Understanding Human Sexuality 7th Canadian Edition By Janet Shibley Hyde - Test Bank

Understanding Human Sexuality 7th Canadian Edition By Janet Shibley Hyde – Test Bank

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Sample Questions Are Posted Below

Chapter 05

Sex Hormones, Sexual Differentiation, and Menstruation

True / False Questions

The endocrine is a small gland, about the size of a pea, which projects down from the lower side of the brain.
FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 05-01 Identify the sources and function of each of the sex hormones and how they are regulated.
Topic: 05-01 Sex Hormones

Inhibin is a hormone produced by the Hypothalamus.
FALSE

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Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 05-01 Identify the sources and function of each of the sex hormones and how they are regulated.
Topic: 05-02 Sex Hormone Systems in Males

The fourth phase of the menstrual cycle is called the follicular phase.
FALSE

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Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 05-02 Describe the changes that occur across the four phases of the menstrual cycle.
Topic: 05-04 Biology of the Menstual Cycle

Endocrine disrupters are produced in the testicles.
FALSE

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Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 05-02 Describe the changes that occur across the four phases of the menstrual cycle.
Topic: 05-05 The Phases of the Menstrual Cycle

Dysmenorrhea is the term that describes a painful menstruation.
TRUE

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Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 05-03 State the cause of symptoms of the most common mentrual problems.
Topic: 05-05 The Phases of the Menstrual Cycle

A major new study in 2015 reported evidence of epigenetic, which refers to a functional change to DNA that does not alter the genetic code itself, but leads to changes in gene expression.
TRUE

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Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 05-04 Summarize the process of prenatal sexual differentiation.
Topic: 05-11 Brain Differentiation

The average age of a first appearance of pubic hair occurs first in males.
FALSE

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Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 05-07 Describe the process of puberty in boys and girls.
Topic: 05-15 Changes in Boys

Research on athletic performance during the menstrual cycle generally shows no fluctuations.
TRUE

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Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 05-08 Summarize the research surrounding fluctuations in mood; performance; and sexuality across the menstrual cycle and their possible causes.
Topic: 05-18 Psychological Aspects of the Menstrual Cycle

Multiple Choice Questions

Which of the following statements describes the pituitary and the hypothalamus?
A.The pituitary and the hypothalamus are located in the frontal lobe.
B. The hypothalamus directly secretes the gonadotropic hormones.
C. The pituitary is the master gland of the endocrine system.
D. The hypothalamus solely focuses on regulating the eating behaviour in humans.

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Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: 05-01 Identify the sources and function of each of the sex hormones and how they are regulated.
Topic: 05-01 Sex Hormones

The _____ plays a major role in regulating the four functions of eating, drinking, fighting, and sexual behaviour.
A.cerebellum
B. adrenal glands
C. gonads
D. hypothalamus

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Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 05-01 Identify the sources and function of each of the sex hormones and how they are regulated.
Topic: 05-01 Sex Hormones

Which of the following regulates the pituitary gland?
A.Cerebellum
B. Hypothalamus
C. Gonads
D. Adrenal glands

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Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 05-01 Identify the sources and function of each of the sex hormones and how they are regulated.
Topic: 05-01 Sex Hormones

The production of FSH and LH takes place in the:
A.hypothalamus.
B. ovaries and testes, respectively.
C. pituitary gland.
D. pancreas.

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Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 05-01 Identify the sources and function of each of the sex hormones and how they are regulated.
Topic: 05-01 Sex Hormones

The region of the brain that secretes GnRH, the gonadotropin-releasing hormone, is the:
A.hypothalamus.
B. pituitary.
C. medulla.
D. hippocampus.

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Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 05-01 Identify the sources and function of each of the sex hormones and how they are regulated.
Topic: 05-01 Sex Hormones

Which of the following hormones regulates the production of FSH and LH by the pituitary gland?
A.Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
B. Testosterone
C. Progesterone
D. Estrogen

Which of the following regulates the output of gonadotropin-releasing hormone by the hypothalamus in males?
A.Follicle-stimulating hormone
B. Luteinizing hormone
C. Pituitary gland
D. Testosterone

Which of the following would most likely result from having low levels of testosterone in the blood?
A.Increased production of inhibin by the testes
B. Decreased production of LH by the pituitary gland
C. Increased production of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) by the hypothalamus
D. Decreased production of oxytocin hormones by the testes

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Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: 05-01 Identify the sources and function of each of the sex hormones and how they are regulated.
Topic: 05-02 Sex Hormone Systems in Males

Identify the hormone that controls sperm production.
A.Luteinizing hormone
B. Follicle-stimulating hormone
C. Oxytocin
D. Estrogen

Which of the following hormones is most likely to be found at a fairly constant level in males?
A.Testosterone
B. Progesterone
C. Estrogen
D. Prolactin

What regulates estrogen production in females and testosterone production in males?
A.Adrenaline
B. The luteinizing hormone
C. The gonadotropin-releasing hormone
D. Oxytocin

Which of the following produces the hormone called inhibin?
A.Adrenal glands
B. Cells of Bartholin’s gland
C. Sertoli cells of the testes
D. Pituitary gland

Inhibin:
A.is a hormone found only in men.
B. plays a major role in increasing sperm production.
C. primarily regulates LH production.
D. regulates FSH levels in a negative feedback loop.

