What is Psychology International Edition 3rd Edition by Ellen E. Pastorino - Test Bank

What is Psychology International Edition 3rd Edition by Ellen E. Pastorino – Test Bank

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Chapter 6—How Does Memory Function?

MULTIPLE CHOICE

The encoding function of memory refers to

a.	recalling information from memory.
b.	storing information in memory.
c.	consolidating information with other related information.
d.	inputting information into memory.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 221

OBJ: Does Memory Function Like a Computer? MSC: TYPE: Factual

When you momentarily forget a friend’s name, the function of memory that has failed is the ____ function.

a.	reproduction	c.	encoding
b.	retrieval	d.	storage

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 221

OBJ: Does Memory Function Like a Computer? MSC: TYPE: Applied

The greatest difference between computers and the human mind is the mind’s ability to

a.	experience consciousness.	c.	retrieve memories.
b.	store memories.	d.	encode information.

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 221

OBJ: Does Memory Function Like a Computer? MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

If you don’t remember on which wrist your professor wears her watch, even if you remember many other things about her, which function of memory has most likely failed you?

a.	Storage	c.	Encoding
b.	Application	d.	Retrieval

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 221

OBJ: Does Memory Function Like a Computer? MSC: TYPE: Applied

The computer works well as an analogy for human memory, except that

a.	computers don’t store information, but humans do.
b.	humans don’t encode information, but computers do.
c.	computers retrieve information, but humans don’t.
d.	humans have conscious awareness, but computers don’t.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 221

OBJ: Does Memory Function Like a Computer? MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

Saving the paper you just wrote to the hard drive of a computer is most analogous to the ____ of new memory traces.

a.	encoding	c.	retrieval
b.	storage	d.	decay

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 221

OBJ: Does Memory Function Like a Computer? MSC: TYPE: Applied

On exam day, as you attempt to answer the questions on the exam, you are primarily engaged in the ____ of memory traces.

a.	encoding	c.	retrieval
b.	storage	d.	review

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 221

OBJ: Does Memory Function Like a Computer? MSC: TYPE: Applied

The three major functions of memory are

a.	activation, reactivation, and completion.
b.	implicit, explicit, and semantic.
c.	integration, consolidation, and modification.
d.	encoding, storage, and retrieval.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 221

OBJ: Does Memory Function Like a Computer? MSC: TYPE: Factual

Typing information into a computer is most analogous to the ____ of memory traces in humans.

a.	encoding	c.	retrieval
b.	storage	d.	review

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 221

OBJ: Does Memory Function Like a Computer? MSC: TYPE: Applied

Implicit memory is to ____ as explicit memory is to ____.

a.	short-term; long-term	c.	conscious; unconscious
b.	long-term; short-term	d.	unconscious; conscious

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 221

OBJ: Does Memory Function Like a Computer? MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

Explicit memory is

a.	memory that occurs without awareness.
b.	memories for skills.
c.	the conscious use of memory.
d.	memories for classically conditioned feelings.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 221

OBJ: Does Memory Function Like a Computer? MSC: TYPE: Factual

Implicit memory is

a.	memory for facts.	c.	memories for events.
b.	the unconscious use of memory.	d.	memory that occurs with awareness.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 221

OBJ: Does Memory Function Like a Computer? MSC: TYPE: Factual

When you take a test and have to recall specific pieces of information to do well on the test, you are using your

a.	information memory.	c.	validated memory.
b.	implicit memory.	d.	explicit memory.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 221

OBJ: Does Memory Function Like a Computer? MSC: TYPE: Applied

When you tie your shoes, you are most likely making use of your

a.	implicit memory.	c.	episodic memory.
b.	semantic memory.	d.	explicit memory.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: 221

OBJ: Does Memory Function Like a Computer? MSC: TYPE: Applied

Frika is washing dishes and automatically puts the forks in the side drawer, despite the fact that she moved the forks to another drawer last week. Frika’s error is most likely the result of ____ memory.

a.	explicit	c.	episodic
b.	implicit	d.	sensory

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 221

OBJ: Does Memory Function Like a Computer? MSC: TYPE: Applied

Which of the following is an example of the use of implicit memory?

a.	Remembering that you have a dentist appointment next Friday at 2:30pm
b.	Remembering the answer to a test question while taking an exam
c.	Remembering how to knit a sweater
d.	Remembering where you parked your car at the mall

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 221

OBJ: Does Memory Function Like a Computer? MSC: TYPE: Applied

Which of the following is the best example of the use of explicit memory?

a.	Remembering the steps involved in knitting a sweater
b.	Remembering how to drive a car
c.	Remembering that you have a dentist appointment next Friday at 2:30pm
d.	Remembering how to hit a curve ball

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 221

OBJ: Does Memory Function Like a Computer? MSC: TYPE: Applied

A principle that seems to underlie the three stages model of memory is that

a.	forgetting is more influenced by biological factors than anything else.
b.	the more you process something that you want to remember, the more likely it will end up in long-term memory storage.
c.	memories need to spend a large amount of time in each stage before they can be remembered long-term.
d.	consciousness of things we remember is not necessary until the long-term memory stage.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 223

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

If you are able to remember the arrangement of words in this question, it is because memory for the words is residing in your

a.	sensory memory.	c.	short-term memory.
b.	iconic memory.	d.	episodic memory.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 223

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Applied

According to the three stages model of memory,

a.	short-term memory holds a vast amount of information for up to several hours.
b.	we keep all permanent memories in our long-term memory.
c.	forgetting only occurs at the long-term memory stage.
d.	all of these choices

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 223, 235

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Factual

If you were explaining the three stages model of memory to your friend, you would tell her that the first stage of memory is

a.	sensory memory.	c.	long-term memory.
b.	short-term memory.	d.	working memory.

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 223

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Applied

In the three stages model of memory, in which stage does encoding of the environment occur?

a.	Sensory memory	c.	Long-term memory
b.	Short-term memory	d.	Semantic memory

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 223

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

Your friend asks you if it is possible in the three stages model of memory for memories to go directly from sensory memory to long-term memory. How should you answer?

a.	Sure, the three stages model accounts for this common occurrence.
b.	The model predicts that this can happen, but only in rare instances.
c.	No, the model says that information has to travel in sequence from one stage to the next.
d.	The three stages model does not address this issue. So, who knows?

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 223

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Applied

In the three stage model of memory, the second stage of memory is ____ memory.

a.	implicit	c.	sensory
b.	short-term	d.	semantic

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 223

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Factual

Short-term memory is to ____ as long-term memory is to ____.

a.	simple material; complex material	c.	temporary; permanent
b.	implicit; explicit	d.	elaborative; maintenance

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 223

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

In the three stages model of memory, the briefest stage of memory is

a.	sensory memory.	c.	long-term memory.
b.	short-term memory.	d.	semantic memory.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 223

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Factual

Iconic memory is to ____ as echoic memory is to ____.

a.	sensory memory; short-term memory
b.	short-term memory; long-term memory
c.	visual sensory memory; auditory sensory memory
d.	auditory sensory memory; visual sensory memory

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 224

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

If your iconic memory lasted longer than normal,

a.	you would score higher on a test of intelligence.
b.	you would probably be a good artist.
c.	you are a likely candidate for a mental illness.
d.	your visual world would likely be confusing.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 224

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

Iconic memories are most helpful in which activity?

a.	Drawing a picture	c.	Reading a book
b.	Watching a movie	d.	Mopping the floor

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 224

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Applied

Which of the following is true regarding sensory memory?

a.	Echoic memory lasts longer than iconic sensory memory.
b.	Sensory memory lasts the same amount of time for each sense.
c.	Sensory memory lasts an average of 7 seconds.
d.	Sensory memory is so short in duration that we are never able to be consciously aware of it.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 224

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Factual

Iconic memory is most like a(n)

a.	trail.	c.	echo.
b.	snapshot.	d.	tickle.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 224

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

Sensory memories help us to

a.	see motion when we watch a movie.
b.	process sounds even after the sound didn’t register in our consciousness.
c.	process sensations long enough to send them on to short-term memory.
d.	all of these choices

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 224

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Factual

Iconic memory lasts about

a.	half a second.	c.	20 seconds.
b.	2 seconds.	d.	2 minutes.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 224

