimulus detection: the absolute threshold |
| 11. | How certain a person needs to feel before saying that a particular stimulus is present is referred to as the:
|
| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.01 Understand how the sensitivity of the sensory system and the degree to which stimuli we are unaware of can influence our behaviour Topic: Stimulus detection: the absolute threshold |
| 12. | Very weak stimuli, that do not reach awareness, are said to be:
|
| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.01 Understand how the sensitivity of the sensory system and the degree to which stimuli we are unaware of can influence our behaviour Topic: Sensory processes |
| 13. | Bob is a participant in a signal detection study. On the last trial, Bob said that he saw a stimulus but there was NO stimulus present. Bob’s answer would be classified as a:
|
| Blooms: Apply Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.01 Understand how the sensitivity of the sensory system and the degree to which stimuli we are unaware of can influence our behaviour Topic: Stimulus detection: the absolute threshold |
| 14. | You are in a car with a friend who is driving a few kilometres an hour over the speed limit and he is watching for police cars. He got a ticket last week, so every time he sees a car that looks like a police car, he slows down. Because of his over-vigilance, he has slowed down several times for what turned out not to be police cars. Your friend’s attempts to notice police cars would have the most relevance to which of the following?
|
| Blooms: Understand Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 05.01 Understand how the sensitivity of the sensory system and the degree to which stimuli we are unaware of can influence our behaviour Topic: Stimulus detection: the absolute threshold |
| 15. | In a signal-detection experiment, a researcher decides to punish incorrect decisions or mistakes but does not reward correct detections. The researcher’s manipulations would probably illustrate how:
|
| Blooms: Understand Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 05.01 Understand how the sensitivity of the sensory system and the degree to which stimuli we are unaware of can influence our behaviour Topic: Stimulus detection: the absolute threshold |
| 16. | A participant in a signal-detection study is bold in her decisions about the presence of a target stimulus. As a result, she has more hits, but she also has more false alarms. This example demonstrates how:
|
| Blooms: Understand Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.01 Understand how the sensitivity of the sensory system and the degree to which stimuli we are unaware of can influence our behaviour Topic: Stimulus detection: the absolute threshold |
| 17. | When a stimulus is so small that the sensory receptors can detect it, yet there is no conscious awareness of the stimulus, it is called a:
|
| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.01 Understand how the sensitivity of the sensory system and the degree to which stimuli we are unaware of can influence our behaviour Topic: Stimulus detection: the absolute threshold |
| 18. | The smallest difference between two stimuli that can be detected is called the:
|
| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.01 Understand how the sensitivity of the sensory system and the degree to which stimuli we are unaware of can influence our behaviour Topic: Stimulus detection: the absolute threshold |
| 19. | Absolute threshold is to difference threshold as:
|
| Blooms: Understand Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 05.01 Understand how the sensitivity of the sensory system and the degree to which stimuli we are unaware of can influence our behaviour Topic: The difference threshold |
| 20. | Weber’s law states that the ____________ threshold is directly proportional to the ____________ of the stimulus with which a comparison is being made.
|
| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 05.01 Understand how the sensitivity of the sensory system and the degree to which stimuli we are unaware of can influence our behaviour Topic: The difference threshold |
| 21. | One of the primary advantages of Weber fractions is that they:
|
| Blooms: Understand Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.01 Understand how the sensitivity of the sensory system and the degree to which stimuli we are unaware of can influence our behaviour Topic: The difference threshold |
| 22. | A limitation of Weber’s law is that:
|
| Blooms: Understand Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.01 Understand how the sensitivity of the sensory system and the degree to which stimuli we are unaware of can influence our behaviour Topic: The difference threshold |
| 23. | The diminishing sensitivity of a neuron to an unchanging stimulus is called:
|
| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.01 Understand how the sensitivity of the sensory system and the degree to which stimuli we are unaware of can influence our behaviour Topic: Sensory adaptation |
| 24. | You have just run a bath for yourself and when you get in, the water feels very hot. However, you ease yourself into the bath and, soon, even though it has remained the same temperature, the water no longer feels so hot. The characteristic of sensory neurons that is responsible for this phenomenon is known as:
|
| Blooms: Apply Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 05.01 Understand how the sensitivity of the sensory system and the degree to which stimuli we are unaware of can influence our behaviour Topic: Sensory adaptation |
| 25. | In the human eye, light from objects at different distances is precisely focused on the back of the retina by the:
|
| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.02 Describe how light waves are transformed into signals the brain can understand and how they produce our visual experience Topic: The human eye |
| 26. | Joey can see when he’s reading books and working on his computer, but he has trouble seeing things in the distance. Joey probably suffers from:
|
| Blooms: Apply Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.02 Describe how light waves are transformed into signals the brain can understand and how they produce our visual experience Topic: The human eye |
| 27. | Whether you are shortsighted or longsighted is largely dependent on the functioning of your:
|
| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.02 Describe how light waves are transformed into signals the brain can understand and how they produce our visual experience Topic: The human eye |
| 28. | The visual receptors in the eyes called ___________ function best in dim lighting and are primarily brightness receptors.