One of the main functions of estrogen includes:
A.stimulating breast growth.
B. decreasing the mucous membrane of the vagina.
C. enhancing muscle growth.
D. promoting bone growth past the pubertal years.

Identify the hormone that is responsible for maintaining the mucous membranes of the vagina and stopping the growth of bone and muscle.
A.Prolactin
B. Oxytocin
C. Progesterone
D. Estrogen

Which of the following would most likely result from increased levels of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in females?
A.Decreased levels of estrogen
B. Increased levels of follicle stimulating hormone
C. Increased levels of luteinizing hormone
D. Decreased levels of estradiol

Which of the following would most likely occur due to increases in the level of estrogen?
A.Increased production of gonadotropin-releasing hormone
B. Decreased production of luteinizing hormone
C. Increased production of prolactin and oxytocin
D. Decreased production of testosterone

What is the hormone that plays a specific and important role in the stimulation of milk production?
A.Oxytocin
B. Estrogen
C. Progesterone
D. Prolactin

Which of the following glands produces prolactin?
A.The adrenal gland
B. The pineal gland
C. The pituitary gland
D. The thyroid gland

Oxytocin:
A.results from secretions by the ovaries.
B. curbs the contractions of the uterus during childbirth.
C. suppresses milk ejection from the nipples.
D. fosters bonding between parent and the newborn.

Which of the following manufactures estrogen and progesterone?
A.Ovaries
B. Testes
C. Pituitary gland
D. Hypothalamus

Identify the hormone that stimulates contractions of the uterus during childbirth.
A.Progesterone
B. Estrogen
C. Oxytocin
D. Prolactin

When does gonad differentiation occur?
A.At the same time for males and females.
B. Earlier for females.
C. Earlier for males.
D. During puberty.

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Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 05-04 Summarize the process of prenatal sexual differentiation.
Topic: 05-06 Prenatal Sexual Differentiation

In Klinefelter’s syndrome, a genetic male has:
A.an extra X chromosome.
B. an extra Y chromosome.
C. an extra chromosome 21.
D. no Y chromosome.

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Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 05-04 Summarize the process of prenatal sexual differentiation.
Topic: 05-07 Sex Chromosomes

Which of the following is TRUE of Klinefelter’s syndrome?
A.It occurs in genetic females that have a single X chromosome.
B. It can be reversed by surgery.
C. It involves overproduction of sperm and low testosterone levels.
D. It occurs when a genetic male has an extra X chromosome (XXY).

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Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: 05-04 Summarize the process of prenatal sexual differentiation.
Topic: 05-07 Sex Chromosomes

At about seven weeks post-conception, the sex chromosomes direct the gonads to develop into the _____ in the male.
A.scrotum
B. testis
C. urethra
D. glans

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Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 05-04 Summarize the process of prenatal sexual differentiation.
Topic: 05-08 Gonads

The testis-determining factor (TDF) is responsible for:
A.differentiation of gonads into testes.
B. differentiation of the Wolffian ducts into testes.
C. descent of the testes after differentiation.
D. differentiation of the Müllerian ducts into testes.

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Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 05-04 Summarize the process of prenatal sexual differentiation.
Topic: 05-08 Gonads

Which of the following statements is TRUE of the SRY?
A.It is a gene related to the prenatal differentiation of the gonads.
B. It is found on a specific location on the X chromosome.
C. It is secreted by the testis-determining factor.
D. It is involved in gonad differentiation in both males and females.

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Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: 05-04 Summarize the process of prenatal sexual differentiation.
Topic: 05-08 Gonads

In the female, the _____ turn into the fallopian tubes, the uterus, and the upper part of the vagina.
A.gonads
B. tubercle
C. Müllerian ducts
D. Wolffian ducts

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Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 05-04 Summarize the process of prenatal sexual differentiation.
Topic: 05-08 Gonads

Wolffian ducts develop into the:
A.epididymis, vas deferens, and ejaculatory duct.
B. testes and scrotum.
C. shaft of the penis.
D. prostate gland.

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Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 05-04 Summarize the process of prenatal sexual differentiation.
Topic: 05-08 Gonads

The inguinal canal is the passageway for the descent of the:
A.ovaries.
B. testes.
C. scrotum.
D. fallopian tubes.

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Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 05-04 Summarize the process of prenatal sexual differentiation.
Topic: 05-10 Descent of the Testes and Ovaries

Which of the following statements describes cryptorchidism?
A.It is a condition resulting from the descent of one or both testes into the scrotum.
B. It occurs when the penis fails to descend from the body.
C. The optimum time for correcting the condition is soon after the first birthday.
D. Treatment is limited to hormonal therapy.

