UNDERSTANDING HUMAN SEXUALITY 13Th Edition By Janet Hyde - Test Bank

UNDERSTANDING HUMAN SEXUALITY 13Th Edition By Janet Hyde – Test Bank

 

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Chapter 05

Sex Hormones, Sexual Differentiation, and the Menstrual Cycle

 

1. Hormones are
2. manufactured solely by the sex glands—the testes and the ovaries.
3. B. secreted directly into the bloodstream.
4. manufactured solely by the pituitary glands.
5. of only two types—androgens and estrogens.

 

Feedback: Sex Hormones, 90

 

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: List the sex hormone systems in males and females.

Topic: Female Sex Hormone Systems

Topic: Male Sex Hormone Systems

2. Which of the following statements is true of the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus?
3. The pituitary and the hypothalamus are located in the frontal lobe.
4. The hypothalamus directly secretes the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).
5. C. The pituitary is the master gland of the endocrine system.
6. The hypothalamus solely focuses on regulating the eating behavior in humans.

 

Feedback: Sex Hormones, 90

 

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: List the sex hormone systems in males and females.

Topic: Female Sex Hormone Systems

Topic: Male Sex Hormone Systems

3. The _____ plays a major role in regulating the four functions of eating, drinking, fighting, and sexual behavior.
4. cerebellum
5. adrenal glands
6. gonads
7. D. hypothalamus

 

Feedback: Sex Hormones, 190

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: List the sex hormone systems in males and females.

Topic: Female Sex Hormone Systems

Topic: Male Sex Hormone Systems

4. Which of the following regulates the pituitary gland?
5. cerebellum
6. B. hypothalamus
7. gonads
8. adrenal glands

 

Feedback: Sex Hormones, 90

 

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: List the sex hormone systems in males and females.

Topic: Female Sex Hormone Systems

Topic: Male Sex Hormone Systems

5. The production of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) takes place in the
6. hypothalamus.
7. ovaries and testes, respectively.
8. C. pituitary gland.
9. pancreas.

 

Feedback: Sex Hormones, 91

 

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: List the sex hormone systems in males and females.

Topic: Male Sex Hormone Systems

6. The region of the brain that secretes the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is the
7. A.
8. pituitary.
9. medulla.
10. hippocampus.

 

Feedback: Sex Hormones, 91

 

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: List the sex hormone systems in males and females.

Topic: Male Sex Hormone Systems

7. Which of the following hormones regulates the production of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) by the pituitary gland?
8. A. gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
9. testosterone
10. progesterone
11. estrogen

 

Feedback: Sex Hormones, 91

 

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: List the sex hormone systems in males and females.

Topic: Male Sex Hormone Systems

8. Which of the following regulates the output of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) by the hypothalamus in males?
9. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
10. luteinizing hormone (LH)
11. pituitary gland
12. D. testosterone

 

Feedback: Sex Hormones, 91

 

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: List the sex hormone systems in males and females.

Topic: Male Sex Hormone Systems

9. Which of the following is most likely to result from having low levels of testosterone in the blood?
10. increased production of inhibin by the testes
11. decreased production of luteinizing hormone (LH) by the pituitary gland
12. C. increased production of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) by the hypothalamus
13. decreased production of oxytocin hormones by the testes

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: List the sex hormone systems in males and females.

Topic: Male Sex Hormone Systems

10. Identify the hormone that controls sperm production.
11. luteinizing hormone
12. B. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
13. oxytocin
14. estrogen

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: List the sex hormone systems in males and females.

Topic: Male Sex Hormone Systems

11. _____ regulates estrogen production in females and testosterone production in males.
12. Adrenaline
13. B. The luteinizing hormone (LH)
14. The gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
15. Oxytocin

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: List the sex hormone systems in males and females.

Topic: Female Sex Hormone Systems

Topic: Male Sex Hormone Systems

12. Which of the following produces the hormone called inhibin?
13. the adrenal glands
14. the cells of Bartholin’s gland
15. C. Sertoli cells of the testes
16. the pituitary gland

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: List the sex hormone systems in males and females.

Topic: Male Sex Hormone Systems

13. Inhibin
14. is a hormone found only in men.
15. plays a major role in increasing sperm production.
16. primarily regulates luteinizing hormone (LH) production.
17. D. regulates follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels in a negative feedback loop.

 

Feedback: Sex Hormones, 92

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: List the sex hormone systems in males and females.

Topic: Male Sex Hormone Systems

14. One of the main functions of estrogen includes
15. A. stimulating breast growth.
16. decreasing the mucous membrane of the vagina.
17. stimulating secretion of milk by the mammary glands after a woman has given birth to a child.
18. promoting bone growth past the pubertal years.

 

Feedback: Sex Hormones, 92

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: List the sex hormone systems in males and females.

Topic: Female Sex Hormone Systems

 

15. Identify the hormone that is responsible for maintaining the mucous membranes of the vagina and stopping the growth of bone and muscle.
16. prolactin
17. oxytocin
18. progesterone
19. D. estrogen

 

Feedback: Sex Hormones, 92

 

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: List the sex hormone systems in males and females.

Topic: Female Sex Hormone Systems

 

16. Which of the following is most likely to result from increased levels of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in females?
17. decreased levels of estrogen
18. increased levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
19. C. increased levels of luteinizing hormone (LH)
20. decreased levels of estradiol

 

Feedback: Sex Hormones, 92

 

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: List the sex hormone systems in males and females.

Topic: Female Sex Hormone Systems

 

17. Which of the following is most likely to occur due to increases in the level of estrogen?
18. increased production of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
19. B. decreased production of luteinizing hormone (LH)
20. increased production of prolactin and oxytocin
21. decreased production of testosterone

 

Feedback: Sex Hormones, 92

 

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: List the sex hormone systems in males and females.