|
| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.02 Describe how light waves are transformed into signals the brain can understand and how they produce our visual experience Topic: Photoreceptors: the rods and cones |
| 29. | In the eye, ________ are the colour receptors and function best in bright illumination.
|
| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.02 Describe how light waves are transformed into signals the brain can understand and how they produce our visual experience Topic: Photoreceptors: the rods and cones |
| 30. | In humans, rods are about ___ times more sensitive to light than cones.
|
| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.02 Describe how light waves are transformed into signals the brain can understand and how they produce our visual experience Topic: Photoreceptors: the rods and cones |
| 31. | Once a light stimulus has been detected by the rods or cones, it is passed first to ____________, and then onto ____________, whose axons form the optic nerve.
|
| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 05.02 Describe how light waves are transformed into signals the brain can understand and how they produce our visual experience Topic: Photoreceptors: the rods and cones |
| 32. | Which of the following shows the correct route taken by a light stimulus travelling to the brain?
|
| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 05.02 Describe how light waves are transformed into signals the brain can understand and how they produce our visual experience Topic: Photoreceptors: the rods and cones |
| 33. | One interesting feature of the retina is that:
|
| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.02 Describe how light waves are transformed into signals the brain can understand and how they produce our visual experience Topic: Photoreceptors: the rods and cones |
| 34. | The process in which the qualities of a sensory stimulus are converted into nerve impulses is specifically called:
|
| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.02 Describe how light waves are transformed into signals the brain can understand and how they produce our visual experience Topic: Visual transduction: from light waves to nerve impulses |
| 35. | Which of the following is most similar to the transduction of visual stimuli in the retina?
|
| Blooms: Understand Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 05.02 Describe how light waves are transformed into signals the brain can understand and how they produce our visual experience Topic: Visual transduction: from light waves to nerve impulses |
| 36. | Cones have less brightness sensitivity than rods in all areas of the colour spectrum EXCEPT the __________ end, where rods are relatively insensitive.
|
| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.02 Describe how light waves are transformed into signals the brain can understand and how they produce our visual experience Topic: Brightness vision and dark adaptation |
| 37. | Some towns are changing the colour of their fire engines from red to yellow-green. This is because this colour increases the dim-lighting visibility of the trucks to:
|
| Blooms: Apply Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.02 Describe how light waves are transformed into signals the brain can understand and how they produce our visual experience Topic: Brightness vision and dark adaptation |
| 38. | ________________ adaptation specifically refers to the process whereby brightness sensitivity progressively improves under conditions of low illumination.
|
| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.02 Describe how light waves are transformed into signals the brain can understand and how they produce our visual experience Topic: Brightness vision and dark adaptation |
| 39. | When the human eye is exposed to very high illumination:
|
| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.02 Describe how light waves are transformed into signals the brain can understand and how they produce our visual experience Topic: Brightness vision and dark adaptation |
| 40. | The initial stages of dark adaptation (e.g. the first five minutes) are controlled by the _____________, but the second part of the darkness adaptation curve is determined by the functioning of the _____________.
|
| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 05.02 Describe how light waves are transformed into signals the brain can understand and how they produce our visual experience Topic: Brightness vision and dark adaptation |
| 41. | The theory that assumes there are three types of colour receptors in the retina and that individual cones are most sensitive to one of three wavelengths of light is called:
|
| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.02 Describe how light waves are transformed into signals the brain can understand and how they produce our visual experience Topic: Colour vision |
| 42. | The Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory of colour vision is LEAST able to explain which of the following?
|
| Blooms: Understand Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 05.02 Describe how light waves are transformed into signals the brain can understand and how they produce our visual experience Topic: Colour vision |
| 43. | An observation that was INCONSISTENT with the Young-Helmholtz theory of colour perception was that:
|
| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.02 Describe how light waves are transformed into signals the brain can understand and how they produce our visual experience Topic: Colour vision |
| 44. | Although colour afterimages are NOT adequately explained by the ________________ theory of colour, they can be readily explained by ____________ theory.
