Understanding Abnormal Behavior 11th Edition by David Sue - Test Bank

Understanding Abnormal Behavior 11th Edition by David Sue – Test Bank

 

Instant Download – Complete Test Bank With Answers

 

 

Sample Questions Are Posted Below

 

1. Anxiety symptoms turn into an anxiety disorder when they ____.
a. cause uneasiness
b. cause apprehension
c. no longer protect an individual from danger
d. interfere with everyday functioning
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Understanding Anxiety Disorders from a Multipath Perspective
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.1 – Discuss how biological, psychological, social, and sociocultural factors are involved in the development of anxiety disorders, and why the multipath model is important.
OTHER: Factual

2. Which anticipatory human emotion produces bodily reactions that prepare us for fight or flight in the face of danger?
a. fear
b. anger
c. anxiety
d. hatred
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Understanding Anxiety Disorders from a Multipath Perspective
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.1 – Discuss how biological, psychological, social, and sociocultural factors are involved in the development of anxiety disorders, and why the multipath model is important.
OTHER: Factual

3. What is the typical age of onset for social anxiety disorder?
a. childhood
b. early adolescence
c. middle adolescence
d. early adulthood
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Understanding Anxiety Disorders from a Multipath Perspective
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.1 – Discuss how biological, psychological, social, and sociocultural factors are involved in the development of anxiety disorders, and why the multipath model is important.
OTHER: Factual

4. Holly describes herself this way: “I am always tense and worried. Sometimes I get so frightened, I feel like I’ll die. I am terribly embarrassed by my behavior, but I can’t control it. It is often so bad that it interferes with my work.” Holly is probably suffering from what type of disorder?
a. anxiety disorder
b. avoidance disorder
c. factitious disorder
d. somatoform disorder
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Understanding Anxiety Disorders from a Multipath Perspective
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.1 – Discuss how biological, psychological, social, and sociocultural factors are involved in the development of anxiety disorders, and why the multipath model is important.
OTHER: Applied

5. Brain structure and genetic influences are the two main ____ factors affecting anxiety disorders.
a. psychosomatic
b. biological
c. cognitive
d. psychological
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Understanding Anxiety Disorders from a Multipath Perspective
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.1 – Discuss how biological, psychological, social, and sociocultural factors are involved in the development of anxiety disorders, and why the multipath model is important.
OTHER: Factual

6. Marilyn is undergoing a series of neuroimaging techniques to shed light on her anxiety disorder. The tests can determine ____.
a. which brain parts are/are not activated when she is exposed to fearful stimuli
b. which specific genes are involved in her anxiety disorder
c. why her gender plays a role in the development of anxiety disorder
d. why and how psychotherapy has affected her mood fluctuations
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Understanding Anxiety Disorders from a Multipath Perspective
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.1 – Discuss how biological, psychological, social, and sociocultural factors are involved in the development of anxiety disorders, and why the multipath model is important.
OTHER: Applied

7. Which of the following is an anxiety disorder?
a. somatiform disorder
b. depression
c. agoraphobia
d. substance abuse
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Understanding Anxiety Disorders from a Multipath Perspective
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.1 – Discuss how biological, psychological, social, and sociocultural factors are involved in the development of anxiety disorders, and why the multipath model is important.
OTHER: Factual

8. Anxiety disorders ____.
a. only occur before or during exposure to a feared stimulus
b. are fairly common
c. usually lead to the development of panic disorder
d. exhibit with roughly the same intensity
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Understanding Anxiety Disorders from a Multipath Perspective
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.1 – Discuss how biological, psychological, social, and sociocultural factors are involved in the development of anxiety disorders, and why the multipath model is important.
OTHER: Conceptual

9. Collette is in a crowded room and starts to feel as if she cannot breathe. Her heart rate is increasing, and she thinks she is going to have a heart attack. This has happened before when she is in similar situations. Collette is experiencing ____.
a. a psychotic break
b. depression
c. a panic attack
d. arachnophobia
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Phobias
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.2 – Discuss phobias, what contributes to their development, and how they are treated.
OTHER: Factual

10. Alma has recurrent terrifying episodes that last about twenty minutes. Her heart beats so fast that she thinks she is having a heart attack, she sweats profusely, and she feels a sense of doom. For more than a month she has feared having another episode. What is an appropriate diagnosis?
a. panic disorder
b. posttraumatic stress disorder
c. agoraphobia
d. generalized anxiety disorder
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Understanding Anxiety Disorders from a Multipath Perspective
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.1 – Discuss how biological, psychological, social, and sociocultural factors are involved in the development of anxiety disorders, and why the multipath model is important.
OTHER: Applied

11. Which childhood experience is most commonly related to the later development of panic disorder?
a. physical abuse
b. overindulgent mothers
c. bedwetting
d. separation anxiety
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Panic Disorder
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.3 – Describe panic disorder, what produces it, and how it is treated.
OTHER: Factual

12. The public health director of an urban area in the Southwestern U.S. has just presided over the opening of a new clinic that provide services for clients with panic disorder. She knows from the research that the clinic will probably serve ____.
a. mostly Mexican Americans, as they are at a much higher risk than other groups
b. a large portion of the community; the lifetime prevalence is roughly 12 percent
c. twice as many women as men
d. a diverse population without any other mental disorders
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Panic Disorder
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.3 – Describe panic disorder, what produces it, and how it is treated.
OTHER: Applied

13. Which statement about the prevalence of panic attacks and panic disorder is accurate?
a. Panic attacks are relatively common; panic disorder is relatively rare.
b. Panic attacks are more common in women; panic disorder is more common in men.
c. The lifetime prevalence of panic attacks is 3.5 percent; the lifetime prevalence of panic disorder is 12 percent.
d. Panic attacks lead to agoraphobia; panic disorder does not.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Panic Disorder
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.3 – Describe panic disorder, what produces it, and how it is treated.
OTHER: Conceptual