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Factual

Echoic memory lasts about

a.	half a second.	c.	20 seconds.
b.	2 seconds.	d.	2 minutes.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 224

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Factual

A person without iconic memory probably wouldn’t be able to remember anything that he or she

a.	heard.	c.	saw.
b.	felt.	d.	thought.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 224

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Applied

Echoic memories are a type of

a.	short-term memory.	c.	long-term memory.
b.	iconic memory.	d.	sensory memory.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 224

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Factual

When you are not paying attention to your teacher and then suddenly realize that something important may have been said, you are often able to hear what was just said by reflecting on your experience over the past couple of seconds. This is possible because of

a.	iconic memory.	c.	echoic memory.
b.	short-term memory.	d.	haptic memory.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 225

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Applied

Which of the following is false about sensory memory?

a.	We have a separate sensory memory for each of our sensory systems.
b.	Sensory memories are transferred to short-term memory when we pay attention to them.
c.	Some information that enters our memory from the outside world does not pass through our senses.
d.	When something is sensed but not processed any further, it will not be remembered in the future.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 224

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

The process that determines which memory information gets transferred from sensory memory to short-term memory is

a.	transduction.	c.	bottom-up processing.
b.	attention.	d.	capitulation.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 225

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Factual

If we don’t pay attention to sensory memories, they will most likely

a.	be forgotten forever.
b.	be forgotten until you recall them at a later date.
c.	end up in explicit memory.
d.	get transferred to short-term memory.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 225

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

When we are conscious of a memory, the memory is most likely in

a.	explicit memory.	c.	iconic memory.
b.	long-term memory.	d.	short-term memory.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 225

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

Short-term memories are encoded either ____ or ____.

a.	semantically; kinesthetically	c.	haptically; implicitly
b.	visually; acoustically	d.	explicitly; consciously

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 225

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Factual

Most short-term memories are stored as

a.	visual images.	c.	feelings.
b.	sounds.	d.	icons.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 226

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Factual

Short-term memory uses a dual-coding system for storing memories. This means that

a.	memories stored in short-term memory are usually stored in long-term memory at the same time.
b.	short-term memories are stored in two forms at the same time in order to reduce the likelihood of forgetting.
c.	short-term memories are usually stored either acoustically or visually.
d.	memories in short-term memory are coded to indicate both where the memory came from and where it is going.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 225

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Factual

Since when we think we are generally “hearing” our own voice inside of our minds, it shouldn’t surprise us that ____ are often stored in the form of the sounds our words make.

a.	long-term memories	c.	sensory memories
b.	echoic memories	d.	short-term memories

ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 226

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

Short-term memory is best described as

a.	large in capacity and long in duration.	c.	small in capacity and long in duration.
b.	small in capacity and short in duration.	d.	large in capacity and short in duration.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 227

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Factual

In the 1950s, George Miller showed that the capacity of short-term memory is

a.	7 ± 2 bits of information.	c.	20 chunks of data.
b.	about 5 facts, 2 concepts, and 1 feeling.	d.	15 items.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 227

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Factual

Imagine that you are participating in a research study in which you are shown a list of numbers and then immediately afterwards you are asked to recall as many of them as you can. Most likely, the researcher is studying the

a.	capacity of sensory memory.	c.	capacity of long-term memory.
b.	duration of long-term memory.	d.	capacity of short-term memory.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 227

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Applied

The phrase “7 ± 2 bits” describes the

a.	capacity of sensory memory.	c.	capacity of short-term memory.
b.	duration of short-term memory.	d.	duration of sensory memory.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 227

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Factual

Even though a long series of digits may exceed the normal capacity of short-term memory, it may still fit in your short-term memory through a grouping process called

a.	consolidation.	c.	bit formation.
b.	numerization.	d.	chunking.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 227

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

Using the bookshelf analogy to explain the capacity of short-term memory, when you use chunking to increase that capacity,

a.	the size of the bookshelf is actually changed.
b.	you are able to pack a virtually unlimited number of items into larger chunks or “books.”
c.	you are not actually changing the size of the bookshelf.
d.	you are changing the length of the shelf but not the depth of the shelf.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 227

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

The duration of short-term memory is about

a.	2 hours.	c.	7 ± 2 seconds.
b.	30 seconds.	d.	2 seconds.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 227

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Factual

Imagine that you are a participant in a study in which you are asked to remember a short sequence of letters and then immediately asked to count backwards from 100 by threes. After several seconds, you are asked to stop counting and recall the original sequence of letters. Most likely, the researcher is studying the

a.	duration of long-term memory.	c.	capacity of short-term memory.
b.	capacity of sensory memory.	d.	duration of short-term memory.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 227-228

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Applied

Maintenance rehearsal is most useful for

a.	extending the duration of short-term memory.
b.	transferring a short-term memory into long-term memory.
c.	extending the duration of long-term memory.
d.	transferring a sensory memory into short-term memory.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 228

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

Maintenance rehearsal is most closely associated with ____, while elaborative rehearsal is most closely associated with ____.

a.	semantic memory; episodic memory	c.	visual memory; auditory memory
b.	short-term memory; long-term memory	d.	implicit memory; explicit memory

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 228

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

When you attempt to remember the definition of implicit memory by repeating the definition over and over again, you are using ____ rehearsal.

a.	practice	c.	elaborative
b.	repetitive	d.	maintenance

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 228

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Applied

Maintenance rehearsal describes the

a.	attempt to remember something by repeating it over and over.
b.	process of keeping something in memory by changing its form or structure.
c.	attempt to keep memory skills strong by engaging in simple memory tests.
d.	process of creating a mental image of something in order to remember it.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 228

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Factual

Maintenance rehearsal is

a.	an effective tool to transfer memories into long-term memory.
b.	used to keep items in our long-term memory storage.
c.	the forming of associations between what you want to remember and what you already remember.
d.	effective in keeping memories “alive” in short-term memory.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 228

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Factual

If you use maintenance rehearsal to prepare for your next test in psychology, you probably will

a.	do well if the test is next week, but not well if the test is sometime after that.
b.	not do well.
c.	do quite well.
d.	not do well on the questions that are based on facts and information, but do well on the questions based on concepts.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 228

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Applied

If you prepare for your test on memory by relating the information to your grandfather’s memory problems due to Alzheimer’s disease, you are using ____ rehearsal.

a.	maintenance	c.	elaborative
b.	picture	d.	story

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 228

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Applied

Elaborative rehearsal involves trying to store something in long-term memory by

a.	repeating it over and over again.
b.	associating it with something you already have stored in long-term memory.
c.	listening to subliminal learning tapes.
d.	taking memory enhancing pills.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 228

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Factual

When advertisers use a catchy, familiar jingle to help us remember something in their ads, they are facilitating our use of

a.	bottom-up processing.	c.	elaborative rehearsal.
b.	good continuity.	d.	maintenance rehearsal.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 228

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Applied

Maintenance rehearsal involves ____ processing, and elaborative rehearsal involves ____ processing.

a.	a shallow level of; a deep level of	c.	recall; recognition
b.	proactive; retroactive	d.	implicit; explicit

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 228-229

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

In order to provide the best chance of doing well on your final exam, you should use ____ rehearsal to learn the material.

a.	maintenance	c.	serial
b.	elaborative	d.	declarative

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 228

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Applied

The fact that elaborative rehearsal is a more effective means of transferring information from short-term memory to long-term memory is consistent with the ____ model of memory.

a.	pyramid	c.	reconstruction
b.	reciprocal determinism	d.	levels-of-processing

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 229

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

Which of the following is most true?

a.	Maintenance rehearsal is not effective at all in transferring information to long-term memory.
b.	Maintenance rehearsal is effective in transferring conceptual information to long-term memory, but is not effective in transferring factual information.
c.	Maintenance rehearsal can sometimes be effective in transferring information to long-term memory.
d.	The effectiveness of maintenance rehearsal is based on effort; any amount of effort to use maintenance rehearsal will be rewarded with an equal benefit in the success of transferring information to long-term memory.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 228

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Factual

Knowing what you know about iconic memory, what is the minimum speed at which a movie should be projected if you want the audience to perceive motion on the screen?

a.	1 frame every 2 seconds	c.	1 frame every 0.5 second
b.	1 frame every second	d.	1 frame every 0.25 second

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 224

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Applied

You are silently reading your textbook. As you look at the page, you take an icon of the page and store it in sensory memory. What is the nature of this icon?