Topic: Female Sex Hormone Systems

 

18. _____ stimulates secretion of milk by the mammary glands after a woman has given birth to a child.
19. Oxytocin
20. Estrogen
21. Progesterone
22. D. Prolactin

 

Feedback: Sex Hormones, 92

 

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: List the sex hormone systems in males and females.

Topic: Female Sex Hormone Systems

 

19. Which of the following glands produces prolactin?
20. the adrenal gland
21. the pineal gland
22. C. the pituitary gland
23. the thyroid gland

 

Feedback: Sex Hormones, 92

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: List the sex hormone systems in males and females.

Topic: Female Sex Hormone Systems

 

20. Oxytocin
21. results from secretions by the ovaries.
22. curbs the contractions of the uterus during childbirth.
23. suppresses milk ejection from the nipples.
24. D. seems to promote affectionate bonding.

 

Feedback: Sex Hormones, 92

 

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: List the sex hormone systems in males and females.

Topic: Female Sex Hormone Systems

 

21. Estrogen and progesterone are manufactured by the
22. A.
23. testes.
24. pituitary gland.
25. hypothalamus.

 

Feedback: Sex Hormones, 92

 

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: List the sex hormone systems in males and females.

Topic: Female Sex Hormone Systems

 

22. Identify the hormone that stimulates contractions of the uterus during childbirth.
23. progesterone
24. testosterone
25. C. oxytocin
26. prolactin

 

Feedback: Sex Hormones, 92

 

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: List the sex hormone systems in males and females.

Topic: Female Sex Hormone Systems

 

23. Gonad differentiation occurs
24. at the same time for males and females.
25. earlier for females.
26. C. earlier for males.
27. during puberty.

 

Feedback: Prenatal Sexual Differentiation, 93

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Understand prenatal sexual differentiation.

Topic: Gonads

 

24. In Klinefelter’s syndrome, a genetic male has
25. A. an extra X chromosome.
26. an extra Y chromosome.
27. an extra chromosome 21. D. no Y chromosome.

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Understand prenatal sexual differentiation.

Topic: Sex Chromosomes

 

25. Which of the following is true of Klinefelter’s syndrome?
26. It occurs in genetic females that have a single X chromosome.
27. It can be reversed by surgery.
28. C. It results in low testosterone levels.
29. It occurs when a genetic male has an extra Y chromosome (XYY).

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Understand prenatal sexual differentiation.

Topic: Sex Chromosomes

 

26. At about 7 weeks post-conception, the sex chromosomes direct the gonads to develop into the _____ in the male.
27. scrotum
28. B. testis
29. urethra
30. glans

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: Understand prenatal sexual differentiation.

Topic: Gonads

Topic: Sex Chromosomes

 

27. The testis-determining factor (TDF) is responsible for
28. A. differentiation of gonads into testes.
29. differentiation of the Wolffian ducts into testes.
30. descent of the testes after differentiation.
31. differentiation of the Müllerian ducts into testes.

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Understand prenatal sexual differentiation.

Topic: Gonads

 

28. Which of the following statements is true of the sex-determining region, Y chromosome (SRY)?
29. A. It is a gene related to the prenatal differentiation of the gonads.
30. It carries genes that control normal functioning of the ovaries.
31. It is secreted by the testis-determining factor (TDF).
32. It is involved in gonad differentiation in both males and females.

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Understand prenatal sexual differentiation.

Topic: Gonads

Topic: Sex Chromosomes

 

29. In the female, the _____ turn into the fallopian tubes, the uterus, and the upper part of the vagina.
30. gonads
31. tubercle
32. C. Müllerian ducts
33. Wolffian ducts

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: Understand prenatal sexual differentiation.

Topic: Prenatal Hormones

 

30. The Wolffian ducts develop into the
31. A. epididymis, vas deferens, and ejaculatory duct.
32. testes and scrotum.
33. shaft of the penis.
34. prostate gland.

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: Understand prenatal sexual differentiation.

Topic: Prenatal Hormones

 

31. The inguinal canal is the passageway for the descent of the
32. ovaries.
33. B.
34. scrotum.
35. fallopian tubes.

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: Understand prenatal sexual differentiation.

Topic: Descent of Testes and Ovaries

 

32. Which of the following statements is true of cryptorchidism?
33. It is a condition resulting from the descent of one or both testes into the scrotum.
34. It occurs when the penis fails to descend from the body.
35. C. The optimum time for correcting the condition is soon after the first birthday.
36. Treatment is limited to hormonal therapy.

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Understand prenatal sexual differentiation.

Topic: Descent of Testes and Ovaries

 

33. Which of the following may be a consequence of “undescended testes” in a male?
34. decreased likelihood of testicular cancer
35. increased motility of sperm
36. C. inhibition of sperm production
37. increased testosterone production

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Understand prenatal sexual differentiation.

Topic: Descent of Testes and Ovaries

 

34. The primary sex-differentiated structure in the brain is the _____.
35. occipital lobe
36. thalamus
37. C. hypothalamus
38. parietal lobe

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: Understand prenatal sexual differentiation.

Topic: Prenatal Hormones

 

35. Which of the following statements is true of epigenetics?
36. Epigenetics alters the genetic code.
37. B. Epigenetics refers to a functional change to DNA. An epigenetic change involves the substitution of one base pair of DNA for another.
38. An epigenetic change involves the deletion of one or more base pairs of DNA. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Understand prenatal sexual differentiation.