14. In medical settings worldwide, what is the most frequently diagnosed anxiety disorder?
a. generalized anxiety disorder
b. phobia
c. agoraphobia
d. panic disorder
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Generalized Anxiety Disorder
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.4 – Describe generalized anxiety disorder, its causes, and how it is treated.
OTHER: Factual

15. Professor Lutz is conducting twin studies of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). He is most likely to find ____ for GAD.
a. a strong genetic influence
b. some genetic influence
c. a complete genetic profile
d. no genetic markers
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Generalized Anxiety Disorder
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.4 – Describe generalized anxiety disorder, its causes, and how it is treated.
OTHER: Applied

16. John describes himself as feeling tense, nervous, and on edge. He is restless and has problems sleeping He often experiences restlessness and muscle tension. He says that he seems to worry about everything, including finances, whether his family is eating a proper diet, his job performance, and whether people like him. What diagnosis would John most likely be given?
a. panic disorder
b. agoraphobia
c. generalized anxiety disorder
d. obsessive-compulsive disorder
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Generalized Anxiety Disorder
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.4 – Describe generalized anxiety disorder, its causes, and how it is treated.
OTHER: Applied

17. Laurel has been diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder. To meet the criteria for making this diagnosis, she must have ____.
a. a specific situation that she fears and avoids
b. a consistent fear of leaving her home
c. symptoms lasting six months or more
d. had four or more panic attacks in the past year
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Generalized Anxiety Disorder
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.4 – Describe generalized anxiety disorder, its causes, and how it is treated.
OTHER: Applied

18. Dr. Nakamura thinks that his client might be suffering from generalized anxiety disorder. Which fact would rule out that diagnosis (make it impossible)?
a. The client worries over both minor and major problems and constantly feels “on edge.”
b. The client has experienced anxiety symptoms for almost exactly one month.
c. The client reports that the anxiety has interfered with her life activities.
d. The client’s symptoms include physiological responses such as muscle tension.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Generalized Anxiety Disorder
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.4 – Describe generalized anxiety disorder, its causes, and how it is treated.
OTHER: Applied

19. The biological indicator for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) suggests ____.
a. a disruption of the prefrontal cortex’s ability to modulate the response of the amygdala to threatening situations
b. a predominant role of genetic factors in the manifestation of GAD
c. unusually low activity of the anxiety circuit in the brain
d. awareness of the source of the anxiety by the person suffering from the disorder
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Generalized Anxiety Disorder
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.4 – Describe generalized anxiety disorder, its causes, and how it is treated.
OTHER: Factual

20. Anxiety disorders often have co-occurring disorders. One of the most likely is ____.
a. depression
b. schizophrenia
c. Tourette’s disorder
d. borderline personality disorder
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Understanding Anxiety Disorders from a Multipath Perspective
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.1 – Discuss how biological, psychological, social, and sociocultural factors are involved in the development of anxiety disorders, and why the multipath model is important.
OTHER: Factual

21. Dr. Mahoney is a cognitive-behavioral therapist. When treating a client with panic disorder, she is most likely to focus on the client’s ____.
a. thoughts before and during fearful episodes
b. family history of panic disorder
c. response to sodium lactate
d. early childhood experiences with sexuality
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Panic Disorder
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.3 – Describe panic disorder, what produces it, and how it is treated.
OTHER: Applied

22. Which explanation for panic disorder would most likely be offered by a cognitive-behavioral theorist?
a. “A malfunction in the receptors monitoring oxygen in the blood causes the patient to feel that he or she is suffocating when, in fact, he or she isn’t.”
b. “Abnormalities of benzodiazepine receptors in the brain cause a person to feel mounting anxiety that leads to a panic attack.”
c. “When ego defenses have weakened because of overuse, forbidden sexual impulses threaten to break into consciousness, causing an attack.”
d. “When small changes in the body are misinterpreted as dreadful events, these beliefs start a positive-feedback loop that brings on an attack.”
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Panic Disorder
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.3 – Describe panic disorder, what produces it, and how it is treated.
OTHER: Conceptual

23. According to the cognitive-behavioral perspective, panic attacks are due to a feedback loop involving ____.
a. bodily sensations and thoughts
b. id impulses and ego defenses
c. neurotransmitters and receptors
d. the amygdala and the hippocampus
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Panic Disorder
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.3 – Describe panic disorder, what produces it, and how it is treated.
OTHER: Factual

24. According to the model developed by Wells (2005), the roots of GAD lie in ____.
a. beliefs regarding the function of the actual worrying itself
b. beliefs that worry can provide effective ways to cope with aversive situations
c. beliefs that worry can provide solutions to a client’s challenges
d. ineffective methods for dealing with difficult situations
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Generalized Anxiety Disorder
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.4 – Describe generalized anxiety disorder, its causes, and how it is treated.
OTHER: Factual

25. Which area of the brain alerts the other brain structures when a threat is present?
a. the amygdala
b. the hippocampus
c. the prefrontal cortex
d. the hypothalamus
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Understanding Anxiety Disorders from a Multipath Perspective
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.1 – Discuss how biological, psychological, social, and sociocultural factors are involved in the development of anxiety disorders, and why the multipath model is important.
OTHER: Factual

26. Current research on the influence of genes on anxiety disorders suggests that ____.
a. the disorders are present in people who inherit the serotonin transporter gene 5-HTTLPR
b. the disorders are absent in people who inherit the serotonin transporter gene 5-HTTLPR
c. while genes may predispose a person to develop an anxiety disorder, expression of the disorder depends on epigenetic interactions
d. little, if any, relationship has been found that links genes with the development of anxiety disorders
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Understanding Anxiety Disorders from a Multipath Perspective
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.1 – Discuss how biological, psychological, social, and sociocultural factors are involved in the development of anxiety disorders, and why the multipath model is important.
OTHER: Factual