|
| Blooms: Understand Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 05.02 Describe how light waves are transformed into signals the brain can understand and how they produce our visual experience Topic: Colour vision |
| 45. | According to the opponent-process theory of colour, if you stare steadily at a green stimulus, then look at a white surface, the afterimage will be:
|
| Blooms: Apply Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.02 Describe how light waves are transformed into signals the brain can understand and how they produce our visual experience Topic: Colour vision |
| 46. | The dual-process theory of colour combines elements of the _____________ theory and the ______________ theory to account for the colour transduction process.
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| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 05.02 Describe how light waves are transformed into signals the brain can understand and how they produce our visual experience Topic: Colour vision |
| 47. | The current theory of colour sensation uses the ____________ theory to explain the behaviour of the cones in colour vision, while a modified version of the ___________ theory that emphasises the role of ganglion cells is used to explain the presence of afterimages and certain types of colour blindness.
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| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 05.02 Describe how light waves are transformed into signals the brain can understand and how they produce our visual experience Topic: Colour vision |
| 48. | A person with normal colour vision is referred to as a:
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| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.02 Describe how light waves are transformed into signals the brain can understand and how they produce our visual experience Topic: Colour vision |
| 49. | A person who only has a deficiency in the yellow–blue colour system would be called:
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| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.02 Describe how light waves are transformed into signals the brain can understand and how they produce our visual experience Topic: Colour vision |
| 50. | Colour blindness is typically assessed by:
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| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.02 Describe how light waves are transformed into signals the brain can understand and how they produce our visual experience Topic: Colour vision |
| 51. | Cells in the occipital lobe that fire selectively in response to specific visual characteristics are called:
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| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.02 Describe how light waves are transformed into signals the brain can understand and how they produce our visual experience Topic: Analysis and reconstruction of visual scenes |
| 52. | A friend holds up an object in front of you and you immediately identify it as a mobile phone. Which of the following is most responsible for your ability to do this?
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| Blooms: Understand Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 05.02 Describe how light waves are transformed into signals the brain can understand and how they produce our visual experience Topic: Analysis and reconstruction of visual scenes |
| 53. | All forms of colour blindness are caused by:
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| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 05.02 Describe how light waves are transformed into signals the brain can understand and how they produce our visual experience Topic: Colour vision |
| 54. | Two important physical characteristics of sound waves are:
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| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.03 Understand the nature of sound waves and how the auditory system processes them to generate hearing Topic: Audition |
| 55. | The amplitude of a sound wave determines which sensory quality?
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| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.03 Understand the nature of sound waves and how the auditory system processes them to generate hearing Topic: Audition |
| 56. | ____________ is measured in cycles per second and translates into the auditory quality of pitch.
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| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.03 Understand the nature of sound waves and how the auditory system processes them to generate hearing Topic: Audition |
| 57. | Sounds above 130 decibels:
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| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 05.03 Understand the nature of sound waves and how the auditory system processes them to generate hearing Topic: Audition |
| 58. | The coiled, snail-like tube in the inner ear that is filled with fluid is called the:
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| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.03 Understand the nature of sound waves and how the auditory system processes them to generate hearing Topic: Auditory transduction: from pressure waves to nerve impulses |
| 59. | When a nerve impulse is sent to the brain from the ear, that impulse originates from:
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| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.03 Understand the nature of sound waves and how the auditory system processes them to generate hearing Topic: Auditory transduction: from pressure waves to nerve impulses |
| 60. | In the processing of sound, the neurons known as hair cells are important because:
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| Blooms: Understand Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 05.03 Understand the nature of sound waves and how the auditory system processes them to generate hearing Topic: Auditory transduction: from pressure waves to nerve impulses |
| 61. | The _____________ theory of pitch perception argues that nerve impulses triggered by a given auditory stimulus should match the pitch of that stimulus.
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| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.03 Understand the nature of sound waves and how the auditory system processes them to generate hearing Topic: Coding of pitch and loudness |
| 62. | The place theory of pitch perception states that pitch is determined by:
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| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 05.03 Understand the nature of sound waves and how the auditory system processes them to generate hearing Topic: Coding of pitch and loudness |
| 63. | Which of the following statements regarding pitch perception is TRUE?