a.	A visual sensory impression of the page you are viewing
b.	An auditory sensory impression of the sound of the words on the page you are reading
c.	The meaning of the words on the page stored in a semantic code
d.	A thought that captures the essence of the meaning of the words on the page you are reading

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 224

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Applied

Wilbur is in the airport waiting to be paged. Unfortunately, he is engaged in conversation when the page comes over the intercom. How long will Wilbur have to re-process the echo of the page in his echoic memory before it disappears forever?

a.	0.5 seconds	c.	2 seconds
b.	1 second	d.	4 seconds

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 224

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Applied

You have just stored an echo of something your professor said in lecture. If you do not process this echo enough to send it on to short-term memory, what will happen to the information stored in the echo?

a.	It will stay in sensory memory for about 30 minutes.
b.	It will automatically move to short-term memory, even if you do nothing to process it.
c.	It will stay in sensory memory indefinitely, waiting for you to move it into short-term memory.
d.	It will disappear forever.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 225

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Applied

If you were trying to store a list of single-digit numbers in your short-term memory, about how many should you be able to store on average?

a.	2	c.	10
b.	7	d.	15

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 227

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Factual

You have the phone number of the local pizza parlor in your iconic memory right now. What do you have to do with this information to move it to short-term memory?

a.	Repeat it over and over
b.	Pay attention to it
c.	Associate it with something you already know
d.	Write it down on a piece of paper

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 225

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Applied

Gerard is cramming for a physics exam and can’t seem to store any new information in his long-term memory. Which of the following is least likely to be the reason for this?

a.	His long-term memory is full.
b.	He is unable to focus his attention on the information he is trying to encode.
c.	He is unable to adequately elaborate the material he is trying to encode in long-term memory.
d.	He is fatigued and unable to concentrate.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 225, 227

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Applied

Information in your long-term memory is most likely to be encoded in what form of code?

a.	Acoustic code	c.	Visual code
b.	Verbal code	d.	Semantic code

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 235

OBJ: Long-Term Memory: How Do We Store Information for the Long Haul?

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

If you look up a phone number to the local theater and are unable to write it down or rehearse it, how long do you have before this information fades from your short-term memory?

a.	3 seconds	c.	60 seconds
b.	30 seconds	d.	120 seconds

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 227

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Applied

You attend a lecture in which a politician lists the 20 points of her platform in a relatively short period of time. After leaving the lecture, you are least likely to recall the points from the

a.	beginning of the list.	c.	middle of the list.
b.	end of the list.	d.	beginning and end of the list.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 230

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Applied

The serial position curve shows that when attempting to recall a list of items immediately after being exposed to them,

a.	the items at the beginning and the end of the list are better recalled than the items in the middle of the list.
b.	the items at the beginning of the list are better recalled than the items in the middle or the end of the list.
c.	the items at the end of the list are better recalled than the items at the beginning or the middle of the list.
d.	all items are recalled at equal levels.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 230

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Factual

If you are just introduced to a group of individuals and then immediately asked to recall their names, you would probably have most difficulty remembering the names of individuals who were presented

a.	first.	c.	last.
b.	in the middle.	d.	first and last.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 230

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Applied

When studying recall of visual information, the serial position curves for younger and older participants would most likely be

a.	different for items placed in memory first.
b.	different for items placed in memory last.
c.	different for items placed in memory both first and last.
d.	very similar.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 231

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

When studying recall of verbal information, the serial position curves for younger and older participants would most likely be

a.	different for items placed in memory first.
b.	different for items placed in memory last.
c.	different for items placed in memory both first and last.
d.	very similar.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 231

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Factual

When Felipe goes to the grocery store, he prefers not to use a written list. However, with advancing age, his ability to remember all the items on the list in his head is decreasing. If he still prefers to use his memory rather than a written list, which of the following strategies would be most effective?

a.	Visualize the items he wants to buy.
b.	Tie a bow around each finger for each item he wants to buy.
c.	Repeat the items he wants to buy over and over in his head.
d.	Take a nap before going to the store.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: 231

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Applied

The first items in a long list of items to be remembered are usually remembered better than items in the middle of the list. This is explained by the

a.	law of effect.	c.	primacy effect.
b.	recency effect.	d.	continuity effect.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 230

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Factual

The last items in a long list of items to be remembered are usually remembered better than items in the middle of the list. This is explained by the

a.	recency effect.	c.	primacy effect.
b.	continuity effect.	d.	law of effect.

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 230

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Factual

One of the reasons why the middle items in a long list of items are less likely to be accurately recalled than items at the beginning and the end of the list is because the middle items

a.	do not benefit from the proximity effect.
b.	are subject to the contiguity effect.
c.	are subject to the contextual effect.
d.	do not benefit from either the recency or the primacy effect.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 230

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

According to the three stages model of memory, the explanation for the primacy effect in the serial position curve is that

a.	the last items are still in short-term memory.
b.	the first items have been transferred to long-term memory.
c.	the middle items are still in sensory memory.
d.	both the first and the last items have been transferred to long-term memory.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 230

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

According to the three stages model of memory, the explanation for the recency effect in the serial position curve is that

a.	the first items have been transferred to long-term memory.
b.	the middle items are still in sensory memory.
c.	the last items are still in short-term memory.
d.	both the first and last items are still in short-term memory.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 230

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

The case study of K.F. demonstrated the possibility that

a.	sound and visual stimuli are processed differently in short-term memory.
b.	sensory memory and short-term memory perform essentially the same function.
c.	implicit memories don’t really exist.
d.	maintenance rehearsal is the best way for people with autism to create long-term memories.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: 231

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

K.F. was found to perform inconsistently in serial position experiments in that after his motorcycle accident, he had better recall for visual stimuli than for auditory stimuli. This case study was presented in the textbook to show that the

a.	three stages model of memory is not accurate.
b.	levels-of-processing model of memory is not accurate.
c.	levels-of-processing model of memory may not be completely accurate.
d.	three stages model of memory may not be completely accurate.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 231

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

If a person shows a typical serial position curve for visual stimuli but a different pattern of recall for auditory stimuli, this result would cause scientists to question some aspects of the

a.	three stages model of memory.	c.	semantic structure model of memory.
b.	levels-of-processing model of memory.	d.	biological model of memory.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: 231

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

The three stages model of memory would have difficulty explaining a research result showing that

a.	short-term memory is not a single storage system.
b.	long-term memory is accessed before or during short-term memory processing.
c.	the distinction between short-term and long-term memory is unclear.
d.	all of these choices

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 231

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

The three stages model proposes that memory stages operate in a ____ fashion.

a.	parallel	c.	serial
b.	random	d.	perpendicular

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 231-232

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Factual

The working memory model proposes that the memory stages operate in a ____ fashion.

a.	parallel	c.	sequential
b.	random	d.	perpendicular

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 232

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Factual

The working memory model views

a.	memory as separate storage bins through which information passes in order to ultimately get to long-term memory.
b.	working memory and short-term memory as parts of long-term memory.
c.	sensory memory as connecting directly to long-term memory, with short-term memory playing only a minor role.
d.	short-term memory as being one general storage bin for all of consciousness.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 232

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Factual

In the newer model of memory that incorporates the concept of working memory, ____ is a part of ____, which is a part of ____.

a.	working memory; long-term memory; short-term memory
b.	long-term memory; short-term memory; working memory
c.	working memory; short-term memory; long-term memory
d.	short-term memory; working memory; long-term memory

ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 232

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

When Namiko is in the process of perceiving something, the part of her memory that facilitates movement of information between short-term memory and long-term memory in a parallel manner is called ____ memory.

a.	iconic	c.	working
b.	serial	d.	semantic

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 232

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Applied

Top-down perceptual processing provides a good example of how

a.	the capacity of short-term memory is extremely limited.
b.	short-term memory and long-term memory often work in a parallel manner.
c.	attention is a necessary factor in transferring sensory memories to short-term memory.
d.	elaborative rehearsal creates memories that are not readily forgotten.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 232

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

One particular working memory model suggests that short-term memory has a central executive component and two subordinate systems. These two subordinate systems correspond to

a.	sensory information and perceptual information.
b.	autonomic information and somatic information.
c.	emotional information and cognitive information.
d.	visual information and auditory information.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 233