27. Research by Fox (2005) suggests that which child would be most likely to display behavioral inhibition (i.e., shyness)?
a. a child who has a long allele 5-HTTLPR and whose parents provided low levels of social support
b. a child who has a long allele 5-HTTLPR and whose parents provided excessive levels of social support
c. a child who has a short allele 5-HTTLPR and whose parents provided low levels of social support
d. a child who has a short allele 5-HTTLPR and whose parents provided excessive levels of social support
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Understanding Anxiety Disorders from a Multipath Perspective
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.1 – Discuss how biological, psychological, social, and sociocultural factors are involved in the development of anxiety disorders, and why the multipath model is important.
OTHER: Factual

28. What role does inheritance play in the development of anxiety disorders?
a. Inheritance plays only a very weak role.
b. Inheritance plays a very strong role.
c. Inheritance plays only a modest role.
d. Although inheritance plays a role in developing anxiety disorders, it is much stronger in GAD than other anxiety disorders.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Understanding Anxiety Disorders from a Multipath Perspective
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.1 – Discuss how biological, psychological, social, and sociocultural factors are involved in the development of anxiety disorders, and why the multipath model is important.
OTHER: Factual

29. Which anxiety disorder is equally common in both men and women?
a. phobias
b. panic disorder
c. obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
d. agoraphobia
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.5 – Describe the characteristics of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, their causes, and how they are treated.
OTHER: Factual

30. Which of the following is a cultural factor that contributes to anxiety disorders?
a. early childhood experiences
b. genetic predispositions
c. cognitive distortions
d. exposure to discrimination and prejudice
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Understanding Anxiety Disorders from a Multipath Perspective
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.1 – Discuss how biological, psychological, social, and sociocultural factors are involved in the development of anxiety disorders, and why the multipath model is important.
OTHER: Factual

31. A strong, persistent, and unwarranted fear of some specific object or situation is referred to as ____.
a. a phobia
b. generalized anxiety
c. agoraphobia
d. panic disorder
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Phobias
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.2 – Discuss phobias, what contributes to their development, and how they are treated.
OTHER: Factual

32. Tiffany is typical of many children who suffer from phobias. Karen is typical of adults with phobias. How aware would each of them be that their fears are excessive?
a. Both would realize that their fears are excessive.
b. Neither would realize that their fears are excessive.
c. Tiffany, but not Karen, would realize that they are excessive.
d. Karen, but not Tiffany, would realize that they are excessive.
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Phobias
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.2 – Discuss phobias, what contributes to their development, and how they are treated.
OTHER: Applied

33. Dr. Fried believes that it is easier for humans to learn fears for which we are physiologically predisposed, such as fear of heights or snakes. She accepts which view of the development of fear reactions?
a. inactive amygdala
b. preparedness
c. psychodynamic
d. disgust
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Phobias
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.2 – Discuss phobias, what contributes to their development, and how they are treated.
OTHER: Applied

34. What is the first step in treating phobias and anxiety disorders?
a. getting the client to relax
b. teaching the client some simple cognitive strategies
c. ruling out possible medical or physical causes
d. explaining various perspectives about the disorders to the client
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Understanding Anxiety Disorders from a Multipath Perspective
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.1 – Discuss how biological, psychological, social, and sociocultural factors are involved in the development of anxiety disorders, and why the multipath model is important.
OTHER: Factual

35. Dr. Swensen says this about treating phobias: “Treatment should involve positive coping statements. It should also involve convincing clients to avoid medication, and to instead, rely on the psychodynamic approach of systematic desensitization. These types of approaches like this have higher success rates than treatments that rely on antidepressants.” What portion of Dr. Swensen’s statement is accurate?
a. That treatment should involve systematic desensitization
b. That clients should be wary of antidepressants
c. That systematic desensitization is a psychodynamic approach
d. That medication is largely ineffective as a treatment
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Phobias
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.2 – Discuss phobias, what contributes to their development, and how they are treated.
OTHER: Applied

36. What is the only consistently validated treatment for GAD?
a. medication
b. psychoanalysis
c. cognitive behavioral therapy
d. behavioral therapy
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Generalized Anxiety Disorder
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.4 – Describe generalized anxiety disorder, its causes, and how it is treated.
OTHER: Factual

37. There are three subcategories of phobias: ____.
a. cognitive, behavioral, and somatic
b. agoraphobic, panic, and social anxiety disorder
c. general, specific, and situational
d. specific, social anxiety disorder, and agoraphobic
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Phobias
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.2 – Discuss phobias, what contributes to their development, and how they are treated.
OTHER: Factual

38. Which disorder is most common in the United States?
a. posttraumatic stress disorder
b. phobias
c. generalized anxiety disorder
d. obsessive-compulsive disorder
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Phobias
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.2 – Discuss phobias, what contributes to their development, and how they are treated.
OTHER: Factual

39. Larry is so afraid of being alone in public places that he cannot bring himself to leave his house. The mere thought of leaving produces overwhelming panic. Larry probably suffers from ____.
a. obsessive-compulsive disorder
b. generalized anxiety disorder
c. social phobia
d. agoraphobia
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Phobias
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.2 – Discuss phobias, what contributes to their development, and how they are treated.
OTHER: Applied

40. Most people who suffer from social anxiety disorder ____.
a. were overindulged by their parents as children
b. are less likely than other people to suffer from other psychological disorders
c. also are likely to have anxiety, mood, or substance disorders
d. also suffer from dissociative identity disorder (DID)
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Phobias
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.2 – Discuss phobias, what contributes to their development, and how they are treated.
OTHER: Factual

41. Gina has been diagnosed with agoraphobia. If we ask her how the symptoms of the disorder started, we can expect she will say that ____.
a. she has had obsessive-compulsive disorder
b. they were preceded by panic attacks
c. she had never had any problems with anxiety before
d. they came on suddenly without any apparent reason
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Phobias
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.2 – Discuss phobias, what contributes to their development, and how they are treated.
OTHER: Applied

42. Recent research on agoraphobia suggests that ____.
a. a genetic marker on chromosome 5 is the likely cause
b. repressed memories are the key causal factors
c. cognitions may play a major causal role
d. the disorder is inherited from the mother
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Phobias
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.2 – Discuss phobias, what contributes to their development, and how they are treated.
OTHER: Conceptual