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| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 05.03 Understand the nature of sound waves and how the auditory system processes them to generate hearing Topic: Coding of pitch and loudness |
| 64. | Information regarding the time differences and intensity differences of arriving sounds is important in:
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| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.03 Understand the nature of sound waves and how the auditory system processes them to generate hearing Topic: Sound localisation |
| 65. | The ability of the nervous system to localise the source of various sounds is primarily determined by:
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| Blooms: Understand Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.03 Understand the nature of sound waves and how the auditory system processes them to generate hearing Topic: Sound localisation |
| 66. | Steve punctures his right eardrum and cannot hear out of this ear. Steve’s injury would be classified as an example of:
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| Blooms: Apply Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 05.03 Understand the nature of sound waves and how the auditory system processes them to generate hearing Topic: Sound localisation |
| 67. | Which of the following would be classified as an example of nerve deafness?
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| Blooms: Apply Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 05.03 Understand the nature of sound waves and how the auditory system processes them to generate hearing Topic: Hearing loss |
| 68. | Hearing aids correct many forms of __________ deafness but do little to rectify problems caused by _________ deafness.
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| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 05.03 Understand the nature of sound waves and how the auditory system processes them to generate hearing Topic: Hearing loss |
| 69. | The two senses that are so associated with one another that they have sometimes been referred to as the ‘common chemical sense’ are:
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| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.04 Describe how molecules are transformed into taste and smell Topic: Taste and smell: the chemical senses |
| 70. | The four main qualities that our sense of taste responds to are:
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| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.04 Describe how molecules are transformed into taste and smell Topic: Gustation: the sense of taste |
| 71. | ‘Umami’ refers to:
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| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.04 Describe how molecules are transformed into taste and smell Topic: Gustation: the sense of taste |
| 72. | Pheromones are most relevant to which sense?
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| Blooms: Understand Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.04 Describe how molecules are transformed into taste and smell Topic: Olfaction: the sense of smell |
| 73. | The tactile sensations that people are sensitive to are:
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| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.05 Understand how we perceive touch, pain, body position and other sensations Topic: The tactile senses |
| 74. | The primary receptors for pain and temperature are specifically called:
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| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.05 Understand how we perceive touch, pain, body position and other sensations Topic: The tactile senses |
| 75. | In the skin, specialised cells known as basket cell fibres are important for sensing:
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| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.05 Understand how we perceive touch, pain, body position and other sensations Topic: The tactile senses |
| 76. | The phantom limb phenomenon is apparently caused by:
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| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 05.05 Understand how we perceive touch, pain, body position and other sensations Topic: The tactile senses |
| 77. | The immune system contributes to pain perception when:
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| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 05.05 Understand how we perceive touch, pain, body position and other sensations Topic: The tactile senses |
| 78. | Which of the following senses would be most essential to a circus performer walking across a tightrope?
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| Blooms: Understand Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.05 Understand how we perceive touch, pain, body position and other sensations Topic: The body senses |
| 79. | Audition and the vestibular sense are similar in that they both:
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| Blooms: Understand Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 05.05 Understand how we perceive touch, pain, body position and other sensations Topic: The body senses |
| 80. | Researchers have used all of the following when developing sensory prosthetic devices for blind individuals, EXCEPT:
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| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 05.05 Understand how we perceive touch, pain, body position and other sensations Topic: The body senses |
| 81. | The cochlear implant device overcomes nerve deafness by:
|
| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.05 Understand how we perceive touch, pain, body position and other sensations Topic: Perception is selective: the role of attention |
| 82. | ____________ processing occurs when sensory information is interpreted relative to pre-existing ideas, knowledge and concepts.
|
| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.06 Describe how the brain actively interprets sensory information to generate our perception Topic: Perception: the creation of experience |
| 83. | Although very different, top-down processing and bottom-up processing are similar in that they both:
|
| Blooms: Understand Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 05.06 Describe how the brain actively interprets sensory information to generate our perception Topic: Perception: the creation of experience |
| 84. | Two complementary processes in attention are:
|
| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.06 Describe how the brain actively interprets sensory information to generate our perception Topic: Perception: the creation of experience |
| 85. | Focusing on specific stimuli and filtering out others are complementary processes that are most central to:
|
| Blooms: Understand Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.06 Describe how the brain actively interprets sensory information to generate our perception Topic: Perception is selective: the role of attention |
| 86. | The experimental procedure where a participant is presented with two auditory messages (i.e. one in each ear) and then is asked to repeat one of the messages word-for-word is called:
|
| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.06 Describe how the brain actively interprets sensory information to generate our perception Topic: Perception is selective: the role of attention |
| 87. | Which of the following is an advantage of selective attention?