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Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: 05-04 Summarize the process of prenatal sexual differentiation.
Topic: 05-10 Descent of the Testes and Ovaries

Which of the following may be a consequence of “undescended testes” in a male?
A.Decreased likelihood of testicular cancer
B. Increased motility of sperm
C. Inhibition of sperm production
D. Increased testosterone production

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Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: 05-04 Summarize the process of prenatal sexual differentiation.
Topic: 05-10 Descent of the Testes and Ovaries

What occurs when testosterone is present during fetal development?
A.The cells in the hypothalamus become insensitive to estrogen present in the blood stream.
B. The androgen receptors become highly insensitive to the levels of testosterone in the blood stream.
C. The androgen receptors become highly sensitive to both estrogen and testosterone.
D. The estrogen receptors become highly sensitive to the levels of testosterone in the blood stream.

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Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: 05-04 Summarize the process of prenatal sexual differentiation.
Topic: 05-10 Descent of the Testes and Ovaries

Which statement regarding brain differentiation in males and females is TRUE?
A.The primary sex-differentiated structure is the cerebellum.
B. The differences in the brain structures of males and females are “hard-wired” differences present from birth.
C. The hypothalamus is the only region of the brain that does not show gender differentiation.
D. Studies using MRI have shown that the hypothalamus and amygdala are larger in males.

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Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: 05-04 Summarize the process of prenatal sexual differentiation.
Topic: 05-11 Brain Differentiation

The embryonic source of the glans penis is the:
A.genital tubercle.
B. genital swelling.
C. Müllerian duct.
D. Wolffian duct.

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Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 05-04 Summarize the process of prenatal sexual differentiation.
Topic: 05-11 Brain Differentiation

Both the clitoris in females and the glans penis in males develop from the same embryonic tissue—the genital tubercle. Thus, we may say that the clitoris and the glans penis are:
A.autologous organs.
B. heterologous organs.
C. analogous organs.
D. homologous organs.

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Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: 05-05 Classify the homologous and analogous sex organs in males and females.
Topic: 05-12 Homologous Organs

Both the clitoris and the glans penis play important roles in producing sexual arousal. Based on this information, what may we state the clitoris and the glans penis are?
A.Autologous organs.
B. Heterologous organs.
C. Analogous organs.
D. Homologous organs.

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Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: 05-05 Classify the homologous and analogous sex organs in males and females.
Topic: 05-12 Homologous Organs

The Skene’s gland in females and the prostate in males have the same embryonic source—the urethral primordia. The Skene’s gland also secretes a fluid that is biologically similar to the milky alkaline fluid secreted by the male prostate. Based on this, we may say that:
A.these organs are homologous but not analogous.
B. these organs are analogous but not homologous.
C. these organs are both analogous and homologous.
D. these organs are neither analogous nor homologous.

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Blooms: Apply
Learning Objective: 05-05 Classify the homologous and analogous sex organs in males and females.
Topic: 05-12 Homologous Organs

Which of the following organs are both homologous and analogous in the adult female and the adult male, respectively?
A.The scrotum and the labia majora (outer lips)
B. The Wolffian duct and the Müllerian duct
C. The hypothalamus and the pituitary
D. The glans penis and the clitoris

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Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: 05-05 Classify the homologous and analogous sex organs in males and females.
Topic: 05-12 Homologous Organs

The testes in the male are homologous to the _____ in the female.
A.clitoris
B. ovaries
C. labia majora (outer lips)
D. labia minora (inner lips)

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Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 05-05 Classify the homologous and analogous sex organs in males and females.
Topic: 05-12 Homologous Organs

John Money developed eight variables of gender. The particular gender type that refers to the presence of testosterone in the male but not in the female before birth is the:
A.assigned gender.
B. prenatal hormonal gender.
C. pubertal hormonal gender.
D. external genital appearance gender.

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Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: 05-06 Distinguish the eight variables of gender and their relationship to normal and abnormal gender development.
Topic: 05-13 Atypical Prenatal Gender Differentiation

According to John Money, the gender variable that defined one’s gender at birth, as measured by the appearance of the external genitals, is:
A.chromosomal gender.
B. gonadal gender.
C. pubertal hormonal gender.
D. assigned gender.

One of your friends is in medical school. She tells you about a syndrome in which a genetic female develops ovaries normally as a fetus. However, due to the abnormal functioning of the adrenal gland, an excess amount of androgen is produced resulting in external genitals that are partly or completely male in appearance. Your friend is unable to recall the name of the syndrome. You know it and are able to tell her that it is:
A.congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
B. androgen insensitivity syndrome.
C. cryptorchidism.
D. Klinefelter’s syndrome.

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Blooms: Apply
Learning Objective: 05-06 Distinguish the eight variables of gender and their relationship to normal and abnormal gender development.
Topic: 05-13 Atypical Prenatal Gender Differentiation

One of your friends is in medical school. She tells you about a syndrome, where a genetic male produces normal levels of testosterone. However, his body tissues are not responsive to the levels and result in prenatal development being feminized. After describing the syndrome, your friend forgets its name. You know it and are able to tell her that it is:
A.congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
B. androgen insensitivity syndrome.
C. cryptorchidism.
D. Klinefelter’s syndrome.