43. Shane is ready to break up with Kayla. He is extremely frustrated with her and does not know what to do. One of his favorite activities is to eat out and try new restaurants. Kayla, however, hates eating in restaurants. She has told Shane that she loses her appetite at the mere thought of having to eat out. When he pushed her for an explanation, Kayla explained that she is afraid that she might spill something on herself or do something equally foolish in front of other people. Even though she knows how frustrated Shane is with her, Kayla cannot bring herself to act any differently. What diagnosis would be most appropriate for Kayla’s fears?
a. agoraphobia
b. social anxiety disorder
c. specific phobia
d. xenophobia
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Phobias
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.2 – Discuss phobias, what contributes to their development, and how they are treated.
OTHER: Applied

44. Patrick is an orchestra conductor, but he is terrified of conducting in public venues and speaking to the audience between pieces. He is perfectly comfortable during rehearsal sessions, but sometimes has to cancel concerts because of these fears. According to the DSM-5, Patrick probably has ____.
a. agoraphobia due to earlier panic attacks
b. social anxiety disorder of the generalized type
c. social anxiety disorder of the limited interactional type
d. social anxiety disorder of the performance type
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Phobias
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.2 – Discuss phobias, what contributes to their development, and how they are treated.
OTHER: Applied

45. Who is at highest risk for developing social phobia?
a. Marni, whose parents exhibited no emotional warmth
b. Maryanne, whose mother was overprotective
c. Marcie, who was rejected by her parents
d. Mariel, whose parents used shame as a method of control
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Phobias
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.2 – Discuss phobias, what contributes to their development, and how they are treated.
OTHER: Applied

46. Momoko is Japanese. Because she suffers from Taijin Kyofusho, we would expect her to fear ____.
a. snakes
b. offending other people
c. social situations
d. public places
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Phobias
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.2 – Discuss phobias, what contributes to their development, and how they are treated.
OTHER: Applied

47. A pediatrician is interested in phobias that typically begin in childhood. One phobia that he might study is ____.
a. agoraphobia
b. animal phobia
c. social phobia
d. claustrophobia
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Phobias
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.2 – Discuss phobias, what contributes to their development, and how they are treated.
OTHER: Conceptual

48. Between ages 13 to 15, the most common phobia is fear of ____.
a. closed spaces
b. spiders
c. snakes
d. speaking in class
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Phobias
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.2 – Discuss phobias, what contributes to their development, and how they are treated.
OTHER: Factual

49. A behavioral therapist would explain the agoraphobic’s fear of leaving the house as a(n) ____.
a. direct conditioning experience
b. exaggerated fear stemming from a single panic attack
c. unconscious way of preventing the acting out of sexual desires
d. subtype of obsessive compulsive disorder
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Phobias
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.2 – Discuss phobias, what contributes to their development, and how they are treated.
OTHER: Conceptual

50. Tamisha is so afraid of heights that she cannot enter buildings with more than two floors. Her cognitive-behavioral therapist would probably diagnose her with ____ and explain the problem in terms of ____.
a. generalized anxiety disorder; faulty reasoning
b. agoraphobia; genetic markers
c. social phobia; repression and denial
d. specific phobia; cognitive distortions
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Phobias
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.2 – Discuss phobias, what contributes to their development, and how they are treated.
OTHER: Applied

51. The case of Little Albert is used by behaviorists to explain ____.
a. phobias
b. obsessive-compulsive disorder
c. generalized anxiety disorder
d. posttraumatic stress disorder
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Phobias
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.2 – Discuss phobias, what contributes to their development, and how they are treated.
OTHER: Factual

52. Tina is afraid of dogs. She has never had a bad experience with dogs, but her father was injured by a dog when he was a young boy. Tina’s father goes to great lengths to avoid contact with dogs. What behavioral theory best explains Tina’s fear of dogs?
a. classical conditioning
b. avoidance response
c. operant conditioning
d. observational learning
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Phobias
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.2 – Discuss phobias, what contributes to their development, and how they are treated.
OTHER: Applied

53. In a research study, cancer patients, prior to undergoing chemotherapy, are given a drink in a container with a bright orange lid. After pairing the drink with chemotherapy, the patients experiences distress and nausea when presented with the container. This study supports what theory of phobias?
a. observational learning
b. psychodynamic
c. classical conditioning
d. cognitive-behavioral
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Phobias
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.2 – Discuss phobias, what contributes to their development, and how they are treated.
OTHER: Factual

54. Dr. Baldwin is explaining a cognitive model for the development of panic disorder. She describes a connection between cognitions and somatic symptoms that begin with physical changes that create catastrophic thoughts, which result in fear and more physiological changes. She is describing the beginning steps of the ____.
a. classical conditioning loop
b. circular pattern of anxieties
c. feedback loop
d. observational learning
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Panic Disorder
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.3 – Describe panic disorder, what produces it, and how it is treated.
OTHER: Applied

55. Research indicates a genetic, psychological, social, and sociocultural components in the development of phobias. This statement suggests that ____.
a. the manifestations of phobias are complicated and thus poorly understood
b. there can be multiple pathways involved in the development of phobias
c. phobias develop from predispositions
d. defective genes are transmitted to offspring resulting in phobias
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Phobias
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.2 – Discuss phobias, what contributes to their development, and how they are treated.
OTHER: Factual

56. Dr. Vannucci says, “Some individuals have high social anxiety and interpret others’ actions more negatively than other individuals; they overestimate the chances of unpleasant things happening generally. This is the background for developing a phobia.” Dr. Vannucci probably supports which perspective on phobias?
a. classical conditioning
b. cognitive-behavioral
c. operant conditioning
d. biological
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Phobias
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.2 – Discuss phobias, what contributes to their development, and how they are treated.
OTHER: Applied