|
| Blooms: Understand Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 05.06 Describe how the brain actively interprets sensory information to generate our perception Topic: Perception is selective: the role of attention |
| 88. | Research on attention using the shadowing technique has revealed that:
|
| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 05.06 Describe how the brain actively interprets sensory information to generate our perception Topic: Perception is selective: the role of attention |
| 89. | A man dressed in a gorilla suit walks through a crowd of people playing basketball. Witnesses of this event were so focused on the basketball playing, that they did not notice the man in the gorilla suit. This is referred to as:
|
| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 05.06 Describe how the brain actively interprets sensory information to generate our perception Topic: Perception is selective: the role of attention |
| 90. | The finding that observers react faster when they believe an object is coming towards than when they believe it will miss their heads demonstrates:
|
| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 05.07 Explain cues to our perception of depth and distance Topic: Perception is selective: the role of attention |
| 91. | Gestalt psychologists refer to the tendency to organise incoming stimuli into a central object with some kind of backdrop behind as:
|
| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.06 Describe how the brain actively interprets sensory information to generate our perception Topic: Perceptions have organisation and structure |
| 92. | The Gestalt law of ____________ asserts that objects near one another are more likely to be perceived as belonging together.
|
| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.06 Describe how the brain actively interprets sensory information to generate our perception Topic: Perceptions have organisation and structure |
| 93. | Our tendency to fill in an incomplete figure and perceive it as more complete than it really is, is called the law of:
|
| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.06 Describe how the brain actively interprets sensory information to generate our perception Topic: Perceptions have organisation and structure |
| 94. | Taken collectively, the Gestalt laws of perceptual organisation best illustrate which of the following?
|
| Blooms: Understand Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.06 Describe how the brain actively interprets sensory information to generate our perception Topic: Perceptions have organisation and structure |
| 95. | Sheri is at a party and wants to ask Jarrod to dance. However, because Jarrod is standing rather close to Tu-Ha, Sheri assumes that they are a couple and looks elsewhere for a dance partner. This example is most relevant which of the following concepts?
|
| Blooms: Understand Difficulty: Hard Learning Objective: 05.06 Describe how the brain actively interprets sensory information to generate our perception Topic: Perceptions have organisation and structure |
| 96. | The recognition of an incoming stimulus is presumably facilitated by __________, which is a mental representation or image that we compare the stimulus to.
|
| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.06 Describe how the brain actively interprets sensory information to generate our perception Topic: Perceptions involve hypothesis testing |
| 97. | Think of the psychology lecturer who is teaching this class. Does this person seem like a typical university lecturer to you? In answering this question, you are probably making use of:
|
| Blooms: Apply Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.06 Describe how the brain actively interprets sensory information to generate our perception Topic: Perceptions involve hypothesis testing |
| 98. | It has been argued that each of our perceptions is like a(n) _____________ that is tested by comparing incoming stimuli to a pre-existing ________________.
|
| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 05.06 Describe how the brain actively interprets sensory information to generate our perception Topic: Perceptions involve hypothesis testing |
| 99. | A perceptual set is best defined as a:
|
| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.06 Describe how the brain actively interprets sensory information to generate our perception Topic: Perception is influenced by expectations: perceptual sets |
| 100. | Which of the following would be the most susceptible to the effects of fear and expectation?
|
| Blooms: Understand Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.06 Describe how the brain actively interprets sensory information to generate our perception Topic: Perception is influenced by expectations: perceptual sets |
| 101. | ______________ specifically allow us to recognise familiar stimuli under varying conditions and in different contexts.
|
| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.06 Describe how the brain actively interprets sensory information to generate our perception Topic: Percepts are stable under changing viewing condition: perceptual constancies |
| 102. | ________________ refers to the tendency of the visual system to perceive an object as having the same dimensions and measurements, even though the image of the object on the retina may change with distance.
|
| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.06 Describe how the brain actively interprets sensory information to generate our perception Topic: Percepts are stable under changing viewing condition: perceptual constancies |
| 103. | The fact that the face of a friend looks the same whether you are viewing it from directly in front or from the side is best accounted for by:
|
| Blooms: Understand Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.06 Describe how the brain actively interprets sensory information to generate our perception Topic: Percepts are stable under changing viewing condition: perceptual constancies |
| 104. | You are driving down the road in a national park and heading toward a large, beautiful mountain. As you get closer to it, the size of the mountain’s image on your retina gets larger but you don’t perceive the mountain as ‘growing’. Instead, you sense that the size of the mountain doesn’t change as you get nearer. Which of the following can best explain this phenomenon?