Topic: Prenatal Hormones

 

36. In the context of determination of estrogen sensitivity, if testosterone is present during fetal development, the cells that have
37. A. estrogen receptors in the hypothalamus become insensitive to estrogen present in the blood stream.
38. androgen receptors in the hypothalamus become highly insensitive to the levels of testosterone in the blood stream.
39. androgen receptors in the hypothalamus become highly sensitive to both estrogen and testosterone.
40. estrogen receptors in the hypothalamus become sensitive to the levels of testosterone in the blood stream.

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Understand prenatal sexual differentiation.

Topic: Prenatal Hormones

 

37. Which of the following statements regarding brain differentiation in males and females is true?
38. The primary sex-differentiated structure is the cerebellum.
39. The differences in the brain structures of males and females are “hardwired” differences present from birth.
40. The hypothalamus is the only region of the brain that does not show gender differentiation.
41. D. One of the new magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have shown that the hypothalamus andamygdala are larger in men than women.

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Understand prenatal sexual differentiation.

Topic: Prenatal Hormones

 

38. The embryonic source of the glans penis is the
39. A. genital tubercle.
40. genital swelling.
41. Müllerian duct.
42. Wolffian duct.

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: Understand prenatal sexual differentiation.

Topic: Homologous Organs

 

39. Both the clitoris in females and the glans penis in males develop from the same embryonic tissue—the genital tubercle. Thus, we may say that the clitoris and the glans penis are
40. autologous organs.
41. heterologous organs.
42. monogamous organs.
43. D. homologous organs.

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: Understand prenatal sexual differentiation.

Topic: Homologous Organs

 

40. Both the clitoris in females and the glans penis in males produce gametes and sex hormones. Based on this information, we may say that the clitoris and the glans penis are
41. autologous organs.
42. heterologous organs.
43. C. analogous organs.
44. monogamous organs.

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: Understand prenatal sexual differentiation.

Topic: Homologous Organs

 

41. The Skene’s gland in females and the prostate in males have the same embryonic source—the urethral primordia. The Skene’s gland also secretes a fluid that is biologically similar to the milky alkaline fluid secreted by the male prostate. Based on this, we may say that
42. these organs are homologous but not analogous.
43. these organs are analogous but not homologous.
44. C. these organs are both analogous and homologous.
45. these organs are neither analogous nor homologous.

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Bloom’s: Apply

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective: Understand prenatal sexual differentiation.

Topic: Homologous Organs

 

42. Which of the following organs are both homologous and analogous in the adult female and the adult male respectively?
43. the scrotum and the labia majora (outer lips)
44. the Wolffian duct and the Müllerian duct
45. the hypothalamus and the pituitary
46. D. the glans penis and the clitoris

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Understand prenatal sexual differentiation.

Topic: Homologous Organs

 

43. The testes in the male are homologous to the _____ in the female.
44. clitoris
45. B. ovaries
46. labia majora (outer lips)
47. labia minora (inner lips)

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: Understand prenatal sexual differentiation.

Topic: Homologous Organs

 

44. John Money developed eight variables of gender. The particular gender type that refers to the presence of testosterone and Müllerian inhibiting substance (MIS) in males but not in females before birth is the
45. assigned gender.
46. B. prenatal hormonal gender.
47. pubertal hormonal gender.
48. external genital appearance gender.

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: Understand prenatal sexual differentiation.

Topic: Atypical Prenatal Gender Differentiation

 

45. According to John Money, the gender variable that defines one’s gender at birth, as measured by the appearance of the external genitals, is
46. chromosomal gender.
47. gonadal gender.
48. pubertal hormonal gender.
49. D. assigned gender.

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: Understand prenatal sexual differentiation.

Topic: Atypical Prenatal Gender Differentiation

 

46. One of your friends is in medical school. She tells you about a syndrome in which a genetic female develops ovaries normally as a fetus. However, due to the abnormal functioning of the adrenal gland, an excess amount of androgen is produced resulting in external genitals that are partly or completely male in appearance. Your friend is unable to recall the name of the syndrome. You know it and are able to tell her that it is
47. A. congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH).
48. androgen-insensitivity syndrome (AIS).
49. cryptorchidism.
50. Klinefelter’s syndrome.

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Bloom’s: Apply

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Understand prenatal sexual differentiation.

Topic: Atypical Prenatal Gender Differentiation

Topic: Intersex

 

47. One of your friends is in medical school. She tells you about a syndrome, where a genetic male produces normal levels of testosterone. However, his body tissues are insensitive to the testosterone and result prenatal development is feminized. After describing the syndrome, your friend forgets its name. You know it and are able to tell her that it is
48. congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH).
49. B. androgen-insensitivity syndrome (AIS).
50. cryptorchidism.
51. Klinefelter’s syndrome.

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Bloom’s: Apply

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Understand prenatal sexual differentiation.

Topic: Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome

Topic: Intersex

 

48. One of the most common syndromes that can cause an intersex condition and sometimes results in identifying genetic females as males at birth is
49. A. congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH).
50. Triple Y syndrome (YYY).
51. Triple X syndrome (XXX).
52. androgen-insensitivity syndrome (AIS).

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: Understand prenatal sexual differentiation.

Topic: Atypical Prenatal Gender Differentiation

Topic: Intersex

 

49. The type of abnormality where the male fetus (sex chromosome configuration is XY) is insensitive to androgen is most likely to result in
50. A. a woman like external appearance with no uterus and undescended testes.
51. a male with small testes, enlarged breasts, and reduced sex drive.
52. a tall male with unusual sex preferences.
53. a male of exceptional height and weight with borderline mental retardation.

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Understand prenatal sexual differentiation.