57. The fact that some people fear using public restrooms and eating in public places diminishes the capacity for which explanation to account for all phobias?
a. substitution
b. preparedness
c. classical conditioning
d. modeling
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Phobias
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.2 – Discuss phobias, what contributes to their development, and how they are treated.
OTHER: Factual

58. Which phobia is easiest to eliminate?
a. fear of flying
b. fear of public speaking
c. fear of meeting new people
d. prepared fears
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Phobias
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.2 – Discuss phobias, what contributes to their development, and how they are treated.
OTHER: Conceptual

59. What is a major drawback when using benzodiazepines to treat phobias?
a. Symptoms often recur when the patient stops taking the medication.
b. Drugs don’t work for a large percentage of patients with anxiety disorders.
c. Medications cannot be individualized for each patient.
d. Most medications are too expensive to be taken on a regular basis.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Phobias
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.2 – Discuss phobias, what contributes to their development, and how they are treated.
OTHER: Factual

60. Julie suffers from agoraphobia. Her therapist urges her to take longer and longer walks outside the home with the therapist. What kind of therapy is Julie receiving?
a. cognitive restructuring
b. exposure therapy
c. systematic desensitization
d. substitution therapy
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Phobias
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.2 – Discuss phobias, what contributes to their development, and how they are treated.
OTHER: Applied

61. Ahmad has a specific phobia about elevators. His therapist teaches him how to relax and then has him relax when he is in a building with elevators. Next, he practices being relaxed when pushing an elevator button and finally, when taking an elevator ride. What kind of therapy is Ahmad experiencing?
a. systematic desensitization
b. modeling
c. cognitive graduated exposure
d. flooding
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Phobias
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.2 – Discuss phobias, what contributes to their development, and how they are treated.
OTHER: Applied

62. Dr. Duran is a cognitive-behavioral therapist. When treating patients with anxiety disorders, he is most likely to focus on ____.
a. the interaction between their genetic predisposition and familial support
b. the medical aspects of their disorder
c. how their thoughts influence their experiences of anxiety
d. the relationship they have with their parents currently and in the past
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Phobias
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.2 – Discuss phobias, what contributes to their development, and how they are treated.
OTHER: Applied

63. Sue screams for her husband every time she sees a spider or a spider web. Even if the spider is dead, she starts to shake in terror. She often calls her husband and begs him to deal with the spider immediately. Sue finally agrees to see a therapist. Over several sessions, she views videos of people picking up spiders, then watches her therapist pick up a plastic spider in the office, and then a real spider. Finally, Sue is able to pick up a spider herself and place it outside. The therapy described is known as ____.
a. flooding
b. modeling
c. systematic desensitization
d. exposure
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Phobias
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.2 – Discuss phobias, what contributes to their development, and how they are treated.
OTHER: Applied

64. Melissa’s therapist encourages her to interpret her emotional and physical tension as “normal anxiety” and to redirect her attention from herself to others in social situations. The therapist is using which behavioral treatment?
a. exposure therapy
b. systematic desensitization
c. modeling
d. cognitive restructuring
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Phobias
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.2 – Discuss phobias, what contributes to their development, and how they are treated.
OTHER: Applied

65. Sam has persistent and distressing thoughts of germs; he cannot eat without washing his hands three times before and three times after every meal. Although his hands are raw from the washings, he is overwhelmed with anxiety if he doesn’t wash using this method. Sam’s problems illustrate ____.
a. posttraumatic stress disorder
b. obsessive-compulsive disorder
c. agoraphobia
d. generalized anxiety disorder
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.5 – Describe the characteristics of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, their causes, and how they are treated.
OTHER: Applied

66. Jack has been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder. He has persistent thoughts that are upsetting and engages in ritualistic actions to reduce anxiety. He feels that he has control over his thoughts and actions, but chooses not to stop them. Jack’s case is unusual is that OCD patients usually ____.
a. do not feel they have control over their thoughts and actions
b. do not have upsetting thoughts
c. do not engage in ritualistic actions
d. are not male
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.5 – Describe the characteristics of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, their causes, and how they are treated.
OTHER: Applied

67. Barbara was told by her psychiatrist that she is being treated with the “medication of choice” for her generalized anxiety disorder. She is not sure what drug she is taking, but she knows it works. This drug is likely to be ____.
a. an antipsychotic
b. a benzodiazepine
c. a tricyclic or SSRI antidepressant
d. lithium carbonate
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Generalized Anxiety Disorder
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.4 – Describe generalized anxiety disorder, its causes, and how it is treated.
OTHER: Applied

68. For days after visiting Disneyland, the words and tune for “It’s a Small World” keep invading Jessica’s thoughts. She cannot get them out of her head. Jessica’s experience is similar to the ____.
a. obsessions seen in obsessive-compulsive disorder
b. fear seen in generalized anxiety disorder
c. compulsions seen in obsessive-compulsive disorder
d. avoidance seen in social phobias
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.5 – Describe the characteristics of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, their causes, and how they are treated.
OTHER: Conceptual

69. As Sheldon learns about obsessive-compulsive disorder, he is likely to learn that it ____.
a. is an extremely rare disorder
b. may be under diagnosed
c. is one of the most common anxiety disorders
d. is most common among middle-aged married people
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.5 – Describe the characteristics of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, their causes, and how they are treated.
OTHER: Conceptual

70. Angel is worried that her intrusive, unacceptable thoughts are signs of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Research suggests that ____.
a. unless the thoughts are bizarre, she does not have the disorder
b. she probably has the disorder because it is defined by intrusive thoughts
c. she cannot have the disorder unless she engages in compulsive behaviors
d. such thoughts are common unless they cause her discomfort or are uncontrollable
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.5 – Describe the characteristics of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, their causes, and how they are treated.
OTHER: Applied

71. GAD is most likely to occur among which group?
a. married white males
b. Asian females with higher socioeconomic status
c. African American females living in poverty
d. white males working in jobs they hate
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Generalized Anxiety Disorder
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.4 – Describe generalized anxiety disorder, its causes, and how it is treated.
OTHER: Factual