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Factual

The two subordinate systems in the working memory model that are coordinated by the central executive component are the

a.	logical network and the emotional reservoir.
b.	phonological loop and the visuospatial sketch pad.
c.	information switch board and the sensory register.
d.	directional compass and the acoustical map.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 233

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Factual

If an older person has greater difficulty processing auditory short-term memories than visual short-term memories, it is possible that the person’s ____ is not working correctly.

a.	phonological loop	c.	retroactive feedback link
b.	visuospatial sketch pad	d.	autobiographical memory

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 233

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Applied

Scientists studying working memory disagree on

a.	the exact role of working memory in the memory system.
b.	whether or not working memory is separate from long-term memory.
c.	whether or not working memory consists of multiple components.
d.	all of these choices

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 234

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

Which model of memory accounts for the fact that in reading this question, you must access the meaning of these words even before you store them in short-term memory?

a.	The three stage model
b.	The working memory model
c.	The three stage model and the working memory model
d.	None of these choices

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 232

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

Marvin is suffering from the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease. Which component of his working memory is most likely to be affected?

a.	The central executive	c.	The visuospatial sketch pad
b.	The phonological loop	d.	All of these choices are equally affected

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 233

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Applied

When listening to your favorite MP3 tracks at the gym, which component of working memory is responsible for processing the sound of the music?

a.	The central executive	c.	The visuospatial sketch pad
b.	The phonological loop	d.	Echoic memory

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 233

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Applied

When watching your favorite DVD on your computer, which components of your working memory would be active?

a.	Short-term memory	c.	The visuospatial sketch pad
b.	The phonological loop	d.	All of these choices

ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 233

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Applied

When playing your favorite video game, which component of working memory would coordinate the processing of visual and auditory information?

a.	The central executive	c.	The phonological loop
b.	The visuospatial sketch pad	d.	None of these choices

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 233

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Applied

According to your text, which model of memory best explains the behavior of K.F.?

a.	The three stages model
b.	The working memory model
c.	Both the three stages model and the working memory model explain this case well
d.	None of these choices

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 234

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Applied

Carla has been diagnosed with attention deficit disorder. According to some researchers, Carla’s disorder is associated with a malfunctioning

a.	central executive.	c.	visuospatial sketch pad.
b.	phonological loop.	d.	long-term memory.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 233

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stages Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Applied

Which of the following is true about long-term memory?

a.	We are not conscious of long-term memories unless they are placed into short-term or working memory.
b.	All long-term memories are encoded only in semantic form.
c.	Although the capacity of long-term memory is large, it does fill up occasionally.
d.	Long-term memories are stored randomly in the brain.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 235

OBJ: Long-Term Memory: How Do We Store Information for the Long Haul?

MSC: TYPE: Factual

Tonight, if you are able to recall the name of a new song you heard on the radio today, the memory would have been stored in your

a.	echoic memory.	c.	short-term memory.
b.	visuospatial sketch pad.	d.	long-term memory.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 235

OBJ: Long-Term Memory: How Do We Store Information for the Long Haul?

MSC: TYPE: Applied

Most information in long-term memory is stored

a.	visually.	c.	semantically.
b.	acoustically.	d.	emotionally.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 235

OBJ: Long-Term Memory: How Do We Store Information for the Long Haul?

MSC: TYPE: Factual

When you store information in your long-term memory according to its meaning, your brain is using ____ encoding.

a.	semantic	c.	philosophical
b.	intellectual	d.	lexical

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 235

OBJ: Long-Term Memory: How Do We Store Information for the Long Haul?

MSC: TYPE: Factual

If the information you learned in your psychology class about the brain is associated in your mind with information you had previously learned in your human biology class, your long-term memory of the psychology information has most likely been stored through ____ encoding.

a.	nomological	c.	neurological
b.	intellectual	d.	semantic

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 235

OBJ: Long-Term Memory: How Do We Store Information for the Long Haul?

MSC: TYPE: Applied

Short-term memory storage is to ____ as long-term memory storage is to ____.

a.	haptic; informational	c.	semantic; emotional
b.	acoustic; semantic	d.	hierarchical; acoustic

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 235

OBJ: Long-Term Memory: How Do We Store Information for the Long Haul?

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

Since our long-term memory uses schemata to store information,

a.	it is easier to recall visual information than acoustic information.
b.	the information is subject to forgetting if not rehearsed.
c.	the information is highly organized.
d.	everything we place in long-term memory remains there forever even if we can’t retrieve it.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 236

OBJ: Long-Term Memory: How Do We Store Information for the Long Haul?

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

Long-term memory uses schemata to organize information about

a.	objects.	c.	abstract concepts.
b.	people.	d.	all of these choices

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 236

OBJ: Long-Term Memory: How Do We Store Information for the Long Haul?

MSC: TYPE: Factual

Your knowledge of animals is most likely stored in your long-term memory in the form of a

a.	schema.	c.	list.
b.	question.	d.	picture.

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 236

OBJ: Long-Term Memory: How Do We Store Information for the Long Haul?

MSC: TYPE: Applied

Information that you store in your long-term memory about all the groups of people who attend your school is likely organized in the form of

a.	Scripts	c.	Attributions
b.	Stereotypes	d.	Object schemata

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 236

OBJ: Long-Term Memory: How Do We Store Information for the Long Haul?

MSC: TYPE: Applied

Your understanding of what happens when you go to the dentist’s office is an example of a

a.	stereotype.	c.	script.
b.	person schema.	d.	preposition.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 236

OBJ: Long-Term Memory: How Do We Store Information for the Long Haul?

MSC: TYPE: Applied

Which of the following is an example of a schema that is used in our long-term memory system to organize memories?

a.	Person schemata	c.	Scripts
b.	Sereotypes	d.	All of these choices

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 236

OBJ: Long-Term Memory: How Do We Store Information for the Long Haul?

MSC: TYPE: Factual

Which of the following is a characteristic of declarative memory?

a.	It is a type of explicit memory.
b.	It includes procedural memory.
c.	It describes a way that short-term memories are stored.
d.	All of these choices

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 236

OBJ: Long-Term Memory: How Do We Store Information for the Long Haul?

MSC: TYPE: Factual

The two subtypes of declarative memory are

a.	implicit memory and explicit memory.
b.	procedural memory and conditioned memory.
c.	semantic memory and episodic memory.
d.	retroactive memory and proactive memory.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 237

OBJ: Long-Term Memory: How Do We Store Information for the Long Haul?

MSC: TYPE: Factual

Semantic memory is

a.	a type of non-declarative memory.	c.	implicit memory.
b.	conceptual memory.	d.	all of these choices

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 237

OBJ: Long-Term Memory: How Do We Store Information for the Long Haul?

MSC: TYPE: Factual

Episodic memory is

a.	conceptual memory.	c.	emotional memory.
b.	skill and muscle memory.	d.	memory for the events of one’s life.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 237

OBJ: Long-Term Memory: How Do We Store Information for the Long Haul?

MSC: TYPE: Factual

When your teacher is lecturing on autobiographical memory, she may also refer to it as ____ memory.

a.	episodic	c.	implicit
b.	semantic	d.	conceptual

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 723

OBJ: Long-Term Memory: How Do We Store Information for the Long Haul?

MSC: TYPE: Applied

If you remember what you did last Friday night, you are remembering a(n)

a.	semantic memory.	c.	episodic memory.
b.	lexical memory.	d.	procedural memory.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 237

OBJ: Long-Term Memory: How Do We Store Information for the Long Haul?

MSC: TYPE: Applied

If you did not have any episodic memory ability, you would not be able to remember

a.	facts and information.	c.	skills or procedures.
b.	faces of familiar people.	d.	events and experiences.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 237

OBJ: Long-Term Memory: How Do We Store Information for the Long Haul?

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

Based on the research presented in your text on gender and autobiographical memory, it can be concluded that

a.	men and women’s memories for childhood may be influenced by the different manner in which they are socialized.
b.	despite the fact that men and women are socialized differently, this does not seem to affect their memories of childhood.
c.	men have better recall of childhood memories because the memories are less likely to be emotionally charged.
d.	women have better recall for adolescent events because they are more socially connected than males.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 238

OBJ: Long-Term Memory: How Do We Store Information for the Long Haul?