One of the most common intersex syndromes, which often results in identifying genetic females as males, is:
A.congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH).
B. Triple Y syndrome (YYY).
C. Triple X syndrome (XXX).
D. androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS).

The type of abnormality where the male fetus (sex chromosome configuration is XY) is insensitive to androgen results in:
A.a woman like external appearance with no uterus and undescended testes.
B. a male with small testes, enlarged breasts, and reduced sex drive.
C. a tall male with unusual sex preferences.
D. a male of exceptional height and weight with borderline mental retardation.

What is the syndrome known as 5-alpha reductase deficiency is caused by?
A.a genetic-endocrine problem.
B. excessive androgen production.
C. insufficient estrogen production.
D. congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

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Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 05-06 Distinguish the eight variables of gender and their relationship to normal and abnormal gender development.
Topic: 05-13 Atypical Prenatal Gender Differentiation

John Money referred to individuals with congenital adrenal hyperplasia and androgen-insensitivity syndrome as _____.
A.transgenders
B. hermaphrodites
C. pseudohermaphrodites
D. homosexuals

_____ is the time during which there is sudden enlargement and maturation of the gonads, other genitalia, and secondary sex characteristics, leading to reproductive capacity.
A.Adolescence
B. Prenatal sexual differentiation
C. Puberty
D. Gender differentiation

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Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 05-07 Describe the process of puberty in boys and girls.
Topic: 05-15 Changes in Boys

_____ is defined as a psychological transition from the behaviour and attitudes of a child to the behaviour, attitudes, and responsibilities of an adult.
A.Adolescence
B. Adrenarche
C. Puberty
D. Menarche

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Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 05-07 Describe the process of puberty in boys and girls.
Topic: 05-14 Sexual Differentiation during Puberty

Which of the following statements is TRUE of adolescence?
A.Modern American culture has an unusually short period of adolescence.
B. It merely represents a biological transition from child to adult.
C. A century ago, adolescence was much longer.
D. In some cultures, adolescence does not exist.

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Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: 05-07 Describe the process of puberty in boys and girls.
Topic: 05-14 Sexual Differentiation during Puberty

Adolescence is a developmental period of life:
A.defined by the psychological transition toward adulthood.
B. characterized completely by the physiological changes in the body.
C. marked by the normative and universal time frame of 13 to 18 years.
D. recognized positively and celebrated by all societies of the world.

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Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: 05-07 Describe the process of puberty in boys and girls.
Topic: 05-14 Sexual Differentiation during Puberty

In comparing body growth and sexual development of girls with that of boys, it is found that:
A.girls and boys follow the same pattern of development at the same time.
B. girls and boys follow the same pattern of development, but boys are about 2 years late in development than girls.
C. girls and boys follow significantly different patterns of development, although they occur at the same time.
D. we really cannot say anything definite given our present state of knowledge about sexual development.

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Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: 05-07 Describe the process of puberty in boys and girls.
Topic: 05-14 Sexual Differentiation during Puberty

At age twelve, Anna is 5 feet and 2 inches tall, which makes her taller than most of the boys in her grade six class. This can be attributed to the fact that:
A.the growth spurt occurs in girls but not in boys.
B. the growth spurt for girls tends to be longer than the growth spurt for boys.
C. the growth spurt for girls occurs about two years before the growth spurt for boys.
D. the growth spurt for males is reducing with each passing generation.

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Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: 05-07 Describe the process of puberty in boys and girls.
Topic: 05-14 Sexual Differentiation during Puberty

The first sign of a female entering the period of pubescence is _____.
A.the production of a mature ovum
B. the beginning of menstruation
C. the growth of pubic hair
D. the beginning of breast development

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Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: 05-07 Describe the process of puberty in boys and girls.
Topic: 05-16 Changes in Girls

Penis growth, experienced by the average boy during puberty, is most likely to occur at about the same time as:
A.acne.
B. growth of scrotal sac.
C. growth of testes.
D. the change in his voice.

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Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 05-07 Describe the process of puberty in boys and girls.
Topic: 05-15 Changes in Boys

Which statement describes menarche?
A.It signifies that a girl is capable of becoming pregnant.
B. Most girls tend to react positively than negatively to their first menstruations.
C. There is a wide range in the age at which menarche occurs.
D. Girls lack a visible sign of having attained menarche.

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Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: 05-07 Describe the process of puberty in boys and girls.
Topic: 05-16 Changes in Girls

Which of the following statements is TRUE of the adrenal glands?
A.They are located just below the kidneys.
B. In females, they are the major producers of androgens.
C. Adrenarche generally begins after 14 years of age.
D. They limit the growth of pubic and axillary hair in females.