72. Which statement is a cognitive characteristic of individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder?
a. “I have to be absolutely certain that I turned off the computer.”
b. “Thinking about throwing little Timmy under the bus isn’t as bad as actually doing it.”
c. “If I just find a way to relax, then everything will be okay.”
d. “My thoughts are always rational.”
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.5 – Describe the characteristics of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, their causes, and how they are treated.
OTHER: Conceptual

73. Cognitive-behaviorists propose obsessive-compulsives repeat behaviors in order to ____.
a. reduce anxiety
b. eliminate threats systemically
c. get in touch with their inner self
d. understand the world
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.5 – Describe the characteristics of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, their causes, and how they are treated.
OTHER: Factual

74. Cheryl spends four hours every day in the shower, scrubbing her skin raw with a loofa brush for fear that she is contaminated with urine or feces. She sees a cognitive-behavioral therapist for treatment. The cognitive-behavioral therapist is most likely to write which note about Cheryl’s case?
a. “Guarding against own unacceptable urges; uses reaction formation as a general defense.”
b. “Engages in superstitious behavior; probably associating hand washing with some previous situation where it led to reinforcement.”
c. “Neurotransmitters not functioning properly; needs medication.”
d. “Need to correct dysfunctional beliefs in order to reduce anxiety over cleanliness.”
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.5 – Describe the characteristics of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, their causes, and how they are treated.
OTHER: Applied

75. What is a symptom of obsessive-compulsive disorder?
a. difficulty controlling intrusive and irrational thoughts
b. thoughts or behaviors are identified by the individual as reasonable and justifiable
c. preoccupation with imagined defects in appearance
d. recurrent picking resulting in lesions
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.5 – Describe the characteristics of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, their causes, and how they are treated.
OTHER: Factual

76. When explaining the cause of obsessive-compulsive disorder, a psychologist who supports a cognitive-behavioral approach would be likely to make which statement?
a. “Excessive use of defense mechanisms helps the person redirect his or her unacceptable impulses into more acceptable behaviors.”
b. “Thoughts and actions that reduce anxiety are done repetitively.”
c. “Some individuals’ personalities need high levels of autonomic nervous system arousal, and repetitive thoughts and behaviors satisfy that need.”
d. “Certain thoughts and actions are the result of abnormal activity in particular brain centers.”
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.5 – Describe the characteristics of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, their causes, and how they are treated.
OTHER: Conceptual

77. Before Hannah can leave the house, she must turn all four gas burners on her stove on and off 24 times, each in sequence. She performs this ritual because she does not trust her memory and fears she can’t be sure the burners are actually off without doing this. Hannah is demonstrating which cognitive characteristic of OCD?
a. probability bias
b. disconfirmatory bias
c. morality bias
d. confirmatory bias
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.5 – Describe the characteristics of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, their causes, and how they are treated.
OTHER: Applied

78. Wanda is obsessed with thinking about washing her hands and cannot stop these intrusive thoughts. This demonstrates which cognitive characteristic of OCD?
a. control
b. probability bias
c. exaggerated estimates
d. lack of confidence bias
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.5 – Describe the characteristics of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, their causes, and how they are treated.
OTHER: Applied

79. V.J. suffers from obsessive-compulsive disorder. According to the biological perspective, he is likely to show ____.
a. preparedness in the objects he uses for compulsive behavior
b. abnormally low levels of metabolism in the locus ceruleus
c. an excess of the neurotransmitter serotonin
d. increased metabolic activity in the frontal lobe of the left hemisphere
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.5 – Describe the characteristics of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, their causes, and how they are treated.
OTHER: Applied

80. Drugs that most successfully treat obsessive-compulsive disorder raise the level of which neurotransmitter in the brain?
a. acetylcholine
b. dopamine
c. serotonin
d. norepinephrine
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.5 – Describe the characteristics of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, their causes, and how they are treated.
OTHER: Factual

81. Biological research with patients who have OCD indicates that ____.
a. the primary area of the brain that is affected is the limbic system
b. different people show different responses to treatment
c. almost complete relief from symptoms is gained with medication alone
d. genetic factors play little, if any, role in this disorder
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.5 – Describe the characteristics of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, their causes, and how they are treated.
OTHER: Factual

82. Judy is in therapy for her compulsive hand washing. Her therapist conjures up several images of filthy clothes and digging in dirt. Judy gets the feeling of being “contaminated” but is not allowed to resort to the usual ritual of hand washing. This therapy is called ____.
a. desensitization and relapse prevention
b. exposure with response prevention
c. systematic desensitization
d. cognitive restructuring
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.5 – Describe the characteristics of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, their causes, and how they are treated.
OTHER: Applied

83. Aisha is plagued with obsessions about locking her door so that someone does not break in and kill her. What cognitive characteristic is she demonstrating?
a. morality bias
b. disconfirmatory bias
c. control
d. exaggerated probability of harm
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.5 – Describe the characteristics of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, their causes, and how they are treated.
OTHER: Applied

84. Which individual has the highest risk for developing OCD?
a. Samantha, a 45-year-old married woman who hates her job
b. Sam, a 45-year-old married man who hates his job
c. Dylan, a 20-year-old married man who is unemployed
d. Darren, a 20-year-old divorced man who is unemployed
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.5 – Describe the characteristics of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, their causes, and how they are treated.
OTHER: Conceptual

85. When her boyfriend asks her about today’s therapy session, Jamie responds, “It wasn’t very fun. My therapist had me sit right next to her trash can, which was brimming full of garbage and half-eaten food. I could almost see the germs jumping right out at me. Now she wants me to touch something I think is contaminated at least once a day every day this week.” Jamie has probably been diagnosed with ____ and is being treated using ____.
a. a specific phobia; exposure
b. obsessive-compulsive disorder; exposure
c. a specific phobia; systematic rational restructuring
d. obsessive-compulsive disorder; systematic rational restructuring
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.5 – Describe the characteristics of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, their causes, and how they are treated.
OTHER: Applied