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

Females tend to be better than males at recalling ____ memories.

a.	semantic	c.	procedural
b.	emotional	d.	implicit

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 238

OBJ: Long-Term Memory: How Do We Store Information for the Long Haul?

MSC: TYPE: Factual

Semantic memory and episodic memory are examples of

a.	implicit memory.	c.	declarative memory.
b.	unconscious memory.	d.	functional memory.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 237

OBJ: Long-Term Memory: How Do We Store Information for the Long Haul?

MSC: TYPE: Factual

A current controversy surrounding episodic memory and semantic memory questions whether or not they are

a.	part of short-term memory.
b.	separate memory systems.
c.	more important to identity than procedural memories.
d.	more easily recalled than procedural memories.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 238

OBJ: Long-Term Memory: How Do We Store Information for the Long Haul?

MSC: TYPE: Factual

Semantic memories and episodic memories are subtypes of

a.	implicit memory, yet they seem to stem from activity in different parts of the brain.
b.	implicit memory, and they seem to stem from activity in the same part of the brain.
c.	declarative memory, and they seem to stem from activity in the same part of the brain.
d.	declarative memory, yet they seem to stem from activity in different parts of the brain.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 238-239

OBJ: Long-Term Memory: How Do We Store Information for the Long Haul?

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

Which of the following is true about procedural memories?

a.	Procedural memories are not part of declarative memory.
b.	Procedural memories do not last as long as semantic memories.
c.	Procedural memories are memories for rules and laws.
d.	All of these choices

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 239

OBJ: Long-Term Memory: How Do We Store Information for the Long Haul?

MSC: TYPE: Factual

Compared to episodic memories, procedural memories are

a.	easier to forget.	c.	harder to verbalize.
b.	easier to encode.	d.	all of these choices

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 239

OBJ: Long-Term Memory: How Do We Store Information for the Long Haul?

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

When you take your next psychology exam, you will draw most heavily from your ____ memory.

a.	implicit	c.	episodic
b.	semantic	d.	procedural

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 236

OBJ: Long-Term Memory: How Do We Store Information for the Long Haul?

MSC: TYPE: Applied

If you remember how to tie your shoes, you are specifically using a(n) ____ memory.

a.	semantic	c.	episodic
b.	haptic	d.	procedural

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 239

OBJ: Long-Term Memory: How Do We Store Information for the Long Haul?

MSC: TYPE: Applied

If you cannot remember the events of your life before the age of 15, you may have ____ amnesia.

a.	perpetual	c.	retrograde
b.	anterograde	d.	proactive

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 239-240

OBJ: Long-Term Memory: How Do We Store Information for the Long Haul?

MSC: TYPE: Applied

A person who routinely forgets how he began a long sentence may be suffering from ____ amnesia.

a.	anterograde	c.	posterior
b.	retrograde	d.	anterior

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 240

OBJ: Long-Term Memory: How Do We Store Information for the Long Haul?

MSC: TYPE: Applied

A person who has lost the ability to form new declarative memories has ____ amnesia.

a.	subsequential	c.	subconditional
b.	anterograde	d.	retrograde

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 240

OBJ: Long-Term Memory: How Do We Store Information for the Long Haul?

MSC: TYPE: Factual

Retrograde amnesia is to ____ as anterograde amnesia is to ____.

a.	past; future	c.	future; past
b.	incomplete; complete	d.	complete; incomplete

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 240

OBJ: Long-Term Memory: How Do We Store Information for the Long Haul?

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

As described in the textbook, with his hippocampus removed, H.M. was

a.	unable to learn new procedural memories.
b.	able to learn new procedural memories, but unable to recall how the memories were learned.
c.	able to learn new episodic memories, but unable to recall how the memories were learned.
d.	able to learn new episodic memories, but unable to use them to change behavior.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 240

OBJ: Long-Term Memory: How Do We Store Information for the Long Haul?

MSC: TYPE: Applied

The case of H.M., who suffered from amnesia as a result of surgery to correct severe epilepsy, showed that

a.	it is possible to suffer from retrograde amnesia but not anterograde amnesia.
b.	semantic memory and episodic memory are controlled by the hippocampus.
c.	declarative memory and procedural memory are not stored in the same manner in long-term memory.
d.	retrograde amnesia can affect semantic memories but leave episodic memories intact.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 240

OBJ: Long-Term Memory: How Do We Store Information for the Long Haul?

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

The case of H.M., who suffered from anterograde amnesia as a result of surgery to correct severe epilepsy, is described in the textbook. Based on what you know about H.M., what would be the result if he were taught a new skill?

a.	He would not be able to learn a new skill, no matter what kind of skill it was.
b.	He would not be able to learn a new skill, but would believe that he did.
c.	He would be able to learn a new skill and describe the experience of learning the skill.
d.	He would be able to learn a new skill, but not be able to describe the experience of learning the skill.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 240

OBJ: Long-Term Memory: How Do We Store Information for the Long Haul?

MSC: TYPE: Applied

A person whose hippocampus was damaged would probably have the most difficulty forming new ____ memories.

a.	episodic	c.	conditioned
b.	procedural	d.	implicit

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 240

OBJ: Long-Term Memory: How Do We Store Information for the Long Haul?

MSC: TYPE: Applied

Your memory of your first date is an example of

a.	procedural memory.	c.	episodic memory.
b.	semantic memory.	d.	short-term memory.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 237

OBJ: Long-Term Memory: How Do We Store Information for the Long Haul?

MSC: TYPE: Applied

Your knowledge of psychology is an example of

a.	procedural memory.	c.	episodic memory.
b.	semantic memory.	d.	implicit memory.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 237

OBJ: Long-Term Memory: How Do We Store Information for the Long Haul?

MSC: TYPE: Applied

Your knowledge of how to brush your teeth is an example of

a.	procedural memory.	c.	episodic memory.
b.	semantic memory.	d.	explicit memory.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 239

OBJ: Long-Term Memory: How Do We Store Information for the Long Haul?

MSC: TYPE: Applied

During the course of your average day, which of the following memories do you likely process in an implicit fashion much of the time?

a.	Procedural memories	c.	Episodic memories
b.	Semantic memories	d.	Declarative memories

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: 239

OBJ: Long-Term Memory: How Do We Store Information for the Long Haul?

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

Jill and David are arguing about who has the better episodic memory, men or women. Jill says that women have better memories. David says that men do. Who is correct?

a.	Jill
b.	David
c.	Jill, but only when speaking of emotionally laden memories.
d.	David, but only when speaking of memories that are not emotional.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 238

OBJ: Long-Term Memory: How Do We Store Information for the Long Haul?

MSC: TYPE: Applied

Recall is to ____ as recognition is to ____.

a.	long-term memory; short-term memory	c.	short-term memory; long-term memory
b.	multiple-choice question; essay question	d.	essay question; multiple-choice question

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 241

OBJ: How Do We Remember and Why Do We Forget? MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

Two types of retrieval processes are

a.	search and compare.	c.	analyze and categorize.
b.	recall and recognition.	d.	comprehend and describe.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 241

OBJ: How Do We Remember and Why Do We Forget? MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

Why do students generally find essay exams to be more difficult than multiple-choice exams?

a.	Essay exams require recall.	c.	Essay exams require recognition.
b.	Essay exams require semantic memory.	d.	Essay exams require implicit memory.