Topic: Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome

Topic: Intersex

 

50. The syndrome known as 5-alpha reductase deficiency is caused by
51. A. a genetic-endocrine problem.
52. an excess production of oxytocin.
53. an excess production of prolactin.
54. congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: Understand prenatal sexual differentiation.

Topic: Atypical Prenatal Gender Differentiation

 

51. John Money referred to individuals with congenital adrenal hyperplasia and androgen-insensitivity syndrome as _____.
52. transgenders
53. hermaphrodites
54. C. pseudohermaphrodites
55. homosexuals

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: Understand prenatal sexual differentiation.

Topic: Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome

Topic: Atypical Prenatal Gender Differentiation

Topic: Intersex

 

52. _____ is the time during which there is sudden enlargement and maturation of the gonads, other genitalia, and secondary sex characteristics, leading to reproductive capacity.
53. Babyhood
54. Prenatal period
55. C. Puberty
56. Infancy

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: Understand prenatal sexual differentiation.

Topic: Sexual Differentiation during Puberty

 

53. _____ represents a psychological transition from the behavior and attitudes of a child to the behavior, attitudes, and responsibilities of an adult.
54. A. Adolescence
55. Infancy
56. Babyhood
57. Prenatal period

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: Understand sexual differentiation during puberty.

Topic: Adolescence

Topic: Sexual Differentiation during Puberty

 

54. Which of the following statements is true of adolescence?
55. Modern American culture has an unusually short period of adolescence.
56. It solely represents a biological transition from child to adult
57. A century ago, adolescence was much longer.
58. D. In some cultures, adolescence does not exist.

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching the2mes in psychology

Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Understand sexual differentiation during puberty.

Topic: Adolescence

Topic: Culture

 

55. Adolescence is a socially defined period of development that
56. A. represents a psychological transition from childhood toward adulthood.
57. is characterized completely by the physiological changes in the body.
58. is marked by the normative and universal time frame of 13 to 18 years.
59. represents the time from conception to birth.

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Understand sexual differentiation during puberty.

Topic: Adolescence

Topic: Culture

 

56. When comparing the pubertal process in females and males, it is found that
57. girls and boys follow the same pattern of development at the same time.
58. B. boys begin to change about 2 years later than girls.
59. girls and boys follow significantly different patterns of development, although they occur at the same time.
60. we really cannot say anything definite given our present state of knowledge about sexual development.

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Understand sexual differentiation during puberty.

Topic: Sexual Differentiation during Puberty

 

57. At age 12, Anna is 5 feet and 2 inches tall, which makes her taller than most boys her age. In the context of pubertal process, this is most likely due to the fact that
58. the growth spurt occurs in girls but not in boys.
59. the growth spurt for girls tends to be longer than the growth spurt for boys.
60. C. the growth spurt for girls occurs about two years before the growth spurt for boys.
61. the growth spurt for males is reducing with each passing generation.

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Bloom’s: Apply

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Understand sexual differentiation during puberty.

Topic: Sexual Differentiation during Puberty

 

58. The first sign of puberty in girls is _____.
59. the production of a mature ovum
60. the beginning of menstruation
61. the growth of pubic hair
62. D. the beginning of breast development

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Understand sexual differentiation during puberty.

Topic: Sexual Differentiation during Puberty

 

59. Which of the following statements is true of leptin?
60. It is a male hormone and not present in girls.
61. B. It stimulates the secretion of kisspeptin.
62. It is a female hormone and not present in boys.
63. It inhibits the release of luteinizing hormone (LH).

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Understand sexual differentiation during puberty.

Topic: Sexual Differentiation during Puberty

 

60. Which of the following hormones is most likely to be involved in the initiation of pubertal development?
61. somatostatin
62. B. kisspeptin
63. secretin
64. gastrin

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: Understand sexual differentiation during puberty.

Topic: Sexual Differentiation during Puberty

 

61. Penis growth, experienced by the average boy during puberty, is most likely to occur at about the same time as the
62. menarche.
63. significant enlargement of the pelvic bone structure.
64. cessation of mensuration.
65. D. change in his voice.

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: Understand sexual differentiation during puberty.

Topic: Sexual Differentiation during Puberty

 

62. Which of the following statements is true of menarche?
63. Menarche signifies that a girl is capable of becoming pregnant.
64. All girls tend to react positively to their first menstruations.
65. C. There is a wide range in the age at which menarche occurs.
66. Girls lack a visible sign of having attained menarche.

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Understand sexual differentiation during puberty.

Topic: Sexual Differentiation during Puberty

 

63. Which of the following statements is true of the adrenal glands?
64. They are located just below the kidneys.
65. B. In females, they are the major producers of androgens.
66. Adrenarche generally begins after age 14.
67. They limit the growth of pubic and axillary hair in females.

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Understand sexual differentiation during puberty.

Topic: Sexual Differentiation during Puberty

 

64. _____ is a problem faced more often by boys because of the clogging of sebaceous glands during puberty.
65. A. Acne
66. Obesity
67. Increased secretion of adrenal androgens
68. Growth of pubic hair

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: Understand sexual differentiation during puberty.

Topic: Sexual Differentiation during Puberty

 

65. An adolescent boy experiences temporary breast enlargement. This condition is known as _____.
66. spermarche
67. menarche
68. adrenarche
69. D. gynecomastia

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: Understand sexual differentiation during puberty.

Topic: Sexual Differentiation during Puberty

 

66. Human females are nearly unique among species in
67. having an estrous cycle.
68. B. having a menstrual cycle.
69. experiencing slight spotting during ovulation.
70. engaging in sexual intercourse during estrus.

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Understand the menstrual cycle.