|
| Blooms: Understand Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.06 Describe how the brain actively interprets sensory information to generate our perception Topic: Percepts are stable under changing viewing condition: perceptual constancies |
| 105. | The depth perception cues that require the use of only one eye are called:
|
| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.07 Explain cues to our perception of depth and distance Topic: Depth and distance perception |
| 106. | All of the following are examples of monocular cues for depth perception, EXCEPT:
|
| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 05.07 Explain cues to our perception of depth and distance Topic: Depth and distance perception |
| 107. | If you know that two objects have the exact same physical dimensions and you notice that one of them appears to be smaller, you perceive the smaller one as being ___________ and you are using the monocular depth cue of _________ to make this decision.
|
| Blooms: Apply Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 05.07 Explain cues to our perception of depth and distance Topic: Depth and distance perception |
| 108. | The fact that each eye receives a slightly different visual stimulus is significant in the creation of the binocular depth cue called:
|
| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.07 Explain cues to our perception of depth and distance Topic: Depth and distance perception |
| 109. | Motion parallax is:
|
| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 05.07 Explain cues to our perception of depth and distance Topic: Depth and distance perception |
| 110. | According to the text, visual illusions can be viewed as examples of:
|
| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.08 Explain sensory and perceptual illusions and what they tell us about how the visual system works Topic: Illusions: false perceptual hypotheses |
| 111. | Most visual illusions can be attributed to _________________ that ordinarily help us to perceive the world accurately.
|
| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.08 Explain sensory and perceptual illusions and what they tell us about how the visual system works Topic: Illusions: false perceptual hypotheses |
| 112. | The flight simulator study conducted by Conrad Kraft is most relevant to which of the following?
|
| Blooms: Understand Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 05.08 Explain sensory and perceptual illusions and what they tell us about how the visual system works Topic: Illusions: false perceptual hypotheses |
| 113. | Research on the impact of cultural factors on perception has found that:
|
| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 05.09 Define the importance of experience in shaping sensory and perceptual mechanisms and the notion of a critical period Topic: Cross-cultural research on perception |
| 114. | When shown a picture of a hunting scene, African people perceived a hunter as attempting to kill a baby elephant, whereas Westerners tended to perceive that the hunter was after another animal and thought that the ‘baby elephant’ was actually an adult elephant off in the distance. These results were presented as an example of how the use of __________ depth cues _________ consistent across cultures.
|
| Blooms: Apply Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 05.09 Define the importance of experience in shaping sensory and perceptual mechanisms and the notion of a critical period Topic: Cross-cultural research on perception |
| 115. | The Müller-Lyer illusion occurs when a line appears longer when the V-shaped lines at its ends radiate outward rather than inward. Cross-cultural research on this illusion has found that:
|
| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 05.09 Define the importance of experience in shaping sensory and perceptual mechanisms and the notion of a critical period Topic: Cross-cultural research on perception |
| 116. | Times when certain kinds of experiences must occur if perceptual abilities are to develop are called:
|
| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.09 Define the importance of experience in shaping sensory and perceptual mechanisms and the notion of a critical period Topic: Critical periods: the role of early experience |
| 117. | Kittens only exposed to vertical stimuli (e.g. vertical stripes) had visual receptor cells that would only fire in response to vertical stimuli. Stimuli with other orientations evoked no response. This research best illustrates the importance of:
|
| Blooms: Understand Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 05.09 Define the importance of experience in shaping sensory and perceptual mechanisms and the notion of a critical period Topic: Critical periods: the role of early experience |
| 118. | Which one of the following structures or organs is NOT involved in the transduction of sound waves into neural activity?
|
| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.03 Understand the nature of sound waves and how the auditory system processes them to generate hearing Topic: Auditory transduction: from pressure waves to nerve impulses |
| 119. | Flavours are composed of a combination of activity in the four types of taste receptors. Which of the following is NOT a type of taste receptor?
|
| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.04 Describe how molecules are transformed into taste and smell Topic: Gustation: the sense of taste |
| 120. | Svetlana is sitting in the TGV very fast train in France and is cruising along at a constant 300 kmh. When she closes her eyes, she feels no sense of motion. This is probably due to the fact that the vestibular apparatus:
|
| Blooms: Understand Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 05.05 Understand how we perceive touch, pain, body position and other sensations Topic: The body senses |
| 121. | An East African Indigenous person has issues with one of the following perceptions, which leads researchers to the conclusion that this ability is partially culturally determined. Which perception would it be?
|
| Blooms: Understand Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 05.09 Define the importance of experience in shaping sensory and perceptual mechanisms and the notion of a critical period Topic: Cross-cultural research on perception |
| 122. | How does the definition of ‘threshold’ vary when considering absolute versus signal-detection theory points of view?