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Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: 05-07 Describe the process of puberty in boys and girls.
Topic: 05-15 Changes in Boys

_____ is a problem faced more often by boys because of the clogging of sebaceous glands during puberty.
A.Acne
B. Obesity
C. Increased secretion of adrenal androgens
D. Growth of pubic hair

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Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 05-07 Describe the process of puberty in boys and girls.
Topic: 05-15 Changes in Boys

An adolescent boy experiences temporary breast enlargement. This condition is known as _____.
A.spermarche
B. menarche
C. adrenarche
D. gynecomastia

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Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 05-07 Describe the process of puberty in boys and girls.
Topic: 05-15 Changes in Boys

Human females are nearly unique among species in:
A.having an estrous cycle.
B. having a menstrual cycle.
C. experiencing slight spotting during ovulation.
D. engaging in sexual intercourse during estrus.

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Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: 05-02 Describe the changes that occur across the four phases of the menstrual cycle.
Topic: 05-04 Biology of the Menstual Cycle

Human females engage in sexual behaviour:
A.primarily in the middle of their estrous cycle.
B. throughout the menstrual cycle.
C. during menstruation because they are least likely to become pregnant during this phase.
D. like other mammals do, when they are in “heat.”

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Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: 05-02 Describe the changes that occur across the four phases of the menstrual cycle.
Topic: 05-03 Sex Hormone Systems in Females

Day 1 of the menstrual cycle is:
A.the day just prior to menstruation.
B. the first day of menstruation.
C. the last day of menstruation.
D. the day after the last day of menstruation.

What is the first phase of the menstrual cycle?
A.Luteal phase.
B. Ovulatory phase.
C. Follicular phase.
D. Proliferative phase.

Which statement describes the ovulation phase of the menstrual cycle?
A.It follows the luteal phase.
B. During this phase, the follicle ruptures and releases a mature egg.
C. The level of FSH rises significantly during this phase.
D. The levels of estrogen and progesterone drop significantly during this phase.

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Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: 05-02 Describe the changes that occur across the four phases of the menstrual cycle.
Topic: 05-05 The Phases of the Menstrual Cycle

What unfolds in luteal phase?
A.The follicle turns into a glandular mass of cells called the corpus luteum.
B. The endometrium breaks down and is discharged through the cervix.
C. The degeneration of the corpus luteum is accompanied by a rise in progesterone.
D. The luteinizing hormone is no longer secreted.

Which phase of the menstrual cycle is characterized by a sharp decline of both estrogen and progesterone and a shedding of the inner lining of the uterus?
A.Follicular phase
B. Ovulation phase
C. Luteal phase
D. Menstruation phase

What layer of the uterus that is sloughed off during menstruation and creates most of the menstrual discharge?
A.Endometrium
B. Myometrium
C. Exometrium
D. Perimetrium

Which phase of the menstrual cycle is relatively constant in terms of duration?
A.The ovulation phase
B. The follicular phase
C. The luteal phase
D. The menstruation phase

Which statement describes the term “Mittelschmerz”?
A.A phenomenon when menstruation occurs in the middle of the menstrual cycle.
B. The cessation of menstruation in middle age.
C. A phenomenon where a woman can feel herself ovulate.
D. Appendicitis

If a woman has a regular 28-day menstrual cycle, the day of ovulation is assumed to be day:
A.4.
B. 10.
C. 14.
D. 20.

If a woman has a regular 38-day menstrual cycle, the day of ovulation is assumed to be on what day?
A.4th
B. 10th
C. 14th
D. 24th

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Blooms: Apply
Learning Objective: 05-02 Describe the changes that occur across the four phases of the menstrual cycle.
Topic: 05-05 The Phases of the Menstrual Cycle

A woman has a 30-day menstrual cycle. She has had a 30-day cycle since she began menstruating. On which of the following days of her period is she most likely to ovulate?
A.Day 24
B. Day 15
C. Day 16
D. Day 20

What is considered to be the average length of a typical menstrual cycle?:
A.14 days
B. 28 days
C. 18 days
D. 36 days

If Sally has a 28 day menstrual cycle, her ovulation generally occurs on?
A.Day 7
B. Day 14
C. Day 18
D. Day 21

Which statement describes the menstrual cycle?
A.Ovulation does not have to occur in every menstrual cycle, especially for girls in puberty and older women.
B. Almost all women come close to approximating the “perfect” 28-day menstrual cycle.
C. Irrespective of the duration of one’s menstrual cycle, ovulation invariably occurs on the 14thday from the start of menstruation.
D. The follicular phase of the menstrual cycle is the most constant, extending for 10 days from ovulation to menstruation.

What term is used that describes the occurrence when a woman menstruates without ovulating?
A.Mittelschmerz
B. An anovulatory cycle
C. a Menstrual disfunction
D. Sterility

At about the time of ovulation, cervical mucus is:
A.not produced.
B. alkaline.
C. acidic.
D. thick and viscous.

Dried cervical mucus takes on a fern-shaped pattern:
A.after ovulation.
B. just before menstruation.
C. during menstruation.
D. just before ovulation.