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 241

OBJ: How Do We Remember and Why Do We Forget? MSC: TYPE: Applied

When preparing to take a multiple-choice exam in psychology, you should study by attempting to determine the answers to

a.	other multiple-choice questions.	c.	essay questions.
b.	true-false questions.	d.	any recognition type questions.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 242

OBJ: How Do We Remember and Why Do We Forget? MSC: TYPE: Applied

Retrieval is the process of

a.	sending a probe or cue into long-term memory in search of a memory trace.
b.	determining the appropriate strategy for long-term storage of memories.
c.	transferring short-term memories into long-term memories and converting them into semantic form.
d.	all of these choices

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 241

OBJ: How Do We Remember and Why Do We Forget? MSC: TYPE: Factual

To be retrieved, memories must be

a.	large and significant.	c.	firm and resolute.
b.	available and accessible.	d.	detailed and elaborate.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 242

OBJ: How Do We Remember and Why Do We Forget? MSC: TYPE: Factual

Which of the following is true?

a.	A memory that is unavailable could still be accessible.
b.	Memories that have never been encoded in long-term memory may still be able to be retrieved later.
c.	Recognition memory lasts longer than recall memory.
d.	All of these choices

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 242

OBJ: How Do We Remember and Why Do We Forget? MSC: TYPE: Factual

In answering this exam question, you are engaged in a(n) ____ memory task.

a.	recall	c.	episodic
b.	recognition	d.	procedural

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 241 OBJ: v

MSC: TYPE: Applied

Attempting to retrieve the name of your first grade teacher is an example of a(n) ____ memory task.

a.	recall	c.	episodic
b.	recognition	d.	implicit

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 241

OBJ: How Do We Remember and Why Do We Forget? MSC: TYPE: Applied

For you to retrieve the answer to this exam question, the answer must be ____ in your long-term memory.

a.	available	c.	available and accessible
b.	accessible	d.	none of these choices

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 242

OBJ: How Do We Remember and Why Do We Forget? MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

Which of the following is not a theory of forgetting covered in the textbook?

a.	Decay	c.	Repression
b.	Interference	d.	Substitution

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 242-244

OBJ: How Do We Remember and Why Do We Forget? MSC: TYPE: Factual

Forgetting could be due to

a.	decay.	c.	repression.
b.	interference.	d.	all of these choices

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 242-244

OBJ: How Do We Remember and Why Do We Forget? MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

Decay theory would have the hardest time dealing with any research finding, suggesting that

a.	memories can last a very long time, even if they haven’t been accessed periodically.
b.	both proactive and retroactive interference are equally likely to create problems for memory retrieval.
c.	recognition memory lasts longer than recall memory.
d.	explicit memories are more easily forgotten than implicit memories.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 242

OBJ: How Do We Remember and Why Do We Forget? MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

Sigmund Freud’s theory of forgetting is called

a.	interference.	c.	repression.
b.	cue-dependent forgetting.	d.	decay.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 244

OBJ: How Do We Remember and Why Do We Forget? MSC: TYPE: Factual

Long-term memory storage has sometimes been described as creating a path such as in a field of grass. Using the field analogy, forgetting would occur when the path begins to disappear due to lack of use. This describes the ____ theory of forgetting.

a.	decay	c.	repression
b.	interference	d.	cue-dependent

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 242

OBJ: How Do We Remember and Why Do We Forget? MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

Which type of interference leads to difficulty remembering new information?

a.	Proactive	c.	Retroactive
b.	Repression	d.	Cue-dependent

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 243

OBJ: How Do We Remember and Why Do We Forget? MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

Which type of interference leads to difficulty remembering old information?

a.	Proactive	c.	Retroactive
b.	Repression	d.	Cue-dependent

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 243

OBJ: How Do We Remember and Why Do We Forget? MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

One of the functions of the central executive component of memory is to

a.	repress memories that are uncomfortable to face.
b.	assure the proper encoding of environmental events in sensory memory.
c.	send iconic memories to the occipital lobe of the brain.
d.	suppress interfering memory traces.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 243

OBJ: How Do We Remember and Why Do We Forget? MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

Proactive interference ____ and retroactive interference ____ as we get older.

a.	decreases; decreases	c.	increases; decreases
b.	increases; increases	d.	decreases; increases

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 243

OBJ: How Do We Remember and Why Do We Forget? MSC: TYPE: Factual

Of all the theories attempting to explain why we forget, the one that is most controversial is

a.	interference.	c.	decay theory.
b.	repression.	d.	cue-dependent forgetting.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 244

OBJ: How Do We Remember and Why Do We Forget? MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

If you cannot remember the names of your teachers in junior high school because the teachers you have had since then are getting in the way, this is called

a.	decay.	c.	retroactive interference.
b.	repression.	d.	proactive interference.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 243

OBJ: How Do We Remember and Why Do We Forget? MSC: TYPE: Applied

If you are having a difficult time learning German because your previous exposure to French is getting in the way, this is called

a.	cue-dependent forgetting.	c.	decay.
b.	proactive interference.	d.	retroactive interference.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 243

OBJ: How Do We Remember and Why Do We Forget? MSC: TYPE: Applied

Which of the following types of forgetting would involve a memory that is neither available nor accessible?

a.	Cue-dependent forgetting	c.	Interference
b.	Repression	d.	Decay

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 242

OBJ: How Do We Remember and Why Do We Forget? MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

Which of the following types of forgetting would involve a memory that is available but not accessible?

a.	Cue-dependent forgetting	c.	Interference
b.	Repression	d.	All of these choices

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 243

OBJ: How Do We Remember and Why Do We Forget? MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

When you cannot retrieve a memory because you are using the wrong probe, you are experiencing

a.	interference.	c.	cue-dependent forgetting.
b.	probe misalignment.	d.	asynchrony failure.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 243

OBJ: How Do We Remember and Why Do We Forget? MSC: TYPE: Factual

In a study about cue-dependent forgetting, researchers found that

a.	children who were abused were very likely to repress their traumatic memories.
b.	divers had better recall for a list of words when the words were recalled in the same context in which they were learned.
c.	memory for visually learned items was superior to memory for haptically learned items.
d.	proactive interference was more common among children and adolescents, but retroactive interference was more common among adults.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 243-244

OBJ: How Do We Remember and Why Do We Forget? MSC: TYPE: Factual

Cue-dependent forgetting is memory retrieval failure that is part of the

a.	encoding specificity principle.	c.	memory aggregation principle.
b.	memory synchrony principle.	d.	probe specificity principle.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 243

OBJ: How Do We Remember and Why Do We Forget? MSC: TYPE: Factual

Which memory concept would argue that you probably shouldn’t prepare for your school exams by studying in bed?

a.	Memory decay	c.	Implicit memory
b.	Repression	d.	Encoding specificity principle

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 243-244

OBJ: How Do We Remember and Why Do We Forget? MSC: TYPE: Applied

The encoding specificity principle suggests that memory recall will be better when both memory storage and memory retrieval are carried out in the same context. This principle has been found to hold true when people are ____ when they store the information and later when they retrieve the information.

a.	under the influence of the same drug	c.	in the same physical environment
b.	in the same mood	d.	all of these choices

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 244

OBJ: How Do We Remember and Why Do We Forget? MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

Jenny was recently married and took her husband’s last name. To her dismay, her friends from high school keep calling her by her maiden name, despite her repeated requests to use her married name. Jenny’s friends appear to be suffering from

a.	proactive interference.	c.	repression.
b.	retroactive interference.	d.	memory decay.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: 243

OBJ: How Do We Remember and Why Do We Forget? MSC: TYPE: Applied

Dr. Rogers met one of his students at a local shopping mall and could not recall her name. However, when he saw her in class on Monday morning, he immediately recalled that her name was Juanita. Which theory of forgetting best explains Dr. Roger’s memory lapse?

a.	Decay theory	c.	Cue-dependent forgetting
b.	Interference theory	d.	Repression

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 243-244

OBJ: How Do We Remember and Why Do We Forget?6-9 MSC: TYPE: Applied

Roberto hasn’t thought of his third-grade teacher in over 40 years. According to decay theory, the memory trace for his teacher should be

a.	available.	c.	unavailable.
b.	accessible.	d.	available but inaccessible.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 242

OBJ: How Do We Remember and Why Do We Forget? MSC: TYPE: Applied

According to the encoding specificity principle, you should

a.	take your exams in the same seat in which you listen to lectures.
b.	elaborate as much as you can the material you wish to learn.
c.	use maintenance rehearsal prior to an exam.
d.	all of these choices

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 243

OBJ: How Do We Remember and Why Do We Forget? MSC: TYPE: Applied

Your mother’s apparently very vivid memory of where she was and what she was doing when she found out that the World Trade Center had been hit by an airplane is an example of a(n)

a.	memory highlight.	c.	flashbulb memory.
b.	fabricated memory.	d.	implicit memory.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 246 OBJ: Is Memory Accurate?

MSC: TYPE: Applied

Which of the following is false about flashbulb memories?

a.	Flashbulb memories are detailed memories of emotionally charged events.
b.	Flashbulb memories are episodic memories.
c.	People usually have great confidence that their flashbulb memories are accurate.
d.	Flashbulb memories usually are very accurate in the details.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 246 OBJ: Is Memory Accurate?