Absolute thresholdis the lowest level of intensity at which some sensory stimulation can be detected under ideal circumstances, certainly at a better-than-chance level (i.e. considerably more than 50 per cent of the time). On the other hand, the signal-detection view says that the likelihood of detecting a stimulus signal depends upon the level of background noise (i.e. there is a certain detectable difference between the signal and the noise) and the observer’s requirement for certainty in detecting that stimulus-the decision criterion. |
| Blooms: Understand Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 05.01 Understand how the sensitivity of the sensory system and the degree to which stimuli we are unaware of can influence our behaviour Topic: Stimulus detection: the absolute threshold |
| 123. | What is sensory adaptation and why is it important in everyday life?
Sensory adaptation (which is also called adaptation) is the diminishing sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus. It is common to all sensory systems. In everyday life, it allows us to focus our attention on differences or contrasts in the sensory input; for example, the soft whine of an air-conditioning unit fades into the background, the feel of your wristwatch against your skin recedes from awareness. Likewise, when you dive into a swimming pool, the water may feel cold at first because your body’s sensors respond to the change in temperature, but over time you become used to the water temperature. |
| Blooms: Apply Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.01 Understand how the sensitivity of the sensory system and the degree to which stimuli we are unaware of can influence our behaviour Topic: Difference threshold Topic: Sensory adaptation |
| 124. | Letitia is an avid observer of stars and galaxies in a clear night sky with her naked eye. Given your knowledge of photoreceptors and adaptation, what is the best advice you can give her to enable her to see the dimmest stars and galaxies?
First, Letitia must activate her night vision, or rod photoreceptor visual system. The rods function in very dim light levels, being about 500 times more sensitive to light than the cones. To do this, the eye must be dark adapted, which is the progressive improvement in brightness sensitivity that occurs over time under conditions of low illumination. This is best done in total darkness. The cones adapt completely in about 10 minutes, whereas the rods continue to increase their sensitivity for another 20 minutes. Finally, Letitia should view the dim star or galaxy peripherally, that is, ‘out of the corner of her eye’ and not directly. This is because rods do not exist in the fovea along the direct line of sight, but in the peripheral visual field. |
| Blooms: Apply Learning Objective: 05.02 Describe how light waves are transformed into signals the brain can understand and how they produce our visual experience Topic: Brightness vision and dark adaptation Topic: Photoreceptors: the rods and cones |
| 125. | Compare and contrast the trichromatic theory and opponent-process theory in colour vision, and why are both important in seeing colour?
Both theories have been used at various times as the sole theory to explain how we see colour. According to the Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory, there are three types of colour receptors in the retina, with each type responding to broadly red, green or blue light. These receptors correspond to the cone types in the retina. In this theory, the visual system then combines the signals from each receptor type to recreate the original hue. On the other hand, Hering’s opponent-process theory proposed that cells respond to two different colours, blue-yellow and red-green, and another one for brightness, black-white. This explains coloured afterimages. It was later found that these cells were actually colour-opponent ganglion cells in the retina. The current dual-process theory combines both the trichromatic and opponent-process theories to account for the colour transduction process. |
| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.02 Describe how light waves are transformed into signals the brain can understand and how they produce our visual experience Topic: Colour vision |
| 126. | What are the monocular depth cues an artist can use in a painting to create three-dimensional effects?
The artist can use shading, patterns of light and dark, to render a two-dimensional object as three-dimensional; for example, a circle becomes a ball with appropriate shading. Another cue is linear perspective, which refers to the perception that parallel lines converge or angle toward one another as they recede into the distance. Interposition, in which objects closer to us may cut off part of our view of more distant objects, provides another cue to depth. Height in the horizontal plane provides another source of information. Texture can be used because the texture or grain of an object appears finer as distance increases. In addition, relative size is another cue: if we see two objects that we know to be of similar size, then the one that looks smaller will be judged to be farther away. Finally, clarity of the atmosphere can be used: we can see nearby hills more clearly than those that are far away, especially on hazy days. |
| Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.07 Explain cues to our perception of depth and distance Topic: Depth and distance perception |
| 127. | Define and give an example of why critical periods are important in the development of vision.