On the day after ovulation, the average basal body temperature of the female:
A.decreases.
B. increases.
C. returns to preovulation temperature.
D. normalizes.

Which of the following results in a surge in the basal body temperature on the day after ovulation?
A.High levels of FSH
B. Low level of LH
C. Increased production of prolactin
D. Increased production of progesterone

A woman is trying to determine the time at which she ovulates. She keeps track of her basal body temperature every day. She observes a decrease followed by a noticeable increase in the basal body temperature. This signals that she is in the _____ phase of her menstrual cycle.
A.follicular
B. luteal
C. proliferative
D. menstruation

The body temperature of a woman changes during the menstrual cycle. Her temperature:
A.increases during the follicular phase.
B. decreases on the day of ovulation.
C. decreases the day after ovulation.
D. decreases during the luteal phase.

Which of the following describes dysmenorrhea?
A.It affects males after the climacteric when they can no longer produce sperm.
B. Dysmenorrhea is a condition characterized by breast enlargement in men.
C. Dysmenorrhea refers to painful menstruation.
D. It results from the infection of the female prostate.

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Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: 05-03 State the cause of symptoms of the most common mentrual problems.
Topic: 05-06 Prenatal Sexual Differentiation

Which of the following is the cause of painful menstruation?
A.A high level of endorphins
B. A high level of prostaglandins
C. A low level of luteinizing hormone
D. A low level of inhibin

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Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: 05-03 State the cause of symptoms of the most common mentrual problems.
Topic: 05-06 Prenatal Sexual Differentiation

Which of the following is an effect of high levels of prostaglandins?
A.Reduction of nerve sensitivity
B. Increase in prolactin in the bloodstream
C. Decrease in oxygen supply to the uterus
D. Cessation of uterine contractions

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Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: 05-03 State the cause of symptoms of the most common mentrual problems.
Topic: 05-06 Prenatal Sexual Differentiation

Which of the following is TRUE about masturbation and menstruation?
A.Masters and Johnson suggested masturbation as a possible remedy for menstrual cramps.
B. Masturbation is not advised during menstruation because it may exacerbate the cramps.
C. After an orgasm during menstruation, fluids become congested in the pelvic region.
D. Masturbation is dangerous because orgasm interferes with the uterine contractions necessary for menstrual flow.

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Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: 05-03 State the cause of symptoms of the most common mentrual problems.
Topic: 05-06 Prenatal Sexual Differentiation

Faye has been experiencing very painful periods that last an unusually long time. According to her gynecologist, Faye’s condition is due to the fact that the lining of her uterus is growing in places other than the uterus. From the information provided, which of the following conditions would best characterize her symptoms?
A.Dysmenorrhea
B. Amenorrhea
C. Endometriosis
D. PMS

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Blooms: Apply
Learning Objective: 05-03 State the cause of symptoms of the most common mentrual problems.
Topic: 05-06 Prenatal Sexual Differentiation

Violet is 18 years old but has not started menstruating yet. The menstrual problem that she is experiencing is known as:
A.primary dysmenorrhea.
B. secondary dysmenorrhea.
C. secondary amenorrhea.
D. primary amenorrhea.

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Blooms: Apply
Learning Objective: 05-03 State the cause of symptoms of the most common mentrual problems.
Topic: 05-06 Prenatal Sexual Differentiation

Mary is 18- years-old. Though she had regular menstrual cycles previously, she has not experienced menstruation for the past 3 months. What is her condition is known as?
A.Primary dysmenorrhea
B. Secondary dysmenorrhea
C. Primary amenorrhea
D. Secondary amenorrhea

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Blooms: Apply
Learning Objective: 05-03 State the cause of symptoms of the most common mentrual problems.
Topic: 05-06 Prenatal Sexual Differentiation

Some of the causes of _____ are pregnancy, congenital reproductive defects, hormonal imbalances, and cysts.
A.PMS
B. amenorrhea
C. dysmenorrhea
D. anovulatory cycles

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Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 05-03 State the cause of symptoms of the most common mentrual problems.
Topic: 05-06 Prenatal Sexual Differentiation

What term describes a combination of severe physical and psychological symptoms, such as depression and irritability, occurring just before menstruation?
A.Premenstrual syndrome
B. Endometriosis
C. Primary amenorrhea
D. Secondary amenorrhea

Which of the following is an accurate criticism of evidence supporting premenstrual syndrome (PMS)?
A.Most of the evidence depends on objective retrospective reports of moods and symptoms.
B. When treated for PMS, women essentially report physical symptoms rather than psychological ones.
C. The average ratings of depressive symptoms reported by women experiencing PMS is clinically significant and warrants intervention.
D. In actuality, women report far fewer symptoms for themselves than they think the average woman experiences.