Topic: Menstrual Cycle

 

67. Human females engage in sexual behavior
68. primarily in the middle of their estrous cycle.
69. B. throughout the menstrual cycle.
70. only during menstruation because they are least likely to become pregnant during this phase.
71. only when they are in “heat” like other mammals.

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Understand the menstrual cycle.

Topic: Menstrual Cycle

 

68. Day 1 of the menstrual cycle is
69. the first day of the follicular phase.
70. B. the first day of menstruation.
71. the last day of menstruation.
72. the day after the last day of menstruation.

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: Understand the menstrual cycle.

Topic: Menstrual Cycle

 

69. The first phase of the menstrual cycle is
70. the luteal phase.
71. ovulation.
72. C. the follicular phase.
73. mensuration.

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: Understand the menstrual cycle.

Topic: Menstrual Cycle

 

70. Which of the following is true regarding the ovulation phase of the menstrual cycle?
71. This phase follows the luteal phase.
72. B. During this phase, the follicle ruptures open and releases a mature egg.
73. The level of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) rises significantly during this phase.
74. The levels of estrogen drop significantly during this phase.

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Understand the menstrual cycle.

Topic: Menstrual Cycle

 

71. In the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle the
72. A. follicle turns into a glandular mass of cells called the corpus luteum.
73. endometrium breaks down and is discharged through the cervix.
74. degeneration of the corpus luteum causes a rise in progesterone levels.
75. luteinizing hormone (LH) is no longer secreted.

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: Understand the menstrual cycle.

Topic: Menstrual Cycle

 

72. The phase of the menstrual cycle that is characterized by a sharp decline of both estrogen and progesterone and a shedding of the inner lining of the uterus is the
73. follicular phase.
74. ovulation phase.
75. luteal phase.
76. D. menstruation phase.

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: Understand the menstrual cycle.

Topic: Menstrual Cycle

 

73. The layer of the uterus that is sloughed off during menstruation and creates most of the menstrual discharge is the
74. A.
75. myometrium.
76. exometrium.
77. perimetrium.

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: Understand the menstrual cycle.

Topic: Menstrual Cycle

 

74. Which phase of the menstrual cycle is relatively constant in terms of duration?
75. the ovulation phase
76. the follicular phase
77. C. the luteal phase
78. the menstruation phase

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: Understand the menstrual cycle.

Topic: Menstrual Cycle

 

75. The term Mittelschmerz refers to
76. a phenomenon when menstruation occurs in the middle of the menstrual cycle.
77. the cessation of menstruation in middle age.
78. C. a phenomenon where a woman can feel herself ovulate.
79. appendicitis.

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: Understand the menstrual cycle.

Topic: Menstrual Cycle

 

76. If a woman has a regular 28-day menstrual cycle, the day of ovulation is most likely to be day
77. 4.
78. 10.
79. C.
80. 20.

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: Understand the menstrual cycle.

Topic: Menstrual Cycle

 

77. If a woman has a regular 38-day menstrual cycle, the day of ovulation is most likely to be about day
78. 4.
79. 10.
80. 14.
81. D.

 

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APA Learning Outcome:1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Bloom’s: Apply

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective: Understand the menstrual cycle.

Topic: Menstrual Cycle

 

78. A woman has a 30-day menstrual cycle. She has had a 30-day cycle since she began menstruating. She is most likely to ovulate on about _____.
79. day 24
80. day 15
81. C. day 16
82. day 20

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Bloom’s: Apply

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective: Understand the menstrual cycle.

Topic: Menstrual Cycle

 

79. The average length of a normal menstrual cycle is about
80. 14 days.
81. B. 28 days.
82. 18 days.
83. 36 days.

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: Understand the menstrual cycle.

Topic: Menstrual Cycle

 

80. The time from ovulation to menstruation is always _____ days, give or take only a day or two.
81. 7
82. B. 14
83. 18
84. 21

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: Understand the menstrual cycle.

Topic: Menstrual Cycle

 

81. Which of the following is a correct statement about the menstrual cycle?
82. A. Ovulation does not have to occur in every menstrual cycle, especially among girls during puberty and women in their
83. The luteal phase of the menstrual cycle varies in length, especially among women in their thirties.
84. Irrespective of the duration of one’s menstrual cycle, ovulation invariably occurs on day 14 from the start of menstruation.
85. The follicular phase of the menstrual cycle is the most constant, extending for 10 days from ovulation to menstruation.

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Understand the menstrual cycle.

Topic: Menstrual Cycle

 

82. When a woman menstruates without ovulating it is
83. A. called Mittelschmerz.
84. called an anovulatory cycle.
85. a menstrual problem.
86. a sign of sterility.

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: Understand the menstrual cycle.

Topic: Menstrual Cycle

 

83. When luteinizing hormone (LH) production begins, just before ovulation, the cervical mucus is
84. not produced.
85. B. even more alkaline.
86. even more acidic.
87. thick and viscous.

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: Understand the menstrual cycle.

Topic: Menstrual Cycle

 

84. Dried cervical mucus takes on a fern-shaped pattern
85. after ovulation.
86. just before menstruation.
87. during menstruation.
88. D. just before ovulation.

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: Understand the menstrual cycle.

Topic: Menstrual Cycle

 

85. On the day after ovulation, a woman’s average basal body temperature
86. decreases.
87. B.
88. returns to preovulation temperature.
89. is the same as that during the follicular phase.

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: Understand the menstrual cycle.

Topic: Menstrual Cycle

 

86. Which of the following results in a surge in a woman’s basal body temperature on the day after ovulation?
87. high levels of oxytocin
88. low levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
89. increased production of prolactin
90. D. increased production of progesterone

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: Understand the menstrual cycle.