A ‘critical period’ is a period of time in the development of a sensory system of an animal during which certain kinds of experiences must occur if perceptual abilities and the brain mechanisms that underlie them are to develop normally. In Blakemore and Cooper’s study, kittens were raised exclusively in a visual environment that had either only vertical stripes or only horizontal stripes. Those who were raised in the vertical environment had no cells that fired in response to horizontal stimuli, resulting in visual impairments. On the other hand, the animals raised in the horizontally striped environment showed the opposite effect. They had no feature detectors for vertical stimuli and did not seem to see them. Such specific deficits in perception persist for the life of the animal. Such critical period deficits are also seen in more complex tasks, like the perception of objects and geometric shapes. |
| Blooms: Understand Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 05.09 Define the importance of experience in shaping sensory and perceptual mechanisms and the notion of a critical period Topic: Critical periods: the role of early experience |
Chapter 05 Testbank Summary
| Category | # of Questions |
| Blooms: Apply | 12 |
| Blooms: Remember | 83 |
| Blooms: Understand | 33 |
| Difficulty: Easy | 80 |
| Difficulty: Hard | 1 |
| Difficulty: Medium | 44 |
| Learning Objective: 05.01 Understand how the sensitivity of the sensory system and the degree to which stimuli we are unaware of can influence our behaviour | 26 |
| Learning Objective: 05.02 Describe how light waves are transformed into signals the brain can understand and how they produce our visual experience | 31 |
| Learning Objective: 05.03 Understand the nature of sound waves and how the auditory system processes them to generate hearing | 16 |
| Learning Objective: 05.04 Describe how molecules are transformed into taste and smell | 5 |
| Learning Objective: 05.05 Understand how we perceive touch, pain, body position and other sensations | 10 |
| Learning Objective: 05.06 Describe how the brain actively interprets sensory information to generate our perception | 22 |
| Learning Objective: 05.07 Explain cues to our perception of depth and distance | 7 |
| Learning Objective: 05.08 Explain sensory and perceptual illusions and what they tell us about how the visual system works | 3 |
| Learning Objective: 05.09 Define the importance of experience in shaping sensory and perceptual mechanisms and the notion of a critical period | 7 |
| Topic: Analysis and reconstruction of visual scenes | 2 |
| Topic: Audition | 4 |
| Topic: Auditory transduction: from pressure waves to nerve impulses | 4 |
| Topic: Brightness vision and dark adaptation | 6 |
| Topic: Coding of pitch and loudness | 3 |
| Topic: Colour vision | 12 |
| Topic: Critical periods: the role of early experience | 3 |
| Topic: Cross-cultural research on perception | 4 |
| Topic: Depth and distance perception | 6 |
| Topic: Difference threshold | 1 |
| Topic: Gustation: the sense of taste | 3 |
| Topic: Hearing loss | 2 |
| Topic: Illusions: false perceptual hypotheses | 3 |
| Topic: Olfaction: the sense of smell | 1 |
| Topic: Perception is influenced by expectations: perceptual sets | 2 |
| Topic: Perception is selective: the role of attention | 7 |
| Topic: Perception: the creation of experience | 3 |
| Topic: Perceptions have organisation and structure | 5 |
| Topic: Perceptions involve hypothesis testing | 3 |
| Topic: Percepts are stable under changing viewing condition: perceptual constancies | 4 |
| Topic: Photoreceptors: the rods and cones | 7 |
| Topic: Sensory adaptation | 3 |
| Topic: Sensory processes | 9 |
| Topic: Sound localisation | 3 |
| Topic: Stimulus detection: the absolute threshold | 10 |
| Topic: Taste and smell: the chemical senses | 1 |
| Topic: The body senses | 4 |
| Topic: The difference threshold | 4 |
| Topic: The human eye | 3 |
| Topic: The tactile senses | 5 |
| Topic: Visual transduction: from light waves to nerve impulses | 2 |
Original price was: $30.00.$20.00Current price is: $20.00.
Original price was: $30.00.$20.00Current price is: $20.00.
Original price was: $30.00.$20.00Current price is: $20.00.
Original price was: $30.00.$20.00Current price is: $20.00.
Original price was: $30.00.$20.00Current price is: $20.00.
Original price was: $30.00.$20.00Current price is: $20.00.