MSC: TYPE: Factual

If you witness a very traumatic accident and experience a surge of stress hormones in your brain, these hormones would probably

a.	decrease your ability to retain information in sensory memory.
b.	block the formation of accurate memories for events occurring immediately before the accident.
c.	reduce your short-term memory capacity for a brief time after the accident has occurred.
d.	increase the likelihood that the memory will contain elements that did not actually occur.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 246 OBJ: Is Memory Accurate?

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

Stored bits of information in memory are called

a.	memory traces.	c.	icons.
b.	memory bytes.	d.	echoes.

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 249

OBJ: How Is Memory Stored in the Brain? MSC: TYPE: Factual

Today’s memory researchers characterize memory as

a.	constructive.	c.	very often inaccurate.
b.	reconstructive.	d.	all of these choices

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 247 OBJ: Is Memory Accurate?

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

The fact that recalling a memory involves reconstructing the basic elements and constructing other elements to fill the gaps in our memories suggests that human memory can be

a.	highly accurate.	c.	more accurate as we get older.
b.	less accurate as we get older.	d.	highly inaccurate.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 247 OBJ: Is Memory Accurate?

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

When jurors hear detailed descriptions of events from eyewitnesses, it would be valuable for them to know that memory researchers believe that

a.	memory is like a video recorder with very accurate playback.
b.	the details of memories are often filled in by the person both at the time of encoding and at the time of retrieval.
c.	memories for faces are very accurate, but memories for other details are not.
d.	memories of details of events are very accurate, but memories for faces are not.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 247 OBJ: Is Memory Accurate?

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

Based on the memory research of Elizabeth Loftus, who showed videotapes of car accidents and then asked the viewers questions about what they saw,

a.	eyewitnesses should consult with other eyewitnesses in order to create more accurate memories.
b.	questions asked of eyewitnesses should take place several days after the event so as not to distort the memory.
c.	accident scene investigators should be careful about the kinds of questions and the words they use when questioning eyewitnesses.
d.	all of these choices

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 247 OBJ: Is Memory Accurate?

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

When Elizabeth Loftus showed videotapes of car accidents and then asked viewers questions about what they saw, she found that

a.	misinformation and suggestive questioning altered the memories of viewers.
b.	viewers became confused about details when they were shown multiple videos.
c.	viewers were more accurate in their memories of more dramatic accidents than of less dramatic accidents.
d.	females were more accurate than males in their memories of accidents.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 247 OBJ: Is Memory Accurate?

MSC: TYPE: Factual

Based on Elizabeth Loftus’s research on eyewitness memory, even if eyewitnesses are paid money for accurate eyewitness accounts,

a.	they would remain unmotivated to create accurate memories.
b.	their accuracy would not change.
c.	they would continue to be inaccurate for very dramatic events while becoming more accurate for less dramatic events.
d.	females would continue to have more accurate memories than males.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 247 OBJ: Is Memory Accurate?

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

Based on Elizabeth Loftus’s research on eyewitness memory, if you witnessed a car accident and then one day later read a detailed account of it in the newspaper, more than likely your memory of the accident would

a.	not be affected by what you read in the newspaper.
b.	be replaced by what you read in the newspaper.
c.	be altered to include information that you read in the newspaper.
d.	be altered to include the factual information you read in the newspaper, but not be altered by any inaccurate information you read.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 247 OBJ: Is Memory Accurate?

MSC: TYPE: Applied

The memory researcher Elizabeth Loftus would say that

a.	memory is similar to revisiting the scene of an experience and having all the accurate details flow back into your consciousness.
b.	memory is like making a recording of our experiences.
c.	memory is like building a sand castle over and over again, with each version being a bit different from the others.
d.	memory is storing experiences in a treasure chest and then finding the contents of the treasure chest unchanged up to many years later.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 248 OBJ: Is Memory Accurate?

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

You are a consultant for a police department who has been hired to help train officers about accuracy of eyewitness testimony. What should you tell the officers about memory?

a.	Eyewitness memory is extremely accurate.
b.	Memory is like a video recorder. It preserves all the details of the original event.
c.	Eyewitness memory is always inaccurate.
d.	Eyewitness memory is often inaccurate.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 247 OBJ: Is Memory Accurate?

MSC: TYPE: Applied

Which of the following will likely improve your memory?

a.	Using mnemonics	c.	Using distributed practice
b.	Using elaborative rehearsal	d.	All of these choices

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 252-254

OBJ: How Can You Improve Your Memory? MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

Which of following is not a tip for improving your memory discussed in the textbook?

a.	Using elaborative rehearsal	c.	Using long massed practice sessions
b.	Paying attention	d.	Using overlearning

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 252-254

OBJ: How Can You Improve Your Memory? MSC: TYPE: Factual

Which of the following is not a mnemonic device discussed in the textbook?

a.	Method of loci	c.	Approximations
b.	Acrostics	d.	Pegword system

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 255

OBJ: How Can You Improve Your Memory? MSC: TYPE: Factual

If you attempt to remember a grocery list by associating the first item with a bun, the second item with a shoe, the third item with a tree, and so on, you are using a method called

a.	the method of loci.	c.	acrostics.
b.	the pegword system.	d.	acronyms.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 255

OBJ: How Can You Improve Your Memory? MSC: TYPE: Applied

When you try to remember a list of items by associating them with a visual image of a familiar path you follow in the course of your day, you are using a mnemonic device called

a.	the method of loci.	c.	acrostics.
b.	the pegword system.	d.	acronyms.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 255

OBJ: How Can You Improve Your Memory? MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

The SQ3R memory method stands for

a.	search and quiz three times, and then review once.
b.	study qualitatively for three days and then rest for a day before taking the test.
c.	study, quiz, rehearse, revisit, and rest.
d.	survey, question, read, recite, and review.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 255

OBJ: How Can You Improve Your Memory? MSC: TYPE: Factual

Remembering the notes on the lines of the treble clef by using the phrase “Every Good Boy Does Fine,” would be an example of

a.	the pegword system.	c.	acronyms.
b.	acrostics.	d.	the method of loci.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 255

OBJ: How Can You Improve Your Memory? MSC: TYPE: Applied

A good strategy for learning the material in a textbook would be

a.	maintenance rehearsal.	c.	the RSRT method.
b.	the SQ3R method.	d.	the QUEST method.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 255

OBJ: How Can You Improve Your Memory? MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

How long should you study for an exam?

a.	You shouldn’t study. You should just review the material immediately before the exam.
b.	You should study until you are familiar with the material.
c.	You should study until you feel you know the material.
d.	You should continue to study for a period of time after you feel that you know the material well.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 254

OBJ: How Can You Improve Your Memory? MSC: TYPE: Applied

Which part of the brain appears to be most important in the processing of memories?

a.	Hypothalamus	c.	Thalamus
b.	Pons	d.	Hippocampus

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 249

OBJ: How Is Memory Stored in the Brain? MSC: TYPE: Factual

If you had damage to your hippocampus, it is most likely that you would have difficulty with

a.	procedural memories.	c.	declarative memories.
b.	implicit memories.	d.	sensory memories.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 250

OBJ: How Is Memory Stored in the Brain? MSC: TYPE: Factual

A well-developed and large hippocampus is associated with better ____ memory.

a.	procedural	c.	implicit
b.	declarative	d.	sensory

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 250

OBJ: How Is Memory Stored in the Brain? MSC: TYPE: Factual

Drugs that stimulate neural growth and development of the hippocampus would most likely benefit ____ memory.

a.	implicit	c.	declarative
b.	sensory	d.	procedural

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 250

OBJ: How Is Memory Stored in the Brain? MSC: TYPE: Factual

Brain researchers looking at a PET scan of a person completing an implicit memory task should expect to see blood flow changes

a.	outside of the hippocampal regions.	c.	on the outer edges of the amygdala.
b.	in the left frontal lobe.	d.	in the right temporal lobe.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 250

OBJ: How Is Memory Stored in the Brain? MSC: TYPE: Factual

Declarative memories are most likely processed by the

a.	hypothalamus and the occipital lobe.	c.	hypothalamus and the temporal lobe.
b.	hippocampus and the parietal lobe.	d.	hippocampus and the frontal lobe.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 250

OBJ: How Is Memory Stored in the Brain? MSC: TYPE: Factual

Billy was in a car accident that damaged his hippocampus. Which of the following will likely not be true for Billy?