Topic: Menstrual Cycle

 

87. A woman is trying to determine the time at which she ovulates. She keeps track of her basal body temperature every day. She observes a decrease followed by a noticeable increase in the basal body temperature. This signals that she is in the _____ phase of her menstrual cycle.
88. follicular
89. B. luteal
90. proliferative
91. menstruation

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Bloom’s: Apply

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Understand the menstrual cycle.

Topic: Menstrual Cycle

 

88. The body temperature of a woman changes during the menstrual cycle. Her temperature
89. increases during the follicular phase.
90. B. decreases on the day of ovulation.
91. decreases the day after ovulation.
92. decreases during the luteal phase.

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Understand the menstrual cycle.

Topic: Menstrual Cycle

 

89. Which of the following describes dysmenorrhea?
90. It affects males resulting in a condition in which they can no longer produce sperm.
91. Dysmenorrhea is a condition characterized by breast enlargement in men.
92. C. Dysmenorrhea refers to painful menstruation.
93. It results from the infection of the female prostate.

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Understand the menstrual cycle.

Topic: Menstrual Cycle

 

90. Which of the following is the cause of painful menstruation?
91. a high level of endorphins
92. B. a high level of prostaglandins
93. a low level of luteinizing hormone (LH)
94. a low level of inhibin

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: Understand the menstrual cycle.

Topic: Menstrual Cycle

 

91. Which of the following is an effect of high levels of prostaglandins?
92. reduction of nerve sensitivity
93. increase in the supply of prolactin in the bloodstream
94. C. decrease in the supply of oxygen-carrying blood to the uterus
95. cessation of uterine contractions

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Understand the menstrual cycle.

Topic: Menstrual Cycle

 

92. Which of the following is true about masturbation and menstruation?
93. A. Masters and Johnson suggested masturbation as a possible remedy for menstrual cramps.
94. Masturbation is not advised during menstruation because it may exacerbate the cramps.
95. Masters and Johnson suggested that fluids become congested in the pelvic region after an orgasm during menstruation.
96. Masturbation is dangerous because orgasm interferes with the uterine contractions necessary for menstrualflow.

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Understand the menstrual cycle.

Topic: Menstrual Cycle

 

93. Faye has been experiencing very painful periods that last an unusually long time. According to her gynecologist, Faye’s condition is due to the fact that the lining of her uterus is growing in places other than the uterus. From the information provided, which of the following conditions would best characterize her symptoms?
94. dysmenorrhea
95. amenorrhea
96. C. endometriosis
97. premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Bloom’s: Apply

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Understand the menstrual cycle.

Topic: Menstrual Cycle

 

94. Violet is 18 years old but has not started menstruating yet. The menstrual problem that she is experiencing is known as
95. primary dysmenorrhea.
96. secondary dysmenorrhea.
97. secondary amenorrhea.
98. D. primary amenorrhea.

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Bloom’s: Apply

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Understand the menstrual cycle.

Topic: Menstrual Cycle

 

95. Stacy is 18 years old. Though she had regular menstrual cycles previously, she has not experienced menstruation for the past 3 months. Her condition is known as
96. primary dysmenorrhea.
97. secondary dysmenorrhea.
98. primary amenorrhea.
99. D. secondary amenorrhea.

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Bloom’s: Apply

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective: Understand the menstrual cycle.

Topic: Menstrual Cycle

 

96. One of the causes of _____ is pregnancy.
97. premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
98. B. amenorrhea
99. dysmenorrhea
100. estrous cycles

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: Understand the menstrual cycle.

Topic: Menstrual Cycle

 

97. _____ refers to a combination of severe physical and psychological symptoms, such as depression and irritability,

occurring just before menstruation.

1. A. Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
2. Endometriosis
3. Primary amenorrhea
4. Secondary amenorrhea

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Remember

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective: Understand the menstrual cycle.

Topic: Psychological Aspects of the Menstrual Cycle

 

98. According to a study by Romans et al. on premenstrual syndrome (PMS) based on data collected from a random sample of Canadian women daily for 6 months, _____.
99. there is strong evidence that PMS occurs during the last week of the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle.
100. the great majority of women experience menstrual cycle fluctuations in mood, but a small percentage may not.
101. the average ratings of depressive symptoms reported by women experiencing PMS is clinically significant and warrants intervention.
102. D. there is no scientific evidence of PMS, although there are plenty of stereotypes about it.

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Understand the menstrual cycle.

Topic: Psychological Aspects of the Menstrual Cycle

 

99. According to a study by Quadagno et al. on the performance of female athletes during the premenstrual or menstrual phases, which of the following statements is true?
100. Although 31 percent of female athletes believed that they will perform well, the general performances of all female athletes suffer.
101. All women accurately perceived that their performance does not suffer.
102. All women accurately perceived that their performance suffers.
103. D. Though 31 percent of female athletes believed their performance suffers, they showed no deficits.

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Understand the menstrual cycle.

Topic: Psychological Aspects of the Menstrual Cycle

 

100. Research on performance—such as intellectual or athletic performance—generally shows that
101. peak performance occurs around ovulation.
102. performance declines just prior to menstruation.
103. performance declines during menstruation.
104. D. no fluctuations exists over the cycle.

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Understand the menstrual cycle.

Topic: Psychological Aspects of the Menstrual Cycle

 

101. Identify one of the common menstrual taboos in Western culture that is still in practice today.
102. the belief that a menstruating women is not in the right state of mind
103. B. the prohibition of sexual intercourse with a menstruating woman
104. the isolation of a menstruating woman from men
105. the belief that menstrual blood contains supernatural, dangerous powers

 

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APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Understand the menstrual cycle.