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Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: 05-08 Summarize the research surrounding fluctuations in mood; performance; and sexuality across the menstrual cycle and their possible causes.
Topic: 05-18 Psychological Aspects of the Menstrual Cycle

Research on female athletes concerning women’s performance during menstruation suggests that:
A.although women believe they will perform well, their general performance suffers.
B. women accurately perceive that their performance does not suffer.
C. women accurately perceive that their performance suffers.
D. though some women believe their performance suffers, they show no significant deficits.

What does research on intellectual and athletic performance during the menstrual cycle indicate?
A.Peak performance occurs around ovulation.
B. Diminished performance occurs just prior to menstruation.
C. Diminished performance occurs during menstruation.
D. No meaningful fluctuation exists over the cycle.

Which of the following statements best summarizes the hormone-mood relationship causing PMS?
A.Most mood swings are a result of high levels of secretions from the adrenal glands.
B. Most mood swings experienced by women are caused by the influence of their respective cultures, with a minimal role played by hormones.
C. Most mood swings are caused by a rise in the level of testosterone in the blood.
D. Most mood swings are likely to be related to the decline of estrogen and progesterone.

What is one of the most common menstrual taboos in Western culture that is still in practice today?
A.The marking of objects and persons who come into contact with a menstruating woman as unclean
B. The prohibition of sexual intercourse with a menstruating woman
C. The sequestering of a menstruating woman away from men
D. The belief that menstrual blood contains supernatural powers

In an experiment, psychologist Diane Ruble divided her sample into three groups. She measured their reactions to being given different information about their menstrual cycles. The group that reported more water retention, pain, and changes in eating:
A.was given no information about the predicted date of menstruation.
B. was told that they were “intermenstrual”, and their period was due in 7-10 days.
C. was told that they were “premenstrual”, and their period was due in 1 to 2 days.
D. also had higher ratings in negative moods than the other two groups.

Short Answer Questions

What is meant by the negative feedback loop for females and for males? How does it operate? Describe its similarities and differences between females and males.

The negative feedback loop regulates the production of the sex hormones estrogen and progesterone in females and testosterone in males. It is also known as the HPG axis, that is, the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis. In males, the pituitary’s production of luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulates the testes to produce testosterone. When testosterone levels are high, the hypothalamus reduces its production of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which causes the pituitary to reduce the production of LH, consequently reducing production of testosterone by the testes. When testosterone levels fall, the hypothalamus increases the production of GnRH and the process starts again.
In females, the negative feedback loop functions in a similar fashion and the levels of estrogen and progesterone are regulated by hypothalamus, pituitary, and ovaries.

Describe the process of sex differentiation of the gonads of males and females.

In the 7^th week after conception, the sex chromosomes direct the gonads to begin differentiation. In the male, the undifferentiated gonad develops into a testis at about 7 weeks. In the female, the process occurs somewhat later, with the ovaries developing at around 13 or 14 weeks. An important gene that directs the differentiation of the gonads, located on the Y chromosome, is called SRY, for sex-determining region, Y chromosome. If SRY is present, it causes the manufacture of a substance called testis-determining factor (TDF), which makes the gonads differentiate into testes, and male development occurs.

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Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: 05-04 Summarize the process of prenatal sexual differentiation.
Topic: 05-06 Prenatal Sexual Differentiation

Describe the role of the Müllerian ducts and the Wolffian ducts in the female and the male, respectively.

The Müllerian ducts and the Wolffian ducts are both related to the process of prenatal sexual differentiation. Once the gonads have differentiated into testes and ovaries in the male and female respectively, these organs begin to produce different sex hormones which direct the differentiation of the rest of the internal and external genital system. The Müllerian ducts and the Wolffian ducts are found in both males and females, however, in females, the Wolffian ducts degenerate and the Müllerian ducts turn into the fallopian tubes, the uterus, and the upper part of the vagina. In the case of males, the opposite occurs. The testes secrete the Müllerian inhibiting substance (MIS) which causes the Müllerian ducts to degenerate, while the Wolffian ducts turn into the epididymis, the vas deferens, and the ejaculatory duct.

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Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: 05-04 Summarize the process of prenatal sexual differentiation.
Topic: 05-09 Prenatal Hormones and the Genitals

Discuss the problems that may occur in the passage of the testes through the inguinal canal. How can these problems be corrected?

Two problems may occur in this process. First, one or both testes may fail to descend into the scrotum by the time of birth, a condition known as undescended testes, or cryptorchidism. This condition occurs in about 3 percent of all males. Most frequently, only one testis is undescended, and the other is in the normal position. In most of these cases, the testes do descend by the first birthday. If the testes do not descend spontaneously, however, the condition is usually corrected by surgery. The optimum time for doing this is soon after the first birthday. Otherwise, if both testes fail to descend, the man will be sterile, because the high temperature of the testes inside the body inhibits the production of sperm. Undescended testes are also more likely to develop cancer. The second possible problem occurs when the inguinal canal does not close off completely. It may then reopen later in life, creating a passageway through which loops of the intestine can enter the scrotum. This condition, called inguinal hernia, can be remedied by simple surgery.