a.	His explicit memory will be affected.
b.	He will be unable to store new long-term declarative memories.
c.	He will still be able to learn new skills.
d.	His ability to use implicit memory will suffer.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 250

OBJ: How Is Memory Stored in the Brain? MSC: TYPE: Applied

The hippocampus is to ____ memory, and the cerebellum is to ____ memory.

a.	declarative: motor skill	c.	procedural; explicit
b.	procedural; motor skill	d.	declarative; explicit

ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: 250-251

OBJ: How Is Memory Stored in the Brain? MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

Alfredo suffered brain damage and is now unable to learn new motor skills. Where in the brain is the likely site of Alfredo’s brain damage?

a.	The frontal lobe	c.	The cerebellum
b.	The hippocampus	d.	All of these choices

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 251

OBJ: How Is Memory Stored in the Brain? MSC: TYPE: Applied

Who will perform best on the upcoming psychology test?

a.	Jenna, who studied all night long the night before the test.
b.	Jetta, who studied very little to help maintain a relaxed state.
c.	Joan, who studied a ton at the beginning of the chapter, and then not at all.
d.	Jessie, who studied a little bit every day.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 252-253

OBJ: How Can You Improve Your Memory? MSC: TYPE: Applied

As you are repeatedly exposed to information, your synapses along the activated neural pathways become strengthened and facilitated. This change is called

a.	a flashbulb memory.	c.	the visospatial sketch pad.
b.	long-term potentiation.	d.	a schema.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 249

OBJ: How Is Memory Stored in the Brain? MSC: TYPE: Factual

The stabilization and long-term storage of memory traces in the brain is known as

a.	long-term potentiation.	c.	proactive interference.
b.	memory consolidation.	d.	overlearning.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 249

OBJ: How Is Memory Stored in the Brain? MSC: TYPE: Factual

TRUE/FALSE

Remembering the name of the first president of the United States would be an example of an implicit memory.

ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: 221

OBJ: Does Memory Function Like a Computer? MSC: TYPE: Applied

Iconic memory is a type of long-term memory.

ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: 224

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stage Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Factual

The three stages model of memory proposes that short-term memories are transferred into long-term memory for storage and then retrieved back into short-term memory when they are recalled.

ANS: T DIF: Easy REF: 223

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stage Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Factual

Iconic sensory memory lasts longer than echoic sensory memory.

ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: 224

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stage Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Factual

A memory researcher discussing the central executive component and its two subordinate components would most likely believe in the concept of working memory.

ANS: T DIF: Moderate REF: 232-233

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stage Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Applied

Declarative memory is a type of explicit memory.

ANS: T DIF: Moderate REF: 236-237

OBJ: Long-Term Memory: How Do We Store Information for the Long Haul?

MSC: TYPE: Factual

Maintenance rehearsal is the most effective way to move something from short-term to long-term memory.

ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: 228

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stage Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Factual

Long-term memories are all stored in the same manner in the brain.

ANS: F DIF: Easy REF: 249-250

OBJ: How Is Memory Stored in the Brain? MSC: TYPE: Factual

Remembering how to ride a bike would be an example of an episodic memory.

ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: 238-239

OBJ: Long-Term Memory: How Do We Store Information for the Long Haul?

MSC: TYPE: Applied

Females tend to have better emotional autobiographical memories than males.

ANS: T DIF: Moderate REF: 238

OBJ: Long-Term Memory: How Do We Store Information for the Long Haul?

MSC: TYPE: Factual

Calling your new girlfriend by your old girlfriend’s name would be an example of proactive interference.

ANS: T DIF: Moderate REF: 243

OBJ: How Do We Remember and What Do We Forget? MSC: TYPE: Applied

Scientists agree that recovered memories of childhood abuse are usually very accurate.

ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: 244

OBJ: How Do We Remember and What Do We Forget? MSC: TYPE: Factual

Distributed practice is more effective than massed practice when trying to learn new material.

ANS: T DIF: Easy REF: 252-253

OBJ: How Can You Improve Your Memory? MSC: TYPE: Factual

A person with severe brain damage to the hippocampus would be expected to have problems recalling procedural memories.

ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: 249-250

OBJ: How Is Memory Stored in the Brain? MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

SHORT ANSWER

Describe the three stages model of memory, including the basic characteristics of each of the stages.

ANS: Answer not provided.

Describe the capacity and duration of each of the traditional three stages of memory.

ANS: Answer not provided.

Describe the newer view of working memory compared to the three stages model. Make sure to include a description of each component of working memory in your answer.

ANS: Answer not provided.

Describe the K.F. case study and what it suggests about memory.

ANS: Answer not provided.

Describe the different types of long-term memory and their characteristics.

ANS: Answer not provided.

Describe the different ways that forgetting can occur.

ANS: Answer not provided.

Describe Elizabeth Loftus’s research and what it suggests about the accuracy of memory.

ANS: Answer not provided.

Describe both proactive and retroactive memory and provide an example of each.

ANS: Answer not provided.

Describe the biological basis for memory, including the parts of the brain that are most involved.

ANS: Answer not provided.

Describe several techniques for improving memory.

ANS: Answer not provided.

Making Connections Chapter 6—How Does Memory Function?

MULTIPLE CHOICE

Iconic memory is essentially

a.	sensation.
b.	perception.
c.	operant conditioning.
d.	instrumental conditioning.

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 224

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stage Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

Transduction is most closely associated with

a.	implicit memory.
b.	short-term memory.
c.	working memory.
d.	sensory memory.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 224

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stage Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

Using information stored in long-term memory to interpret information that has entered working memory is one way of describing

a.	spatial intelligence.
b.	fluid intelligence.
c.	top-down processing.
d.	bottom-up processing.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 232

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stage Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Factual

The theory that we use schemata to organize our long-term memories is most consistent with the theories of

a.	B.F. Skinner.
b.	Sigmund Freud.
c.	Abraham Maslow.
d.	Jean Piaget.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 236

OBJ: Long-Term Memory: How Do We Store Information for the Long Haul?

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

Elaborative rehearsal is most like

a.	habituation.
b.	the central route to persuasion.
c.	ESP.
d.	transductive reasoning.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 228

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stage Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

Because the example of K.F. is a case study, useful information from this study is limited due to

a.	lack of control over variables.
b.	the possibility of a non-representative sample.
c.	no ability to predict cause and effect.
d.	all of these choices

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 231

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stage Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

Sometimes memories are not retrievable because we are motivated to not remember them. This experience is most consistent with which theory in psychology?

a.	Psychoanalytic theory
b.	Humanism
c.	Behaviorism
d.	Cognitive theory

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 244

OBJ: How Do We Remember and Why Do We Forget? MSC: TYPE: Factual

Which type of psychologist would be most interested in the memory concepts presented in chapter 6?

a.	A behaviorist
b.	A cognitive psychologist
c.	A humanist
d.	A psychodynamic psychologist

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 221

OBJ: Does Memory Function Like a Computer? MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

The part of the brain involved in memory that seems to be most affected by stress hormones released during emotional events is the

a.	hippocampus.
b.	amygdala.
c.	thalamus.
d.	hypothalamus.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 246 OBJ: Is Memory Accurate?

MSC: TYPE: Factual

In order to examine how the brain functions during specific memory tasks, researchers would most likely use

a.	MRI scans.
b.	CAT scans.
c.	NST scans.
d.	PET scans.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 249

OBJ: How Is Memory Stored in the Brain? MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

TRUE/FALSE

Stereotypes are a form of schemata.

ANS: T DIF: Easy REF: 236

OBJ: Long-Term Memory: How Do We Store Information for the Long Haul?

MSC: TYPE: Factual

Top-down processing relies most heavily on sensory memory.

ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: 236

OBJ: Long-Term Memory: How Do We Store Information for the Long Haul?

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

In order to think about something, it must be in short-term memory.

ANS: T DIF: Moderate REF: 223

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stage Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Factual

Information in echoic memory travels primarily to the occipital lobe.

ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: 224

OBJ: The Traditional Three Stage Model of Memory: Are We Serial Processors?

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

SHORT ANSWER

Describe how you would set up an experiment to determine the serial position curve for the recall of words from a long list. Indicate the independent and dependent variables.

ANS: Answer not provided.

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What is Psychology International Edition 3rd Edition by Ellen E. Pastorino - Test Bank

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