86. How do cultural dimensions affect the expression of anxiety disorders?
a. Ethnic minorities have been underrepresented in obsessive-compulsive disorder research and symptoms may not be picked up by the current diagnostic system.
b. The prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder is consistent across cultures.
c. Onset of obsessive-compulsive disorder occurs more commonly in older adults than in adolescents.
d. European Americans are less likely to receive an obsessive-compulsive disorder diagnosis than African Americans and Hispanic Americans.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Understanding Anxiety Disorders from a Multipath Perspective
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.1 – Discuss how biological, psychological, social, and sociocultural factors are involved in the development of anxiety disorders, and why the multipath model is important.
OTHER: Factual

87. Sharlisa suffers from OCD. What is the first step her therapist will take with her when using exposure therapy with response prevention?
a. education about OCD and the rationale for the treatment
b. development of an exposure hierarchy
c. exposure to the fearful situations
d. flooding
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.5 – Describe the characteristics of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, their causes, and how they are treated.
OTHER: Applied

88. Dr. Stanley is a behavioral therapist. We would therefore expect that he attributes the maintenance of anxious behaviors to ____.
a. unconscious feelings of guilt
b. a chemical imbalance
c. social factors
d. their ability to reduce anxiety
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Understanding Anxiety Disorder from a Multipath Perspective
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.1 – Discuss how biological, psychological, social, and sociocultural factors are involved in the development of anxiety disorders, and why the multipath model is important.
OTHER: Applied

89. David has been diagnosed with OCD. It is likely that David ____.
a. is overconfident about the accuracy of his memory and judgment
b. has no problems with his memory or his judgment
c. does not trust his memory or his judgment
d. trusts his memory, but not his judgment
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.5 – Describe the characteristics of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, their causes, and how they are treated.
OTHER: Applied

90. Dr. Chan successfully treats his clients for obsessive compulsive disorders. For many of his clients, he is likely to prescribe which medication?
a. SSRI
b. benzodiazepine
c. lithium carbonate
d. lorazepam
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.5 – Describe the characteristics of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, their causes, and how they are treated.
OTHER: Factual

91. When Annette drives on the freeway around Los Angeles, she often experiences so much anxiety that she begins to hyperventilate and shake. Annette is experiencing ____.
a. social anxiety disorder
b. a panic attack
c. agoraphobia
d. generalized anxiety disorder
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Phobias
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.2 – Discuss phobias, what contributes to their development, and how they are treated.
OTHER: Applied

92. What do neuroimaging techniques show when comparing the effects of medication on anxiety with the effects of psychotherapy?
a. Medication appears to normalize anxiety circuits in the brain, whereas psychotherapy has little if any effect.
b. Psychotherapy appears to normalize anxiety circuits in the brain, and medication has little if any effect.
c. Psychotherapies produce neurobiological changes similar to those seen with medications.
d. Neither medications nor psychotherapies appear to have much effect on anxiety circuits in the brain.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Understanding Anxiety Disorders from a Multipath Perspective
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.1 – Discuss how biological, psychological, social, and sociocultural factors are involved in the development of anxiety disorders, and why the multipath model is important.
OTHER: Factual

93. Which neurotransmitter appears to have the greatest influence on mood and anxiety disorders?
a. serotonin
b. dopamine
c. GABA
d. acetylcholine
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Understanding Anxiety Disorders from a Multipath Perspective
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.1 – Discuss how biological, psychological, social, and sociocultural factors are involved in the development of anxiety disorders, and why the multipath model is important.
OTHER: Factual

94. Research with young monkeys demonstrates that ____ can reduce vulnerability to developing anxiety disorders.
a. being comforted
b. receiving adequate nourishment
c. a sense of control
d. genetic inheritance
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Understanding Anxiety Disorders from a Multipath Perspective
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.1 – Discuss how biological, psychological, social, and sociocultural factors are involved in the development of anxiety disorders, and why the multipath model is important.
OTHER: Factual

95. Liselle is in treatment for BDD. What will her therapist work on?
a. encouragement of mirror checking
b. prescribing antipsychotic medication
c. cognitive restructuring of negative thoughts
d. working on self-esteem based on attractiveness
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Contemporary Trends and Future Directions
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.5 – Describe the characteristics of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, their causes, and how they are treated.
OTHER: Factual

96. One reason argued by Nolen-Hoeksema (2004) that women are more likely than men to be diagnosed with an emotional disorder is due to their____.
a. biological predispositions
b. limited choices
c. differences brain structures
d. physiological makeup
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.1 – Discuss how biological, psychological, social, and sociocultural factors are involved in the development of anxiety disorders, and why the multipath model is important.
OTHER: Factual

97. Xenophobia is the fear of ____.
a. strong women
b. extraterrestrials
c. strangers
d. xylophones
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Phobias
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.2 – Discuss phobias, what contributes to their development, and how they are treated.
OTHER: Factual

98. Eduardo is rushed to the emergency room with symptoms of chest pains, breathlessness, sweating, choking, nausea, and heart palpitations. He believes that he is having a heart attack. After a thorough examination, he is told that physically, he is fine, but that he may be suffering from ____.
a. OCD
b. GAD
c. acute stress disorder
d. a panic attack
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Phobias
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.2 – Discuss phobias, what contributes to their development, and how they are treated.
OTHER: Applied

99. A therapist using a transdiagnostic treatment approach will provide ____.
a. both medication and therapy
b. a psychodynamic approach for social anxiety disorder
c. a treatment applicable to all anxiety disorders
d. an eclectic approach using humanistic and cognitive therapies
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Contemporary Trends and Future Directions
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.5 – Describe the characteristics of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, their causes, and how they are treated.
OTHER: Factual

100. For both medication and cognitive behavioral therapies, a critical factor for successful treatment of panic disorder is ____.
a. keeping the patient calm at all times
b. providing the patient with information about the disorder
c. teaching the patient ways to relax in public
d. assuring the patient that nothing is wrong
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Panic Disorder
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.3 – Describe panic disorder, what produces it, and how it is treated.
OTHER: Factual