Topic: Culture

Topic: Menstrual Cycle

 

102. In an experiment, psychologist Diane Ruble divided her sample into three experimental groups. She measured their reactions to being given different information about their menstrual cycles. The group that reported more water retention,

pain, and changes in eating

1. was given no information about the predicted date of menstruation.
2. B. was told that they were “intermenstrual” and their period was due in 7–10 days.
3. was told that they were “premenstrual” and their period was due in 1 or 2 days.
4. also had higher ratings in the occurrence of negative moods than the other two groups.

 

Feedback: The Menstrual Cycle, 111-112

 

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Understand the menstrual cycle.

Topic: Culture

Topic: Menstrual Cycle

 

103. What is meant by the negative feedback loop for females and for males? How does it operate? Describe its similarities and differences between females and males.

The negative feedback loop regulates the production of the sex hormones estrogen and progesterone in females and testosterone in males. It is also known as the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad (HPG) axis. In males, the pituitary’s production of luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulates the testes to produce testosterone. When testosterone levels are high, the hypothalamus reduces its production of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which causes the pituitary to reduce the production of LH, consequently decreasing production of testosterone by the testes. When testosterone levels fall, the hypothalamus increases the production of GnRH and the process starts again.

In females, the negative feedback loop functions in a similar fashion and the levels of estrogen and progesterone are regulated by hypothalamus, pituitary, and ovaries.

 

Feedback: Sex Hormones, 91-92

 

APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: List the sex hormone systems in males and females.

Topic: Female Sex Hormone Systems

Topic: Male Sex Hormone Systems

104. Describe the process of sex differentiation of the gonads of males and females.

In the 7th week after conception, the sex chromosomes direct the gonads to begin differentiation. In males, the undifferentiated gonad develops into a testis at about 7 weeks. In females, the process occurs somewhat later, with the ovaries developing at around 13 or 14 weeks. An important gene that directs the differentiation of the gonads,

located on the Y chromosome, is called sex-determining region, Y chromosome (SRY). If SRY is present, it causes the manufacture of a substance called testis-determining factor (TDF), which makes the gonads differentiate into testes, and male development occurs. The X chromosome carries genes that control normal functioning of the ovaries. Surprisingly, a number of genes on the X chromosome also affect cells in the testes that manufacture sperm.

 

Feedback: Prenatal Sexual Differentiation, 93

 

APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Understand prenatal sexual differentiation.

Topic: Gonads

Topic: Sex Chromosomes

 

105. Describe the role of the Müllerian ducts and the Wolffian ducts in the female and the male, respectively.

The Müllerian ducts and the Wolffian ducts are both related to the process of prenatal sexual differentiation. Once the gonads have differentiated into testes and ovaries in the male and female respectively, these organs begin to produce different sex hormones which direct the differentiation of the rest of the internal and external genital system. The Müllerian ducts and the Wolffian ducts are found in both males and females, however, in females, the Wolffian ducts degenerate, and the Müllerian ducts turn into the fallopian tubes, the uterus, and the upper part of the vagina. In the case of males, the opposite occurs. The testes secrete the Müllerian inhibiting substance (MIS), which causes the Müllerian ducts to degenerate, while the Wolffian ducts turn into the epididymis, the vas deferens, and the ejaculatory duct.

 

Feedback: Prenatal Sexual Differentiation, 93

 

APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Understand prenatal sexual differentiation.

Topic: Prenatal Hormones

 

106. Discuss the problems that may occur in the passage of the testes through the inguinal canal. How can these problems be corrected?

Two problems may occur when the testes makes a journey, down into the scrotum via a passageway called the inguinal canal. First, one or both testes may fail to descend into the scrotum by the time of birth, a condition known as undescended testes, or cryptorchidism. This condition occurs in about 3 percent of all males. Most frequently, only one testis is undescended, and the other is in the normal position. In most of these cases, the testes do descend by the first birthday. If the testes do not descend spontaneously, however, the condition is usually corrected by surgery. The optimum time for doing this is soon after the first birthday. Otherwise, if both testes fail to descend, the man will be sterile, because the high temperature of the testes inside the body inhibits the production of sperm. Undescended testes are also more likely to develop cancer. The second possible problem occurs when the inguinal canal does not close off completely. It may then reopen later in life, creating a passageway through which loops of the intestine can enter the scrotum. This condition, called inguinal hernia, can be remedied by simple surgery.

 

Feedback: Prenatal Sexual Differentiation, 93-96

 

APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Understand prenatal sexual differentiation.

Topic: Descent of Testes and Ovaries

 

107. Explain homologous and analogous organs. Give at least two examples of each.

Homologous organs refer to the organs in the male and the female that develop from the same embryonic tissue.

Analogous organs, on the other hand, are the organs in the male and the female that have similar functions.

Examples of homologous organs include the testes in males and the ovaries in females, both of which develop from the gonads. The glans penis in males and the clitoris in females are also homologous to one another in that they both develop from the genital tubercle. The testes and the ovaries, and the glans penis and the clitoris are also examples of analogous organs as they perform similar functions. The testes and the ovaries are both responsible for producing sex hormones, while both the glans penis and the clitoris play important roles in producing sexual arousal.

 

Feedback: Prenatal Sexual Differentiation, 97

 

APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Understand prenatal sexual differentiation.

Topic: Homologous Organs

 

108. Compare the two intersex conditions of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) and androgen-insensitivity syndrome (AIS).

In congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), a genetic female develops ovaries normally as a fetus, but later in the course of prenatal development, the adrenal gland begins to function abnormally and produces an excess amount of androgens. Prenatal sexual differentiation then does not follow the normal female course. As a result, the external genitals are partly or completely male in appearance—the labia are partly or totally fused so there is no vaginal opening, and the clitoris is enlarged to the size of a small or full-sized penis.