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Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: 05-04 Summarize the process of prenatal sexual differentiation.
Topic: 05-10 Descent of the Testes and Ovaries

Describe what the term Moon Time refers to?

In many Canadian First Nations communities, women were honoured for their role as life givers and gathered in the Moon Lodge during their Moon Time. In the Lodge they were taught about various aspects of women’s lives, including about birth and menopause, by the Grandmothers (female Elders). Colonialism changed this experience in many Indigenous cultures. Some Indigenous women are trying to reclaim this traditional view of Moon Time

Explain what homologous and analogous organs are. Give at least two examples of each.

Homologous organs refer to the organs in the male and the female that develop from the same embryonic tissue. Analogous organs, on the other hand, are the organs in the male and the female that have similar functions.
Examples of analogous organs include the testes in males and the ovaries in females, both of which develop from the gonads. The glans penis in males and the clitoris in females are also homologous to one another in that they both develop from the genital tubercle. The testes and the ovaries, and the glans penis and the clitoris are also examples of analogous organs as they perform similar functions. The testes and the ovaries are both responsible for producing sex hormones, while both the glans penis and the clitoris play important roles in producing sexual arousal.

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Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: 05-05 Classify the homologous and analogous sex organs in males and females.
Topic: 05-12 Homologous Organs

Compare the two intersex conditions of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) and androgen-insensitivity syndrome (AIS).

In congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), a genetic female develops ovaries normally as a fetus, but in the course of prenatal development, the adrenal gland begins to function abnormally and produces an excess amount of androgens. Prenatal sexual differentiation then does not follow the normal female course. As a result, the external genitals are partly or completely male in appearance—the labia are partly or totally fused so there is no vaginal opening, and the clitoris is enlarged to the size of a small or full-sized penis.
In androgen-insensitivity syndrome (AIS), a genetic male produces normal levels of testosterone, but as a result of a genetic condition, the body tissues are insensitive to the hormone and prenatal development is feminized. The individual is born with the external appearance of a female: a small vagina and undescended testes.

Changes that occur to the body during puberty are sometimes difficult for adolescents in the American society. Why are they difficult and what would you suggest as possible solutions to some of the problems?

Unlike in other parts of the world where puberty rites are performed to signify an adolescent’s passage to adulthood, in American culture, an individual’s entry into puberty is not given any formal recognition. In the absence of such rituals, a person may think that his or her body is doing strange things, making puberty a particularly difficult time. This problem can be overcome by providing timely education to adolescents about their bodies and the changes that will take place.

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Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: 05-07 Describe the process of puberty in boys and girls.
Topic: 05-16 Changes in Girls
Topic: 05-17 Changes in Behaviour

Discuss the common problem of painful menstruation.

The most common menstrual problem is painful menstruation, called dysmenorrhea. Symptoms of this may include cramping pains in the pelvic region, headaches, backaches, nausea, and a feeling of pressure and bloating in the pelvis. Dysmenorrhea is caused by prostaglandins, hormone-like substances produced by many tissues of the body, including the lining of the uterus. These prostaglandins can cause smooth muscles to contract and can affect the size of the blood vessels. Women with severe menstrual pain have unusually high levels of prostaglandins which cause intense uterine contractions and choke off some of the supply of oxygen-carrying blood to the uterus. Prostaglandins may also cause greater sensitivity to nerve endings. The combination of the uterine contractions, lack of oxygen, and heightened nerve sensitivity produces menstrual cramps.

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Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: 05-03 State the cause of symptoms of the most common mentrual problems.
Topic: 05-05 The Phases of the Menstrual Cycle

Do women’s moods change over the menstrual cycle? Explain your choice of answer.

Women do, on average, experience some fluctuations in mood over the phases of the menstrual cycle. According to research, women generally have positive moods around the time of ovulation and experience anxiety, irritability, depression, fatigue, and headaches premenstrually. However, there is a great deal of variation from one woman to the next in the size of these shifts and the way they are expressed. Some women experience no shifts, or shifts so slight that they are not noticeable, while others experience large shifts. Also, there is some ambiguity regarding the manner in which these shifts should be interpreted—whether women are unusually “low” premenstrually or unusually “high” around the time of ovulation.

Discuss the biological and psychological cycles that are present in men.

A study found that men’s testosterone levels displayed weekly fluctuations, peaking on weekends. Men who had a female partner and wished to have a child with her displayed a 28-day cycle of testosterone levels, leading the researchers to hypothesize that the men’s hormone cycles might have synchronized with their partner’s. Strikingly, men’s testosterone levels also vary with sexual activity. In this same study, men who had sex with an unfamiliar partner showed a 100 percent increase in their testosterone levels the following morning.

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Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: 05-01 Identify the sources and function of each of the sex hormones and how they are regulated.
Topic: 05-15 Changes in Boys

Understanding Human Sexuality 7th Canadian Edition By Janet Shibley Hyde - Test Bank

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Understanding Human Sexuality 7th Canadian Edition By Janet Shibley Hyde - Test Bank

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