101. Phobic disorders are frequently grouped into three different categories. List these three categories (categories, not individual phobias such as “fear of heights”), and provide a description of the characteristics associated with each. Discuss briefly behavioral theories that explain how phobic disorders may be acquired.
ANSWER: The three different phobic disorders are specific phobia, social anxiety disorder, and agoraphobia.
Specific phobia
is the unrealistic and excessive fear of a specific animal, object, or situation. Common examples include fear of needles, flying, elevators, bugs, dentists, and snakes. An individual with a specific phobia experiences anticipatory anxiety when aware of an impending situation that may force a confrontation with the feared object. When the individual is actually exposed to the feared object, there is almost always an intense and immediate anxiety response.
Social anxiety disorder
is persistent fear of being in a social situation in which one is exposed to scrutiny by others and a related fear of acting in a way that will be humiliating or embarrassing or where social disapproval may occur. Examples of social phobias include irrational reactions to eating in public places, using public restrooms, public speaking, or attending social gatherings. Like the specific phobic, the social anxiety disorder is characterized by marked anxiety when anticipating the phobic situation and thus usually avoids such situations that interfere with his or her daily functioning.
Agoraphobia
is a marked fear of being alone or of being in public places where escape is difficult or where help is not readily available in the event of a panic attack. Often individuals with agoraphobia experience intense fear in shopping malls, in crowds, or in tunnels, bridges, or public vehicles. The primary characteristic of agoraphobia is severe phobic anxiety and phobic avoidance of the feared situation. Many agoraphobic individuals are housebound as a result of their avoidance and only venture forth when accompanied by a close and trusted companion.

Behavioral theories may be used to explain the acquisition and maintenance of phobic behaviors. Specifically, classical conditioning may explain the acquisition of phobias through association. Observational learning theory also may explain the development of phobic behavior through exposure to the fear responses exhibited by others. According to the negative information perspective, fears are acquired from sources such as the media that present negative information about objects, situations, or groups, suggesting that they should be feared. The cognitive-behavioral perspective attributes fears to cognitive distortions and catastrophic thinking.
REFERENCES: Phobias
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.2 – Discuss phobias, what contributes to their development, and how they are treated.
OTHER: Applied

102. Compare and contrast the conditioning, observational learning, and cognitive theories of the development of phobias.
ANSWER: The first behavioral explanation for phobias was supplied by Watson and emphasized classical conditioning. If a formerly neutral (conditioned) stimulus is paired with a conditioned stimulus that elicits fear, the conditioned stimulus will, in time, have the capacity to elicit fear itself. As in the Watson’s Little Albert experiment, the sight of white fur was paired with a loud noise and came to produce crying on its own. Research has found that emotional distress can be conditioned in this way. Furthermore, increasing evidence indicates that emotional reactions can be conditioned through enhanced activation of the fear network involving the amygdala and the medial frontal cortex. However, conditioning can be limited by preparedness—the fact that some stimulus associations are more easily made than others. Therefore, biological predisposition may make the development of some phobias (machinery, for instance) less likely than others (small animals).

Observational learning agrees with the conditioning approach that phobias stem from experiences in the world and stimulus-response connections. However, observational learning argues that fears can be learned through indirect rather than direct conditioning. Experimental research suggests that fears can be learned this way, and neuroimaging research indicates an activation of the amygdala when participants observed a fear conditioning experiment.

An even more indirect way of developing phobias is to have a fear-inducing way of thinking. Some researchers argue that people with phobias have negative thoughts and develop fears when they “listen to themselves.” Fears are dramatically reduced when such negative thoughts are challenged and removed.

It is possible that these three factors interact to explain many phobias. Whether by direct or indirect conditioning, people develop a fear response to specific stimuli. Those who are most vulnerable to such conditioning may have a predisposing tendency to think fearful and negative thoughts. Alternatively, once they have experienced a conditioning episode, those who adopt such negative thoughts make themselves more fearful and responsive to any further conditioning experiences.
REFERENCES: Phobias
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.2 – Discuss phobias, what contributes to their development, and how they are treated.
OTHER: Applied

103. Contrast the medical and cognitive forms of therapy for panic disorder, being sure to address the issue of internal factors and self-efficacy. Which treatments are most effective in the long run?
ANSWER: Both medication and cognitive-behavioral therapies have been effective in treating panic disorder. Medical treatments include a number of different classes of medications. Antidepressants (tricyclic antidepressants and SSRIs) have shown to be more effective than benzodiazepines. However, tricyclic antidepressants have more side effects than SSRIs, and benzodiazepines have the particular drawback of being addictive. Overall, it takes approximately four to eight weeks for medications to become fully effects. Relapse rates after drug therapy cessation are high, especially among individuals who believe that the remission of symptoms was due to the medication.

Cognitive-behavioral treatments (CBT) have been successful in treating panic disorder. Several studies indicate up to 80 percent or more of those treated with CBT for panic disorder achieved and maintained panic-free status. CBT involves the extinction of fear associated with both internal bodily sensations and environmental situations associated with fear. The CBT sessions involve specific steps including: learning about the disorder, challenging catastrophic and irrational thinking and considering alternative explanations for their bodily sensations, exposure to feared situations, relaxation training, teaching coping statements, identifying the antecedents and triggers of the panic, and understanding what the disorder means in the patient’s life.

Research conducted by Bakker et al. and by Biondi et al. focused on the enhancement of cognitive patients’ self-efficacy. In these studies, individuals learned that their recovery and ability to manage their anxiety were under their own control. The cognitive-behavioral therapies moved the patients to a belief that their success was due to internal, not external, factors. Individuals who believed or came to believe that success was up to them were significantly more likely to reduce anxiety symptoms than those who attributed their improvements to external factors (such as medication).
REFERENCES: Panic Disorder
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UABB.SUES.16.5.3 – Describe panic disorder, what produces it, and how it is treated.
OTHER: Applied