In androgen-insensitivity syndrome (AIS), a genetic male produces normal levels of testosterone, but as a result of a genetic condition, the body tissues are insensitive to the testosterone and prenatal development is feminized. The individual is born with the external appearance of a female: a small vagina (but no uterus) and undescended testes.

 

Feedback: Prenatal Sexual Differentiation, 98

 

APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Understand prenatal sexual differentiation.

Topic: Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome

Topic: Atypical Prenatal Gender Differentiation

Topic: Intersex

 

109. Changes that occur to the body during puberty are sometimes difficult for adolescents in the American society. Why are they difficult and what would you suggest as possible solutions to some of the problems?

Unlike in other parts of the world where puberty rites are performed to signify an adolescent’s passage to adulthood, in American culture, an individual’s entry into puberty is not given any formal recognition. In the absence of such rituals, a person may think that his or her body is doing strange things, making puberty a particularly difficult time. This problem can be overcome by providing timely education to adolescents about their bodies and the changes that will take place.

 

Feedback: Sexual Differentiation during Puberty

 

APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Understand sexual differentiation during puberty.

Topic: Culture

Topic: Sexual Differentiation during Puberty

 

110. Discuss the common problem of painful menstruation.

The most common menstrual problem is painful menstruation, called dysmenorrhea. Symptoms of this may include cramping pains in the pelvic region, headaches, backaches, nausea, and a feeling of pressure and bloating in the pelvis. Dysmenorrhea is caused by prostaglandins, hormonelike substances produced by many tissues of the body, including the lining of the uterus. These prostaglandins can cause smooth muscles to contract and can affect the size of the blood vessels. Women with severe menstrual pain have unusually high levels of prostaglandins which cause intense uterine contractions and choke off some of the supply of oxygen-carrying blood to the uterus.

Prostaglandins may also cause greater sensitivity in nerve endings. The combination of the uterine contractions, lack of oxygen, and heightened nerve sensitivity produces menstrual cramps.

 

Feedback: The Menstrual Cycle

 

APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Understand the menstrual cycle.

Topic: Menstrual Cycle

 

111. Do women’s moods change over the menstrual cycle? Explain your choice of answer.

The great majority of women do not experience menstrual cycle fluctuations in mood, but a small percentage may.

In one study, the researchers collected data from a random sample of Canadian women daily for 6 months. The results were surprising. No positive mood items showed cycle fluctuations. Only 2 negative mood items, sadness and irritability, showed significant variations across the cycle. Irritability was greater both premenstrually and during menses, compared with midcycle. Notice that greater irritability was not just premenstrual, challenging the basic concept of premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Sadness was greater premenstrually, but it was more strongly associated with stress, physical health, and social support than it was with cycle phase. According to this study, there is no scientific evidence of PMS, although there are plenty of stereotypes about it. That said, it may be that a small percentage of women do experience PMS. Averaging across data from a random sample of women, there are too few with PMS to produce average mood fluctuations.

 

Feedback: The Menstrual Cycle, 110

 

APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Understand the menstrual cycle.

Topic: Psychological Aspects of the Menstrual Cycle

 

112. Discuss the biological and psychological cycles that are present in men.

A study found that men’s testosterone levels displayed weekly fluctuations, peaking on weekends. Men who had a female partner and wished to have a child with her displayed a 28-day cycle of testosterone levels, leading the researchers to hypothesize that the men’s hormone cycles might have synchronized with their partner’s. Strikingly, men’s testosterone levels also vary with sexual activity. In this same study, men who had sex with an unfamiliar partner showed a 100 percent increase in their testosterone levels the following morning.

 

Feedback: The Menstrual Cycle, 112

 

APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Bloom’s: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Understand the menstrual cycle.

Topic: Male Cycles

 

Category                                                                                                                                                                                                                                # of Questions

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation                                                                                                                                    102

APA Learning Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology                        95

APA Learning Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains                                       7

APA Learning Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology                                                                                   10

Bloom’s: Apply                                                                                                                                                                     10

Bloom’s: Remember                                                                                                                                                             51

Bloom’s: Understand                                                                                                                                                            51

Difficulty: Easy                                                                                                                                                                    52

Difficulty: Hard                                                                                                                                                                    4

Difficulty: Medium                                                                                                                                                               56

Learning Objective: List the sex hormone systems in males and females.                                                                          23

Learning Objective: Understand prenatal sexual differentiation.                                                                                        35

Learning Objective: Understand sexual differentiation during puberty.                                                                              14

Learning Objective: Understand the menstrual cycle.                                                                                                         40

Topic: Adolescence                                                                                                                                                              3

Topic: Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome                                                                                                                            4

Topic: Atypical Prenatal Gender Differentiation                                                                                                                 7

Topic: Culture                                                                                                                                                                       5

Topic: Descent of Testes and Ovaries                                                                                                                                  4

Topic: Female Sex Hormone Systems                                                                                                                                 15

Topic: Gonads                                                                                                                                                                      5

Topic: Homologous Organs                                                                                                                                                 7

Topic: Intersex                                                                                                                                                                      6

Topic: Male Cycles                                                                                                                                                              1

Topic: Male Sex Hormone Systems                                                                                                                                     14

Topic: Menstrual Cycle                                                                                                                                                        34

Topic: Prenatal Hormones                                                                                                                                                    7

Topic: Psychological Aspects of the Menstrual Cycle                                                                                                         5

Topic: Sex Chromosomes                                                                                                                                                    5

Topic: Sexual Differentiation during Puberty                                                                                                                      13